Advanced Structural Analysis: Lecture 1 Vesna Terzic, PH.D
Advanced Structural Analysis: Lecture 1 Vesna Terzic, PH.D
Advanced Structural Analysis: Lecture 1 Vesna Terzic, PH.D
Advanced Structural Analysis
Lecture 1
Vesna Terzic, Ph.D.
Office Hours (VEC 502)
• Tuesdays: 6:00PM – 7:00PM
• The same zoom link as for the class
• Should schedule a time slot for the office hours
Vesna Terzic PhD 1
CE 557 ‐ Lecture 1 8/21/2020
Textbook
NO textbook!!!
Lecture notes!
Prerequisites
• CE 458 Structural Analysis II (or equivalent)
• By September 5 send me:
– undergraduate transcript (highlight your
undergraduate structural analysis class)
– the syllabus of the class
Failure to submit the proof for meeting the prereq
will result in withdrawal from the class.
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CE 557 ‐ Lecture 1 8/21/2020
Grading
Homework: 10%
Midterm #1: 30%
Midterm #2: 30%
Final Project: 30%
Total score: 100%
How to get the most from the class?
• Ask questions during the class.
• Learn the fundamental concepts (theory) of
structural analysis and use it to solve the
homework and exam problems!
• Although examples are useful in demonstrating
the specific applications of structural analysis, do
NOT solve the given problems by trying to find a
similar example and copy it!
• Join my office hours if you need help!
Vesna Terzic PhD 3
CE 557 ‐ Lecture 1 8/21/2020
Cheating
Any student who is found responsible for
academic dishonesty (including cheating,
plagiarism or other dishonest acts) will be
subject to disciplinary action which may include
dismissal from the College of
Engineering. Further, please be advised that the
university may also impose disciplinary
sanctions for academic dishonesty, including,
but not limited to, conduct probation,
suspension, or expulsion.
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS – GLOSSARY
AND TOOLS
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CE 557 ‐ Lecture 1 8/21/2020
What is a structure?
• Assembly of one or more components or
elements capable of supporting forces or
other types of applied loads.
• Examples of stationary structures:
– Buildings
– Bridges
– Dams
– Nuclear Power Plants
Subject of structural analysis
• To determine how will the given structure
perform under applied loads.
• Structural analysis is primarily mathematical
in nature (actual behavior is simulated using
mathematical representation of a structure).
• Structural analysis is required at every major
point in the life of the structure.
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Vesna Terzic PhD 5
CE 557 ‐ Lecture 1 8/21/2020
Types of structural elements
• One‐dimensional (line elements)
– Internal forces and displacements depend on only one
spatial variable (position along the axis of the
element)
– Often (not always) one dimensional stress‐strain
relationships
• Two‐dimensional (flat or curved reference
surfaces)
– Internal physics depends on two variables describing
the position on the reference surface
• Three‐dimensional elements (solid bodies)
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One‐dimensional elements
• Bars
– axial tension and compression but to a different
extent
– buckling may occur under compression
• Cables
– axial tension only
– buckling under tension loads
• Beams (or columns)
– axial and shear forces
– bending and twisting moments
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Vesna Terzic PhD 6
CE 557 ‐ Lecture 1 8/21/2020
Structural assemblies of 1D elements
• Truss (internal axial forces only)
• Frames (internal lateral forces
and/or internal moments)
• Arches (internal axial forces
and limited moments) – more
efficient in transmitting forces
but fabrication complex and
costly
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Structural Assemblies of 2D element
• Membranes (in‐surface
stresses)
– Tension structures
– Compression structures (e.g.
pressure vessels)
• Thin plates and shells (in‐
surface stresses, shear
stresses, bending and
twisting moment)
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Vesna Terzic PhD 7
CE 557 ‐ Lecture 1 8/21/2020
Tools for Structural Analysis
• Equilibrium between applied loads and the
internal forces (Newton’s lows and free body
diagrams)
• Kinematics – relationship between
displacements and deformations
• Constitutive relations – stress‐strain
relationship
• Virtual work theorem – relationship between
equilibrium and kinematics
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“Loads”
• All factors that contribute to the structural
response (static and dynamic):
– Self‐weight
– Weight from building content
– Wind
– Temperature
– Snow load
– Earthquake load …
• Specified in the building codes (not subject of the
course)
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Vesna Terzic PhD 8
CE 557 ‐ Lecture 1 8/21/2020
Material behavior
• Material properties: • Material behavior is a
– Stiffness function of toughness and
– Strength intensity of loading:
– Fatigue/fracture resistance – Brittle
– Dependence on – Ductile
temperature and/or time
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Scope of CE 557
• 1D elements
• Linearly elastic material (linear stress‐strain
relationship)
• Effects of thermal loads
• Effects of initial strains
• Given the load find:
– Displacement field
– Deformation field
– Internal forces.
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Vesna Terzic PhD 9
CE 557 ‐ Lecture 1 8/21/2020
IMPORTANT CONCEPTS FOR LINEAR
ELASTIC ANALYSIS
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Superposition
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Vesna Terzic PhD 10
CE 557 ‐ Lecture 1 8/21/2020
Superposition
For a linear elastic structure load effects caused
by two or more loadings are the sum of load
effects caused by each load separately.
Implications:
• Deflection caused by a force can be added to the deflection
caused by another force to get the deflection resulting from
both forces being applied.
• The order of loading is not important.
• Loads and their resulting load effects can be added or
subtracted for a structure.
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Free body diagrams
• A sketch of a representation of a physical body
which shows all of the forces acting on a body.
• It may consist of:
– An entire structure
– Single element
– Single node
– Any portion of a structure or element
• Internal forces where the regions of the body are
assumed to be “cut” in order to isolate it appear
as external on the free‐body.
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Vesna Terzic PhD 11
CE 557 ‐ Lecture 1 8/21/2020
Equilibrium Equation
• Free‐body is always in equilibrium, meaning:
– Sum of all forces is zero
– Sum of all moments of the forces about a point is
zero.
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Treatment of distributed forces
in the equilibrium equation
Uniform load is represented by resultant force that is equal to
the sum of the incremental forces and is located at the centroid
of the area of the uniform load.
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Vesna Terzic PhD 12
CE 557 ‐ Lecture 1 8/21/2020
Analytical models
• Analytical model is an idealized mathematical representation of the
actual structure based on appropriate simplifications and
assumptions regarding the nature of the structure and its modes of
load transmission.
• Idealizations:
– Concentrated force
– Distribution of loads
– Equilibrium equations are written on undeformed configurations
– Linear elastic material
– Element connections and supports
• For conventional structures these idealization are reasonable (have
negligible effect on the structural response)
• The ability to formulate appropriate idealizations and to recognize
their consequences is a major requirement of engineering practice!
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Connections (nodes)
• For simplicity idealized as either rigid or pinned
• Free‐body diagrams of nodes are used to analyze
connections
• Rigid connections – node can displace and rotate but the
angles between elements at the node are preserved under
deformation
• Pinned connection – node can displace, and the members
connected by the pin can rotate relative to each other in
the vicinity of the pin
– All force quantities except internal moments can be developed
in the beams in the immediate vicinity of the joint
• Connections can also be considered as semi‐rigid (not
subject of this course)
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Vesna Terzic PhD 13
CE 557 ‐ Lecture 1 8/21/2020
Degrees of freedom (DOF)
• DOF is an independent component of a possible
motion at a node.
• DOFs of rigid connection in 2D space:
– ux, uy, ϕ
• DOFs of a fixed support:
– None
• DOFs of a pinned support in 2D space :
–ϕ
• DOFs of a pinned support with a roller in 2D space :
– u and ϕ
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Static determinacy
• If the system response to a given load can be
solved from a set of independent equilibrium
equations, it is statically determinate (SD) system.
• Otherwise it is statically indeterminate (SI)
structure (the focus of this course).
• Statically indeterminate structure is solved by
combining equilibrium, compatibility, and
constitutive equations. The solution is unique.
• Degree of indeterminacy (DOI) – number of
independent unknown forces in excess of the
number of independent equations of equilibrium.
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Vesna Terzic PhD 14
CE 557 ‐ Lecture 1 8/21/2020
Stability
• Unstable system is one for which equations of
equilibrium could not be satisfied for arbitrary
load.
• This implies that there is a free‐body for which
there are no 3 independent equilibrium
equations.
• In structural analysis, a structure is unstable if
there are any parts of it that can move as a
rigid body.
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Wrap‐up
• Subject of the course:
– Analyze 2D linear‐elastic structures (either SD or SI)
– Recognize if building is stable or not
• Tools:
– Equilibrium equations
– Compatibility equations (kinematics)
– Constitutive relations
• Important concepts:
– Free body diagram
– Superposition
– Static determinacy
– Theorem of virtual work
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Vesna Terzic PhD 15
CE 557 ‐ Lecture 1 8/21/2020
Question 1
• How many independent equilibrium equations
can be applied on a 2D free‐body?
a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) 4
e) >4
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Question 2
• How many independent equilibrium equations
can be applied on a 3D free‐body?
a) 3
b) 4
c) 5
d) 6
e) >6
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Vesna Terzic PhD 16
CE 557 ‐ Lecture 1 8/21/2020
Question 3
• Superposition holds only for?
a) Elastic materials
b) Linear‐elastic materials
c) Nonlinear materials
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Question 4
• How many DOFs has a rigid connection?
a) 0
b) 1
c) 2
d) 3
e) 4
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Vesna Terzic PhD 17
CE 557 ‐ Lecture 1 8/21/2020
Question 5
• How many DOFs has a fixed support?
a) 0
b) 1
c) 2
d) 3
e) 4
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Vesna Terzic PhD 18