LOKMANYA TILAK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,

KOPARKHAIRANE, NAVI MUMBAI

YEAR 2017-18

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

MEC-605: MECHATRONICS

Report on

FIRE SENSOR ALARM

Subject teacher/in-charge: Mr. M. Ansari

Sr. No Roll No. Name Sign

1 67 Sumit A. pawar

2 65 Sagar J. patil

3 68 Dinesh phalke

4 74 Swapnil jadhav

1
 ABSTRACT

We take an opportunity to present this project report on

“FIRE ALARM USING 555 TIMER IC” & put before readers some
information regarding our project.

We have made sincere attempts & taken every care to

present this matter in precise & compact form, the language being as
simple as possible.

We are sure that the information contained in this volume

would certainly prove useful for better insight in the scope and dimension
of this project in its true perspective.

The task of completion of this project through being difficult

was made quite simple, interesting & successful due to deep
involvement & complete dedication of our group members.

2
 CONTENTS

. . .

Sr.No Topics
. .

1. Acknowledgement
2. Introduction To The Project
3. Fire Alarm: system Requirement
4. Classification
5. Fire alarm system
6. Components Required
7. Circuit Diagram
8. Methodology
9. Working
10. Advantages
11. Disadvantages
12. Application
13. Conclusion
14. Bibliography

3
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This report is the product of discussion, sharing comments and

rewriting that relied upon the skill and commitment by sumit pawar, sagar patil,
Dinesh phalke, swapnil jadhav was much that we learned from each other
through this project. All the members of the team received support and
encouragement from their respective friends and we would like to take this
opportunity to thank them.

The success of this effort depends on the lectures that encourage

students to reflect on their on learning and to pursue imaginative activities and
questions.

We wish to thank our college Lokmanya Tilak College Of

engineering, our Principal Dr. Vivek Yakundi, Head of Department
Dr.chandrababu, our subject in charge prof. M. Ansari and to all my friends
who helped me in completion of this mini-project.

4
 INTRODUCTION

An automatic fire alarm system is designed to detect the

unwanted presence of fire by monitoring environmental changes associated
with combustion. In general, a fire alarm system is either classified as
automatic, manually activated, or both. Automatic fire alarm systems can be
used to notify people to evacuate in the event of a fire or other emergency, to
summon emergency services, and to prepare the structure and associated
systems to control the spread of fire and smoke. Fire alarm systems have
become increasingly sophisticated and functionally more capable and reliable
in recent years. They are designed to fulfil two general requirements:
protection of property and assets and protection of life. As a result of state and
local codes, the life-safety aspect of fire protection has become a major factor
in the last two decades. There are a number of reasons for the substantial
increases in the life-safety form of fire protection during recent years,
foremost of which are
 The proliferation of high-rise construction and the concern for life safety
within these buildings.
 A growing awareness of the life-safety hazard in residential, institutional,
and educational occupancies.
 Increased hazards caused by new building materials and furnishings that
create large amounts of toxic combustion products (i.e., plastics,
synthetic fabrics, etc.).
 Vast improvements in smoke detection and related technology made
possible through quantum advances in electronic technology.
 The passing of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), signed into law
on July 26, 1990, providing comprehensive civil rights protection for
individuals with disabilities. With an effective date of January 26, 1992,
these requirements included detailed accessibility standards for both
new construction and Renovation toward the goal of equal usability of
buildings for everyone, regardless of limitations of sight, hearing, and
mobility. This had a significant impact on fire alarm system signalling
devices, power requirements, and device locatios.

5
Fire Alarm Systems: Common Code Requirements
The following codes apply to fire alarm systems: NFPA 70,
National Electrical Code NFPA 72, National Fire Alarm Code NFPA 90A,
Standard for the Installation of Air Conditioning and Ventilation Systems NFPA
101, Life Safety Code BOCA, SBCCI, ICBO. The National Basic Building Code and
National Fire Prevention Code, published by the Building Officials Code
Administrators International (BOCA), the Uniform Building and Uniform Fire
Code of the International Conference of Building Officials (ICBO), and the
Standard Building Code and the Standard Fire Prevention Code of the Southern
Building Code Congress International (SBCCI) all have reference to fire alarm
requirements. Many states and municipalities have adopted these model
building codes in full or in part.

Fire Alarm System Classifications

NFPA 72 classifies fire alarm systems as follows:

o Household fire alarm system. A system of devices that
produces an alarm signal in the household for the purpose of
notifying the occupants of the presence of fire so that they will
evacuate the premises.
o Protected-premises (local) fire alarm system . A protected-
premises system that sounds an alarm at the protected premises
as the result of the manual operation of a fire alarm box or the
operation of protection equipment or systems, such as water
flowing in a sprinkler system, the discharge of carbon dioxide, the
detection of smoke, or the detection of heat.
o Auxiliary fire alarm system. A system connected to a
municipal fire alarm system for transmitting an alarm of fire to the
public fire service communications centre. Fire alarms from an
auxiliary fire alarm system are received at the public fire service
communications centre on the same equipment and by the same
methods as alarms transmitted manually from municipal fire

6
 alarm boxes located on streets. There are three subtypes of this
system: local energy, parallel telephone, and shunt type.
o Remote supervising station fire alarm system. A system
installed in accordance with NFPA 72 to transmit alarm,
supervisory, and trouble signals from one or more protected
premises to a remote location at which appropriate action is
taken.
o Proprietary supervising station fire alarm system. An
installation of fire alarm systems that serves contiguous and non-
contiguous properties, under one ownership, from a proprietary
supervising station located at the protected property, at which
trained, competent personnel are in constant attendance. This
includes the proprietary supervising station, power supplies,
signal-initiating devices, initiating-device circuits, signal-
notification appliances, equipment for the automatic and
permanent visual recording of signals, and equipment for
initiating the operation of emergency building control services.
o Central station fire alarm system. A system or group of
systems in which the operations of circuits and devices are
transmitted automatically to, recorded in, maintained by, and
supervised from a listed central station having competent and
experienced servers and operators who, on receipt of a signal,
take such action as required by NFPA 72. Such service is to be
controlled and operated by a person, firm, or corporation whose
business is the furnishing, maintaining, or monitoring of
supervised fire alarm systems.
o Municipal fire alarm system. A system of alarm-initiating
devices, receiving equipment, and connecting circuits (other than
a public telephone network) used to transmit alarms from street
locations to the public fire service communications centre.

7
Fire Alarm Fundamentals: Basic Elements
(Typical Local Protective Signalling System)
Regardless of type, application, complexity, or technology level, any fire alarm
system is comprised of four basic elements:
1. Initiating devices
2. Control panel
3. Signalling devices
4. Power supply

Fire Alarm System Circuit Designations

Initiating-device, notification-appliance, and signalling-line circuits shall be
designated by class or style, or both, depending on the circuits’ capability to
operate during specified fault conditions.

Fire Alarm System: Class

Initiating-device, notification-appliance, and signalling-line circuits shall be
permitted to be designated as either class A or class B depending on the
capability of the circuit to transmit alarm and trouble signals during no
simultaneous single circuit- fault conditions as specified by the following:
1. Circuits capable of transmitting an alarm signal during a single open or a no
simultaneous single ground fault on a circuit conductor shall be designated as
class A.
2. Circuits not capable of transmitting an alarm beyond the location of the fault
conditions specified in 1 above shall be designated as class B. Faults on both
class A and class B circuits shall result in a trouble condition on the system in
accordance with the requirements of NFPA 72, Article 1-5.8.

Fire Alarm System: Style

8
Initiating-device, notification-appliance, and signalling-line circuits shall be
permitted to be designated by style also, depending on the capability of the
circuit to transmit alarm and trouble signals during specified simultaneous
multiple-circuit-fault conditions in addition to the single circuit-fault conditions
considered in the designation of the circuits by class.

COMPONENTS LIST

9
RESISTORS

R1 - 1KΩ 1NOS

R2 - 18KΩ 1NOS

R3 - 100KΩ 1NOS

CAPACITOR

C1: 10μF 1NOS

MISC

NPN TRANSISTOR

D1 - DR25 GER DIODE 1NOS

BATTERY:

9 V BATTERY

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
10
11
 METHODOLOGY

 Design your circuit board. Use PCB Wizard software to draw your

circuit board. You can also use a perforated board that has pre-
12
 drilled holes in it to help you see how your circuit board's
components would be placed and work in reality.

 Buy a plain board that is coated with a fine layer of copper on one
side from a retailer.

 Scrub the board with a scouring pad and water to make sure the
copper is clean. Let the board dry.

 Print your circuit board's design onto the dull side of a sheet of
blue transfer paper. Make sure the design is oriented correctly for
transfer.

 Place the blue transfer paper on the board with the circuit board's
printed design against the copper.

 Lay a sheet of ordinary white paper over the blue paper. Following

the transfer paper's instructions, iron over the white and blue paper
to transfer the design onto the copper board. Iron every design
detail that appears near an edge or corner of the board with the tip
of the iron.

 Let the board and blue paper cool. Peel the blue paper slowly
away from the board to see the transferred design.

13
 Examine the transfer paper to check for any black toner from the
printed design that failed to transfer to the copper board. Make
sure the board's design is oriented correctly.

 Replace any missing toner on the board with ink from a black
permanent marker. Allow the ink to dry for a few hours.

 Remove exposed parts of the copper from the board using ferric
chloride in a process called etching.

 Wash all the etching equipment and the circuit board thoroughly
with plenty of running water.

 Drill 0.03 inch (0.8 mm) lead component holes into your circuit
board with high-speed steel or carbide drill bits. Wear safety
goggles and a protective mask to protect your eyes and lungs
while you drill.

 Scrub the board clean with a scouring pad and running water. Add
your board's electrical components and solder them into place.

14
 TROUBLESHOOTING

After building up the entire project we came to know that our project
was not working, this condition was havoc for us.

After Troubleshooting the circuit we came across following faults:-

Two of the IC pins were short circuited.

This problem was solved by desoldering those pins, & again soldering
them back to the PCB with care.
A wrong diode was installed instead of 1n4148 germanium diode.
This time we replaced that diode with a 1n4148 germanium diode and
observed whether the circuit is working or not.
Transistor was faulty.
After checking the hfe of the transistor we came to a conclusion that we
have to change the transistor as it was damage due to use of improper
soldering techniques.

15
 ADVANTAGES

1. Early Warning
Many fires occur at night or in a room or section that no one
may be in at the time. The audible alert from the fire alarm can
wake individuals up who may otherwise sleep while inhaling
smoke. The alert can also provide an early signal during the day
to individuals who, if not for the alarm, would not have the time
needed to escape the home or building before the fire spreads
out of control.

2. Flexibility to place them in specific rooms and areas of

your choice.

3. Low Cost
A fire system that is remotely monitored on a continuous basis is
normally part of an agreement with an alarm company that also
includes burglar alarms.

16
 DISADVANTAGES

1. Susceptible to nuisance alarms if placed too close to cooking.

2. May be slow to respond slow smoldering fires.

3. None what so ever!!! They are there to save lives- whatever

they do. Although they could be a nuisance if they do cause
false activations by themselves.

17
 APPLICATION

1. Fire alarms can be used in any place like parks,

theaters, HOTELS, restaurants, boats, ships, etc.

2. Fire alarms can be also used as temperature sensors in some

applications, when the temperature goes up abruptly it can
inform.

3. Fire alarm can be used in our home for safety purpose and it is
a very good precautionary measure.

18
 CONCLUSION

 A fire alarm is a device that detects the presence of fire and atmospheric
changes relating to smoke. In some cases, a firm alarm is a part of a
complete security system, in addition to a burglary protection system.
The fire alarm operates to alert people to evacuate a location in which a
fire or smoke accumulation is present

 When functioning properly, a fire alarm will sound to notify people of an

immediate fire emergency. Fire alarms can be found in homes, schools,
churches and businesses, and function as the catalyst to saving lives. For
most fire alarms, when sounded, a beep, bell or horn noise is made. This
distinct sound exists to allow the notification to be heard

 The fire alarm constructed by this project work is reliable at low cost.

19
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

 CIRCUITS AND NETWORKS –

A SUDHAKAR, SHYAMMOHAN.PILLAI

 OP-AMPS AND LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS –

RAMAKANT A.GAYAKWAD

 www.nfpa.org

 en.wikipedia.org

 www.ask.com

20