Dr WCDK Fernando

WCDKF-KDU 1
 LEARNING OUTCOMES
• Identify the importance of ideal fluid flow
analysis
• Describe simple ideal flows
• Describe and sketch combined flow patterns

WCDKF-KDU 2
WHAT IS AN IDEAL FLUID?

WCDKF-KDU 3
Ideal fluid Real fluid

Real or
Imaginary
practical

Incompressible Compressible

Non-viscous Viscous

WCDKF-KDU 4
 INTRODUCTION
• Fluid Kinematics deals with the motion of fluids
without considering the forces and moments
which create the motion.
According to the
continuum hypothesis
the local velocity of fluid
is the velocity of an
infinitesimally small fluid
particle/element at a
given instant t. It is
generally a continuous
function in space and
time.
WCDKF-KDU 5
 VELOCITY
• In the rectangular coordinate system,

Directions Velocity components

X u dx/dt

y v dy/dt

z w dz/dt

V  ui  vj  wk

V  u v w
2 2 2

1
2

r  xi  yj zk
WCDKF-KDU 6
 Ex 1
• The velocity components expressed in m/s in a
fluid flow are known to be u = (6xy2+t),
v = (3yz+t2+5), w = (2+3ty) where x, y, z are
given in metres and time t in seconds.
Set up an expression for the velocity vector at
point P (4, 1, 2) m at T = 3 S. Also determine
the magnitude of velocity for this flow field at
the given location and time.

WCDKF-KDU 7
ROTATIONAL & IRROTATIONAL FLOWS

WCDKF-KDU 8
Kinematic Description
• In fluid mechanics, an
element may undergo four
fundamental types of
motion.
a)Translation
b)Rotation
c)Linear strain
d)Shear strain
• Because fluids are in
constant motion, motion
and deformation is best
described in terms of rates.
 y

+ TRANSLATION
x

A D

dy

B dx C

WCDKF-KDU 10
 y

+ TRANSLATION
x A’ D’

A D

dy

B’ C’
vdt

B dx C

udt
WCDKF-KDU 11
 y

+ ROTATION
x

A D

dy

B dx C

WCDKF-KDU 12
 y
ROTATION
+
• Angular rotation of element about z-axis is x
defined as the average counterclockwise
A
rotation of the two
D
sides BC and BA
A’

db D’
dy

B’
B dx C da

C’
WCDKF-KDU 13
 y ROTATION
d z   da  db 
1
+
2
x

 u 
u  dydt 
y
dydt
A’ db  tan 1 
y   u dt
 dy  y
 
 
db D’  v 
 dxdt  v
1 x
da  tan    dt
 dx  x
 
 
B’
da
v d z 1  v u 
x
dxdt     
dt 2  x y 
C’ WCDKF-KDU
14
 y

+
SHEAR STRAIN
x

A D

dy

B dx C

WCDKF-KDU 15
 SHEAR STRAIN
• Defined as the average decrease of the angle between two lines which
y are
initially perpendicular in the unstrained state (AB and BC)

A D x

db

dy

da
B dx C
Shear-strain increment
1
da  db 
2
1  da db 
Shear-strain rate  xy    
WCDKF-KDU 2  dt dt  16
 y
EXTENSIONAL STRAIN (DILATATION)
+
x

A D

dy

B dx C

WCDKF-KDU 17
 EXTENSIONAL STRAIN (DILATATION)
• Extensional strain in x-direction is defined as the fractional increase in length of the
horizontal side of the element A’ D’
y

+
x
A D

dy

B’ u C’
dx  dxdt
B dx C x
 u 
 dx  dxdt   dx
Extensional strain in x-direction  x  u

WCDKF-KDU xx dt   dt 18
dx x
DISTORTION OF A MOVING FLUID ELEMENT

v
dxdt
x

WCDKF-KDU 19
 DISTORTION
• Average angular displacement 1  v dt  u dt 
2  x y 

• Mean rate of rotation   1  v  u 

2  x y 

• The quantity  v  u  is known as the Vorticity

 x y 
(Ω ).  
• ω=½Ω
 v u 
• For irrotational flow, ω = 0       0
 x y 
v u

WCDKF-KDU
x y 20
A STEADY IRROTATIONAL FLOW IS
CLASSIFIED AS POTENTIAL FLOW.

WCDKF-KDU 21
 CIRCULATION
• Circulation is the line integral of tangential
velocity around a closed contour in the flow
field.

A measure of the rotation within a finite

element of a fluid

WCDKF-KDU 22
 CIRCULATION
Circulation is
considered
positive in an
anticlockwise
direction.

  
   V  d l   V cos a  d l
WCDKF-KDU 23
Calculate the circulation within a small fluid element
with area xy

 v   u 
   udx  vdy  u x   v  x y   u  y x  v y
x 
 WCDKF-KDU  y  24
  v   u 
   udx  vdy  u x   v  x y   u  y x  v y
 x   y 

 v u 
    xy
 x y 

   v u
lim        relative vorticity
 xy  x y
xy  0



A
Circulation per unit area equals the vorticity in flow.
WCDKF-KDU 25
 Ex 2
• Determine the circulation Τ around a rectangle
defined by x=1, y=1, x=5 and y=4 for the velocity
field u = 2x + 3y and v = -2y.

WCDKF-KDU 26
 FLOW VISUALIZATION
• Flow visualization is the visual examination of
flow-field features.
• Important for both physical experiments and
numerical (CFD) solutions.
• Numerous methods
– Streamlines and streamtubes
– Pathlines
– Streaklines
– Timelines
– Refractive techniques
– Surface flow techniques
WCDKF-KDU 27
 STREAMLINES
• A line in the fluid whose tangent is parallel to
at a given instant t.
• Steady flow : the
streamlines are
fixed in space for
all time.
• Unsteady flow :
the streamlines
are changing from
instant to instant.
WCDKF-KDU 28
STREAMLINES
• A Streamline is a
curve that is
everywhere tangent
to the instantaneous
local velocity vector.
dx dy dz
u ,v  ,w 
dt dt dt

• Equation of a general
streamline
dx dy dz
 
u v w
 STREAMLINES
• For 2-D flow, dx dy

u v
dy v

dx u
• Streamlines do not cross, otherwise the fluid
particle will have two velocities at the point of
intersection.
• The flow is only along the streamline and not
cross it.

WCDKF-KDU 30
 STREAM-TUBE
• is the surface formed instantaneously by all
the streamlines that pass through a given
closed curve in the fluid.
Since no fluid can
penetrate the
streamlines, the flow
passing through
each of the sections
would be same.

WCDKF-KDU 31
 PATHLINE
• A line traced by an individual fluid particle
• For a steady flow the pathlines are identical
with the streamlines.
A Pathline is the
actual path traveled
by an individual
fluid particle over a
time period.

WCDKF-KDU 32
WCDKF-KDU 33
 STREAKLINE
• A streakline consists of all fluid particles in a
flow that have previously passed through a
common point. Such a line can be produced
by continuously injecting marked fluid (smoke
in air, or dye in water) at a given location.
• For steady flow : The streamline, the pathline,
and the streakline are the same.

WCDKF-KDU 34
STREAKLINES

• A Streakline is the
locus of fluid particles
that have passed
sequentially through
a prescribed point in
the flow.
• Easy to generate in
experiments: dye in a
water flow, or smoke
in an airflow.
 COMPARISON
• For steady flow, streamlines, pathlines, and
streaklines are identical.
• For unsteady flow, they can be very different.
– Streamlines are an instantaneous picture of the
flow field
– Pathlines and Streaklines are flow patterns that
have a time history associated with them.
– Streakline: instantaneous snapshot of a time-
integrated flow pattern.
– Pathline: time-exposed flow path of an
WCDKF-KDU 36
individual particle.
 Ex 3
• Determine the equation of streamline for a two
dimensional flow field for which the velocity
components are given by
i. u = a and v = a where a is a non-zero
constant. The streamline passes through the
point (1, 3).
ii. u = y/b2 and v = x/a2. The streamline passes
through the point (a, 0).

WCDKF-KDU 37
 Ex 4
• In a steady fluid flow, the velocity components
are u = 2kx, v = 2ky, w = -4kz. Find the
equation of streamline passing through the
point (1, 0, 1).

WCDKF-KDU 38
 VELOCITY POTENTIAL FUNCTION
• Imagine that a function φ exist such that its
derivative in any direction gives the velocity in
that direction 
u
x

v
y
• The function φ is called the velocity potential
function and lines of constant potential
function are termed equipotential lines.
39
WCDKF-KDU
 VELOCITY POTENTIAL FUNCTION
• Since φ is a function of x and y alone,
 
d  dx  dy  u.dx  v.dy
x y
• For an equipotential line (φ = constant), dφ = 0
u.dx  v.dy  0
v.dy  u.dx
dy u

dx v
WCDKF-KDU 40
VELOCITY POTENTIAL FUNCTION
v u
 
x y
       
     
x  y  y  x 
0
 2  2

xy yx
Hence the velocity potential function, φ
exists when the flow is irrotational.
WCDKF-KDU 41
Differential Equation of Continuity
• The fluid is continuous both in space & time.
• For an incompressible fluid, the density ρ
would be constant.
• For 3-D incompressible flow
u v w
  0
x y z
• For 2-D incompressible flow

WCDKF-KDU 42
• When φ exists,
       
      0
x  x  y  y 
 
2 2
 2
x 2
y

Φ satisfies the Laplace Equation

WCDKF-KDU 43
 Ex 4
• Which of the following velocity fields pertain
to the motion of steady, two-dimensional flow
of an incompressible fluid

WCDKF-KDU 44
 STREAM FUNCTION
• Mathematically, the stream function for a flow
in the x – y is defined as a function of x and y
such that the velocity components are given by,

u
y

v
x
where ψ is the value of stream function.
WCDKF-KDU 45