Pipe

To fully understand pipe class and piping specification you must know
the basics of the piping.

Pipe covers a very large part of any process plant. If you look at the Oil
Exploration platform, Refinery and Petrochemical complex one thing
that catches the attention is a complex network of piping. Piping is used
to transport various process materials from one equipment to another.
But why?

Process Plant is a place where a series of activities are performed in

particular ordered to convert raw material into a useful product.
Interconnected pipe and pipe components are used to transport raw
material, intermediated product and final product to the desired
location .

What is Pipe?
The pipe is a straight pressure-tight cylindrical hollow, used in the
piping system to transport liquid, gas, and sometimes solids.

Classification of Pipes (Types of Pipe Used in

Oil and Gas)
Different types of pipes used in various design conditions, considering
technical and commercial parameters. For small & medium sizes
requirement, seamless pipes are more popular whereas, for larger
diameter, welded pipes are more economical.

Based on the way pipe manufacturing, Pipes are mainly classified into

two categories seamless and welded. Welded pipes are further classified
based on the method of welding. There are two ways to weld pipe 1st is
with filler metal and 2nd is without filler metal.
Submerged Arc Welding process is with filler metal welding whereas
ERW/EFW and HFW are no filler welding methods to weld the pipe. SAW
pipes are further classified as straight seam and spiral seam pipe.
Straight seam pipes are also known as L-SAW or long seam SAW pipes.
Medium diameter straight SAW pipe has a single seam whereas a large
diameter pipe has a two-weld seam.

Check the image below for easy understanding.

What is Pipe Class?

Piping class or Pipe Class is a document that specifies the type of the
components such as a type of pipe, schedule, material, flange ratings,
branch types, valve types and valve trim material, gasket, and all the
other components specific requirements to be used for different fluids
under different operating conditions in a plant.

Pipe class is developed considering Operating Pressure, temperature,

and corrosive environment. Different material specifications are
segregated in separate “Piping Class”.  Pipe class is part of the Piping
specification.
Shortcode is used to cover all the information applicable to the given
pipe class. This pipe class is also included in the line number so that field
construction engineer can easily identify the material required.
What is the piping Specifications?
Piping Specifications are technical documents that are generated by
private companies to address additional requirements applicable to a
specific product or application.

Piping Specs provides specific/additional requirements for the materials,

components, or services that are beyond the code and standard
requirements. For Example, if you want A106 Gr B pipe with Maximum
carbon of 0.23% against standard requirements of 0.3% Max, you must
be specified this requirement in your purchase specification.

Why did Specification require?

 It allows a purchaser to include special requirements as per design
and service conditions.
 It also allows customization of the product.
 Please note requirement in the specification is Must meet
requirements.

Normally, oil & gas facilities generate their own specification during the
FEED stage that is front-end engineering and design or sometimes uses
readily available specifications from well-established companies such as
Shell, Bechtel, EIL, and chevron.

What is Piping Components?

Piping Components are mechanical elements suitable for joining or
assembling into a pressure-tight fluid containing piping system.
Components include pipes, tubes, fittings, flanges, gaskets, bolt-nuts,
valves, expansion joints, hose pipes, traps, strainers, separators, control
valves, safety valves, blind flanges, spectacle blinds, and drip rings, etc.
What is the Piping System?
Piping System can define as when piping components are joined
together to perform some specific activities such as convey, distribute,
mix, separate, discharge, meter, control, or stop the fluid flows is known
as a piping system.

If you want to become an expert in piping components you can buy my

full course that covers all details related to piping components.

Pipe Dimension
Pipe dimensions are given in size and schedule numbers. Three different
terms are commonly used to define the size of the pipes.

 NPS – Nominal Pipe Size

 NB – Nominal Bore
 DN – Diameter Nominal

You can check the complete guide on Pipe Size and Schedule (Click on

the link) for in-depth understanding.

Dimensions of the pipes are covered in following Standard

 ASME B36.10 – Welded and Seamless Wrought Steel Pipe (Carbon

& Alloy Steel)
 ASME B36.19 – Stainless Steel Pipe
What is Small Bore Pipe and Large Bore
Pipe?
In the project, you will come across the terms such as small Bore & big
bore or large bore pipe.

Small Bore Pipe

Pipe Size up to 2” are considered small bore pipe. However, some

companies considered up to 2.5″ pipe as a small-bore.

Large Bore Pipe (Big Bore Pipe)

Pipe Size above 2″ are considered large bore or big bore pipe

Pipe Length
The length of the pipe is mentioned in either meter or feet. During
production, pipes are not manufactured in the same lengths, and during
the construction of the process plants, you required various lengths of
pipes. To address this issue standard has defined pipe lengths in single
random and double random categories.

Single random pipes

Single random pipes come in 4.8m to 6.7m in lengths with 5% of lengths

in between 3.7 to 4.8 m

Double random pipes

Double random pipes have a minimum average length of 10.7 m and a

minimum length of 4.8 m with 5 % of lengths in between 4.8 m to 10.7
m
Pipe End Types
The pipes come in following end types;

 Plain Ends
 Beveled Ends
 Threaded Ends
 Socket & Spigot Ends
 Flanged Ends
 Buttress Ends

Plain Ends

Plain end pipes are used when socket type weld fittings are used.

Advantages
1. Easier Alignment than butt welding
2. No weld metal intrusion into a bore

Disadvantages
1. The 1/16″(1.5 mm) recess pockets liquid
2. Use not permitted by code if Severe Erosion or Crevice Corrosion
is anticipated.
Beveled Ends

Beveled end pipes are used when butt type weld fittings are used.

Advantages
1. The most practical way of joining big-bore piping
2. Reliable leak-proof joint
3. Joint can be radiographed

Disadvantages
1. Weld intrusion will affect the flow
2. End preparation is necessary

Threaded Ends

Threaded end pipes are used with threaded connections in a piping

system.
Advantages
1. Easily made at the site
2. Can be used where welding is not permitted due to fire hazard

Disadvantages
1. Joint may leak when not properly sealed
2. Use not permitted by code if severe erosion, crevice corrosion,
shock, or vibration are anticipated.
3. A strength of pipe is reduced as threads reduce the wall thickness
4. Seal welding may be required
5. The code specifies that seal welding shall not be considered to
contribute for the strength of joint

Socket & Spigot Ends

Socket & Spigot End pipes are generally used in the Ductile iron pipeline
and non-metallic piping pipeline such as PVC, GRE/GRP.

Advantages
1. It can be easily made at the site.
2. Can accept misalignment up to 10° at pipe joints.

Disadvantages
1. Suitable for low-pressure applications.
2. Special configuration at the pipe ends required.
Flanged End

Flanged end pipes are used where the bolted connection is required.

Advantages
1. Can be easily made at the site
2. Can be used where welding is not permitted due to material
properties or fire hazard.
3. Dismantling is very easy

Disadvantages
1. It is a point of potential leakage
2. It cannot be used when piping is subjected to high bending
moment.

Buttress Ends

Buttress Ends are used in glass piping and are joined by bolting with the
use of backing flanges. This joint connection is not capable of holding
high pressure.
 A Complete Guide to Pipe Sizes and Pipe Schedule – Free Pocket
Chart

Pipe Schedule Number is the standard method to define the thickness

of the pipes used in Process Plants.

Standardization of wrought steel Pipe schedule and pipe sizes begin

with the mass production era. At that time pipes are available in only
three sizes standard weight (STD), extra-strong (XS), and double extra-
strong (XXS), based on the iron pipe size (IPS) system.

With the modernizing of various industries and the use of pipes in

different pressure and temperature condition, three sizes are not
sufficient to meet the requirement. This will result in the concept of the
schedule number that combines wall thickness and diameter of the pipe.

In current practice, pipe size defines with two sets of number

1. Pipe bore/nominal diameter

2. Pipe schedule which is nothing but wall thickness of the pipe.

What is Nominal Pipe Size?

Nominal pipe size (NPS) is the number that defines the size of the pipe.
For example, when you say 6” pipe, the 6” is the nominal size of that
pipe. However, for the pipe sizes, NPS 14 and above Outside Diameter is
the same as NPS. To understand this concept, you have to learn the
way pipes are manufactured.

Manufacturing of NPS ⅛ (DN 6) to NPS 12 (DN 300) pipe is based on

fixed outside diameter (OD). So, any increase in wall thickness, the inside
diameter (ID) of the pipe decrease. So the NPS will be somewhere in-
between OD & ID of the pipe.
 Manufacturing of NPS 14 (DN350) and above pipe OD is corresponding
to the Nominal Size of a pipe. With below example, you have more
clarity of the concept.

D in OD in Thickness in Thickness in ID in ID in
Inch mm Inch mm Inch mm

For NPS 2 Schedule 40 pipe

2.375 60.3 0.154 3.91 2.067 52.5

For NPS 14 Schedule 40 pipe

14 350 0.438 11.13 13.124 333.3

From the above table, you can see that for NPS 2, Pipe ID is near to pipe
NPS and for NPS 14 pipe OD is same as NPS.

You can easily convert inch

dimension to mm by multiplying it with 25.4 and rounding as follow;

1. Outside diameter above 16 inches rounded to nearest 1 mm

2. Outside diameter 16 inches and below rounded to nearest 0.1 mm
3. Pipe wall thickness are rounded to nearest 0.01 mm
 What is Pipe NB (Nominal Bore)?
NPS is frequently referred as an NB (Nominal Bore). As such, there is no
difference between NB and NPS. NB is also an American way to refer
pipe dimensions. I have also seen that when pipe dimensions are shown
in mm (DN) people refer pipe sizes in NB. So when someone says 25nb
pipe or 50nb pipe basically they are talking about DN.

What is DN (Diameter Nominal) Pipe Sizes?

DN or Diameter Nominal is an International designation (SI or Matric
Designator) and also a European equivalent of NPS to show pipe sizes.
Here, you have to note that DN shows pipe sizes differently than NPS.

2” pipe is simply mentioned as DN 50. You can get any NPS to DN by

multiplying it with 25. Check the below table for easy understanding.
There is no change in other dimensions when you use DN.

Nominal Pipe Size Diameter Nominal Nominal Pipe Size Diameter Nominal

NPS (inches) DN (mm) NPS (inches) DN (mm)

1/8 6 20 500

1/4 8 22 550

3/8 10 24 600

1/2 15 26 650

3/4 20 28 700

1 25 30 750

1¼ 32 32 800
Nominal Pipe Size Diameter Nominal Nominal Pipe Size Diameter Nominal

1½ 40 36 900

2 50 40 1000

2½ 65 42 1050

3 80 44 1100

3½ 90 48 1200

4 100 52 1300

5 125 56 1400

6 150 60 1500

8 200 64 1600

10 250 68 1700

12 300 72 1800

14 350 76 1900

16 400 80 2000

18 450 Based on ASME B36.10

From this table, you can see that initially pipe size increase by ¼ than ½
and then by 1”. Form 6” to 42”, it increases by 2” step and after that in 4”

What is Pipe Schedule?

The pipe schedule is the way pipe wall thickness is mentioned. To
simplify the ordering of the pipe ASME committee has developed
Schedule Number which is based on modified Barlow’s wall thickness
formula.

Definition of Schedule Number: The schedule number indicates

approximate value of the expression 1000 x P/S where P is the service
pressure and S is the allowable stress, both expressed in pounds per
square inch.

You can see the pipe schedule calculation formula as below;

Schedule number = P/S

 P  is the service pressure in (psi)

 S  is the allowable stress in (psi)

So, what does schedule 40 means?

Schedule 40 is nothing but a pipe thickness designator. In simple word

you can say that for a given material, schedule 40 pipe can withstand a
certain amount of pressure.

Now, can you tell me which is thicker schedule 40 or 80 pipe?

Schedule 80 pipe is thicker than schedule 40 pipe. Look at the above

formula of schedule number, allowable stress for material at a given
temperature is fixed. That means with an increase in service pressure
schedule number will increase which is a pipe wall thickness designator.

Pipe Schedule for Stainless Steel Pipe

Cost of stainless steel pipe is much higher than carbon steel pipe. Due
to corrosion resistance properties of stainless steel, advancement of
high alloy stainless steel and fusion welding less thickness pipe can be
work satisfactorily without fear of early failure.

To reduces the cost of material ASME has introduced different schedule

numbers for stainless steel pipe and fittings. Under ASME B36.19
Schedule no with “S” suffix is introduced for SS pipe. Example- 10S
 Standard Pipe Schedule as per ASME B36.10 and
B36.19

Refer to the table give below that summarized the available schedule
numbers for carbon steel and stainless steel pipe based on ASME B36.10
and B36.19.

For Carbon Steel and Wrought iron Pipe as per 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, 140, 160,
ASME B36.10 STD, XS, XXS

For Stainless Steel Pipe as per ASME B36.19 5S, 10S, 40S, 80S

Please note following;

 STD (Standard) and Schedule 40 has the same thickness up to NPS

10 (DN 250)
 Above NPS 10 STD has a wall thickness of 3/8 in. (9.53 mm)
 XS has the same thickness as Schedule 80 for up to NPS 8 (DN
200)
 Above NPS 8 XS have a wall thickness of ½ in. (12.5 mm)

Nominal Pipe Size OD

Nominal Pipe Size Nominal Pipe Size DN in mm Nominal Pipe Size
in Inch OD in Inch OD in mm

1/8 10.3 6 10.3

1/4 13.7 8 13.7

3/8 17.1 10 17.1

1/2 21.3 15 21.3

3/4 26.7 20 26.7

Nominal Pipe Size Nominal Pipe Size DN in mm Nominal Pipe Size
in Inch OD in Inch OD in mm

1 33.4 25 33.4

1.25 42.2 32 42.2

1.5 48.3 40 48.3

2 60.3 50 60.3

2.5 73 65 73

3 88.9 80 88.9

3.5 101.6 90 101.6

4 114.3 100 114.3

5 141.3 125 141.3

6 168.3 150 168.3

8 219.1 200 219.1

10 273.1 250 273.1

12 323.8 300 323.8

14 14 350 355.6

16 16 400 406.4

18 18 450 457

20 20 500 508

22 22 550 559

24 24 600 610

26 26 650 660
Nominal Pipe Size Nominal Pipe Size DN in mm Nominal Pipe Size
in Inch OD in Inch OD in mm

28 28 700 711

30 30 750 762

32 32 800 813

34 34 850 864

36 36 900 914

38 38 950 965

40 40 1000 1016

42 42 1050 1067

44 44 1100 1118

46 46 1150 1168

48 48 1200 1219

You can calculate Pipe Inside Diameter (ID) with the help of Outside
Diameter (OD) and Thickness of the pipe by using formula given below.

Pipe ID = [Pipe O.D. – (2×Pipe wall thickness)]

Dimension Tolerance for Carbon Steel and

Stainless Steel Pipe
Common dimension tolerances are listed in ASTM A530. However, each
product has its own requirements and when given in that specification
that will govern over the A530.
 Description Size Over Under

Weight NPS 12 (DN 300) and under 10% 3.50%

Weight NPS 14 (DN 350) and above (Note-1) 10% 5%

Wall Thickness

1⁄8 to 2 ½, incl., all t/D ratios (Note-2) 20.00% 12.50%

3 to 18 incl., t/D up to 5 % incl. 22.50% 12.50%

3 to 18 incl., t/D > 5 % 15.00% 12.50%

Seamless and Welded Pipe
20 and larger, welded, all t/D ratios (Note-3) 17.50% 12.50%

20 and larger, seamless, t/D up to 5 % incl. 22.50% 12.50%

20 and larger, seamless, t/D > 5 % 15.00% 12.50%

Forged and Bored Pipe 1/8 in.(3.2mm) Nil

Cast Pipe 1/6 in.(1.6mm) Nil

Inside Diameter for Cast Pipe Nil 1⁄16 in. (1.6 mm)

Outside Diameter (Note-4)

DiameterOutside 1⁄8 to 11⁄2, incl 1⁄64 in. (0.4mm) 1/32 in. (0.8mm)

Over 1 ½ to 4, incl 1/32 in. (0.8mm) 1/32 in. (0.8mm)

 Description Size Over Under

Over 4 to 8, inc 1/16 in. (1.6mm) 1/32 in. (0.8mm)

Over 8 to 18, incl 3/32 in. (2.4mm) 1/32 in. (0.8mm)

Over 18 to 26, incl 1/8 in. (3.2mm) 1/32 in. (0.8mm)

Over 26 to 34, incl 5/32 in. (4.0mm) 1/32 in. (0.8mm)

Over 34 3/8 in. (4.8mm) 1/32 in. (0.8mm)

As per ASTM A530/A530M-12 and ASTM A999/A999M-15

 Note-1: Pipe of NPS 4 (DN 100) and smaller may be weighed in

lots; pipe in sizes larger than NPS 4 (DN 100) shall be weighed
separately.
 Note-2: t = Nominal wall thickness. D = Outside diameter.
 Note-3: For welded pipe, the weld area shall not be limited by the
over tolerance.
 Note-4: For thin-wall pipe, the ovality in any one cross-section
shall not exceed 1.5 % of the specified outside diameter.

Pipe Schedule Charts for CS and SS Pipe (Free Pocket Chart)

A pipe schedule chart is used to verify the dimension of the carbon steel
and stainless steel pipe used in process industries. These charts covered
sizes and schedules that give you the thickness of the pipe. ASME
B36.10 and ASME B36.19 covered the dimensions of the Carbon steel
and Stainless steel pipe respectively. But do you know what is Pipe
Schedule?
What is Pipe Schedule?
The pipe schedule is the way pipe wall thickness is mentioned. To
simplify the ordering of the pipe ASME committee has developed
Schedule Number which is based on modified Barlow’s wall thickness
formula.

Definition of Schedule Number: The schedule number indicates an

approximate value of the expression 1000 x P/S where P is the service
pressure and S is the allowable stress, both expressed in pounds per
square inch.

You can see the pipe schedule calculation formula as below;

Schedule number = P/S

 P  is the service pressure in (psi)

 S  is the allowable stress in (psi)

So, what does schedule 40 means?

Schedule 40 is nothing but a pipe thickness designator. In simple word

you can say that for a given material, schedule 40 pipe can withstand a
certain amount of pressure.

Pipe Schedule Chart

for Carbon Steel
Pipe in Inches
 Schedule 5, Schedule 10 and Schedule 30
Nominal Pipe Schedule Chart for Sch5, 10 and 30 in Inches

Nominal Pipe Size in Inch OD in Inch 5 10 20 30

1/8 0.405 0.049

1/4 0.54 0.065

3/8 0.675 0.065 0.073

1/2 0.84 0.065 0.083 0.095

3/4 1.05 0.065 0.083 0.095

1 1.315 0.065 0.109 0.114

1 1/4 1.66 0.065 0.109 0.117

1 1/2 1.9 0.065 0.109 0.125

2 2.375 0.065 0.109 0.125

2 1/2 2.875 0.083 0.12 0.188

3 3.5 0.083 0.12 0.188

3 1/2 4 0.083 0.12 0.188

4 4.5 0.083 0.12 0.188

 Nominal Pipe Schedule Chart for Sch5, 10 and 30 in Inches

5 5.563 0.109 0.134

6 6.625 0.109 0.134

8 8.625 0.109 0.148 0.25 0.277

10 10.75 0.134 0.165 0.25 0.307

12 12.75 0.156 0.18 0.25 0.33

14 14 0.156 0.25 0.312 0.375

16 16 0.165 0.25 0.312 0.375

18 18 0.165 0.25 0.312 0.438

20 20 0.188 0.25 0.375 0.5

22 22 0.188 0.25 0.375 0.5

24 24 0.218 0.25 0.375 0.562

26 26 0.312 0.5

28 28 0.312 0.5 0.625

30 30 0.25 0.312 0.5 0.625

32 32 0.312 0.5 0.625

 Nominal Pipe Schedule Chart for Sch5, 10 and 30 in Inches

34 34 0.312 0.5 0.625

36 36 0.312 0.5 0.625

ASME B36.10M-2015: Welded and Seamless Wrought Steel Pipe

Don’t get confused between 3 1/2 inch nominal with 3.5 inch OD, 4″ nominal with 4.000″ OD

Schedule 40, Schedule STD, Schedule 60, Schedule 80

and Schedule XS
Nominal Pipe Schedule Chart for Sch 40, STD, 60, 80 & Xs in Inches

Nominal Pipe Size in Inch OD in Inch 40 Std 60 80 XS

1/8 0.405 0.068 0.068 0.095 0.095

1/4 0.54 0.088 0.088 0.119 0.119

3/8 0.675 0.091 0.091 0.126 0.126

1/2 0.84 0.109 0.109 0.147 0.147

3/4 1.05 0.113 0.113 0.154 0.154

1 1.315 0.133 0.133 0.179 0.179

 Nominal Pipe Schedule Chart for Sch 40, STD, 60, 80 & Xs in Inches

1 1/4 1.66 0.14 0.14 0.191 0.191

1 1/2 1.9 0.145 0.145 0.2 0.2

2 2.375 0.154 0.154 0.218 0.218

2 1/2 2.875 0.203 0.203 0.276 0.276

3 3.5 0.216 0.216 0.3 0.3

3 1/2 4 0.226 0.226 0.318 0.318

4 4.5 0.237 0.237 0.337 0.337

5 5.563 0.258 0.258 0.375 0.375

6 6.625 0.28 0.28 0.432 0.432

8 8.625 0.322 0.322 0.406 0.5 0.5

10 10.75 0.365 0.365 0.5 0.594 0.5

12 12.75 0.406 0.375 0.562 0.688 0.5

14 14 0.438 0.375 0.594 0.75 0.5

16 16 0.5 0.375 0.656 0.844 0.5

18 18 0.562 0.375 0.75 0.938 0.5

 Nominal Pipe Schedule Chart for Sch 40, STD, 60, 80 & Xs in Inches

20 20 0.594 0.375 0.812 1.031 0.5

22 22 0.375 0.875 1.125 0.5

24 24 0.688 0.375 0.969 1.219 0.5

26 26 0.375 0.5

28 28 0.375 0.5

30 30 0.375 0.5

32 32 0.688 0.375 0.5

34 34 0.688 0.375 0.5

36 36 0.75 0.375 0.5

ASME B36.10M-2015: Welded and Seamless Wrought Steel Pipe

Don’t get confused between 3 1/2 inch nominal with 3.5 inch OD, 4″ nominal with 4.000″ OD

Schedule 100, Schedule 120, Schedule 140, Schedule

160 and Schedule XXS
Nominal Pipe Schedule Chart for Sch 100, 120,140, 160 & XXS in Inches

Nominal Pipe Size in Inch OD in Inch 100 120 140 160 XXS
 Nominal Pipe Schedule Chart for Sch 100, 120,140, 160 & XXS in Inches

1/2 0.84 0.188 0.294

3/4 1.05 0.219 0.308

1 1.315 0.25 0.358

1 1/4 1.66 0.25 0.382

1 1/2 1.9 0.281 0.4

2 2.375 0.344 0.436

2 1/2 2.875 0.375 0.552

3 3.5 0.438 0.6

3 1/2 4 0.636

4 4.5 0.438 0.531 0.674

5 5.563 0.5 0.625 0.75

6 6.625 0.562 0.719 0.864

8 8.625 0.594 0.719 0.812 0.906 0.875

10 10.75 0.719 0.844 1 1.125 1

12 12.75 0.844 1 1.125 1.312 1

 Nominal Pipe Schedule Chart for Sch 100, 120,140, 160 & XXS in Inches

14 14 0.938 1.094 1.25 1.406

16 16 1.031 1.219 1.438 1.594

18 18 1.156 1.375 1.562 1.781

20 20 1.281 1.5 1.75 1.969

22 22 1.375 1.625 1.875 2.125

24 24 1.531 1.812 2.062 2.344

ASME B36.10M-2015: Welded and Seamless Wrought Steel Pipe

Don’t get confused between 3 1/2 inch nominal with 3.5 inch OD, 4″ nominal with 4.000″ OD

Pipe Schedule Chart for Stainless Steel

Pipe in Inches
Nominal Pipe Schedule Chart for SS Pipes with Sch 5s, 10s, 40s and 80s in Inches

Nominal Pipe Size in Inch OD in Inch 5S 10S 40S 80S

1/8 0.405 0.049 0.068 0.095

1/4 0.54 0.065 0.088 0.119

3/8 0.675 0.065 0.091 0.126

1/2 0.84 0.065 0.083 0.109 0.147

Nominal Pipe Schedule Chart for SS Pipes with Sch 5s, 10s, 40s and 80s in Inches

3/4 1.05 0.065 0.083 0.113 0.154

1 1.315 0.065 0.109 0.133 0.179

1 1/4 1.66 0.065 0.109 0.14 0.191

1 1/2 1.9 0.065 0.109 0.145 0.2

2 2.375 0.065 0.109 0.154 0.218

2 1/2 2.875 0.083 0.12 0.203 0.276

3 3.5 0.083 0.12 0.216 0.3

3 1/2 4 0.083 0.12 0.226 0.318

4 4.5 0.083 0.12 0.237 0.337

5 5.563 0.109 0.134 0.258 0.375

6 6.625 0.109 0.134 0.28 0.432

8 8.625 0.109 0.148 0.322 0.5

10 10.75 0.134 0.165 0.365 0.5

12 12.75 0.156 0.18 0.375 0.5

14 14 0.156 0.188 0.375 0.5

16 16 0.165 0.188 0.375 0.5

18 18 0.165 0.188 0.375 0.5

20 20 0.188 0.218 0.375 0.5

22 22 0.188 0.218

24 24 0.218 0.25 0.375 0.5

 Nominal Pipe Schedule Chart for SS Pipes with Sch 5s, 10s, 40s and 80s in Inches

30 30 0.25 0.312

ASME B36.19M-2004: Stainless Steel Pipe (For 5S,10S,40S and 80S)

Don’t get confused between 3 1/2 inch nominal with 3.5 inch OD, 4″ nominal with 4.000″ OD

Pipe Schedule Chart for Carbon Steel Pipe in

Millimeter
Schedule 5, Schedule 10 and Schedule 30
Nominal Pipe Schedule Chart for Sch 5, 10, 20 and 30 in Millimeter (mm)

DN in mm OD 5 10 20 30

6 10.3 1.24

8 13.7 1.65

10 17.1 1.65 1.85

15 21.3 1.65 2.11 2.41

20 26.7 1.65 2.11 2.41

25 33.4 1.65 2.77 2.9

32 42.2 1.65 2.77 2.97

40 48.3 1.65 2.77 3.18

 Nominal Pipe Schedule Chart for Sch 5, 10, 20 and 30 in Millimeter (mm)

50 60.3 1.65 2.77 3.18

65 73 2.11 3.05 4.78

80 88.9 2.11 3.05 4.78

90 101.6 2.11 3.05 4.78

100 114.3 2.11 3.05 4.78

125 141.3 2.77 3.4

150 168.3 2.77 3.4

200 219.1 2.77 3.76 6.35 7.04

250 273 3.4 4.19 6.35 7.8

300 323.8 3.96 4.57 6.35 8.38

350 355.6 3.96 6.35 7.92 9.53

400 406.4 4.19 6.35 7.92 9.53

450 457 4.19 6.35 7.92 11.13

500 508 4.78 6.35 9.53 12.7

550 559 4.78 6.35 9.53 12.7

 Nominal Pipe Schedule Chart for Sch 5, 10, 20 and 30 in Millimeter (mm)

600 610 5.54 6.35 9.53 14.27

650 660 7.92 12.7

700 711 7.92 12.7 15.88

750 762 6.35 7.92 12.7 15.88

800 813 7.92 12.7 15.88

850 864 7.92 12.7 15.88

900 914 7.92 12.7 15.88

ASME B36.10M-2015: Welded and Seamless Wrought Steel Pipe

Schedule 40, Schedule STD, Schedule 60, Schedule 80

and Schedule XS
Nominal Pipe Schedule Chart for Sch 40, Std, 60, 80 and XS in Millimeter (mm)

DN in mm OD 40 Std 60 80 XS

6 10.3 1.73 1.73 2.41 2.41

8 13.7 2.24 2.24 3.02 3.02

10 17.1 2.31 2.31 3.2 3.2

 Nominal Pipe Schedule Chart for Sch 40, Std, 60, 80 and XS in Millimeter (mm)

15 21.3 2.77 2.77 3.73 3.73

20 26.7 2.87 2.87 3.91 3.91

25 33.4 3.38 3.38 4.55 4.55

32 42.2 3.56 3.56 4.85 4.85

40 48.3 3.68 3.68 5.08 5.08

50 60.3 3.91 3.91 5.54 5.54

65 73 5.16 5.16 7.01 7.01

80 88.9 5.49 5.49 7.62 7.62

90 101.6 5.74 5.74 8.08 8.08

100 114.3 6.02 6.02 8.56 8.56

125 141.3 6.55 6.55 9.53 9.53

150 168.3 7.11 7.11 10.97 10.97

200 219.1 8.18 8.18 10.31 12.7 12.7

250 273 9.27 9.27 12.7 15.09 12.7

300 323.8 10.31 9.53 14.27 17.48 12.7

 Nominal Pipe Schedule Chart for Sch 40, Std, 60, 80 and XS in Millimeter (mm)

350 355.6 11.13 9.53 15.09 19.05 12.7

400 406.4 12.7 9.53 16.66 21.44 12.7

450 457 14.27 9.53 19.05 23.83 12.7

500 508 15.09 9.53 20.62 26.19 12.7

550 559 9.53 22.23 28.58 12.7

600 610 17.48 9.53 24.61 30.96 12.7

650 660 9.53 12.7

700 711 9.53 12.7

750 762 9.53 12.7

800 813 17.48 9.53 12.7

850 864 17.48 9.53 12.7

900 914 19.05 9.53 12.7

950 965 9.53 12.7

1000 1016 9.53 12.7

1050 1067 9.53 12.7

 Nominal Pipe Schedule Chart for Sch 40, Std, 60, 80 and XS in Millimeter (mm)

1100 1118 9.53 12.7

1150 1168 9.53 12.7

1200 1219 9.53 12.7

ASME B36.10M-2015: Welded and Seamless Wrought Steel Pipe

Schedule 100, Schedule 120, Schedule 140, Schedule

160 and Schedule XXS
Nominal Pipe Schedule Chart for Sch 100, 120, 140, 160 and XXS in Millimeter (mm)

DN in mm OD 100 120 140 160 XXS

15 21.3 4.78 7.47

20 26.7 5.56 7.82

25 33.4 6.35 9.09

32 42.2 6.35 9.7

40 48.3 7.14 10.16

50 60.3 8.74 11.07

65 73 9.53 14.02
 Nominal Pipe Schedule Chart for Sch 100, 120, 140, 160 and XXS in Millimeter (mm)

80 88.9 11.13 15.24

90 101.6 16.15

100 114.3 11.13 13.49 17.12

125 141.3 12.7 15.88 19.05

150 168.3 14.27 18.26 21.95

200 219.1 15.09 18.26 20.62 23.01 22.23

250 273 18.26 21.44 25.4 28.58 25.4

300 323.8 21.44 25.4 28.58 33.32 25.4

350 355.6 23.83 27.79 31.75 35.71

400 406.4 26.19 30.96 36.53 40.49

450 457 29.36 34.93 39.67 45.24

500 508 32.54 38.1 44.45 50.01

550 559 34.93 41.28 47.63 53.98

600 610 38.89 46.02 52.37 59.54

ASME B36.10M-2015: Welded and Seamless Wrought Steel Pipe

 Pipe Schedule Chart for Stainless Steel
Pipe in Millimeter
Nominal Pipe Schedule Chart for SS Pipe Sch 5s, 10s, 40s and 80s in Millimeter (mm)

DN in mm OD 5s 10s 40s 80s

6 10.3 1.24 1.73 2.41

8 13.7 1.65 2.24 3.02

10 17.1 1.65 2.31 3.2

15 21.3 1.65 2.11 2.77 3.73

20 26.7 1.65 2.11 2.87 3.91

25 33.4 1.65 2.77 3.38 4.55

32 42.2 1.65 2.77 3.56 4.85

40 48.3 1.65 2.77 3.68 5.08

50 60.3 1.65 2.77 3.91 5.54

65 73 2.11 3.05 5.16 7.01

80 88.9 2.11 3.05 5.49 7.62

90 101.6 2.11 3.05 5.74 8.08

100 114.3 2.11 3.05 6.02 8.56

125 141.3 2.77 3.4 6.55 9.53

150 168.3 2.77 3.4 7.11 10.97

Nominal Pipe Schedule Chart for SS Pipe Sch 5s, 10s, 40s and 80s in Millimeter (mm)

200 219.1 2.77 3.76 8.18 12.7

250 273 3.4 4.19 9.27 12.7

300 323.8 3.96 4.57 9.53 12.7

350 355.6 3.96 4.78 9.53 12.7

400 406.4 4.19 4.78 9.53 12.7

450 457 4.19 4.78 9.53 12.7

500 508 4.78 5.54 9.53 12.7

550 559 4.78 5.54

600 610 5.54 6.35 9.53 12.7

750 762 6.35 7.92

ASME B36.19M-2004: Stainless Steel Pipe (For 5S,10S,40S and 80S)

Pipe Color Code Standard and Piping Color Codes Chart

Color coding of pipelines and piping materials are standard industry

practices.  Color marking will make identification easier for raw material
and fluid that being transport by the pipe. There are various national
and international Pipe Color Code Standards are available. (I have used
both British and American version to spell color/colour)

1. ASME/ANSI A13.1 – Scheme for the Identification of Piping

Systems
2. BS 1710 – Specification for Identification of Pipelines and Services
3. IS 2379 – Pipelines Identification Colour Code
4. PFI ES-22 – Recommended Practice for Color Coding of Piping
Materials
Color Coding of Piping Material – PFI ES-22
Why the color coding of piping material?

During construction and fabrication, various grades of carbon steel, alloy

steel, and stainless steel are used. To avoid mixing of this material and
easy storing and retrieving in the warehouse, piping components such
as pipe, fittings, flanges, and valves are color coded.

All most all company has their own color coding system. Pipe
Fabrication Institute (PFI) Standard ES-22 provides Piping Materials color
coding requirements for most commonly used piping material grades. It
also provides guidance on marking location on piping components.

Refer below images for the color band location on piping components.
 Color Code
for Pipe Material Identification – PFI
Standard ES-22 -1999
Carbon Steel Material
Carbon Steel

Material Material Garde Band / Strip Color

Carbon Steel, Electric Resistance Welded   Pipe A53 Gr. B/API 1 solid white

Carbon Steel, Smls, specified tensile   strength under 70,000 psi (483 MPA) A53 Gr. B No Marking

Carbon Steel, killed steel A106 Gr. B 1 solid green

Carbon Steel, specified tensile strength   70,000 psi (483 MPA) and over A106 Gr. C 2 solid green

Carbon Steel, low temperature (impact   tested) A333 Gr. 6 1 solid red

 High Yield Carbon Steel
High Yield Carbon Steel

Material Material Garde Band / Strip Color

52,000 min. yield API 5L X-52 1 solid yellow, 1 solid green

60,000 min. yield API 5L X-60 1 solid yellow, 1 solid pink

65,000 min. yield API 5L X-65 2 solid yellow

70,000 min. yield API 5L X-70 1 solid yellow, 1 solid orange

Low Alloy Materials

Low Alloy Materials

Material Material Garde Band / Strip Color

C-Mo steel A335 Gr. P1 1 solid orange

1 Cr-1/2 Mo Steel A335 Gr. P12 1 solid orange, 1 solid blue

1 1 /4 Cr-1/2 Mo Steel A335 Gr. P11 1 solid yellow

2 1/4 Cr-1 Mo Steel A335 Gr. P22 1 solid blue

5 Cr-1/2 Mo Steel A335 Gr. P5 1 solid blue, 1 solid yellow

9 Cr-1/2 Mo Steel A335 Gr. P9 2 solid orange

 Ferritic and Martensitic Stainless Steels
Ferritic and Martensitic Stainless Steels

Material Material Garde Band / Strip Color

Type 405 A268 TP405 1 solid green, 1 solid black

Type 410 A268 TP410 1 solid green, 1 solid red

Austenitic Stainless Steels

Austenitic Stainless Steels

Material Material Garde Band / Strip Color

Type 304 A312 TP304 1 solid black

Type 304L A312 TP304L 2 solid black

Type 304H A312 TP304H 1 intermittent black

Type 309 A358 Gr309 1 solid black, 1 solid brown

Type 310 A358Gr310 1 solid green, 1 solid orange

Type 316 A312 TP316 1 solid gray

Type 316L A312 TP316L 2 solid gray

Type 316H A312 TP316H 1 intermittent gray

Type 317 A312 TP317 1 solid brown, 1 solid green

 Austenitic Stainless Steels

Type317L A312 TP317L 1 solid brown, 1 solid red

Type 321 A312 TP321 1 solid pink

Type 321 H A312 TP321H 2 solid pink

Type 347 A312 TP347 1 solid brown

Type 347H A312 TP347H 2 solid brown

Nickel Based Alloys

Nickel Based Alloys

Material Band / Strip Color

Nickel 200 1 solid black, 1 solid pink

Incoloy 800 1 solid black, 1 solid orange

Incoloy 800H 1 solid gray, 1 solid red

Incoloy 825 1 solid gray, 1 solid blue

Inconel 600 2 solid blue

 Nickel Based Alloys

Inconel 625 1 solid blue, 1 solid pink

Hastelloy Alloy 8-2 1 solid red, 1 solid orange

Hastelloy Alloy C-276 1 solid red, 1 solid blue

Hastelloy Alloy C-22 2 solid red

Hastelloy Alloy G 1 solid red, 1 solid yellow

Carpenter Alloy 20 C 8-3 1 solid black, 1 solid blue

Monel 400 1 solid black, 1 solid yellow

Color Coding of Pipeline and Piping

Identification
Oil and Gas Industries, Process industries are complex installation. Piping
systems are used in these plants to transport various fluids. These
pipelines transport various industrial materials such as gases such as Air,
Nitrogen, Oxygen, Hydrogen, etc., liquids such as water, acids,
hydrocarbon, toxic materials, etc.

Without proper pipe color code, it is extremely difficult to identify the

material pipeline transporting. To reduces the safety hazard, reduce the
possibility of mistakes in identification and accidents associated with the
wrong identification of pipelines during the emergency situation,
systematic color coding of pipelines and piping systems is essential.
Uniformity of color marking promotes greater safety, lessens the
chances of error, and reduces hazards involved in the handling of
material inside the pipelines.

There are national and international standards that provide the

guidelines for uniform color coding in industries that are used to color
code of pipe to identify.

 ASME A13.1 – Scheme for the Identification of Piping Systems

 BS 1710 – Specification for Identification of Pipelines and Services
 IS 2379 – Pipelines Identification Colour Code

These standard uses different color code methodology to identify the

pipe material. They use a base color, band color, letters, and direction
arrow to identify fluid inside the pipeline.

ANSI/ASME A13.1 – Scheme for the

Identification of Piping Systems
The purpose of ASME/ANSI A13.1 Standard is to establish a common
system that assists in the identification of hazardous materials conveyed
in piping systems and their hazards when released into the environment.

ASME A13.1 – 2015 edition has six fixed colors and 4 users define colors
that can be used to identify the hazardous material. In this standard, the
following categories are used;

1. Flammable – Fluids or vapor or produce vapors that can be

ignited and continue to burn in air.
2. Combustible – Fluids that can burn, but are not flammable.
3. Oxidizing – Oxidizing fluid is any gas or liquid that may, generally
by providing oxygen, cause or contribute to the combustion of
other material more than air does.
4. Toxic and Corrosive – Fluids that are corrosive or toxic, or will
produce corrosive or toxic substances when released.
 5. Fire Quenching – Fluid Such as water, foam, and CO2 used in
sprinkler systems and firefighting piping systems.

Size of Label and Letters as per ASME B13.1-

2015

Outside Diameter of Outside Diameter of Length of Color Field, Length of Color Size of Letters, B, Size of Letters,
Pipe in Inches Pipe in mm A, in Inches Field, A, in mm in Inches B, in mm

3⁄4 to 11⁄4 19 to 32 8 200 1⁄2 13

11⁄2 to 2 38 to 51 8 200 3⁄4 19

21⁄2 to 6 64 to 150 12 300 11⁄4 32

Outside Diameter of Outside Diameter of Length of Color Field, Length of Color Size of Letters, B, Size of Letters,
Pipe in Inches Pipe in mm A, in Inches Field, A, in mm in Inches B, in mm

8 to 10 200 to 250 24 600 21⁄2 64

Over 10 over 250 32 800 31⁄2 89

BS 1710 – Specification for Identification of

Pipelines and Services
BS1710 uses two types of colour coding to identify the content of pipe
and hazard.

1. Base colour – Base colours are used to indicate the content inside
the pipe.
2. Safety colours – These colours are used as band colours that
applied in conjunction with the base pipe color code to create
various service identifiers.

Other than colour code, additional information regarding the nature of

the contents of the pipe by using the following systems either
individually or in combination:

1. Name in full
2. Abbreviation of name
3. Chemical symbol and
4. Appropriate code indications or code colour bands
Size of Label as per BS 1710 -2014
1. When Only Basic Identification Color Used

Pipe Diameter Minimum Band Width

Up to 50 mm 130 mm

50 mm to 100 mm 275 mm

above 100 mm 450 mm

2. Basic identification colour with code and/or safety colours

 Pipe Diameter Minimum Band Width – Basic Colour (1) Minimum Band Width – Safety Colour (2)

Up to 50 mm 50 mm 30 mm

50 mm to 100 mm 100 mm 75 mm

above 100 mm 150 mm 150 mm

IS 2379 – Pipelines Identification Colour

Code
IS 2379 is Indian Standard for the colour coding requirements. It is quite
comprehensive and a little complex as compared to BS and ASME
standards. IS 2379 is more in line with BS 1710. It used the ground
colour, band colour, and letter labeling to identify fluid content and
associated hazards.

This standard covers piping systems that include pipes of any kind and
in addition fittings, valves, and pipe coverings. Supports, brackets, or
other accessories are excluded from this standard. This standard is not
applicable to pipelines buried underground or used for electrical
services.

Refer to the table for the ground colour that used in pipeline marking.

Ground Colours

Substance Colour

Water Sea green

Steam Aluminium to IS 2339

Mineral, vegetable, and animal oils, combustible liquids Light brown

Acids Dark violet

 Ground Colours

Air Sky blue

Gases Canary yellow

Alkalies Smoke grey

Other liquids/gases which do not need identification Black

Hydrocarbons/organic compounds Dark admirality grey

Size of Label and Letters as per IS 2379 –

1990 (Reaffirmed 2006)

Length of the Colour Band

Nominal Pipe Size Ground Colour First Colour Band Second Colour Band
(mm) (mm)
 Length of the Colour Band

80 NB and below Throughout the entire length or Band no case 25 4:1 Proportion to the First
less than 300 mm Colour Band

Letter Size

Outside Diameter of Pipe (mm) Size of Legend (mm)

20 to 30 10

Above 30 to 50 20

Above 50 to 80 30

Above 80 to 150 40

Above 150 to 250 90

Over 250 90

Commonly used Pipe Color Code As per Is

2379
Pipe Colour Code Use in Refinery As per IS 2379

Contents Ground Colour First Colour Band Second Colour Band

Cooling Water Sea green French blue –

Boiler feed water Sea green Gulf red –

Drinking water Sea green French blue Signal red

Plant air Sky blue Silver grey –

Very high pressure steam Aluminium to IS 2339 Signal red –

 Pipe Colour Code Use in Refinery As per IS 2379

High pressure steam Aluminium to IS 2339 French blue –

Medium pressure steam Aluminium to IS 2339 Gulf red –

Low pressure steam Aluminium to IS 2339 Canary yellow –

Light diesel fuel Light brown Brilliant green –

Lubricating oil Light brown Light grey –

Flare gases Canary yellow – –

Nitrogen Canary yellow Black –

Oxygen Canary yellow White –

Hydrogen Canary yellow Signal red French blue

Naptha Dark Admirality grey Light brown Black

LPG (Liquid) Dark Admirality grey Brilliant green Dark violet

Location of the color band and Labels

Coloring and identification labels on the pipe should apply in such a way
that is clearly visible from all the approach especially when pipes are
overhead. ASME B13.1 and IS 2379 provides guidance on the positions
of the labeling.  Refer to the table below for the general guideline
provided in the standards.

Location of the Colour Band

As Per IS -2379 AS Per BS 1710 & ASME B13.1

At battery limit points Close to valves or flanges

 Location of the Colour Band

Intersection points and change of direction points in piping ways Adjacent to changes in direction,
branches

Other points such as midway of each piping way, near valves, junction joints of where pipes pass through walls or
service appliances, walls, on either side of pipe culverts floors

For long stretch yard piping at 50 m interval at intervals on straight pipe runs
sufficient for identification

At start and terminating points

Pipe Manufacturing
Process – Seamless and Welded Pipe

Seamless Pipe Manufacturing Process

Seamless pipe is Strongest amongst all pipes type as it has a
Homogeneous structure throughout pipe length.

 Seamless pipes are manufactured in a verity of size and schedule.

However, there is a Restriction on the manufacturing of large
diameter pipe. Seamless pipes are widely used in the
manufacturing of pipe fittings such as bends, elbows, and tees.
 Various Manufacturing process are explained in detail;

Mandrel Mill Process

In the Mandrel Mill pipe manufacturing process, the steel billet is heated
to high temperature in the rotary furnace. A cylindrical hollow, which is
also known as mother hollow, is produced with the help of a rotary
piercer and set of roller arrangement that keeps the piercer at the center
of the billet.

The outside diameter of the piercer is approximately that of the inside

diameter of the finished pipe. With the help, secondary roller
arrangement outside diameter and thickness are achieved.
Mannesmann Plug Mill Pipe Manufacturing Process

Mannesmann was a German engineer who has invented this pipe

manufacturing process. The only difference between the Plug mill
process and the Mandrel mill process is that in the mandrel method
inside diameter is achieved in a single pass whereas in Mannesmann
multi-stage reduction is possible.
Forged Seamless Pipe Manufacturing Process

In a Forging pipe manufacturing process, a heated billet is placed in

forging die that has a diameter slightly larger than the finished pipe. A
hydraulic press of forging hammer with matching inside diameter is
used to create cylindrical forging.

Once this forging is done pipe is machined to achieve the final

dimension. Forging pipe manufacturing process is used to manufactured
large diameter seamless pipes that cannot be manufactured using
traditional methods. Forged pipes are normally used for the steam
header.

Extrusion Processes 

In an extrusion pipe manufacturing, a heated billet is placed inside the

die. A hydraulic ram pushes the billet against the piercing mandrel,
material flows from the cylindrical cavity between die and mandrel. This
action produces the pipe from the billet.

Sometimes pipe manufactured produce pipe with a high thickness which

is known as mother hollow. Many secondary pipes manufactured used
this mother hollow to produce pipes with different dimensions.
Welded Pipe Manufacturing Process 
Welded Pipes are manufactured from Plate or continues Coil or strips.
To manufacture a welded pipe, the first plate or coil is rolled in the
circular section with the help of a plate bending machine or by a roller in
the case of a continues process.

Once the circular section is rolled from the plate, the pipe can be welded
with or without filler material. A welded pipe can be manufactured in
large sizes without any upper restriction. Welded pipe with filler material
can be used in the manufacturing of long radius bends and elbow.

Welded pipes are cheaper with compared to the seamless pipe and also
Weak due to the weld

There are different welding methods used to weld the pipe.

 ERW- Electric Resistance Welding

 EFW- Electric Fusion Welding
 HFW- High-frequency welding
 SAW- Submerged Arc Welding (Long seam & Spiral Seam)
ERW Steel Pipe Manufacturing Process

In the ERW / EFW / HFW pipe process, the first plate is formed in a
cylindrical shape and the longitudinal edges of the cylinder formed are
welded by flash-welding, low-frequency resistance-welding, high-
frequency induction welding, or high-frequency resistance welding.

erw-pipe-manufacturing process

SAW Pipe Manufacturing Process

In the SAW welding process, external filler metal (wire electrodes) are
used to join the formed plates. SAW pipes can have a single longitudinal
seam of double longitudinal seam depend on the size of the pipe.

SAW pipes are also available in the spiral seam, which is continually
rolled from the single plate coil. The production rate of the spiral SAW
pipe is very high as compared to the Straight SAW pipe. However, Spiral
SAW pipes are only used in low-pressure services such as water, non-
critical process services, etc.
 Spiral SAW pipe Manufacturing Process

SAW pipe Manufacturing Process

Pipe Inspection, Testing & Marking

Pipe Inspection is a continuous process during manufacturing. Different

types of inspection and testing are performed on a pipe to ensure the
quality of the pipes. Refer to the list given below for the types of
inspection performed on a pipe.

 Metallurgical
  Destructive
 Hydro Test
 NDT
 Visual
 Dimension
 Marking

Product Analysis – Chemical & Mechanical

Testing of Pipe
Metallurgical Tests

Metallurgical Tests confirm that the chemical requirements of pipe are

as per the material standard.

 Metallurgical Tests are normally known as Micro and Macro pipe

inspection & testing.
 Micro Analysis or Chemical Analysis of
o Raw material
o Product
o Weld ensures that all the alloying elements are within the
range as specified in the material standard
 Macro Analysis for Weld will check the proper fusion of weld
material with pipe material.

There are some Special pipe inspection tests also carried out on the
material when it is going to be used in aggressive environments. These
tests will ensure that pipe material is able to withstand in such
aggressive environments also. Some of the tests are

 Grain size (AS & SS)

 IGC- Intergranular Corrosion Test(SS)
 Ferrite (SS)
 HIC- Hydrogen-induced Cracking
 SSC- Sulfide Stress Corrosion Cracking
These tests are performed when it is asked by the purchaser in his
specification.

Destructive test

The mechanical / Destructive test of pipe inspection confirms the

mechanical requirements of pipe are as per the material standard.

In Destructive Testing- a sample from the pipe is cut to performed tests

 The tensile test is done to check the yield and ultimate tensile of
the pipe. If required by the purchaser or by standard high or low-
temperature tensile tests are also performed.
 Bend test / Guided bend test is used to check the integrity of weld
joint
 Flattening test examines the ability of plastic deformation in a
pipe
 Impact test / Charpy V-Notch Test, check the ability of a material
to withstand under low-temperature conditions
 Creep test is done to check the long term effect of temperature
under constant load.

pipe-destructive-testing
Pipe Inspection – Hydro Test, NDT, Visual
and Dimension
To ensure product quality, during and after the production certain pipe
inspection and non-destructive testing are performed on the body &
weld of the pipe. These pipe inspection will check whether any physical
defects are present in the pipe/weld, which may affect its performance
during the service. These testing are

 Flux leakage examination or Magnetic flaw detection

 Eddy current
 Ultrasonic – can be done on full body or only for weld seam
 Radiography (Only for Weld)
 Magnetic particle test for pipe ends & weld seam
 Positive Material Identification.

Hydrotest of Pipe

Hydrostatic Test or Hydrotest of a pipe is carried out to

 Ensure that pipe is 100% leak proof

 It also ensures the ability of the pipe to withstand under pressure
 Hydro test pressure is calculated based on equation given in
ASTM A530,

P = 2St/D or S = PD/2t

 P = hydrostatic test pressure in psi or Mpa,

 S = pipe wall stress in psi or Mpa,
 t = specified nominal wall thickness, nominal wall thickness
corresponding to specified ANSI schedule number, or 1.143 times
the specified minimal wall thickness, in. [mm], and
 D = specified outside diameter, outside diameter corresponding
to specified ANSI pipe size, or outside diameter calculated by
 adding 2t (as defined above) to the specified inside diameter, in.
[mm].

Holding time for the hydro test is a minimum of 5 sec as per ASTM
A530. The pressure is monitored by the computerizing system. For
welded pipe inspection, the test pressure should be held for a time,
sufficient to permit the inspector to examine the entire length of the
welded seam. A hydrostatic test can be waived under certain conditions
as set in the ASTM standard

Pipe Hydro Test

Pipe Visual Inspection

Visual Inspection is one of the most effective inspection method used to

check overall product quality. During the visual inspection, you will
check for the overall product finish. You will check for surface
imperfections such as mechanical marks, lamination, tears or any other
visual imperfections and also check weld defects such as porosity,
undercuts, uneven weld bead, and excess or underfill of weld material.
Acceptance of these imperfections is as per applicable ASTM standard
Pipe Dimension Inspection

Dimension inspection of the pipe is carried out based on the Dimension

Standard, the final dimension of the pipe must confirm the following
standard or it should be as specified in the purchaser’s specification.

 For Welded and Seamless Wrought Steel Pipe dimensional

requirements are cover in ASME B36.10
 For Stainless Steel Pipe dimensional requirements are cover in
ASME B36.19

During a dimensional inspection, following to be confirmed with

standard

 Diameter
 Length
 Thickness
 Straightness
 Ovality &
 Weight

Permissible Variations depends on manufacturing standard.

 pipe dimension check

Tolerances for Pipe Outside Diameter

Nominal Pipe Size Carbon Steel Stainless Steel

NPS DN ASTM A53M ASTM A106M ASTM A999M

⅛ to 1½ 6 to 40 ±0.4 mm ±0.4 mm +0.4 / -0.8 mm

Over 1½ to 4 Over 40 to 100 ±1% ±0.8 mm ±0.8 mm

Over 4 to 8 Over 100 to 200 ±1% +1.6 / -0.8 mm +1.6 / -0.8 mm

Over 8 to 18 Over 200 to 450 ±1% +2.4 / -0.8 mm +2.4 / -0.8 mm

Over 18 to 26 Over 450 to 650 ±1% +3.2 / -0.8 mm +3.2 / -0.8 mm

Over 26 to 34 Over 650 to 850 ±1% +4.0 / -0.8 mm +4.0 / -0.8 mm

Over 34 to 48 Over 850 to 1200 ±1% +4.8 / -0.8 mm +4.8 / -0.8 mm

Tolerances for Pipe Wall Thickness

Nominal Pipe Size Carbon Steel Stainless Steel

NPS DN ASTM A53M & 106M ASTM A312M

6 to 65 ⅛ to 2½ -12.5% minimum + 20 / -12.5%

     (maximum wall thickness limited only by
mass)
3 to 18, t/D ≤ 5% 80 to   450, t/D ≤ 5% + 22.5 /   -
12.5%
 Nominal Pipe Size Carbon Steel Stainless Steel

3 to 18, t/D > 5% 80 to 450, t/D > 5% + 15 / -12.5%

20 and over – welded 500 and over – welded + 17.5 /   -

12.5%

20 and over – seamless, t/D 20 and over – seamless, t/D ≤ + 22.5 /   -
≤   5% 5% 12.5%

20 and over – seamless, t/D   > 20 and over – seamless, t/D > + 15 / -12.5%
5% 5%

t = nominal wall   thickness D = ordered outside diameter

Tolerances for Pipe Mass/weight

The mass of all carbon steel pipe and seamless stainless steel pipe is
limited to +10% and a minus limit that varies depending on size – refer
to standards for more details.

Straightness Tolerances for Pipe

The carbon steel pipe standards require only that “the finished pipe shall
be reasonably straight”.

ASTM A312M (in ASTM A999M) requires a welded stainless steel pipe to
be straight to within 3.2 mm over 3.0 m lengths. Generally, the thumb
rule is that 1 mm per meter is acceptable. However, most purchasers
clearly specified a maximum acceptable limit for straightness.
Pipe Marking Inspection
Once the pipe is cleared all test and inspection, it is marked as per the
standard requirements

 The following shall be marked on the pipe

o Manufacturer logo
o ASTM material code
o Material Grade
o Size
o Thickness- schedule no.
o Length
o Heat No
o Special marking WR for weld repair or NH for the non-hydro
tested pipe.
 These Marking can be done by paint or by Hard punching
 For stainless steel, pipe stenciling is also used

Please note that

 For carbon steel no hard-punching below 6 mm thickness

 For stainless steel no hard-punching below 12 mm thickness

pipe-marking
 Pipe Packing Inspection
To prevent the damage during transportation, pipe ends are covered
with a cap. Spider supports at the end of the pipe are also installed in
Large diameter pipe to protect the circularity of pipe.

pipe-packing

Supplementary Requirements for Pipe

Inspection
Supplementary requirements are optional that the purchaser has to
specify along with purchase requisition. Mainly these requirements are
related to additional testing of the product such as low-temperature
tensile, transverse tensile, restriction on Carbon Equivalent, etc.

Each standard lists these requirements at the end of the standard

product requirements.

Refer Table for Supplementary requirements of ASTM A106 & ASTM

A312,

ASTM A106 ASTM A312

Product Analysis Product Analysis

 ASTM A106 ASTM A312

Transverse Tension Test Transverse Tension Test

Flattening Test, standard Flattening Test

Flattening Test, Enhanced Etching Tests

Metal Structure and Etching   Test Radiographic Examination

Carbon Equivalent Stabilizing Heat Treatment

Heat Treated Test Specimens Intergranular Corrosion Test

Internal   Cleanliness–Government Orders Minimum Wall Pipe

Requirements   for Carbon Steel Pipe for Hydrofluoric Acid Alkylation Service Weld Decay Test