Heaven's Light Is Our Guide

Heaven’s Light is our Guide
Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology
Department of Mechanical Engineering
COURSE TITLE : Heat Transfer- ¡¡
COURSE NO : ME 3201
Assignment on lecture: 1st cycle D-day.
SUBMITTED BY-
NAME : Md. Sadid Hossain
ROLL: 132001
SECTION: A
SESSION: 2013-14
Heat transfer:
Heat transfer is defined as the transmission of energy from one region to another
as a result of temperature gradient.
Three modes of heat transfer:

1. Conduction
2. Convection
3. Radiation
Fig1.1: Three modes of heat transfer.
Now the discussion is about convection heat transfer:
Convection heat transfer:

Convection heat transfer is the mechanism of heat transfer through a fluid in the
presence of bulk fluid motion. It is possible only in a fluid medium and is directly
linked with the transport of medium itself. It may be classified as free and forced
convection. Examples of these:
Fig1.2: Natural convection Fig1.3: Forced convection
Convection heat transfer is also classified as external and internal depending on

wheather the fluid is forced to flow over a surface or in a channel.
Now the discussion is on the analogies between momentum and heat transfer:
The ability of a system to perform work is termed as energy. According to

conservation of energy,energy can neither be created nor destroyed. It can only
be transformed.
Energy can be transferred in the following three ways:

1. Work transfer
2. Mass transfer
3. Heat transfer
The above three is known as transport phenomena.

An important principle in the study of transport phenomena is analogy
between phenomena.
Diffusion:
There are some notable similarities in equations for momentum, energy,
and mass transfer which can all be transported by diffusion as illustrated by
the following examples:
 Mass: the spreading and dissipation of odors in air is an example of
mass diffusion.
 Energy: the conduction of heat in a solid material is an example of
heat diffusion.
 Momentum: the drag experienced by a rain drop as it falls in the
atmosphere is an example of momentum diffusion.

The molecular transfer equations of Newton's law for fluid
momentum, Fourier's law for heat, and Fick's law for mass are very similar.
Comparison of diffusion phenomena
Transported Physical
Equation
quantity phenomenon
Viscosity τ=-v
Momentum ∂ pv ∂ y
(Newtonian fluid) ∂ x ∂x
Heat conduction q dT dy
Energy A
=−k
dx dx
(Fourier’s law)
Molecular diffusion J=−D dy dC

Mass
(Fick’s law) dx dx
Mass transfer:
Mass transfer is defined as the transfer of mass as a result of concentration
difference. When a system contains two or more components whose
concentration vary from point to point, there is a natural tendency for mass
to be transferred, minimizing any concentration difference within the
system.
Practical example of mass transfer is dissolution of sugar in water.
Fig1.4: Dissolution of sugar in water.
Mass Transfer in a system is governed by Fick's First Law.

Fick’s law:
According to this law, “Diffusion flux from higher concentration to lower
concentration is proportional to the gradient of the concentration of the
substance and the diffusivity of the substance in the medium.” Mass
transfer can take place due to different driving forces. Some of them are
given
 Mass can be transferred by diffusion

 Mass can be transferred by convection
 Mass can be transferred by change of phase.
This can be compared to Fick's Law of Diffusion:
dy dC
J=−D
dx dx
where D is the diffusivity constant.
Mass transfer is studied in heat transfer not in fluid mechanics:

There is a lot of difference between mass flow and mass transfer but mass
transfer and heat transfer is nearly to each other. Heat transfer and mass
transfer are kinetic processes that may occur and be studied separately or jointly.
On the other hand, the subject of Mass flow is directly linked to Fluid Mechanics,
where the single component fluid-flow is studied, but the approach usually
followed is more similar to that used in Heat Transfer, where fluid flow is mainly a
boundary condition empirically modeled. Mass flow occurs due to pressure
difference. Example: oxygen pass through blood circulation.
Fig1.5: Mass flow during breathing system.

Work / momentum transfer:
In work transfer, the fluid is treated as a continuous distribution of matter.
The work transfer is generally discussed in fluid mechanics. The equation
for work transport is Newton's Law of Viscosity written as follows:
∂ pv ∂ y
τ=-v ∂ x ∂x
where ,
τ is the flux ,
ν is μ/ρ, the momentum diffusivity,
ρ is the density and
μ is the viscosity.
Newton’s Law is the simplest relationship between the flux of momentum
and the velocity gradient.
Heat transfer:
All processes in engineering involve the transfer of energy. Some examples
are the heating and cooling of process streams, phase changes,
distillations, etc. The basic principle is the first law of thermodynamics
which is expressed as follows for a static system:
q dT dy
=−k
A dx dx
The net flux of energy through a system equals the conductivity times
the rate of change of temperature with respect to position.
For other systems that involve either turbulent flow, complex
geometries or difficult boundary conditions another equation would be
easier to use:
Q=hAΔT
Where,
A is the surface area,
ΔTis the temperature driving force,
Q is the heat flow per unit time and
h is the heat transfer coefficient.
Basic phenomena of transportation:
Common phenomena of these transportation,
##The transfer rate is directly proportional to the concentration

gradient ,i.e
dC
Q∞ dx
where,
Q is the flow rate and
dC
dx
is the concentration gradient.
##These transportation follows conservation law.
Heat transfer:
1. Conduction: conduction occurs in -

¡.solid
¡¡.liquid
¡¡¡.gas
2. Convection: it occurs in fluid medium
3. Radiation: no medium is needed.
No medium
Radiation
Heat
transfe
r
Conduction Convection
Solid Liquid Gas Liquid
Fig1.6: Flow diagram of heat transfer with medium
In conduction heat transfer the magnitude of conductivity is given:
Solid ˃ Liquid > Gas
Mass transfer:
1. Diffusion: it occurs in-
¡.solid
¡¡.liquid
¡¡¡.gas
2. Convection : it occurs in fluid medium
3. Radiation : no effect on mass transfer.
0(none)
Radiation
Mass
transfe
r
Diffusion Convection
Solid Liquid Gas Liquid
Fig1.7: Flow diagram of mass transfer with medium
In diffusion the order of mass transfer is given:

Gas>Liquid>Solid
Diffusivity’s order is given above. From that we see that diffusion is more in
gas then liquid and then solid. It can be easily understood from the
example: a slice apple is kept in three medium as solid, liquid and gaseous.
Fig : A sliced apple in three medium.
If this apple is kept in three medium than the diffusivity order will be as
Gas> liquid > Solid

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Heaven’s Light is our Guide

Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology

Department of Mechanical Engineering

COURSE TITLE : Heat Transfer- ¡¡

Assignment on lecture: 1st cycle D-day.

NAME : Md. Sadid Hossain

Three modes of heat transfer:

Fig1.1: Three modes of heat transfer.

Now the discussion is about convection heat transfer:

Convection heat transfer:

Convection heat transfer is also classified as external and internal depending on

The ability of a system to perform work is termed as energy. According to

Energy can be transferred in the following three ways:

The above three is known as transport phenomena.

Comparison of diffusion phenomena

Molecular diffusion J=−D dy dC

Practical example of mass transfer is dissolution of sugar in water.

Fig1.4: Dissolution of sugar in water.

Mass Transfer in a system is governed by Fick's First Law.

 Mass can be transferred by diffusion

Mass transfer is studied in heat transfer not in fluid mechanics:

Fig1.5: Mass flow during breathing system.

Basic phenomena of transportation:

Common phenomena of these transportation,

##The transfer rate is directly proportional to the concentration

##These transportation follows conservation law.

1. Conduction: conduction occurs in -

Solid Liquid Gas Liquid

Fig1.6: Flow diagram of heat transfer with medium

In conduction heat transfer the magnitude of conductivity is given:

Solid ˃ Liquid > Gas

Solid Liquid Gas Liquid

Fig1.7: Flow diagram of mass transfer with medium

In diffusion the order of mass transfer is given:

Fig : A sliced apple in three medium.

Gas> liquid > Solid

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