Cultural Racism Manifests As Societal Beliefs and Customs That Promote The Assumption That The Products of A Given Culture

Cultural racism manifests as societal beliefs and customs that promote the assumption that the
products of a given culture, including the language and traditions of that culture, are superior to
those of other cultures. It shares a great deal with xenophobia, which is often characterised by fear
of, or aggression toward, members of an outgroup by members of an ingroup.[citation needed] In that sense it
is also similar to communalism as used in South Asia.[63]
Cultural racism exists when there is a widespread acceptance of stereotypes concerning different
ethnic or population groups. [64] Whereas racism can be characterised by the belief that one race is
inherently superior to another, cultural racism can be characterised by the belief that one culture is
inherently superior to another. [65]
Economic
Further information: Racial wage gap in the United States and Racial wealth gap in the United
States
Historical economic or social disparity is alleged to be a form of discrimination caused by past racism
and historical reasons, affecting the present generation through deficits in the formal education and
kinds of preparation in previous generations, and through primarily unconscious racist attitudes and
actions on members of the general population.
In 2011, Bank of America agreed to pay $335 million to settle a federal government claim that its
mortgage division, Countrywide Financial, discriminated against black and Hispanic homebuyers.[66]
During the Spanish colonial period, Spaniards developed a complex caste system based on race,
which was used for social control, and which also determined a person's importance in society.
[67]
While many Latin American countries have long since rendered the system officially illegal through
legislation, usually at the time of their independence, prejudice based on degrees of perceived racial
distance from European ancestry combined with one's socioeconomic status remain, an echo of the
colonial caste system.[68]
Institutional
Further information: Institutional racism, State racism, Racial profiling, and Racism by country
Institutional racism (also known as structural racism, state racism or systemic racism) is racial
discrimination by governments, corporations, religions, or educational institutions or other large
organizations with the power to influence the lives of many individuals. Stokely Carmichael is
credited for coining the phrase institutional racism in the late 1960s. He defined the term as "the
collective failure of an organization to provide an appropriate and professional service to people
because of their colour, culture or ethnic origin". [69]
Maulana Karenga argued that racism constituted the destruction of culture, language, religion, and
human possibility and that the effects of racism were "the morally monstrous destruction of human
possibility involved redefining African humanity to the world, poisoning past, present and future
relations with others who only know us through this stereotyping and thus damaging the truly human
relations among peoples".[70]
Othering
Main article: Othering
Othering is the term used by some to describe a system of discrimination whereby the
characteristics of a group are used to distinguish them as separate from the norm. [71]
Othering plays a fundamental role in the history and continuation of racism. To objectify a culture as
something different, exotic or underdeveloped is to generalize that it is not like 'normal' society.
Europe's colonial attitude towards the Orientals exemplifies this as it was thought that the East was
the opposite of the West; feminine where the West was masculine, weak where the West was strong
and traditional where the West was progressive.[72] By making these generalizations and othering the
East, Europe was simultaneously defining herself as the norm, further entrenching the gap. [73]
Much of the process of othering relies on imagined difference, or the expectation of difference.
Spatial difference can be enough to conclude that "we" are "here" and the "others" are over "there".
[72]
Imagined differences serve to categorize people into groups and assign them characteristics that
suit the imaginer's expectations.[74]
Racial discrimination
Main article: Racial discrimination
Racial discrimination refers to discrimination against someone on the basis of their race.
Racial segregation
Main article: Racial segregation
External video
James A. White Sr.: The little
problem I had renting a house, TED
Talks, 14:20, February 20, 2015
Racial segregation is the separation of humans into socially-constructed racial groups in daily life. It
may apply to activities such as eating in a restaurant, drinking from a water fountain, using a
bathroom, attending school, going to the movies, or in the rental or purchase of a home.
[75]
Segregation is generally outlawed, but may exist through social norms, even when there is no
strong individual preference for it, as suggested by Thomas Schelling's models of segregation and
subsequent work.
Supremacism
Main article: Supremacism
In 1899 Uncle Sam (a personification of the United States) balances his new possessions which are depicted
as savage children. The figures are Puerto Rico, Hawaii, Cuba, Philippines and "Lad robes" (the Mariana
Islands).
Centuries of European colonialism in the Americas, Africa and Asia were often justified by white
supremacist attitudes.[76] During the early 20th century, the phrase "The White Man's Burden" was
widely used to justify an imperialist policy as a noble enterprise.[77][78] A justification for the policy of
conquest and subjugation of Native Americans emanated from the stereotyped perceptions of the
indigenous people as "merciless Indian savages", as they are described in the United States
Declaration of Independence.[79] Sam Wolfson of The Guardian writes that "the declaration's passage
has often been cited as an encapsulation of the dehumanizing attitude toward indigenous Americans
that the US was founded on."[80] In an 1890 article about colonial expansion onto Native American
land, author L. Frank Baum wrote: "The Whites, by law of conquest, by justice of civilization, are
masters of the American continent, and the best safety of the frontier settlements will be secured by
the total annihilation of the few remaining Indians." [81] Attitudes of black supremacy, Arab supremacy,
and East Asian supremacy also exist.

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Cultural racism manifests as societal beliefs and customs that promote the assumption that the

James A. White Sr.: The little

problem I had renting a house, TED

Talks, 14:20, February 20, 2015

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