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Mechanical Properties Design and Manufacturing: Dental Materials Assis. Prof. Dr. Ibrahim Alfahdawi

The document discusses the mechanical and physical properties of dental materials, explaining that mechanical properties determine how a material responds to stress and strain, while physical properties relate to how it looks and behaves. It provides details on various types of stresses and strains, as well as properties like strength, ductility, hardness, color, translucence, dimensional stability, density, adhesion, and cohesion. The stress-strain curve is also examined, differentiating the elastic and plastic deformation regions.

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69 views

Mechanical Properties Design and Manufacturing: Dental Materials Assis. Prof. Dr. Ibrahim Alfahdawi

The document discusses the mechanical and physical properties of dental materials, explaining that mechanical properties determine how a material responds to stress and strain, while physical properties relate to how it looks and behaves. It provides details on various types of stresses and strains, as well as properties like strength, ductility, hardness, color, translucence, dimensional stability, density, adhesion, and cohesion. The stress-strain curve is also examined, differentiating the elastic and plastic deformation regions.

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زهراء فاضل اجبير فعيل
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Dental Materials Assis. Prof. Dr.

Ibrahim Alfahdawi
Lec. 1
DENTAL MATERIALS

Dental Materials: Is the science of dental materials involves a study of the


composition and properties of materials and the way in which they interact
with the environment in which they are placed.

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

Design and Manufacturing


Mechanical properties determine a material’s behavior when subjected to
mechanical stresses. Properties include elastic modulus, ductility, hardness,
and various measures of strength.

Mechanical Properties: One of the most important properties of dental


materials of dental materials is the ability to withstand the various mechanical
forces placed on them during use as restoration, impression, models,
appliances and tools.

Stress: Is the force per unit area induced in a body in response to some
externally applied force. It is force\area measured in kg\cm2 or pound\inch2
or Pascal.

Strength: Is the measurement of the resistance of the material externally


applied force. There are many types of stresses according to the direction of
the applied force; the same type of strain accompanies each type of stress.

Strain: Is the change in dimension per unit dimension caused by


externally applied force.

Strain= final length−original length original length

Percentage of elongation = strain × 100%

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Dental Materials Assis. Prof. Dr. Ibrahim Alfahdawi
STRESS-STRAIN RELATIONSHIPS

Types of Stress

1- Tensile Strength: It is the force per unit area induced in the body in
response to externally applied force, which tends to elongate or stretch the
body; it is accompanied by tensile strain.

2- Compressive Strength: It is the force per unit area induced in the body in
response to externally applied forces, to each other, that tends to compress or
shorten the body; it is accompanied by compressive strain.

3- Shear Strength: It is the force per unit area induced in the body in response
to externally applied force that is applied to one part of the body in one
direction and the rest is being pushed in the opposite direction.

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Dental Materials Assis. Prof. Dr. Ibrahim Alfahdawi

4- Transvers Strength: It is the strength of the middle of abeam, which is


supported only at its end. It is important in dental bridges.

5- Fatigue Strength: It is when the material is constantly subjected to change


in shape due to frequent application of force like clasp arm of partial denture.

6- Impact Strength: It is the ability of the material to break on sudden impact.


Low impact strength mean brittle material, like dropping of the denture.

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Dental Materials Assis. Prof. Dr. Ibrahim Alfahdawi

Regions of Stress-Strain Curve


The two regions indicate two distinct forms of behavior:
1. Elastic region – prior to yielding of the material

2. Plastic region – after yielding of the material.

Proportional limit: When a stress is applied to a material, the material will


tend to deform (change in shape and dimension) in an amount proportional to
the magnitude of applied stress. The greatest stress that may be produced in
the material such that the stress is directly proportional to the strain.

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Dental Materials Assis. Prof. Dr. Ibrahim Alfahdawi
Elastic Deformation (Elastic Limit): The greatest stress to which the
material can be subjected such that it will return to its original shape and
dimension when the stress is removed.

Plastic Deformation: If the strength is increased beyond the elastic limit or


the proportional limit the material will deform and if we remove the stress,
the material will not return to its dimension. This is called plastic deformation.
If the stress is increased, more and more the material will break.

Ultimate Strength: Is the greatest stress that break the material.

Modulus of Elasticity: Is the constant of proportionality. It is when any stress


value equal or less than the proportional limit is devided by corresponding
strain value.

Modulus of elasticity =𝑥 = stress strain kg \cm2 or PSI or pascal

Ductility: It is the ability of the material to withstand permanent deformation


under tensile stress without fracture; it depends on plasticity and tensile
strength. It is the ability of the material to be drawn into a fine wire.

Malleability: It is the ability of the material to withstand permanent


deformation under compressive stress without fracture. It is the ability of the
material to be drawn into a sheet.

Toughness: It is the total work or energy required to break the material. It is


the total area under the stress – strain curve. It requires strength and plasticity.

Brittleness: It is the opposite of ductility, it requires lack of plasticity.

Flexibility: The higher the strain that accrues when the material is stressed to
its proportional limit.

Resilience: The amount of energy absorbed by a structure when it is stressed


within the proportional limit.

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Dental Materials Assis. Prof. Dr. Ibrahim Alfahdawi
Hardness: It is the resistance of the material to deformation caused by
penetrating or starching the surface. Alternatively, resistance to permanently
indenting the surface.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Color: Many dental restorative materials have to look like natural teeth and
should not stain or change color by time .The anterior filling and artificial
tooth material should be translucent.
Translucence: Is the optical property that allows the light to go short way in
the material before being reflected out again. Also should like natural tooth
substance at different Light conditions, such as day light and artificial light,
ex, an artificial tooth may be acceptable in ordinary light but may be
discovered by the relative darkness of the material in fluorescent light. For
denture, the material should have the same appearance of natural gum. Acrylic
material can be made with various shades of pink to look as natural gum.
Dimensional Stability: Many materials change shape when they set or
harden. Impression materials should not change dimensions when set. Also
dental materials should have no dimensional changes when set. Amalgam is
a filling material for posterior teeth, it may sometimes change shape
permanently because of a heavy biting force. This is bad property; on the other
hand, the investment materials that forms the gold for dental casting should
expand for a certain amount to compensate for the contraction of the molten
metal after it is cooled from the molten stage.
Density: Lightness is nearly always an advantage in restorative materials, but
sometimes tin or lead is used inside full lower denture to make it heavy in
order to control its mobility.
Adhesion: is the force that causes two different substances to attach when
they are brought in contact with one another.
Cohesion: When the molecules of the same substance hold together, the
forces are said to be cohesion.

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