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IPUE 208 Introduction To Process and Utilities Engineering: Gmol CM V

This document provides an overview of concepts and calculations related to real gases and gas mixtures, including: 1) Calculating the universal gas constant R using standard conditions of temperature, pressure, and moles of an ideal gas. 2) Determining partial pressures of gas components in a mixture using mole fractions and total pressure. 3) Applying the compressibility factor z and pseudocritical properties to more accurately calculate properties of real gases and gas mixtures compared to the ideal gas law.

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Randy Sooknanan
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© © All Rights Reserved
62 views8 pages

IPUE 208 Introduction To Process and Utilities Engineering: Gmol CM V

This document provides an overview of concepts and calculations related to real gases and gas mixtures, including: 1) Calculating the universal gas constant R using standard conditions of temperature, pressure, and moles of an ideal gas. 2) Determining partial pressures of gas components in a mixture using mole fractions and total pressure. 3) Applying the compressibility factor z and pseudocritical properties to more accurately calculate properties of real gases and gas mixtures compared to the ideal gas law.

Uploaded by

Randy Sooknanan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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IPUE 208

Introduction to Process and Utilities Engineering

Calculation of R using the standard conditions

Find the value for the universal gas constant R to match the
following combination of units: For 1 g mol of ideal gas
when the pressure is in atm, the volume is in cm 3, and the
temperature is in K.

For 1g mol of ideal gas


P = 1 atm
Vˆ  22,415cm 3 / gmol

T = 273.15 K

Application of the Ideal gas law to calculate a volume

Calculate the volume occupied by 88 lb of CO 2 at 15oC and


a pressure of 32.2 ft of water.

To calculate volumetric flow rate of a gas through a pipe

One has to divide the volume of gas passing through the


pipe in a time interval such as 1 second , by the value of the
time interval to get m3/s or ft3 /s.
To get the velocity v, of the flow , you divide the
volumetric flow rate by the area A , of the pipe.
V  Av

V
v
A

V- volumetric flow rate


A – Area of the pipe
v- velocity

The density of a gas

Is defined as the mass per unit volume and can be


expressed in kg/m3, lg/ft3, g/L
Note: mass contained in a unit volume varies with
temperature and pressure, one should always be careful to
specify these two conditions in calculating density.

Calculation of gas density

What is the density of 1kg mol N2 at 27oC and 100kPa in SI


units?

Specific gravity of a gas

The specific gravity of a gas is usually defined as the ratio


of the density of the gas at a desired temperature and
pressure to that of air ( or any specified reference gas at a
certain temperature and pressure)
Eg. What is the specific gravity of methane at std.
conditions?
Specific gravity = density of methane at std
conditions/density of air at std. conditions.

Ideal gas mixtures and Partial pressure

Engineers use a fictitious but useful quantity called the


partial pressure in many of their calculations involving
gases.
Partial pressure pi, is the pressure that would be exerted by
a single component in a gaseous mixture if it existed alone
in the same volume as that occupied by the mixture and at
the same temperature of the mixture.

Pi Vtotal = ni R Ttotal Eqtn.13.4

Where pi is the partial pressure of component i in the


mixture.
If equation 13.4 is divided by ptotalVtotal=ntotalRTtotal
One gets: pi / ptotal = ni / ntotal
Or
pi = ptotal (ni / ntotal )= ptotal yi
where yi is the mole fraction of component i

Eg. In air the % oxygen is 20.95, at std conditions of 1atm,


the partial pressure of oxygen is
pO2 = 0.2095 = 0.2095 atm.

Calculation of the partial pressure of the component in a


gas from a gas analysis
Few organisms are able to grow in a solution using organic
compounds that contain just 1 carbon atom for eg. methane
or methanol. However the bacterium methylococcus
capsulates can grow under aerobic conditions on C-1
carbon compounds. The resulting biomass is a good
protein source that can be used directly as a feed for
domestic animals or fish.
In one process the off-flue gas analyses 14% CO 2, 6.0% O2
and 80% N2. It is at 400oF and 765.0 mm Hg pressure.
Calculate the partial pressure of each component.

Continuing with real gases


Use of the compressibility factor to calculate a specific
volume

In spreading liquid ammonia fertilizer, the charges for the


amount of ammonia used are based on the time involved
plus the pounds of NH3 injected into the soil. After the
liquid has been spread, there is still some ammonia left in
the source tank (volume =120ft3), but in the form of a gas.
Suppose that your weight tally, which is obtained by
difference, shows a net weight of 125lb of NH 3 left in the
tank at 292 psi.
Because the tank is sitting in the sun, the temperature in the
tank is 125oF. Your boss complains that his calculation
show that the specific volume of the NH3 gas is 1.20ft3/lb
and hence that there are only 100lb of NH 3 in the tank.
Could he be correct?

Use of the compressibility factor to calculate a pressure

Liquid oxygen is used in the steel industry, in the chemical


industry, in hospitals, as a rocket fuel oxidant and for waste
water treatment as well as many other applications. A
hospital tank of 0.0284 m3 volume is filled with 3.5kg of
liquid O2 that will vaporize at -25oC. Will the pressure in
the tank exceed the safety limit of the tank specified as
104kPa?

Calculating the compressibility factor using the Pitzer


factors zo and z1
Several methods have appeared in the literatureand in
computer codes to calculate z via an equation in order to
obtain more accurate values of z than can be obtained from
charts.
The Pitzer acentric factor, ω can be used in the following
equation to calculate z.
z = z o + z1 ω
where zo and z1 are listed in tables as a function of Tr and
pr and ω is unique for each compound. Table 14.1 is an
abbreviated table of acentric factors from Pitzer.

The acentric factor ω, indicates the degree of acentricity or


non shericity of a molecule. For helium and argon, ω is
equal to zero. For higher molecular weight hydrocarbons
and for molecules with increased polarity the value of ω
increases.
Table 14.2 lists the value of z obtained for ethylene (C 2H4)
at two conditions by three different methods,
a) by Pitzer equation
b) from the generalized compressibility charts
c) from ideal gas law
The three values are compared with the experimental value
from Perry’s Handbbook 7th edition

Real gas mixtures


Can one apply the concept of compressibility to problems
involving gas mixtures? Yes, each component in the
mixture will have different critical properties.
Numerous ways have been proposed to properly wweigh
the critical properties so that an appropriate reduced
temperature and pressure can be used to obtain z.
One simple way that is reasonably accurate at least is Kay’s
method.
In Kay’s method, pseudocritical values for mixtures of
gases are calculated on the assumption that each component
in the mixture contributes to the pseudocritical value in the
same proportion as the mole fraction of that component in
the gas. Thus, the pseudocritical values are computed as
follows:
P’c = pcA yA + pcB yB + ……Eqtn 14.5

T’c = TcA yA + TcB yB + ……Eqtn 14.6

Where yi is the mole fraction, p’c is the pseudocritical


pressure and T’c is the pseudocritical temperature.
These are linearly weighted mole average pseudocritical
properties. Fig 14.5 compares the true critical values of a
gaseous mixture of CO2 and SO2 with the respective
pseudocritical values. The respective pseudoreduced
variables are:
P’r = p/p’c

T’r = T / T’c
Kay’s method is known as a two parameter rule since only
pc and Tc for each component are involved in the
calculation of z.
If a third parameter eg zc or the Pitzer acentric factor or Vci
is included in the determination of the compressibility
factor, then you would have a three parameter rule.

Other pseudocritical methods with additional parameters


provide better accuracy in predicting p-V-T properties than
Kay’s method.

Calculation of p-V-T properties for a real gas mixture

A gaseous mixture has the following composition ( in mole


percent):
Methane, CH4 20
Ethylene, C2H4 30
Nitrogen, N2 50
At 90atm pressure and 100oC. Compare the volume per
mole as computed by the method’s of,
a)the ideal gas law
b)the pseudocritical technique (Kay’s method)

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