Flow in Open Channels
Flow in Open Channels
Flow in Open Channels
OPEN CHANNEL – ANY CONDUIT IN WHICH THE LIQUID FLOWS WITH A FREE SURFACE. A PIPE NOT
FLOWING FULL IS CONSIDERED AN OPEN CHANNEL
Where:
Sb =slope of channel bed
Sw =slope of water surface
S=slope of EGL
At section A-A
a . ¿ The total Energy ∨Head ET b . ¿ Specific energy∨head E−energy
2
V
ET = + y + Zo measured above thechannel bed
2g
V2
E= +y
2g
z=elevation head
y=depth of uniform flow
( pressure head)
c .¿ The discharge Q
Q= AV
CHEZY EQUATION
Let C=Chezy Coefficient
V =C √ RS
DET .of C
1.∈terms of friction factor f
8g
C= √
f
87
C=
m
1.0+
√R
4. Kutte r ' s Equation
C=¿
IRREGULAR CHANNEL
2 1
1 3 2 A1 Areaabcdg
Q mc = A abcdg ()
n
R S1 R 1= =
P length of bed
2 1
1 3 2
Q FP= Adefg () R S
n 2 2
Q=Q mc +Q FP
Q
Average Velocity =
A abcdef
CRITICAL FLOW CONDITION IN AN OPEN CHANNEL OF UNIFORM FLOW
V 21 V 22
y 1=∆ y+ y + y + z = + y + z z =z
2g 1 1 2 g 2 2 1 2
V 21 V 22
y 2= y +( ∆ y + y ) = + y
2g 2g
2 2
V1 V2
= −∆ y∨Reduce velocity head−(1)
2g 2g
by continuity equation:
¿ 1 ¿2 :
let b=unit width of flow
Q 1=Q2
b ( ∆ y + y ) V 1=b ( y ) V 2
Y
V 1= V −(2)
∆ y+ y 2
V 2=V =C
Substitute ( 2 )∈ ( 1 )
V2 Y 2
V2
V 2
=
y ( ∆yy +1)
(
2g ∆ y+ y )
+∆ y=
2g
2g
1+
∆y
1
+1
y
V2 y2 dy
2g (
1−
( ∆ y + y )2 )
=∆ y lim ∆ y → 0
y
=0
2
V 2 ∆ y (∆ y + y ) V2 y 2
= = ; V =gy
2 g ( ∆ y + y )2− y 2 2g 2
2
V 2 ( ∆ y+ y ) ( ∆ y )
= V = √ gy
2 g ( ∆ y +2 y ) ( ∆ y )
V2 ( ∆ y + y )2 V
= F r= =1||uniformcritical flow
2 g (∆ y + y )+ y √ gy
V2 ∆ y+ y
=
2g ∆ y+ y y FROUDE NUMBER
+
∆ y+ y ∆ y+ y
FROUDE NUMBER ( Fr )−RATIO OF THE VELOCITY ¿ THE VELOCITY OF A SMALL SURFACE WAVE
V2 q
E= + y ; q=vy v=
2g y
q 2
E=
y ()+y
2g
q2 1
E= 2
y 2g
+y( )
q 2= ( E y 2 − y 3 ) 2 g
q= y √ ( E− y ) 2 g
1
dq −y
dy
= √ 2 g ( E− y ) 2
2 (
+ E− y )
O= √ 2 g ¿
3
O=E− Y
2
2
Y c= E
3
CRITICAL SLOPE IS THE DEPTH OF FLOW THAT GIVES MAXIMUM UNIT DISCHARGE Q
B . For a given discharge ,the specific energy must e minumum¿ have the flow at as critical depthY C .
V2 q
E= + y ; q=vy v=
2g y
1 q2
E= ( )
2 g y2
+y
−q2
0= +1
g y3
q2
=1
g y3
q 2=g y 3
q2
Y c =3
g √
Y 1∧Y 2 alternate depths−depths of flow that may occur for a given discharge∧specific energy
3 q2
Y C= q=V C Y C
g
V 2C Y 2C
3
Y = C
g
V C= √ g Y C
if
summary :
Det
1. ¿ Discharge ∈lps
2. ¿ Type of slope∧flow
3. ¿ Critical slope
4. ¿ Discharge∈lpsusing kutters formula .
Solution :
For auniform flow :
3 3
Sb = =
mile 5280
Sb =5.68 x 10−4 =S
a . ¿ Q= AV
2 1
1
V = R 3 S2
n
A=1.75 ( 6 )=10.5 m 2
P=2 ( 1.75 ) +6=9.5 m
10.5 23
R=( ) 9.5
=1.11
2 1
1 10.5
Q=10.5 (
0.013 9.5 )
)( −4 2
( 5.68 X 10
3
)
cum
Q=20.58 x 1000
s
Q=20580lps
b . ¿ Type of slope∧flow
cum
3.43
Q 20.58 s
q= = =
b 6 m
q2 3.432
y c =3
√ √
g
=3
9.81
y c =1.06 m< y=1.575
1 0.00155
V =C √ RS C=
n (
+ 23+
s )
n 0.00155
1+
√R (
23+
s )
V =77.46 √ 1.11 ( 5.6 x 10−4 ) C=¿
m
V =1.945 C=77.46
s
Q= AV
Q=10.5 ( 1.945 )
Q=20.42
Q=20420lps
CRITICAL DEPTH, SPECIFIC ENERGY AND DISCHARGE IN A NON- RECTANGULAR CHANNEL
V2
since E= + y
2g
let
Q=discharge
Q= AV
Q
V=
A
substitute :
1 Q 2
E=
2g A( )+ y : A=F ( y )
dE Q2 ( −3 ) dA
=
dy 2 g
2A
dy ( )
+1
Q 2 dA
( )
g A 3 dy
=1
Q2 A 3 Q2 A 3
= ; =
g dA g B
dy
A . Trapezoidal Canal
Note :
SS :1→ H :V ; SS=side slope
2 :1=2 H :1 V ; SS=2
for a givencross section , R ,Q , V must be a maximum
¿ have any of the following :
1. Most efficient section
2. Most economical section
3. Section of best hydraulic efficiency
4. most advantageous section
A
R= ; P=2 y √ S2S+ 1+ b
P
1
A= ( b+b+2 a )( y )
2
1
A= ( 2b +2 ( SSy ) ) y
2
a y
A=by +SS y 2 =
ss 1
A
R= −( 1 ) a=ssy
2
2 y ( √ S S +1+b )
where A=by+ SS y 2
Solve for b :
A−SS y 2 A
b= = −ssy
y y
−1
A A
R=
A 2
−ssy +2 y √ S S + 1
=A [ y
−ssy +2 y √ S S2 +1 ]
y
R=A ¿
dR
=− A ¿
dy
A
2
+ SS−2 √ S S 2+ 1=0
y
A=Y 2 ¿
Substitute ( 2 )∈ ( 1 ) :
y 2 ( 2 √ S S 2 +1−SS ) y 2 ( 2 √ S S2 +1−SS )
R= =
A A−SS Y 2 +2Y 2 √ S S 2+1
−SSY + 2 y √ S S 2+1
y y
y ( y 2 ) ( 2 √ S S 2+ 1−SS ) y
R= 2 2 2
=
A−SS Y + 2Y √ S S +1 ( A + y 2 ( 2 √ S S 2 +1−SS ) )
Y 2 ( 2 √ S S 2+ 1−SS )
¿ ( 2 ) A= y 2 ( 2 √ S S2 +1−SS )
y
R=
1+1
y
R=
2
y by+ SS ( y 2 )
R= = ; ¿ ( 1 ) A=by + SS y 2
2 b+2 y √ S S2 +1
b+ 2 y √ S S2 +1=2b+ 2 SS ( y )
b+ 2 SS ( y )=2 y √ S S2 +1: thewidth of the water sufrace is the ∑ of the wetted perimeter
y
R=
2
b=2 y
C . Triangular Flume
criterion ; θ=90 °
2
3
For Max Velocity R must be maximum
y=0.810 D
θ=103° 20'
2
3
Max Discharge , A R must be maximum
y=0.938 D
θ=57 ° 40'
360−θ π D 2 1
A= + ¿
360 4 2
360−θ π 2 1 D θ θ
A=
360 4
D +
2 4
2 sin( ( ) ( ))
2
cos
2
π 360−θ 2 D D
A= D + ( sinθ ) ; y >
4 360 8 2
360−θ
P= πD
360
Problem ∷
10 m 3
a . What are the best dimensions for a trapezoidal channel which is ¿ carry a uniform flow of
s
1
if the channel islined withqunite concrete∧islaid on a slope of ?
1000