Fluid Mechanics CH#1

Fluid Mechanics
CH#1
iNTRODUCTION
 Gas and vapor are often used as synonymous words. The vapor phase of a substance is
customarily called a gas when it is above the critical temperature. Vapor usually implies
a gas that is not far from a state of condensation.
 a fluid in direct contact with a solid “sticks” to the surface due to viscous effects, and
there is no slip. This is known as the no-slipcondition
 Mack no.= velocity of flow/speed of sound (346m/s)
 A flow is called sonic when Ma =1, subsonic when Ma <1, supersonic when Ma >1,
and hypersonic when Ma >>1.
 Close system=control mass: no transfer of mass from or to the system but only energy
can transfer
 Open system=control volume: both mass and energy can transfer, often It usually
encloses a device that involves mass flow such as a compressor, turbine, or nozzle.
Ch#2
Fluid Properties
 Intensive properties: Temperature, pressure, density
 extensive properties: mass, volume, momentum
 continuum: A homogenous matter, when the molecular size > distance between
molecules
 The reciprocal of density is the specific volume v,
 Density of gases is directly proportional to pressure but inversely proportional to
temperature
 At a given pressure, the temperature at which a pure substance changes phase is called
the saturation temperature Tsat. Likewise, at a given temperature, the pressure at
which a pure substance changes phase called the saturation pressure Psat.
 The partial pressure of a vapor must be less than or equal to the vapor pressure if there
is no liquid present. However, when both vapor and liquid are present and the system is
in phase equilibrium, the partial pressure of the vapor must equal the vapor pressure,
and the system is said to be saturated.
 For example, the vapor pressure of water at 20°C is 2.34 kPa. Therefore, a bucket of
water at 20°C left in a room with dry air at 1 atm will continue evaporating until one of
two things happens: the water evaporates away (there is not enough water to establish
phase equilibrium in the room), or the evaporation stops when the partial pressure of the
water vapor in the room rises to 2.34 kPa at which point phase equilibrium is
established.

 The internal energy u represents the microscopic energy of a nonflowing fluid per unit
mass, whereas enthalpy h represents the microscopic energy of a flowing fluid per unit
mass.
 For incompressible substances, the constant-volume and constant-pressure specific
heats are identical. Therefore, cp _ cv _ c for liquids,

 Kinematic viscosity: m2/s or stock=cm2/sec
 The viscosity of liquids decreases with temperature, whereas the viscosity of gases
increases with temperature
Ch#3
Pressure and Fluid Statics
 The counterpart of pressure in solids is normal stress

 Pressure in a fluid at rest does not change in horizontal direction but changes with depth
 the pressure at a point in a fluid has the same magnitude in all directions.
 pressure transducer: convert pressure effect into electrical effect

Heat Transfer
i.
ii. conduction (through direct contact), Diffusion of heat due to temperature gradients from
particle to particle.
Conduction heat transfer 𝑄 ∝ 𝐴 𝑑𝑇/𝑑𝑥
𝑄 = −𝑘 𝐴 𝑑𝑇/𝑑𝑥 (Watt)
𝑘 = − 𝑄 /𝐴 𝑑𝑥/𝑑𝑇 (W/m ºC)
Fourier's law of conduction
iii. convection (through fluid movement), Convection occurs by actual movement of fluid due to
temp. variation.
dQ
~ h A (T2  T1 )
dt
dQabs
Pabs   Aa  Ts 4
iv. radiation (through electromagnetic waves). dt
Stefan Boltzmann law
Surface Area, A
Absorption coefficient, a = 0 to 1
Stefan-Boltzmann constant σ = 5.67 x 10 -8 W.m-2.K-4
All objects above absolute zero emit radiant energy.
The rate of emission increases as the temperature of object increases.
Advection
Transfer of energy—including thermal energy—is moved by the physical transfer of a hot or cold
object from one place to another by accumulating/ storing energy e.g.
i. placing hot water in a bottle and heating a bed,
ii. Transfer of energy adding ice to cool down drinks.
Thermal diffusivity, m2/s: Represents how fast heat diffuses through a material (  )

Fluid Mechanics CH#1

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Fluid Mechanics

 pressure transducer: convert pressure effect into electrical effect

Conduction heat transfer 𝑄 ∝ 𝐴 𝑑𝑇/𝑑𝑥

𝑘 = − 𝑄 /𝐴 𝑑𝑥/𝑑𝑇 (W/m ºC)

Fourier's law of conduction

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