Srimathi K 611219423019 Disaster Management Assignment Earthquake Disasters-The Nature-Extreme Event Analysis-The Immune System-Proof and Limits

SRIMATHI K
611219423019
Disaster Management
Assignment
Earthquake disasters-the nature-extreme event
analysis-the immune system-proof and limits
EARTHQUAKE-DISASTER
Earthquake can be defined as the shaking of earth caused by waves

moving on and below the earth's surface and causing:
 Surface faulting,
 Tremors Vibration,
 Liquefaction,
 Landslides,
 Aftershocks and/or Tsunamis.
Aggravating factors are the time of the event and the number and intensity of
aftershocks.
Compound hazards are fire, landslide, and tsunami.
Why earthquake do happens?
Factors of Vulnerability
 Location of settlements in seismic areas and size of the population.
 Inadequate building practices and regulations.
 Dense concentration of building with high occupancy.
 The absence of warning systems and lack of public awareness on
earthquake risks.
IMMUNE SYSTEM
Public health impact of earthquakes
The main public health threats vary according to the magnitude of the
earthquake, the nature of the built environment and the secondary effects of
the earthquake (eg. tsunamis, landslides and fires).
The effects can be summarized in terms of how they relate to risk
factors as follows:
Immediate health impact
 Trauma-related deaths and injuries from building collapse.

 Trauma-related deaths and injuries from the secondary effects of the
earthquake (drowning and physical trauma from tsunamis, trauma
from landslides, burns and smoke inhalation from fires).
Medium-term impact on health
 Secondary infection of untreated wounds.

 Increased morbidity and risk of complications related to pregnancy,
deliveries and newborns due to interrupted obstetric and neonatal
services.
 Potential risk of communicable diseases, particularly in areas affected
by overcrowding.
 Increased morbidity and risk of complications of chronic diseases due
to interruption of treatment.
 Increased psychosocial needs.
 Potential environmental contamination by chemical/radiological agents
following destruction of industrial infrastructure.
Impact of earthquakes on the health system
 Damage to health facilities and transport infrastructure, with

subsequent disruption of service delivery, leading to reduced access to
and functionality of all levels of health services.
 Absence of health workers, who may not be able to reach the health
facilities that are still functional, or whose homes and families may
have been directly affected by the earthquake.
 Reduced ability to pay for health services as affected households lose
assets and livelihoods.
 Loss of medical supplies and interrupted procurement systems, with
many stock-outs.
EXTREME EVENT
 The occurrence of a value of a weather variable above (or below) a
threshold value near the upper (or lower) ends of the range of its
observed values in a specific region.
 Both the disaster risk management and climate change adaptation
literature define ‘extreme weather’ and ‘extreme climate’ events and
discuss their relationship with ‘extreme impacts’ and ‘disasters.’
 Classification of extreme events, extreme impacts, and disasters is
influenced by the measured physical attributes of weather or climatic
variables or the vulnerability of social systems
 Extreme events have highlighted their potentially tragic effects on
structural and infrastructure systems.
 Compared to other events, earthquake and wind are particularly
critical due to their significant threats to the global structure
performance and more challenges for design.
 Researchers have recognized that proper evaluation, modeling, and
assessment of the effects of extreme events are fundamental to ensure
the desired performance of structures.
 Therefore, the concern for developing appropriate methodologies to
evaluate and design structures that can withstand the effects of
extreme events has become a very active field of research in recent
years.
 Improvement of building codes and development of new strategies are
needed to mitigate the disastrous effects of extreme events.
PROOF AND LIMITS
Earthquake resistant design consists of an evaluation of the earthquake

excitation and the structure response to this excitation at a particular site in
order to provide a structural system that will not collapse, that may prevent
loss of life and will limit economic loss during an earthquake.
Earthquake-resistant or aseismic structures are designed to protect buildings to
some or greater extent from earthquakes.
While no structure can be entirely immune to damage from earthquakes, the

goal of earthquake-resistant construction is to erect structures that fare better
during seismic activity than their conventional counterparts.
According to building codes, earthquake-resistant structures are intended to

withstand the largest earthquake of a certain probability that is likely to occur at
their location. This means the loss of life should be minimized by preventing
collapse of the buildings for rare earthquakes while the loss of the functionality
should be limited for more frequent ones
Mitigation and preparedness for earthquakes
 Strengthen health emergency risk management systems.

 Limit the risk of exposure to earthquakes by improving the quality of
the built environment, with better land-use control, including
regulating building.
 Ensure that health facilities are resilient to hazards, and that they are
able to remain functional and able to respond to increased and changed
health needs after earthquakes, with staff trained appropriately.
 Be prepared to mobilize medical response teams, including
establishing temporary health structures and field hospitals.
 Invest in community preparedness – communities are often the first
responders.

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SRIMATHI K

Earthquake can be defined as the shaking of earth caused by waves

 Trauma-related deaths and injuries from building collapse.

 Secondary infection of untreated wounds.

Impact of earthquakes on the health system

 Damage to health facilities and transport infrastructure, with

PROOF AND LIMITS

Earthquake resistant design consists of an evaluation of the earthquake

While no structure can be entirely immune to damage from earthquakes, the

According to building codes, earthquake-resistant structures are intended to

Mitigation and preparedness for earthquakes

 Strengthen health emergency risk management systems.

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