Designation: G8 – 96 (Reapproved 2003)´1

Standard Test Methods for

Cathodic Disbonding of Pipeline Coatings1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation G8; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original
adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscript
epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

´1 NOTE—An editorial correction was made to Disbonded Equivalent Circle Diameter in Fig. 6 in October 2007.

1. Scope G12 Test Method for Nondestructive Measurement of Film

1.1 These test methods cover accelerated procedures for Thickness of Pipeline Coatings on Steel
simultaneously determining comparative characteristics of in- G42 Test Method for Cathodic Disbonding of Pipeline
sulating coating systems applied to steel pipe exterior for the Coatings Subjected to Elevated Temperatures
purpose of preventing or mitigating corrosion that may occur in G80 Test Method for Specific Cathodic Disbonding of
underground service where the pipe will be in contact with Pipeline Coatings
inland soils and may or may not receive cathodic protection. G95 Test Method for Cathodic Disbondment Test of Pipe-
They are intended for use with samples of coated pipe taken line Coatings (Attached Cell Method)
from commercial production and are applicable to such 3. Summary of Test Methods
samples when the coating is characterized by function as an
electrical barrier. 3.1 Both of the two test methods described subject the
1.2 This test method is intended for testing coatings sub- coating on the test specimen to electrical stress in a highly
merged or immersed in the test solution at room temperature. conductive, alkaline electrolyte. Electrical stress is obtained
When it is impractical to submerge or immerse the test either by means of a sacrificial magnesium anode or from an
specimen, Test Method G95 may be considered where the test impressed current system. The coating is perforated before
cell is cemented to the surface of the coated pipe specimen. If starting the test.
higher temperatures are required, see Test Method G42. If a 3.1.1 In Method A, a magnesium anode is used with no
specific test method is required with no options, see Test electrical monitoring during the test period. The results are
Method G80. determined by physical examination after the test period is
1.3 The values stated in SI units to 3 significant decimals are concluded.
to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses 3.1.2 In Method B, either a magnesium anode or an im-
are for information only. pressed current system may be used. Electrical instrumentation
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the is provided for measuring the current in the cell circuit. The
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the electrical potential is also measured, and upon conclusion of
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- the test period, the test specimen is physically examined.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- 3.1.3 In both test methods physical examination is con-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. ducted by comparing the extent of loosened or disbonded
coating at the perforations in the immersed area with extent of
2. Referenced Documents loosened or disbonded coating at a new test hole in the coating
2.1 ASTM Standards:2 made in an area that was not immersed.
4. Significance and Use
1
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on 4.1 Breaks or holidays in pipe coatings may expose the pipe
Paint and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications and are the direct to possible corrosion, since after a pipe has been installed
responsibility of Subcommittee D01.48 on Durability of Pipeline Coating and underground, the surrounding earth will be more or less
Linings.
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2003. Published December 2003. Originally moisture-bearing and it constitutes an effective electrolyte.
approved in 1969. Last previous edition approved in 1996 as G8 – 96. DOI: Damage to pipe coating is almost unavoidable during trans-
10.1520/G0008-96R03E01.
2
portation and construction. Normal soil potentials as well as
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at [email protected]. For Annual Book of ASTM
applied cathodic protection potentials may cause loosening of
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the coating, beginning at holiday edges, in some cases increas-
the ASTM website. ing the apparent size of the holiday. Holidays may also be

Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.

1
 G8 – 96 (2003)´1
caused by such potentials. While apparently loosened coating 5.1.2 Magnesium Anode—The anode shall be made of a
and cathodic holidays may not result in corrosion, this test magnesium alloy having a solution potential of −1.45 to −1.55
provides accelerated conditions for loosening to occur and V with respect to a CuCuSO4 reference electrode in the
therefore gives a measure of resistance of coatings to this type electrolyte given in 6.1. It shall have a surface area not less
of action. than one third that of the total specimen area exposed to
4.2 The effects of the test may be evaluated by either electrolyte (outside area exposed only). The anode shall be
physical examination or monitoring the current drawn by the provided with a factory-sealed, 4107-cmil (14-gage Awg),
test specimen and both of these two. Usually there is no minimum, insulated copper wire. Anodes without a factory seal
correlation between the two methods of evaluation but both may be used if the magnesium extends above the cover.
methods are significant. Physical examination consists of 5.1.3 Connectors—Wiring from anode to test specimen
assessing the effective contact of the coating with the metal shall be 4107-cmil (14-gage Awg), minimum, insulated copper.
surface in terms of observed differences in the relative adhesive Attachment to the test specimen shall be by soldering, brazing,
bond. It is usually found that the electrically stressed area or bolting to the nonimmersed end, and the place of attachment
propagates from the holiday to a boundary where the loosened shall be coated with an insulating material. A junction in the
coating leaves off for the more effective contact or bond connecting wire is permitted, provided that it is made by means
attributed to an original condition throughout the specimen of a bolted pair of terminal lugs soldered or mechanically
before electrical stressing was applied. Assumptions associated crimped to clean wire ends.
with test results include the following: 5.1.4 Holiday Tools—Holidays shall be made with conven-
4.2.1 Attempting to loosen or disbond the coating at a new tional drills of the required diameter. For use in preparing
test hole made in the coating in an area that was not immersed small-diameter pipe specimens such as 19.05 mm (0.750 in.)
represents maximum adhesion or bond as measured by the nominal diameter pipe, the use of a drill modified by substan-
lifting technique used, and that the same lifting technique can tially grinding away the sharp cone point has been found
be used at a test hole that was immersed thereby providing a effective in preventing perforation of the metal wall of the pipe.
means of comparing relative resistance to lifting. A sharp-pointed knife with a safe handle is required for use in
4.2.2 Any relatively lesser bonded area at the immersed test making physical examinations.
holes in the coating was caused by electrical stressing and was 5.1.5 High-Resistance Voltmeter, for direct current, having
not attributable to an anomaly in the application process. an internal resistance of not less than 10 MV and having a
Ability to resist disbondment is a desired quality on a com- range from 0.01 to 5 V for measuring potential to the reference
parative basis, but disbondment per se in this test is not electrode.
necessarily an adverse indication. The virtue of this test is that
5.1.6 Reference Electrode, saturated CuCuSO4 of conven-
all dielectric type coatings now in common use will disbond to
tional glass or plastic tube with porous plug construction,
some degree thus providing a means of comparing one coating
preferably not over 19.05 mm (0.750 in.) in diameter, having a
with another. Bond strength is more important for proper
potential of −0.316 V with respect to the standard hydrogen
functioning of some coatings than others and the same mea-
electrode. A calomel electrode may be used, but measurements
sured disbondment for two different coating systems may not
made with it shall be converted to the CuCuSO4 reference for
represent equivalent loss of corrosion protection.
reporting by adding − 0.072 V to the observed reading.
4.2.3 The amount of current in the test cell is a relative
indicator of the extent of areas requiring protection against 5.1.7 Thickness Gage, for measuring coating thickness in
corrosion; however, the current density appearing in this test is accordance with Test Method G12.
much greater than that usually required for cathodic protection 5.1.8 Thermometer, for measuring electrolyte temperature,
in natural, inland soil environments. general lab type, 1° subdivisions, 76.2 mm (3 in.) immersion.
5.2 Additional Apparatus for Method B:
5. Apparatus
5.2.1 High-Resistance Voltmeter, for direct current, having
5.1 Apparatus for Both Methods: an internal resistance of not less than 10 MV and capable of
5.1.1 Test Vessel—A nonconducting material shall be used measuring as low as 10 µV potential drop across a shunt in the
for the vessel or as a lining in a metallic vessel. Dimensions of test cell circuit.
the vessel shall permit the following requirements: 5.2.2 Precision Wire-Wound Resistor, 1-V 6 1 %, 1-W
5.1.1.1 Test specimens shall be suspended vertically in the (minimum), to be used in the test cell circuit as a shunt for
vessel with at least 25.4-mm (1-in.) clearance from the bottom. current.
5.1.1.2 Each test specimen shall be separated from the other
5.2.3 Volt-Ohm-Meter, for initial testing of apparent coating
specimens, from the anodes and from the walls of the test
resistance.
vessel by at least 38.1 mm (1.500 in.).
5.1.1.3 Depth of electrolyte shall permit the test length of 5.2.4 Metallic Electrode, used temporarily with the volt-
the specimen to be immersed as required in 7.4. ohm-meter to determine apparent initial holiday status of the
5.1.1.4 If electrical monitoring is to be performed as re- test specimen.
quired in Method B, the reference electrode may be placed 5.2.5 Additional Connecting Wires, 4107-cmil (14-gage
anywhere in the vessel, provided it is separated from the Awg), minimum, insulated copper.
specimen and from the anode by not less than 38.1 mm (1.500 5.2.6 Brass Studs, used at a terminal board, together with
in.). alligator clips or knife switches, for making and breaking

2
 G8 – 96 (2003)´1

FIG. 1 Modification of Method B (Fig. 5) Using Impressed Current to Test More than One Specimen

circuits. Alligator clips shall not be used to connect to dowels introduced through holes in the top ends of test
electrodes or specimens at the top location of test cells. specimens have been found suitable for suspending test speci-
5.2.7 Zero-Resistance Ammeter, capable of measuring direct mens from the vessel cover.
current as low as 10 µA may be used in the alternative method
given in 9.1.3 and substituted for the apparatus described in 7. Test Specimen
5.2.1 and 5.2.2. 7.1 The test specimen shall be a representative piece of
5.2.8 Direct-Current Rectifier, capable of supplying con- production-coated pipe. One end shall be plugged or capped,
stant voltage at a voltage of 1.50 6 0.01 V, as measured and sealed.
between the specimen and reference electrode.
7.2 One or three holidays shall be made in each specimen.
5.2.9 Impressed Current Anode, shall be of the nonconsum-
Three holidays are recommended. Recommended dimensions
able type provided with a factory sealed, insulated copper
are given in Fig. 2. A specimen with one holiday shall have it
wire.3
drilled in the middle of the immersed length. If three holidays
5.2.10 Voltage Divider, 100-V, 25-W rheostat, to be used if
are used, they shall be drilled 120° apart with one in the center
more than one specimen is to be tested as shown in Fig. 1.
and the other two at locations one fourth the distance from top
6. Reagent and Materials and bottom of the immersed test length. Each holiday shall be
drilled so that the angular cone point of the drill will fully enter
6.1 The electrolyte shall consist of potable tap water with
the steel where the cylindrical portion of the drill meets the
the addition of 1 mass % of each of the following technical-
steel surface. The drill diameter shall be not less than three
grade salts, calculated on an anhydrous basis: sodium chloride,
times the coating thickness, but it shall never be smaller than
sodium sulfate, and sodium carbonate. Use freshly prepared
6.35 mm (0.250 in.) in diameter. The steel wall of the pipe shall
solution for each test.
not be perforated. With small-diameter pipes, where there is
6.2 Materials for sealing the ends of coated pipe specimens
danger of perforating the pipe, the holiday shall be started with
may consist of bituminous products, wax, epoxy, or other
a standard 60° cone point and finished with a drill that has had
materials, including molded elastomeric or plastic end caps.
a substantial portion of the cone point ground away.
6.3 Plywood or plastic material has been found suitable for
the construction of test vessel covers and for the support NOTE 1—Before making the holiday, see 8.1.
through apertures of test specimens and electrodes. Wood
7.3 The end of the pipe which will protrude above the
immersion line shall be provided with suitable supporting
3
Durion, a material found suitable for this purpose is available from Durion Co., means and a separate wire connection for electrical purposes,
Inc., Dayton OH. soldered, brazed, or bolted to the pipe. The protruding end,

3
 G8 – 96 (2003)´1

Dimension mm (in.)
490.22 6 12.7 (19.300 6 0.500)
B 245.11 6 12.7 ( 9.6506 0.500)
C 120.65 6 6.35 ( 4.7506 0.250)
D 114.3 6 6.35 ( 4.500 6 0.250)
E 233.363, min ( 9.1875, min)
F 19.05, min ( 0.750, min)
G 762, min (30, min)

FIG. 2 Recommended Dimensions for Specimen

including hanger and wire connections, shall be protected and Measure the apparent resistance in ohms, making two deter-
sealed with an insulating coating material. minations: one with the specimen connected to the positive
7.4 The specimen test area shall consist of the area between terminal of the multimeter; and one with the specimen con-
the edge of the bottom end seal and the immersion line. The nected to the negative terminal.
bottom end seal area shall not be considered part of the area 8.1.2 Disconnect the specimen from the multimeter but
tested. Any suitable diameter and specimen length of pipe may leave it immersed for 15 min. Then, measure the resistance
be used, but the immersed area shall be not less than 23 227 again as in 8.1.1.
mm2(36 in.2). An area of 92 900 mm2 (1 ft2) has been found 8.1.3 A significant decrease in either resistance reading after
preferable when convenient. 15 min will indicate a flaw in the coating or end-cap seal.
Reject the specimen if the flaw is identified in the coating. If
8. Specimen Preparation the flaw is in the end-cap seal, it may be repaired and the
8.1 Before making artificial holidays, verify the continuity resistance remeasured as in 8.1.1 and 8.1.2.
of the coating and the effectiveness of the end-cap seal as 8.1.4 The lowest resistance after 15 min of immersion shall
follows: be not less than 1000 MV but a stable reading below 1000 MV
8.1.1 Immerse the test specimen and a metallic electrode in may not indicate a flaw and the specimen may be used for test.
the electrolyte. Connect one terminal of the multimeter to the All resistance measurements shall be reported in the results.
test specimen and the other terminal to the metallic electrode. 8.2 Record initial holiday diameter(s).

4
 G8 – 96 (2003)´1
8.3 Measure and record the minimum and maximum coat- 9.3.1 At the end of the test period, disassemble the cell and
ing thickness in accordance with Test Method G12, and the rinse the test area with warm tap water. Immediately wipe the
thickness where each holiday is made. sample dry and visually examine the entire test area for any
evidence of unintentional holidays and loosening of coating at
9. Procedure for Method A
the edge of all holidays, including the intentional holiday, and
9.1 Immerse the test specimen in the electrolyte and connect record coating condition, for example, color, blisters, cracking,
it to the anode as shown in Fig. 3. Position the middle or single crazing, adhering deposits, etc.
holiday so that it faces away from the anode. Space the anode
with respect to test specimens as described in 5.1.1. Mark the 9.3.2 Drill a new reference holiday in the coating in an area
correct immersion level of the test specimen with a grease that was not immersed. Follow the same drilling procedure as
pencil and maintain by daily additions of potable water as described in 7.2.
required. Perform the test at electrolyte temperature of 21 to 9.3.3 Make radial 45° cuts through the coating intersecting
25°C (70 to 77°F). at the center of both the intentional holiday and the reference
9.1.1 In order to ascertain that the test cell is functioning, holiday with a sharp, thin-bladed knife. Take care to ensure that
measure the potential between test specimen and a reference coating is cut completely through to the steel substrate.
electrode immediately after starting the test and immediately 9.3.4 Attempt to lift the coating at both the reference
before terminating it. Use temporary connections and instru- holiday and the intentional holiday with the point of a sharp,
mentation, as shown in Fig. 3. The potential measured shall be thin-bladed knife. Use the bond at the reference holiday as a
−1.45 V to −1.55 V with respect to a CuCuSO4 reference reference for judging the quality of the bond at the intentional
electrode. Use the instrument described in 5.1.5. holiday. Measure and record the total area of disbonded coating
9.2 Duration of the test period shall be 30 days. Optionally,
at the intentional holiday.
other test periods such as 60 or 90 days may be used.
9.3 An examination shall be performed immediately upon NOTE 2—The use of a transparent film having a grid laid out in small
termination of the test period as follows: squares such as 2.54 mm (0.1 in.) on a side has been found useful. The

NOTE 1—Test hole made in non-immersed area after testing not shown (see Fig. 2).
FIG. 3 Test Assembly for Method A Using a Magnesium Anode

5
 G8 – 96 (2003)´1
film is placed against the unsealed area and the boundary of the unsealed 10.1.4 Measure E1, the polarized potential, in volts. Do this
area traced on the grid. The area is then obtained by counting the squares with the multimeter described in 5.1.5 connected between the
within the bonded area. test specimen and the reference electrode as follows:
10.1.4.1 Disconnect the anode from the test specimen while
10. Procedure for Method B
closely observing the multimeter. As the instrument pointer
10.1 In addition to the procedure given in Section 9, falls, it will dwell significantly at the polarized value before
monitor the progress of the test electrically in accordance with receding further. The dwell point is E1. If a CuCuSO4 electrode
the schedule given in 10.2 as follows: is used, immerse only temporarily.
10.1.1 If a magnesium anode is to be used, install the test 10.2 Electrical Monitoring Schedule:
assembly shown in Fig. 4. If impressed current for a single 10.2.1 Electrical measurements at the start of the test are
specimen is to be used, install the test assembly shown in Fig. defined as the average of measurements taken on the second
5; if more than one specimen is to be tested, use the and third days after immersion. Measurements may be taken on
modification shown in Fig. 1. the day of immersion in order to ascertain functioning of the
10.1.2 Measure E2, the stress potential in volts between test test cell, but such measurements are not to be used in
specimen and reference electrode, with a multimeter without calculating the change in characteristics from start to target
disconnecting the anode from the test specimen. Use the dates in the conduct of the test.
instrument described in 5.1.5. If a CuCuSO4 electrode is used, 10.2.2 Make electrical measurements at the start of a test
immerse only temporarily. and on a target date after 30 days. The test may be continued
10.1.3 Measure I1, the current demand in amperes, by for 60 or 90-day targets with intermediate and corresponding
determining the potential drop across the 1-V resistor perma- electrical measurements.
nently installed in the test cell circuit with the multimeter 10.2.3 Take electrical measurements for intermediate target
described in 5.2.1. The voltage reading will be numerically dates and for the terminal date on 2 successive days prior to
equal to amperes. and including the target date. The average of readings taken on
NOTE 3—An alternative method of measuring current demand may be the 2 days is defined as the target date measurement.
used by means of the instrument described in 5.2.4. In this method, the 10.2.4 Rectifier current shall be continuous. Any interrup-
wire connection between test specimen and anode is temporarily broken tions must be reported.
and a zero-resistance ammeter temporarily interposed between the speci-
men and the anode. Reconnect the specimen to the anode with the 11. Report (see Fig. 6 and Fig. 7):
connector wire as soon as this measurement is completed. 11.1 The report for Method A shall include the following
information:
11.1.1 Complete identification of the test specimen, includ-
ing:
11.1.1.1 Name and code number of the coating,
11.1.1.2 Size and wall thickness of pipe,
11.1.1.3 Source, production date, and production run num-
ber,
11.1.1.4 Minimum-maximum coating thickness, average
thickness and the thickness at the holiday,
11.1.1.5 Immersed area,
11.1.1.6 Size and number of initial holidays, and
11.1.1.7 Resistance measurements verifying continuity of
the coating and effectiveness of the end cap seal as required in
8.1.
11.1.2 Dates of starting and terminating test.
11.1.3 Tally of areas that have been found unsealed on the
terminal date. Areas may be reported in square millimetres
(square inches) or millimetres (inches) of equivalent circle
diameter of the area, or both. If more than one holiday was
used, the area per holiday may be reported as an average.
NOTE 4—Equivalent Circle Diameter (ECD) is obtained from the
formula:
ECD 5 ~A/0.785!1/2

where:
A = area of holiday, mm2 (in.2)
11.1.4 Other information that may be pertinent.
11.2 The report for Method B shall include the following:
FIG. 4 Test Assembly for Method B Using a Magnesium Anode 11.2.1 The data required in the report for Method A,

6
 G8 – 96 (2003)´1

FIG. 5 Test Assembly for Method B Using an Impressed Current with One Specimen

11.2.2 The relative resistances of the test specimen in ohms where:

before the artificial holiday was made as described in 8.1.4, and A = unsealed area developed from 1 artificial holiday,
11.2.3 The results of starting, intermediate, and terminal mm2(in.2).
electrical measurements. Report the following measurements: 12.2.2 Reproducibility—The results reported by one labora-
11.2.3.1 Current demand in microamperes, or negative char- tory should not be considered suspect unless they differ from
acteristic of the logarithm of the current in amperes, or both, those of another laboratory by more than 25 mm (1 in.) for
11.2.3.2 The value of DE = E2 − E1 in volts, and value ECD in the equation given in 12.2.1.
11.2.3.3 Change from start to termination for values
11.2.3.1 and 11.2.3.2. If more than one holiday was used the 12.3 Method B:
average change per holiday may be reported for 11.2.3.1. 12.3.1 Repeatability—Duplicate results by the same worker
11.2.4 Any interrupted time of the rectifier current. should not be considered suspect unless they differ by more
than unity in the negative characteristic of the logarithm of the
12. Precision and Bias current demand in amperes.
12.1 Precision data are limited to two adjacent specimens 12.3.1.1 Duplicate results by the same worker should not be
taken from the same production-coated pipe and assume that considered suspect unless they differ by more than 12.7 mm
the production process was uniform with respect to pipe (0.5 in.) in the value of ECD as described in 12.2.1.
surface condition and coating material. Specimens that were 12.3.2 Reproducibility—The results reported by one labora-
not adjacent in the as-produced condition or were taken from tory should not be considered suspect unless they differ from
different lengths of pipe may represent differing process those of another laboratory by more than unity in the negative
conditions. The following data should be used for judging the characteristic of the logarithm of the current demand in
acceptability of results: (These precision data are approxima- amperes.
tions based on limited data, but they provide a reasonable basis
for judging the significance of results.) 12.3.2.1 The results reported by one laboratory should not
12.2 Method A: be considered suspect unless they differ from those of another
12.2.1 Repeatability—Duplicate results by the same worker laboratory by more than 25 mm (1 in.) in the value of ECD as
should not be considered suspect unless they differ by more described in 12.2.1.
than 12.7 mm (0.5 in.) in value ECD in accordance with the
following equation: 13. Keywords
ECD 5 ~A/0.785!1/2 13.1 ambient bonding; cathodic disbonding; pipeline
coatings

7
 G8 – 96 (2003)´1
Data Sheet and Report, Part I, for Method A and Method B Cathodic Disbonding of Pipeline Coatings

1. Specimen No. _____________________ Report No._____________________ Initials _______________________ Date ___________________________

2. Pipe:
____________________________mm (in.) O.D. _________________________________mm (in.) Wall _____________________________mm (in.) Length
Mfgr. _________________________________________________________________________ API ________________________________________________

3. Coating:
Name, No. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Mfgr. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Application method ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Applicator ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Thickness, mm (in.)

Max. ______________ Min. ______________ Av. _______________ At holidays: Top ________ Middle __________ Bottom___________
4. Test:

Date Started _________________ Date finished______________________

Test area ___________________ mm2 (in.2)

Top Middle Bottom Average

Initial holiday dia. mm (in.)
Final unsealed area mm2 (in.2)
(—) Initial holiday area mm2 (in.2)
= Net disbonded area mm2 (in.2)
Disbonded Equivalent Circle Diameter mm (in.)†
5. Preliminary verification

† Editorially corrected.
Largest Disbonded Equivalent Circle
Verification of coating continuity before starting test per Sec. 7.6
Diameter (ECD) does not exceed
Group
Spontaneous Holidays Megohms
mm in. Trial Polarity
Initial After 15 min.
A 12.7 0.50 None
Plus
B 25.4 1.00 None Initial
Minus
C 38.1 1.50 None
Plus
D 50.8 2.00 None
Final Minus
E More than More than Any
50.8 2.00
6. Rectifier Current:
If rectifier current was not continuous indicate interrupted time (min., hrs.): ______________________________________________________________________

FIG. 6 Suggested Form, Part I, for Use in Presenting Data for One Specimen Method A and Method B

8
 G8 – 96 (2003)´1
Data Sheet and Report, Part II, for Method B Cathodic Disbonding of Pipeline Coatings

Electrical Monitoring, Method B Initial Ohms +_________ − _________

Elapsed days of Potential to Ref., V mV E2 − Average Values on Target Dates
Date and Time
Test, T0 E1 E2 Actual I1, µA E1 = DE DE, V I1, µA (−) log I1

Change, Start to Termination: For the specimen:

per Initial Holiday: Av

FIG. 7 Suggested Form, Part II, for Use in Presenting Data for One Specimen, Method B

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