Manohar Scholastic Backwardness

Poor Scholastic Performance
Dr. B.Manohar
Scholastic Backwardness
 Affects 5 – 15 % of school children. Today involves over 2.8 million school children
 Human and financial cost of poor academic performance in children very high
 Distress to child, parents and school considerable
 Has a lifelong impact on the child
 Affects self-esteem, higher education, employment opportunities, interpersonal relationships,
marriage etc.
Proceed on the premise that
NO child performs poorly in studies on purpose
There has to be an underlying cause
Give child benefit of assessment by a
multi-disciplinary team of experts
Scholastic Backwardness
• Early identification absolutely vital

• Early remediation and intervention has the best chance of favorable outcome
• Leading questions to parents on school performance at the time of medical consultations,
immunizations
• Consider ‘Poor marks’ as a symptom
• We do not want child branded “Lazy, Stupid” and be punished and teased
Criteria for weeding out children with Scholastic Backwardness
• Child who fails in one or more subjects
• Child who fails in one or more classes
• Child in the lower 10th percentile marks in his/her class
• Child identified by parent or teacher to be ‘difficult’ to teach This is a broad and flexible
definition
Presentation
Since parents and schools do not yet consider us the experts in scholastic matters they do not report
this as a problem to us
Pointers
• Psychosomatic symptoms – central abdominal pain, headaches, sighing, etc.

• Hyperactivity
• Aggressive behaviour, oppositional or defiant behavior in class
• Early language delay is a pointer for learning difficulties
• School phobia
• Truancy and high risk behaviors like smoking and substance abuse in adolescents
Useful leading questions
• Is the child’s speech normal? Is he able to speak fluently? Can he tell a story?
• How is your child doing in school?
• Is he able to cope with studies? Are there any problems in academics?
• Is there any difficulty in reading, writing or maths? What is his concentration like?
• What is the teacher’s report?
• Does he have friends in school? How does he get along with other children?
Causes of scholastic backwardness In the home environment
• Deprived, discordant, unstimulating home
• Lack of adequate facilities for studying
• Lack of encouragement for studying and lack of role models
• Parental illiteracy, poor reading and TV viewing habits
• Significant life events
• Child abuse
• Single parent, separated parents
• Alcoholic, workaholic parents
Causes of scholastic backwardness in the school environment
• Recent change of school/ medium of teaching
• Over expectation Parents Teachers
• Poor / inadequate teaching methods
• Overcrowded classrooms
• Rote based learning methods and poor study skills
• Teacher insensitivity to problems of children with poor scholastic performance
Causes of scholastic backwardness in the child
• Etiology is diverse and many factors may be overlapping and coexistent
• Specific learning disability – accounts for a good proportion of all children with poor
scholastic performance for whom remediation is most effective
• Emotional problems
• ADHD
• Chronic and recurrent illness
• Mental retardation
• Hearing impairment
• Visual impairment
• Hypothyroidism
Sift out cases of mental retardation as probable cause of poor scholastic performance
• Global deficit points to mental retardation
• Exhibit impairments in adaptive behavior, self-care, communication, attention span and
mobility
• Look for history of incidents like head injury that could cause mental retardation
• Check for delayed developmental milestones
• Look for clinical signs of syndromes associated with mental retardation
Slow learners
• Children with an IQ range of 70 – 89 are classified as slow learners.
• Slow learners are considered neither learning disabled nor mentally retarded
• Students with below average cognitive abilities who are not disabled, but who struggle to
cope with the traditional academic demands of the regular classroom.
• 8-9 percent of primary school children score below average in standard IQ tests
Characteristics of slow learners
• Poor reasoning ability, short attention span, and poor retention
• Poor motivation and work habits
• Poorly developed language and communication skills; lack of confidence
• Reduced ability to make abstractions
• Anxiety and fear of failure
• Poor self-concept; and poor organization
• Lack of academic success, especially in reading; low power of retention and memory
Language / communication disorders
• 1% to 13% of the population have either a developmental expressive or receptive language
disorder.
• 3% to 5% of children have a developmental expressive language disorder (DSM IV),
majority of childhood onset
• A mixed expressive language disorder may be present in 3% of school -age children. (DSM
IV)
• As most learning takes place in schools through the medium of language, children with
language disorders struggle in school.
• Children with early language disorder, even if they develop normal language competence
later in life, are at risk for learning disorders.
Importance of language pathology in learning
• The Iowa longitudinal study found that early language status has long term effects on school
performance.
• Children with poor language show persisting needs for special education services, indicating
poor levels of class room performance.
• Research shows that 50 – 60% children who enter school with poor language have learning
difficulties later in school.
Emotional factors
• Emotional disorders –
• anxiety, obsessive-compulsive, mood disorders, depression, and psychosomatic disorders
• Conduct disorders, oppositional defiant disorders
• Children with emotional problems exhibit
Hyperactivity Poor attention span Impulsivity
Learning difficulty, performing below grade level Poor coping skills
Must for all pediatricians
• Recognise factors in the home and school environment especially the former, which is the
most common cause of scholastic backwardness in India, and provide advice
• Learn more about specific learning disability and how to suspect the same in OPD
• Suspect and refer for assessment, children with probable ADHD, anxiety and obsessive traits
Must for all pediatricians
• Screen all children with poor scholastic performance for hearing and visual impairment
• Hypothyroidism would usually have been identified
• Manage chronic illnesses efficiently to reduce absenteeism, fatigue and frustration bronchial
asthma recurrent otitis media cardiovascular malformations diabetes epilepsy
Remember
Learning strategies / remediation effective for specific learning disability • Helps normal children
• Useful for slow learners ie., children with an IQ range of 70 – 89 and
• Children with borderline mental retardation ie., children with IQ below slightly below 70.
• Children with specific learning disability have average to above average intelligence
Algorithm for approach to scholastic backwardness

Manohar Scholastic Backwardness

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Poor Scholastic Performance

• Early identification absolutely vital

• Psychosomatic symptoms – central abdominal pain, headaches, sighing, etc.

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