The document discusses mechanical properties of dental materials including strength, stress, strain, and stress-strain curves. It defines three types of strength - transverse, fatigue, and impact - and explains stress as force per unit area and strain as the change in dimension under applied forces. It also describes three types of stress - tensile, compressive, and shear - and defines terms related to stress-strain curves like proportional limit, elastic limit, ultimate strength, modulus of elasticity, flexibility, stiffness, ductility, brittleness, malleability, toughness, resilience, and hardness.
The document discusses mechanical properties of dental materials including strength, stress, strain, and stress-strain curves. It defines three types of strength - transverse, fatigue, and impact - and explains stress as force per unit area and strain as the change in dimension under applied forces. It also describes three types of stress - tensile, compressive, and shear - and defines terms related to stress-strain curves like proportional limit, elastic limit, ultimate strength, modulus of elasticity, flexibility, stiffness, ductility, brittleness, malleability, toughness, resilience, and hardness.
The document discusses mechanical properties of dental materials including strength, stress, strain, and stress-strain curves. It defines three types of strength - transverse, fatigue, and impact - and explains stress as force per unit area and strain as the change in dimension under applied forces. It also describes three types of stress - tensile, compressive, and shear - and defines terms related to stress-strain curves like proportional limit, elastic limit, ultimate strength, modulus of elasticity, flexibility, stiffness, ductility, brittleness, malleability, toughness, resilience, and hardness.
The document discusses mechanical properties of dental materials including strength, stress, strain, and stress-strain curves. It defines three types of strength - transverse, fatigue, and impact - and explains stress as force per unit area and strain as the change in dimension under applied forces. It also describes three types of stress - tensile, compressive, and shear - and defines terms related to stress-strain curves like proportional limit, elastic limit, ultimate strength, modulus of elasticity, flexibility, stiffness, ductility, brittleness, malleability, toughness, resilience, and hardness.
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Lec. 2 Dental Materials Dr.
Hayder Sabeeh Mechanical Properties One of the most important properties of dental material is the ability to withstand the various mechanical forces placed on them during their use as restoration, impression, models, appliances & tools.
Strength: is the measure of the resistance of the material to the externally applied forces. Types of strength: 1. Transverse Strength: It is the strength of the middle of a beam, which is supported only at its ends, it is important in dental bridges. 2. Fatigue Strength: Occurs when the material constantly subjected to change in shape due to frequent application of force like clasp arm of partial denture. 3. Impact Strength: It is the ability of the material to break on sudden impact. Low impact strength means brittle material, like dropping of the denture.
Stress: is the force per unit area induced in a body in response to some externally applied force. It is force / area measured in Kg/ cm² or Pound/ inch² or Pascal.
Strain: is the change in dimension per unit dimension caused by externally applied forces. It is a unit less quantity. Strain= final length- original L/ Original length
** Percentage of elongation= strain x 100%
Types of Stress: Every stress is accompanied by a strain of the same typ. There are different types of stresses according to the direction of the applied force. A- Tensile stress: it is the force per unit area produced in the material in response to externally applied force which tends to stretch or elongate the material. Tensile stress is usually accompanied by tensile strain. B- Compressive stress: it is the force per unit area induced in the material in response to externally applied force which tends to compress or shorten the material; it is usually accompanied by compressive strain. Investment materials, restorative materials & models should have high compressive strength. C- Shear stress: it is the force per unit area induced in the material in response to externally applied force, one part of the force is in one direction while the other is in the opposite direction. Shear force is the force which cause tearing a paper or card. If one part of the crown is in occlusion while the rest is not, shear stress will develop. It is accompanied by shear strain.
Usually three types of stress occur at the same time, if a piece of metal is being bend it will exhibit tensile stress on the outer surface, compressive on the inner & shear in the middle.
Stress- Strain Curve:
Proportional limit: When a stress is applied to a material, the material will tend to deform (change in shape & dimension) in an amount proportional to the magnitude of applied stress. The greatest stress which may be produced in the material such that the stress is directly proportional to the strain. Its unit is the same of the stress.
Elastic deformation (elastic limit): The greatest stress to which the material can be subjected such that it will return to its original shape & dimension when the stress is removed. If the stress is increase beyond the elastic limit or the proportional limit the material will deform & if we remove the stress the material will not return to its dimension, this is called plastic deformation. If the stress is increased more& more the material will break.
Ultimate strength (point): It is the greatest stress which breaks the material (fracture).
Modulus of Elasticity: It is the constant of proportionality; it is when any stress
value equal or less than the proportional limit is divided by its corresponding strain value. The unit is the same of that of stress Y (Modulus of elasticity) = stress/ strain Flexibility: The higher strain which occurs when the material is stressed to its proportional limit.
Stiffness: Is just the opposite to property of flexibility.
Ductility: It is the ability of the material to withstand permanent deformation under
tensile stress without fracture; it depends on plasticity & tensile strength, it's the ability of the material to be drawn into a fine wire.
Brittleness: It is the opposite of ductility, it requires lack of plasticity.
Malleability: It is the ability of the material to withstand permanent deformation
under compressive stress without fracture. It's the ability of the material to be drawn into sheet.
Toughness: It is the total work or energy required to break the material. It's the total area under the stress- strain curve. It requires strength & elasticity.
Resilience: The amount of energy absorbed by a structure when it is stressed within
the proportional limit.
Hardness: It is the resistance of the material to deformation caused by penetrating or
scratching the surface, it is done either by using steal ball ( Brinell or Rocwell test) or using diamond ball ( Vicker & Knoop test). The higher the number the harder the material.
