Prepared By: Binita Shakya Roll No. 5 Bsc. Nursing 3Rd Year

Prepared By: Binita Shakya
Roll no. 5
BSc. Nursing 3rd Year
CONTENT
1. Definition
2. Facts and Statistics
3. Types of Learning Disabilities
4. Causes
5. Sign and Symptoms
6. Diagnosis
7. Treatment Modalities
8. Nursing Management
DEFINITION
 Heterogeneous group of disorder manifested by significant
difficulties in basic principles of learning (e.g. reading, writing, etc.).
 Presumed to be due to central nervous system dysfunction and

intrinsic to the individual.
 Neurological disorders that can make it difficult to acquire certain

academic and social skills.
 Not the result of poor intelligence or laziness.
 Children with learning disability are as smart or smarter than their

peers
FACTS AND STATISTICS
 Approximately 5% of all students in the public schools have a
LD.
 91% have heard of dyslexia, but 66% don’t know

about dysgraphia, dyscalculia and dyspraxia.
 76% know genetics can be a cause of LD.
 2.8 million students are currently receiving special education

services for LD in the USA.
 LD is the most common disability present today 80% of all

disabilities .
TYPES
1. Dyslexia
2. Dyscalculia
3. Dysgraphia
4. Dyspraxia
5. Non-verbal Learning Disabilities

DYSLEXIA
 A language based learning disability.
 Includes a cluster of symptoms resulting in difficulty with
specific language skills, particularly reading.
 The core difficulties is with word recognition and reading
fluency, spelling and writing.
 Dyslexia is diagnosed in people of all levels of intelligence.
 There are no known causes of dyslexia.
DYSCALCULIA
 Is a term referring to a wide range of life long learning
disabilities involving math's and numbers
 Some warning signs of dyscalculia include:-
 Good at speaking , reading, writing but slow to develop counting
 Difficulty reading numbers or recalling numbers in sequence and
order
 Trouble reading the clock and understanding time
 Trouble counting days before vacation
DYSGRAPHIA
 Dysgraphia is a learning disabilities that affects writing. It
can lead to problems with spelling, poor handwriting and
putting thoughts on paper
 People with dysgraphia can have trouble organizing letters,
numbers and words on a line or page
DYSPRAXIA
 This learning disability effects motor skills development
 Individuals with Dyspraxia have difficulties in planning and
completing fine motor task
 These people have issue regarding motor skill like waving
hand goodbyes, brushing teeth etc.
NON VERBAL LEARNING DISABILITIES
 Typically, an individual with non verbal learning disabilities
has trouble interpreting nonverbal cues like facial
expressions or body language, may have poor coordination
CAUSES
 There is no apparent causes for a learning disabilities. some
causes of neurological impairments includes:-
 Heredity: if one or both parents have a learning disability, the chance

of the child having are in 30% to 50%.
 Problems during pregnancy and birth (such as anomalies in the

developing brain, illness or injury, fetal exposure to alcohol or drugs,
low birth weight, oxygen deprivation or by premature or prolonged
labour).
 Accidents after birth such as head injury, malnutrition or toxic

exposure.
 Stress in child's environment.

SIGN AND SYMPTOMS
 Average or above average intelligence.
 Significant delay in academic achievement (e.g. listening,

speaking, writing, performing arithmetic operation).
 Difficulty in remembering information and instruction.
 Poor visual and motor co-ordination.
 Difficulty discriminating size, shape, color

 Poor peer relationship
 Difficulty making decision

 Difficulty with abstract reasoning or problem solving
DIAGNOSIS
Early diagnosis of learning disabilities is very important. The
earlier diagnosis the problem, the more available it is for
correction. The sign of learning disorders may have identified
by parents or teachers when a child consistently has difficulty
with any or all the following:-
 Reading, spelling, writing or completing math problem
 Understanding or following directions
 Distinguishing right from left
 Reversing letters or numbers (confusing “b” and “d’ or 12

and 21)
DIAGNOSIS
History
 Developmental history
 Medical history
 Physical and neurological examination
 IQ test
 Direct interaction or observation
 Full blood count
 Diagnosis test like ECG, EEG, thyroid function test
 Urine test e.g. amino acids and organic acids
 CT scan or MRI
 Skull X ray if there are deformities of the skull

TREATMENT MODALITIES
1. Dyslexia
 Special teaching techniques:- by providing immediate

feedback to strengthen a Childs ability to recognize words
• Classroom modification :- for e.g. teachers can give students

with dyslexia extra time to finish tasks and provide tests that
allow the child to hear the questions instead of reading them.
• Use of technology :- children with dyslexia May benefit from

listening to book on tape or using processing program with
spell – check features
2. Dysgraphia
• Try different pens and pencils to find one that’s most

comfortable.
• Encourage proper grip, posture and paper positioning for

writing.
• Encourage practice and praise effort becoming a good

writer takes time and practice
3. Dyscalculia
• Visual Techniques: teachers can draw pictures of word
problems and show the students how to use colored
pencils to differentiate parts of problem
• Use a step by step approach
• Build on children strength
• Encourage children to avoid fear with numbers

4. Dyspraxia
• Occupational therapy can help with things like balance and
coordination.
• Perceptual motor training is a set of exercises that some
therapists use. The goal is to help children integrate what
they’re hearing and seeing with how they’re moving.
5. Non-verbal Learning Disabilities
• Social skill groups to teach kids how to handle social
situations such as greeting a friend, joining a conversation,
and recognizing and responding to teasing.
• Parent behavioral training, run by a psychologist, to help
parents learn how to collaborate with teachers. It also can
teach parents how to help kids with social skills in play dates
and extracurricular activities.
NURSING MANAGEMENT
Assessment
 Assessment of early children behavior specially those who are in
higher risk
 Documentation of daily living skills
 Language ability
 Associative medical condition
 Communication skills, Social skills, play and other abnormal behavior
 Stage of social development in relation to mental age and stage of

language development
 Psycho social factors (e.g. stress, depression, etc.)
 A careful family assessment for information on:

 Families response to the child
 Degree of independence encouraged at home
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Prepared By: Binita Shakya

 Presumed to be due to central nervous system dysfunction and

 Neurological disorders that can make it difficult to acquire certain

 Not the result of poor intelligence or laziness.

 Children with learning disability are as smart or smarter than their

 91% have heard of dyslexia, but 66% don’t know

 76% know genetics can be a cause of LD.

 2.8 million students are currently receiving special education

 LD is the most common disability present today 80% of all

5. Non-verbal Learning Disabilities

 Heredity: if one or both parents have a learning disability, the chance

 Problems during pregnancy and birth (such as anomalies in the

 Accidents after birth such as head injury, malnutrition or toxic

 Stress in child's environment.

 Significant delay in academic achievement (e.g. listening,

 Difficulty in remembering information and instruction.

 Poor visual and motor co-ordination.

 Difficulty discriminating size, shape, color

 Difficulty making decision

 Understanding or following directions

 Distinguishing right from left

 Reversing letters or numbers (confusing “b” and “d’ or 12

 Physical and neurological examination

 Direct interaction or observation

 Full blood count

 Diagnosis test like ECG, EEG, thyroid function test

 Urine test e.g. amino acids and organic acids

 Skull X ray if there are deformities of the skull

 Special teaching techniques:- by providing immediate

• Classroom modification :- for e.g. teachers can give students

• Use of technology :- children with dyslexia May benefit from

• Try different pens and pencils to find one that’s most

• Encourage proper grip, posture and paper positioning for

• Encourage practice and praise effort becoming a good

• Use a step by step approach

• Build on children strength

• Encourage children to avoid fear with numbers

 Associative medical condition

 Communication skills, Social skills, play and other abnormal behavior

 Stage of social development in relation to mental age and stage of

 A careful family assessment for information on:

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