IS: 11992-1995

( Redfirmed 1991)
( Reaffirmed 1998 )
Indian Standard
CRITERIA FOR
DESIGN OF RCC STAGING FOR
OVERHEAD WATER TANKS
(First Reprint OCTOBER 1998 )

UDC628.134 :624.953.014.45

0 Copyright 1987

BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS

MANAK BHAVAN, Y BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI 110002

Gr7 January 1987

 IS : 11682-1985

Indian Standard
CRITERIA FOR
DESIGN OF RCC STAGING FOR
OVERHEAD WATER TANKS

Criteria for Design of Structures Sectional Committee, BDC 38

Chairman Representing
DR M. RA~IIAIAIL Struc$ragsEngineering Research Centre (CSIR),
a
Members
Dn R. NABAYANAN ( Alternate to
Dr M. Ramaiah )
DR B. M. AHTJJA Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi
SHRI S. P. ~l~AI~llA~ol~TI Ministry of Shipping & Transport
SARI M. K. MU~HERJEE ( Alternate )
CHIEF ENCHNIWR ( DESIQNS ) Central Public Works Department, New Delhi
SUPERINTENJ)INQ EN~INEEJ~
( CD0 I ( Alternate I
Dn P. DAYARA~INAM~ ’ Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur
DR M. P. KAPOO~ ( Alternate )
DEPUTY DIJ~ECTOR( STANDARDS ) Railway Board ( Ministry of Railways )

( Alternate )
DIRECTOR ( TCD ) 1 Central Electricity Authority, New Delhi
SHRI V. M. GAD Atomic Energy Commission, Bombay
Dn R. 1. GAIZDE University of Roorkee, Roorkee
DL D. N. TIIIKIIA ( Alternafe )
SlIRI D. I(. G~osu Development Consultants Pvt Ltd, Calcutta
SHRI S. N F. o o I ( Alfernate )
SHRI A. D. GUPTA Fertilizer ( Planning & Development ) India Ltd,
Sindri -
SHRI M. P. JAI SINQII Cent;o~r~~~lding Research Institute ( CSIR ),

SIIRI SUI~ESH CJIAND ( Alternate )

SHRI G. B .JAITAoIRDAR National Industrial Development Corporation
Ltd, New Delhi
SHRI K. C. KARAM~~ANDANI Engineers India Ltd, New Delhi
SHRI G. P. LAHIUI ( Alternate )
SH~I S. N. MANOHAI~ Tata Consulting Engineers Bombay
SHRI R. RAJAPPA ( Alternate )

( Continued on page 2 j

0 Copyight 1987
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
This publication is protected under the Indian Copyright Act ( XIV of 1957) and
reproduction in whole or in part by any means except with written permission of the
nublisber shall be deemed to be an infringement of copvriaht under the said Act.
-1s: 11682 - 1985
(Continued from page 1 )
Members Representing
SHRI A. P. MATIIUR Central Warehousing Corporation, New Delhi
SHRI D. B. NAIK Engineer-in-Chief’s Branch, Army Headquarters,
New Delhi
LT-COL G. S. SONDE ( Afternafe )
SH~I C. P. NAZIR M. N. Dastur Co (P) Ltd, Calcutta
SHRI B. B. SAHA ( Alternate )
DR S. K. NIYO~I Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur
DR A. P. GUPTA ( Altemafs)
DR V. V. NORI Shirish Pate1 & Associates, Bombay
SERI P. H. SRINIVASACHAR ( Alfernats )
SHRI K. C. PANDYA Shah & Pandya, Bombay
REPRESENTATIVE Food Corporation of India, New Delhi
SHRI ARJUN RIJH SINQHANI Cement Corporation of India Ltd, New Delhi
SHI~IC. N. SRINIVASAN C. R. Narayana Rao, Madras
PROF & HEAD OF THE DEPART- Indian Institute of Technology, Madras
YENT OF CIVIL ENQINEERIN~
DR P. SRINIVA~A RAO ( Alternate )
SHRI T. N. STJBBA RAO Gammon India Ltd, Bombay
SERI G. R. HARIDAS ( Alternate )
SHRI K. S. SRINIVASAN National Buildings Organization, New Delhi
SHRI SHASHI KANT ( Alfernafs )
SHRI M. C. TANDON STUP Consultants Ltd, Bombay
DR R. N. VAKIL Vakil-Mehta-Seth, Ahmadabad
SARI K. VEERARAOHAVACHARY Bbarat Heavy Electricals Ltd, Hyderabad
SHRI S. PAL ( Alternale I )
SHRI ASHOK ROY ( Alternate II )
Sn~r G. RAMAN. Director General, IS1 ( Ex-oficio Member )
Director ( Civ Engg )
Sccrctary
&RI A. K. AVA~T~Y
Deputy Director ( Civ Engg ), ISI

Panel on Concrete Water Tanks, BDC 38 : P7

Convener
SHRI K. VEERARAUHAVACHARY Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd, Hyderabad
Members
SI~RI R. S. RAO ( Alternate to
Shri K. Veeraraghavachary )
SERI S. CHAKRABARTI Gammon India Limited, Bombay
SHRI N. PRABHAKAR ( Allernate )
CHIEB ENOINEER ( DEE~QNS ) Central Public Works Department ( CD0 ),
New Delhi
SUPERINTENDINO ENQIN~ZER
( DESIGNS ) ( Alfetnatc )
SHRI K. C. KARAMCHANDANI Engineers India Limited, New Delhi
SHRI S. K. MONDAL Development Consultants Pvt Ltd, Calcutta
SHBI S. NAHAROY Englne;nej;; Construction Corporation Ltd,

SHRI A. RAMAKRISHNA ( Alternate )

SHRI S. PRAXAEH Delhi Water Supply & Sewage Disposal Under-
taking, New Delhi
SHRI M. C. TANDON STUP Consultants Limited, Bombay
2
 lS:11682-1985

Indian Standard
CRITERIA FOR
DESIGN OF RCC STAGING FOR
OVERHEAD WATER TANKS

0. FOkEWORD
0.1 This Indian Standard was adopted by the Indian Standards Institution
on 29 November 1985, after the draft finalized by the Criteria for Design
of Structures Sectional Committee had been approved by the Civil
Engineering Division Council.
0.2 Water tanks are important public utility and industrial structure. The
design and construction methods in reinforced concrete are influenced by
the prevailing construction practices, the physical property of the material
and the climatic conditions At present there is no national standard for
the design of overhead tanks. This code is being published in order to ful-
fil the need and to lay down uniform requirements of water towers.
0.3 While the common methods of design have been covered in this code,
design of structures of special forms or in unusual circumstances should be
left to the judgement of the Engineer-in-charge and in such cases special
systems of design and construction may be permitted on production of
satisfactory evidence regarding their adequacy and safety by analysis or
test or by both. ‘Care may be taken for dust load.
0.4 In this standard it is assumed that the design of water tower is entrus-
ted to the qualified engineer and that the execution of the work is carried
out under the direction of an experienced supervisor.
0.5 The construction aspects of liquid retaining structures and design as-
pects of the side walls and floor of the same design aspects of the side
walls and floor of the same which mainly rest on the ground level have
been covered by IS : 3370 ( Pdrts 1 to 4 )* and this standard lays down the
principles of design of water towers for arriving at sizes of various compo-
nents of water tank.
*Code of practice for concrete structures for the storage of liquids:
Part I-1965 General requirements.
Part 2-1965 Reinforced concrete structures.
Part 3-1967 Prestressed concrete structures.
Part 4-1967 Design tables.

3
IS t 11682 - 1985

0.6 All requirements of IS : 456-1978*, IS : 3370 ( Part 1 )-19651 and

IS : 3370 ( Part 2 )-1965$ is so far as they apply shall be deemed to form
part of this code except where otherwise laid down in this code.

0.7 For the purpose of deciding whether a particular requirement of this

standard is complied with, the final value, observed or calculated, expres-
sing the result of a test or analysis, shall be rounded off in accordance with
IS : 2-19608. The number of significant places retained in the rounded
off value should be the same as that of the specified value in this
standard.

1. SCOPE

1.1 This standard lays down guidelines for layout for overhead water
tanks and criteria for analysis for RCC staging both for steel and concrete
tanks.

1.2 While some of the provisions of this standard in the case ofRCC stag-
ing for elevated tanks, though refer to the storage of water, the recom-
mendations are equally applicable to other materials stored.

1.3 The requirements given in this code applicable for column type stag-
ing and circular and polygonal shaft staging for overhead water tanks.

2. TERMINOLOGY
2.0 For the purpose of this standard, the following definitions shall apply.

2.1 Capacity - Capacity of the tank shall be the volume of water it can
store between the designed full supply level and lowest supply level ( that
is, the level of the lip of the outlet pipe ). Due allowance shall be made
for plastering the tank from inside if any when calculating the capacity of
tank.

2.2 Height of Staging - Height of staging is the difference between the

lowest supply level of tank and the average ground level at the tank site.

2.3 Water Depth - Water depth in tank shall be difference of level be-
tween lowest supply level and full supply level of the tank.

*Code of practice for plain and reinforced concrete ( third rerkion ).

tCode of practice for concrete structures for the storage of liquids : Part I General
requirements.
ICode of practice for concrete structures for the storage of liquids : Part 2 Reinfor-
ced concrete structures.
~Rrrlcs for rounding off numerical values ( waised ).

4
 IS :11682 -1985

3. LOADS

3.1 Dead Loads - Dead loads shall be calculated on the basis of unit
weights taken in accordance with IS : 1911-1967*. Unless more accurate
calculations arc warranted, the unit weight of reinforced concrete made
with sand and gravel or crushed natural stone aggregate may be taken as
2 500 kg/ms. Loads due to pipings and stair cases should also be consi-
dered.
3.2 Imposed Loads - Imposed loads like live loads, snow loads and
wind loads shall be in accordance with IS : 875-1964t. Weight of the
water may be taken as live load for members directly containing the same.
The weight of water shall be considerd as dead load in the design of
staging.

3.3 Wind Load - Wind load shall be applied in accordance with IS :

875-19641 while analying the stresses the combination shall be as
follows:
a) wind load with tank empty; and
b) wind load with tank full.
The worst combination of the stress on account of the above shall be
considered while working out the permissible stresses.

3.4 Seismic Forces - When seismic loading is considered, following two

cases may be considered :
a) tank empty; and
b) tank full.
In additiqn, wherever required the effect of surge due to wave for-
mation of the water may be considered. The seismic force acting on the
support for the tank and its analysis shall be in accordance with IS :
1893-1975$.
3.5 Vibration Forces - Vibration forces such as due to blast forces
( see IS : 6922-1973s ) as experienced in mines, collaries and in the close
proximity of railway tracks shall be considered in the design ( see
also 7.1.1 ).

NOTE - In areas of construction, where vibration forces are expected during

construction for walls? reinforcement shall be provided on both faces to ensure pro-
per bonding of the remforcement.

*Schedule of unit weights of building materials (first revision ).

tCode of practice for structural safety of buildings : Loading standards ( revised ).
ICriteria for earthquake resistant design of structures ( third revision ).
SCriteria for safety and design of structures subject to underground blast.

5
IS:11682-1985

4. ANALYSIS
4.1 General - Provision shall be made for conditions of stresses that
may occur in accordance with principles of mechanics, recognized methods
of design and sound engineering practice. In particular, adequate consi-
deration shall be given to the effects of monolithic construction in the
assessment of bending moment and shear.

4.1.1 Before taking up the design, the designer should first decide the
most suitable type of staging of tanks and correct estimation of loads in-
cluding statical equilibrium of structure particularly in regard to overturn-
ing of overhanging members shall be made. The design should be based
on the worst possible combination of loads, moments and shears arising
from vertical loads and horizontal loads acting in any direction when the
tank is full as well as empty.

4.2 Loading Combination - Loading combination may be considered

as given in IS : 456-1978* and IS : 875-1964t. Both conditions, tank full
and tank empty shall be considered.
NOTE - Wherever required the effect of wave action of water on the sides o f
the tank may be considered.

5. BASIS OF DESIGN FOR REINFOIiCED CONCRETE MEMBERS

5.1 Staging and other reinforced concrete members including foundation
shall be designed in accordance with the requirements of IS : 456-1978*.

5.2 Permissible Stresses - The permissible stresses in the concrete

and steel reinforcement shall be in accordance with IS : 456-1978* for
c&nnn staging.

5.3 Seismic Effect - Earthquake resistant design of water tanks shall be

carried out in accordance with IS : 1893-1975$.

3.4 Increase in Permissible Stresses - Increase in permissible stres-

ses for column staging shall be as per IS : 456-1978*.

5.4.1 The increase in permissible stresses as per 5.4 need not be allowed
in the design of braces for forces as wind or earthquake which are primary
forces in them.

*Code of practice for plain and reinforcedconcrete (fiurrlrrau&ion ).

wade of practice for structural safety of buildings: Loading standards ( reoissd ),
$Criteria for earthquakeresistantdesignof structures ( third renision ).

6
 IS : 11682 - 1985

6. LAYOUT OF OVERHEAD TANKS

6.0 Generally the shape and size of elevated concrete tanks for economical
design depends upon the functional requirements such as:
a) Maximum depth for water;
b) Height of staging;
c) Allowable bearing capacity of foundation strata and type of foun-
dation suitable;
d) Capacity of tank; and
e) Other site conditions.

6.1 Classification and Layout of Elevated Tanks - Based on the

capacities of the tank, the possible classification for types of elevated tanks
may be as followed as given in 6.1.1 to 6.1.4 for general guidance.

6.1.1 For tank up to 50 ms capacity may be square or circular in shape

and supported on staging three or four columns.

6.1.2 Tanks of capacity above 50 ms and up to 200 ms may be square

or circular in plan and supported on minimum four columns.

6.1.3 For capacity above 200 ms and up to 800 ms the tank may be
square, rectangular, circular or intze type tank. The number of columns
to be adopted shall be decided based on the column spacing which nor-
mally lies between 3.6 and 4.5 m. For circular, intze or conical tanks, a
shaft supporting structures may be provided.

6.1.4 Different shapes of water towers with certain arrangements of bot-

tom construction are shown in Fig. 1 to 4.

6.2 Besides the general shapes given in 6.1.1 to 6.1.4, tanks of unusual
shapes, such as spherical, conical or multi’cell may also be adopted depen-
ding upon the discretion of the designer.

7. ANALYSIS OF STAGING

7.1 Staging Components

7.1.1 Columns
7.1.1.1 Forces and moments on columns - The entire load of the tanks
shall be considered to be transferred to the columns in the manner in which
the floor of the tank contributes to each column. The effects of continuity
of the beam at the top of columns, if any, shall be accounted for in calculat-
ing the reactions on columns. In addition to tank load, axial forces, forces

7
IS t 11682- 1985

/LIGHTENING
CONDUCTOR

MS LADDER
(0Ll1SI0E)

:ASE

INLET PIPE-
lOUTLET PIPE

OVERFLOW PIPE- -SCOUR PIPE

BRACINGS

vCOLUMN

GROUND LEVEL
/fizsed

FIG. 1 TYPICAL SECTION OF A SMALL SIZED WATER TOWER

8
 1s 8 11682- 1985

and bending moments due to wind, earthquake or vibration shall be con-

sidered in accordance with 7.2.1 to 7.2.4. In absence of more exact analy-
sis, the effective length of columns in the evaluation,oF stress, may be ob-
tained as per the recommendations given in Fig. 5.

NOTE 1 -- In places where continuous vibration is likely to occur like near rail-
way tracks, steel staging may be preferred.
NOTE 2 - Whenever tanks are provided near mines, in addition to vibraticn
forces, mining subsidence should also be considered.

e-MANHOLE WITH COVER

SCOUR PIPE

L-OUTLET PIPE
OVERFLOW PIPE
SLAB
INLET PIPE

LADDER WITH
Iv SAFETY CAGE

WATER LEVEL
INDICATOR\

Fro. 2 TYPICAL SECTION OF A INTZE TYPE WATER TOWER

 7.1.1.2 Horizontal forces - Actual forces and moments resulting from
horizontal forces may be calculated for the critical direction and used in
the design of the structure. Analysis may be done by any of the accepted
methods including considering it as space frame.

MANHOLE
I-

VENTILATION HOLE

RC SHAFT

WATER LEVEL INOIC ATOR

SPIRAL STAIRCASE

ACCESS DOOR

NOTE - Arrangement of inlet and outlet pipes, scour and overflow pipes are
similar to those shown in Fig. 1.

FIG. 3 TYPICAL SECTION OF A WATER TOWER WITH RC SHAFT

10
 IS:11682 - 1985

I- B
SUPPORT WITH 6 COLUMNS

TANK WALL

IdA
SUPPORT WITH 4 COLUMNS

FIG. 4 TYPICAL ARRANGEMENTOF SUPPORT FOR WATER

TOWER BOTTOM SLABS ( Continued)

11
 r r
TANK WALL
TANK WALL
#-BEAM
BEAM
r

WlT!i 8 COLUMNS WITH 12 COLUMNS

TANK FLOOR e
LEVEL

SECTION CC SECTION DO

F1o.4 TYPICAL ARRANGEMENT OF SUPPORTFOR WATER TOWER BOTTOM SLAM (Continued)

 IS t 11692- 1985

7.1.1.3 Horizontal forces shall be assumed to act on all parts of the

tank as well as the tower. Axial forces in columns, due to horizontal loads
shall be calculated by equating the moments due to all horizontal forces
above the level of consideration to the restraining moment offered by axial
forces in columns.

7.2 Bracings
7.2.1 For staging of height above foundation geater than 6 m, the
column shall be rigidly connected by horizontal bracings suitably spaced
vertically at distances not exceeding 6 m.

-I-E WALL

SUPPORT WITH MULTI COLUMNS

SECTION EE

FIG. 4 TYPICAL ARRANGEMENT OF SU~P~RTFOR WATER

TOWER BOTTOM SLABS ( Continued )

13
IS t 11682 - 1985

HALF MESH PANEL 1 HALF FLAT SLAB

YTANK FLOOR LEVEL

SECTION F F

Fro.4 TYPICAL ARRANGEMENTOFSUPPORTFOR WATER

TOWER BOTTOM SLABS ( Continued)

14
 rCOLUMN

TANK WITH CIRCULAR BEAM TANK WITH CIRCULAR

AT MIDDLE OF THE BASE BEAM AT PERIPHERY

SECTION GG
SECTION HH
FIG. 4 TYPICAL ARRANGEMENTOF SUPPORTFORWATER TOWER BOTTOM SLABS
IS t 11882- 1985

J-E PLAN

Notes-
1. L = Unsupported length.
2. Let x Effective length to be calculated as per Appendix D of
IS : 456-1978 considering without restraint against sway.
3. Stiffness of members Kc and Kb are to be calculated in the plane of
bending considered.
4. Torsional stiffness of beams in other planes ignored.
5. Minimum Let in all cases to be not less than 1’2L.

FIG. 5 EFFECTIVELENGTHOF COLUMNS SUPPORTINO

WATER TANK

7.2.2 Bending moments in horizontal braces due to horizontal loads

shall be calculated when horizontal forces act in a critical direction. The
moments in braces shall be the sum of moments in the upper and lower
columns at the joint resolved in the direction of horizontal braces.

7.2.3 Moments and shears arising from local vertical loading, if any,
shall be accounted for in the design.

16
 IS:11682-1985

A
PLAN

ELEVATION

FIG. 6 TYPICAL DETAILSOF DIAGONALBKACINGOF

CONCRETEOR STEEL( Continued
)
17
IS r11682 -1985

VERTICAL BRACING
EITHER IN STEEL OR

1;
CONCRETE

1. IN CONCRETE THE
REINFORCEMENT WILL
CROSS THROUGH
2. IN STEEL ONE
DIAGONAL WILL BE
THROUGH AND THE
OTHER JOIN AT THIS
LOCATION WITH
GUSSET PLATE
-.

ONLY FOR ALTERNATIVE FACES OF OCTAGON

DETAIL AT A
OETAILS OF VERTICAL BRACING IN CONCRETE

FIG. 6 TYPICAL DETAILS OF DIAGONAL BRACINGOF

CONCRETEOR STEEL ( Continued)

18
 1s I 1168!t - 1983

THE GAP SHALL BE MADE Up

MINIMUM 12 mm
STEEL INSERT
WELD PLATE
VIEW BB
/

VIEW CC

VERTICAL BRACING
ii- STEEL
,FACE PLATE

TIFFENER PLATE
INSERT PLATE

VIEW DO

Fro. 6 TYPICAL DETAILS OF DIAGONAL BRACINO OF CONCRETE OR STEEL

19
t!5 1 li688i - 1985

7.2.4 For staging in seismic zones where seismic co-efficient exceeds

0.05 twin diagonal vertical bracing of steel or RCC in addition to the
horizontal bracing may be provided ( see IS : 4326-1976* ). The typical
sketch of diagonal vertical bracing is shown in Fig. 6.

7.3 Column Foundations

7.3.1 Separate footings may be provided for column staging and desig-
ned as per requirements of IS : 456-1978t. Combined footing with or
without tie beam or raft foundation in accordance with IS : 2950.1965x
may be provided. For all towers situated in seismic zones where seismic
co-efficient is above 0.05, at base of the tower all columns shall be tied
together above foundation level and well within ground by a structural
member such as braces or ring beam. Alternately continuous strip ( or
annular strip ) foundation, mat or raft foundations shall be provided.
7.3.2 The foundation shall be so proportioned that under vertical loads
of tower ( with tank full as well as empty ) and effects of horizontal forces,
the pressure on the soil is within the safe bearing capacity and in the criti-
cal direction the footing does not lift up at any point.
7.3.3 Loss of contact in the soil under footing should not be allowed. In
locations where the soil bearing capacity is high, loss of contact may be
allowed provided it is safe against overturning and such other conditions
that are to be fulfilled.
7.4 Stair-Case - Access to the tank shall be provided by means of steel
ladder or RCC, stairs with landings adequately tied to the staging. In case
of vertical ladders safety cases shall be provided for heights exceeding 6 m.
In such cases cages shall start at the level of 3 m.

8. SHAFT TYPE STAGING

8.1 The tower may be in the form of single shaft circular or polygonal in
plan and may be tapering. The area enclosed with the shafts may be used
for providing the pipes, stairs, electrical control panels, etc.

8.2 Circular Shafts Staging

8.2.1 The minimum thickness of concrete shell for staging shall be
150 mm. When internal diameter exceeds 6 m, the minimum thickness in
D - 6 000
mm shall be 150 + where D is the internal diameter of
120
concrete shell in mm.

*Code of practice for earthquake resistant construction of buildings (Jrst revision 1.

tCode of practice for plain and reinforced concrete ( Gird revision).
$Code of practice for design and construction of raft foundations.

20
 IS 111682 - 1985

8.2.2 Reinforcement in Shell

8.2.2.1 Vertical reinforcement - The minimum vertical reinforcement
shall be 0.25 percent for deformed bars, of the concrete area of the section
under consideration. This reinforcement shall be provided in two layers,
one near each face to make up the minimum reinforcement.

The minimum diameter of longitudinal bars shall be 10 mm and the

maximum centre-to-centre distance of reinforcement shall not exceed
twice the thickness of shell nor 400 mm centre-to-centre in each layer.

8.2.2.2 Circumferential reinforcement - The circumferential reinforce-

ment shall not be less than 02 percent, of the concrete area in vertical
section under consideration subject to a minimum of 4 cm* per metre
height. If the vertical reinforcement is provided in two layers, the circum-
ferential reinforcement shall be provided in two layers and minimum
reinforcement specified above shall be divided equally in each layer. The
spacing of bars shall not be more than 300 mm or the shell thickness
whichever is less. Circumferential reinforcement shall be placed nearer the
faces of the shell.
8.2.2.3 The detailing of shaft at the opening shall take into conside-
ration provision of effective continuity in the reinforcement above, at the
side of and below the opening.
At both the top and bottom of each opening, additional reinforce-
ment shall be placed having an area at least equal to one-half the area of
the established design circumferential reinforcement interrupted by the
opening, and shall extend beyond the opening to a sufficient distance to
develop the bond in bars. This steel shall be placed within a height not
exceeding concrete thickness at opening.
At both sides of each opening, additional vertical reinforcement shall
be placed havi.ng an area at least equal to one-half the area of the establi-
shed design vertical reinforcement interrupted by the opening, and shall
extend beyond the opening to a sufficient distance to develop bond in
bars.
Diagonal reinforcement with the total cross-sectional area in cm* of
not less than half the shell thickness in cm shall be placed at each corner
of the opening. Such diagonal bars shall extend past their intersection
points up to a distance sufficient to develop the required bond. If the
opening does not interrupt vertical or circumferential reinforcement, dia-
gonal reinforcement may not be provided. However, provision of a nomi-
nal diagonal reinforcement to ensure crack control is advisable. For smaller
opening less than 0.5 m width the diagonal reinforcement may be half the
value recommended above.

21
IS s 11682 - 1985

8.2.3 The minimum clear concrete cover over the reinforcement shall
be 40 mm for the outer side and 25 mm for the inner side of the shaft.

8.2.4 Analysis.for Shaft Staging

8.2.4.1 When the wind is distributed over the circumference at the

cross-section of the shaft the approximate ring moments produced are
given below:

Moe or Moi = 3.3 W, x ra in kg m per m height of shaft

where
Moe = Local external moment produced by ovalling at external
face,
Moi = Local external moment produced by ovalling at internal
face,
w, = Wind pressure at any level in N/mms, and
I = Mean radius of ring of the concrete shell in mm.

The hoop force and shear due to ovalling may be neglected.

NOTE - As long as tensile stresses due to the ring moment is within the permis-
sible values of circumferential tensile stress in concrete no additional reinfor-
cement is necessary. Beyond this limit reinforcement shall be provided in two
layers.

8.2.5 Formulae - ( For vertical stress in circular shaft ),

8.2.5.1 The whole section is under compression, if :

a>for annular sections

... .. . ... (1)

In such cases the maximum vertical compressive stress in concrete
is given by:

__W 1 + zrc ... . .. .. . (2)

lTcv - 3 7r r t ( )

b) for annular section with one opening:

1
-.- 1 ( x - 8 )’ - sins p
4 < - 3 sin @

.........(3)
2(x-B) [ ( 7r - p ) cos 9 + sin p

22
 IS : 11682 - 1985

then in such cases, the maximum vertical compressive stress is given by:

2 f+ $j$)] 1 (X-P) cos p+sin f3

W I I
Qcv = 1+
2( n-p) rt (x---(j) -- +-sin 2p - CtsiJ’pB
[ 1
.. . ... ... 6
where
Moment in vertical plane at the section
M under consideration in N mm
e=-=
W Total vertical load above sec=ai?
consideration in N
r = Mean radius of circular section under consideration in mm;
t I= thickness of shaft shell at section under consideration in mm;
Q = Half the angle subtended by the neutr‘al axis as a chord on the
circle of radius r, in degrees unless otherwise specified; and
Oar = Maximum vertical stress in concrete at outside diameter of shaft
shell in N/mms.

8.2.5.2 If e/t is greater than the corresponding right hand side of ex-
pressions (1) or (3) of 8.2.5.1, then cxdefining the position of neutral axis
may be calculated from the general expression (5) by trial ( see Fig. 7 ).

iti~FT
NEUTRAL
AXIS

DIRECTION
OF WIN0

FIG. 7 SHAFT WITH OPENING

23
!S I 11682- 1985

a) Put p = 0, for annular section without opening

where
a = one half the central angle subtended by neutral axis as a chord
on the circle of radius Y, in degrees unless otherwise specified.
e
A=
r .. . ... . . . (5)
where
A =&(l-g)(a-sinacosa)-4 (l-p+?+) (p+sin/3cos@
-2cosasinp) f imlrp;and
B=(l-$)(sina- a cos a )-( I-p-j-mp ) (sin p--p cos a )
-mfisF cos a
where
m = modular ratio; and
P = ratio of total area of vertical reinforcement to total area of
Crete of shaft shell at section under consideration.

8.2.5.3 The maximum vertical compressive stress in concrete due to

combined effect of vertical loads and lateral wind loads, goV may be
concalculated by:

UC, = uav’ If

where
[
____
t
2rcOS13( COS@-COS a) 1 ..
. . . . . . . (6)

1
W ( a )

.. .. ..(7)
COS @-Cos
UOI’=---
2 rt C (1-b) (sin a-a cos a)-(1-p+mp) (sin p--/3 cos a)
-mp x cos a

8.2.6 Permissible Stresses

8.2.6.1 The stress in concrete shall not exceed the following limits
for various combination of loads:
Combination Load Stress Limit
a) Dead load + wind load 0.38 cDp
b) Dead load + earthquake forces 0.40 UC”
c) Circumferential tensile stress in concrete 0.07 o,v
due to wind induced ring moment
where
Qar = Z&day ultimate cub& strength of concrete in N/mm’.

24
 IS : 11682 - 1985

8.2.6.2 Rtinforctmtnt - The stresses in steel shall not exceed the

following limits for various combination of loads

Combination Stress Limit

a) Dead load + wind load 0.57 crsy
b) Dead load + earthquake load 0.60 ugr
c) Circumferential stress in steel due to 0.50 fJer
wind induced ring moment ( see Note )

where
u s,, = yield or proof stress of steel in N/mm*.

NOTE- If shell thickness is adequate to satisfy 8.2.6.1 (c), this requirement may
be waived.

8.3 Eccentricity due to Settlement - The cross-section of the shaft

shall also be checked for stresses resulting from eccentricity caused by the
permissible differential settlement of foundation as per IS : 1904-1978*.

8.4 Polygonal Shaft - Polygonal shaft may be designed as a circular

shaft considering equivalent diameter based on inscribed circle of the
shaft.

9. DETAILING

9.1 Requirement governing detailing shall be in accordance with the rele-

vant clause of IS : 456-l 978t. Typical reinforcement details for column and
bracing, shaft type staging and intz tank are given in Fig. 8 to 11.

*Code of practice for structural safety of buildings : Shallow foundations ( second

revision ) .
*Code of practice for plain and reinforced concrete ( fhird reuision ).

25
lSr11682 -1985

WHERE DESIGN SEISMIC

COEFFICIENT IS O-05 OR
MORE REFERENCE TO CLAUSES
OF lS:4376-1976SHALL
TO CATE FOR OUCTILITY
REQUIREMENT

LENGTH INTO COLUMN

JUNCTION OF COLUMN
AND BRACING

FIG. 8 TYPICAL REINFORCEMENTDETAILS OF JUNCTION OF

COLUMN AND BRACING

26
 IS : 11682- 1985

CONSTRUCTION
INSIDE FACE
OF TANK

DOMED BASE

SHAFT WALL IS
THICKENED TO CATER
FOR LOCAL BENDING
MOMENTS FROM TANK

HORIZONTAL TIES AT.

INTERVALS TO MAINTAIN

SHAFT WALL

iTtONAL REINFORCEMENT
AROUND OPENING IN SHAFT
WALLS

THIS SECTION IS
REOUIRED TO
CATER FOR HOOP
COMPRESSION DUE
TO CHANGE IN THE
SHAPE OF SHAFT WAL

FIQ. 9 TYPICAL REINFORCEMENT

DETAILS OF SHAFT

27
1s : 11682.1985

HORIZONTAL TIES
AT INTERVALS TO
MAINTAIN COVER

QEVELOPMENT
LENGTH

WATER BAR

CONSTRUCTION JOINT

FIG. 10 TYPICAL REINFORCEMENT

DETAILS OF INTZE TYPE TANK

28
 I$ : 11682 -1985

REF.
l-d= @o-g- (Cl 25211
Ctbd (1s L56-1970)

4: &j-Y x%

Ld

1
r = TI$(,+??) REF
Ob X$. (Cl252 25)
(IS:L5G-19781
1
4 fck
Ld = DEVELOPMENT LENGTH OF BAR

Q q
DIA OF BAR

Q-= STRESS IN BAR AT THE

FACE OF SECTION
k,= STRESS IN OAR AT THE
MID-POINT OF BEND
L
fckII CHARACTERISi‘lC STRENGTH
OF CONCRETE
r EDGE OF SECTION
Ob= DISTANCE BETWEEN BARS
AS SHOWN
r = INTERNAL RADIUS OF BEND.

cbd- DESIGN EiOND STRESS

NOTE: STRESSFS IN THE AgOVE

CALCULATION ARE BY WORKING
STRESS t.IETHOD OF DESIGN.

SECTION AA
FIG. 11 MINIMUMINTERNALRADIUS OF BEND FOREFFECTIVEANCHORAGE
OF TENSILE BARS CONSIDERINGI&IT ON BEARING STRESS
IN CONCRETE AT BENDS AS PER IS : 456-1978

29
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