Organization and Management Module 7
Organization and Management Module 7
Organization and Management Module 7
MODULE 7
CHAPTER 4
ORGANIZING
Objectives
At the end of this chapter, the students are expected to:
1. Define the meaning of organizing
2. Cite the reasons for organizing
3. Compare different organization structure and its determinants
4. Analyze the nature of organizations and types of organization structures.
INTRODUCTION
The manager needs to acquire various skills in management, including those for
organizing business activities. In this highly competitive environment, the unskilled
manager may not be able to bring his unit, or his company, as the case may be, to
success.
Skill in organizing is a very critical factor in the accomplishment of the objectives
of many organizations, whether they are private businesses or otherwise. The positive
effects of business success become more pronounced when they come as a result of
international operations.
WHAT IS ORGANIZING?
Organizing is the function of management which follows planning. It is a function
in which the synchronization and combination of human, physical and financial
resources takes place. All the three resources are important to get results. Therefore,
organizational function helps in achievement of results which in fact is important for the
functioning of a concern. According to Chester Barnard, “Organizing is a function by
which the concern is able to define the role positions, the jobs related and the co-
ordination between authority and responsibility.
Why Organize?
Managers have to organize the activities they want to perform for the following reasons:
Divide the work according to the nature & similarity of tasks.
To pool resources & increase the efforts which lead to efficiency.
Build continuity & synergy.
A manager who wants to organize his/her department must address these issues:
Determine what is to be done
Assigning tasks
Decide how to achieve coordination
Decide on a span of management
Decide how much authority you should designate
Draw an organizational chart
INFORMAL GROUPS
Formal organizations require the formation of formal groups, which will be assigned to
perform specific tasks aimed at achieving organizational objectives. The formal group is
a part of the organizational structure. There are instances , however, when members of
an organization spontaneously form a group with friendship as a principal reason for
belonging. This group is referred to as an informal group. It is not a part of the formal
organization and it does not have a formal performance purpose.
What is an Organizational Structure?
Shows the flow of interactions within the organization
Specifies its division of work activities and shows how different functions of
activities are linked
Shows level of specialization of work activities
Indicates the organization’s hierarchy and authority structure
Shows organization’s reporting structure
The determinants of an organization structure are:
1. Strategy or plans for achieving the company’s objectives
2. Technology that will be used in carrying out the strategy
3. People employed at all levels and their functions and
4. Size of the organization
Figure 18
Tall Structure
Tall Structure- This type of organizational structure has many layers and narrow span
of control. It has the following advantages:
a. Since the average span of control is narrower, the supervisory load is less for
each manager;
b. There are more opportunities for promotion because there are more levels of
positions;
c. Managers are provided with opportunities to specialize;
d. There is less demand for managers with multiple skills; and
e. Managers are afforded with more time to attend to other important problems.
Tall structures are also saddled with disadvantages such as the following:
a. Communication tends to be slower and distorted because of the number of
levels it has to pass through;
b. The number of management levels also hinders effective decision making
rendering such activity slower and less accurate; and
c. It is more expensive to maintain as there are more managers to compensate.
Figure 19
Flat Structure
Flat Structures- This type of organizational structure has few layers and wide span of
control. This characteristic provides it with the following advantages:
a. Communication is generally faster and less distorted
b. Decisions can be made quickly; and
c. Supervisors’ salaries are limited.
Disadvantages
a. They require managers with experience in the various tasks;
b. A manager may have little time for all subordinates;
c. When the manager is out, the group is without a leader; and
d. Managers may have little time to anticipate problems.
Advantages
a. Increase productivity
b. Foster specialization – simplify task, easily understood and completed
quickly
c. Assign task based on individual talent, interest and position
Disadvantages
a. Lower sense of control by managers
b. Create dissatisfaction and boredom – esp. routine and specialized task
A. Functional structure- Used mainly by smaller firms that offer a limited line of
products because it makes efficient use of specialize resources. This method
eliminates overlapping in the execution of organizational activities.
Figure 22
Functional Structure
Advantages:
• Staffed by experts of each functions
• Easier supervision
• Easy to coordinate activities
Disadvantages:
• Difficult to get quick decisions or actions on a problem or situation
• Difficult to monitor performance, especially among individual
Figure 23
Product Structure
Advantages:
• Activities can be easily focuses and coordinated
• Enhance speed and effectiveness of decision making
• Easy to assess performance and identify accountability/liability
Disadvantages
• Focus only on own products
Figure 23
Customer Structure
Advantages:
• Encourage concentration on customers’ needs
• It gives customers the feeling that they have an understanding supplier
• It develops expertise in the customer handling
Disadvantages:
• Difficult to coordinate operations between competing customer demands
• Requires managers & staff expert in customers’ problems
Figure 24
Geographical Structure
Advantages:
• It offers better services at low cost
• It place emphasis on local markets & problems
• It offers better face to face communication with local interests
Disadvantages:
• It requires more staff with general manager abilities
• Top management has less control of the regional managers since they are
independent
Figure 25
Matrix Structure
Advantages:
• More efficient use of resources than single hierarchy
• Flexibility, adaptability, to changing environment
Disadvantages:
• Frustration & confusion from dual chain of command
• High conflict between 2 sided of matrix
• More meetings, more discussion than action
Figure 26
Network Structure
Advantages:
• Global competitiveness
• Workforce challenge
• Reduce administrative cost
Disadvantages:
• No hands-on control
• Can lose organization part
• Employee loyalty weakened
Disadvantages
1. Control
2. Duplication
3. Centralized Expertise
4. Competency
The span of control may either be narrow or wide. It is narrow when there are few
subordinates reporting to a single supervisor. The narrow span of control is
characterized by the following:
1. There is closer relationship between manager and subordinates
2. There is less delegation of authority
3. Controlling activities is more tight; and
4. There is more time for rewarding behavior
Span of control is wide when there are many subordinates reporting to a supervisor.
The following characteristics are inherent to an organization with wide span of
control:
1. Employees work with little supervision
2. There is a high level of delegation of authority
3. Controlling is lighter; and
4. There is less time for rewarding behavior
5. Coordination – This term refers to the linking of activities in the organization that
serve to achieve a common goal or objective.
ACTIVITY 1
Name 10 organizations/companies and give their slogan. Write your answer in a piece
of yellow pad paper.
Example: BDO – “We find ways”
ACTIVITY 2
Act like an ideal organization leader trying to organize and influence your subordinates
to work towards the achievement of their organization’s or company’s vision, mission,
goals, and objectives by formulating your own organization vision, mission
statements, slogan and values and planning means to disseminate these to them.
Write your answer in a piece of yellow pad paper.
Name of Organization:
Vision:
Mission Statements:
Slogan:
Values:
Means for Disseminating Vision, Mission, Slogan, and Values:
ACTIVITY 3
Briefly explain the importance of developing organizing skill. Write your answer in a
piece of yellow pad paper.
ACTIVITY 4
Considering you are owner of a business. Prepare your own organizational chart and
compare it with the chart of other firm. Comment on the similarities and/ or differences of
the two charts.