EE1101 – Principles of Computer Systems Universiti Teknologi Brunei

Lab 2 – Introduction Python

2020

Resource: Instructors:
Python Crash Course by Matthes Dr Lim Tiong Hoo
2A43
lim.tiong.hoo@utb.edu.bn

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EE1101 – Principles of Computer Systems Universiti Teknologi Brunei

Intended Learning Outcome

 Describe the development of the computer and the basic
principles of computer systems, networks and applications.
 Use the binary, octal and hexadecimal number systems and
converts between number bases.
 Write simple assembly language programs in the Z80 or
similar language.
 Write simple high level programs using the C
programming language or equivalent
 Apply network concepts to connect a computer to the UTB
network and uses network resources.

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EE1101 – Principles of Computer Systems Universiti Teknologi Brunei

What is computer Program?

 Internet Definition
 computer program ‐ a sequence of instructions that a computer
can interpret and execute. (The Free Dictionary)
 A computer program is a collection of instructions that performs a
specific task when executed by a computer. (Wikipedia)

 What is the difference between sequence and collection?

 Which of the two definitions do you think is better and

why?]

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EE1101 – Principles of Computer Systems Universiti Teknologi Brunei

How a program runs

 Source code – a computer program you write in english
 A compiler - Reads your source code and produces output
file containing the machine code
 Machine code - is given as input to an operating system
which executes the instructions in the file depending on
the instruction set
 Interpreters - Many of the more recent languages such as
Python use a program called an Interpreter which
effectively combine the compile step and the execution
step together.
 REPL is an acronym for Read, Execute, Print, Loop is
programming development environment which is provide
by some interpreted languages, like Python.
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EE1101 – Principles of Computer Systems Universiti Teknologi Brunei

How to write your program - Defining

the problem
 A clear definition of the problem to solve or the task to
perform.
 Example boiling an egg
 Most people will choose to write the instructions as a set
of bullet points with an implying an order of execution.
 When designing a code, there are two techniques that
you can employ
 Writing the pseudo‐code
 Drawing the flowchart

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EE1101 – Principles of Computer Systems Universiti Teknologi Brunei

Algorithm, Pseudocode and Flowchart

 An algorithm is a step‐by‐step set of instructions required
to complete a given task.
 Larger more complex program may use several algorithms
to complete a task, each algorithm being used for some
sub‐task within it.
 Pseudocode is a made‐up informal language that enables
programmers to write down their solution processes in an
algorithmic type way.
 Pseudocode is a "text‐based" detail (algorithmic) design
tool.
 Flow charts is a diagrammatic way of representing your
algorithm or program.
 Simple shapes are used to represent the various elements
(lines of code) in your program. 6
EE1101 – Principles of Computer Systems Universiti Teknologi Brunei

Testing Your Program

 Testing is a planned process
 Aims - to discover if anything is wrong with the program
code.
 Possible problem - the programming logic for the
algorithm was incorrect.
 Debugging is the process of detecting and correction the
errors in the programming logic.
 All computer programs should be comprehensively tested.
 The answer to the question
 When have we done enough testing?
 Answer : when you have either run out of money or run out of time

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EE1101 – Principles of Computer Systems Universiti Teknologi Brunei

Testing Strategy
 Have a plan! – start it early!
 Construct a test plan as soon as the program specification is available
 Know what you are testing for
 Ensure that the program behaves as expected with all possible inputs
and values for the variables
 Ensure that sufficient test cases is exercised in every path or part of a
path through the program code
 Know what results you expect from any given set of test
conditions
 Record your test plan and results
 VVT – Verification, Validation and Testing
 Validation - Have we written the right program? Does it match the
specification we were given?
 Verification - Have we written the program right? Does the
programming logic we have used result in getting the right answers 8
EE1101 – Principles of Computer Systems Universiti Teknologi Brunei

About Python
 High Level Programming Language
 Interpreted
 Support 3 main programming style
 Imperative/procedure
 Object-oriented
 Functional
 Free
 Platform independent
 Version 3.X

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EE1101 – Principles of Computer Systems Universiti Teknologi Brunei

Installation, Run and Help

 Download & Install Python – www.python.org
 Download and Online documentation
 www.python.org
 Run Python
C:\Users\ITB35\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python36-
32\python.exe

 Install a python text editor - Geany

 https://www.geany.org/download/releases/
 Build->SetBuildCommands: Execute Command
 Execute -
C:\Users\ITB35\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python36-
32\python "%f"
 Help()
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EE1101 – Principles of Computer Systems Universiti Teknologi Brunei

Coding
 Must follow python syntax and style
 Focus on readability
 Indentation: use 4 space

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EE1101 – Principles of Computer Systems Universiti Teknologi Brunei

Supported Module/Library
 Python comes with many useful modules
 Modules are accessed using import
 import sys, os # imports two modules
 Modules can have subsets of functions
 os.path is a subset within os
 Modules are then addressed by modulename.function()
 sys.argv # list of arguments
 filename = os.path.splitext("points.txt")
 Dir(math) math.sqrt(), math.pi,
 Usage – import math / import math as m

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EE1101 – Principles of Computer Systems Universiti Teknologi Brunei

Data Types, Variables and Constants

 Strings
 Integers
 Floats
 Characters

 type() – returns the type of variable

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EE1101 – Principles of Computer Systems Universiti Teknologi Brunei

Input, Print and comments

 print(a) - prints output, by default to the screen.

 input() - allows the user to type some input at the

keyboard followed by a return key
 Example
 inputname = input(“What is your Name? ”)

 # - Comments

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EE1101 – Principles of Computer Systems Universiti Teknologi Brunei

More than printing or displaying

 Python is an object oriented language
 Practically everything can be treated as an object
 Try to print “hello world” as a string
 Strings, as objects, have methods that return the result of
a function on the string

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EE1101 – Principles of Computer Systems Universiti Teknologi Brunei

String Manipulation
 In this case “mytext = “hello world”
 mytext.title()
 mytext.upper()
 mytext.isdigit()
 mytext.islower()

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EE1101 – Principles of Computer Systems Universiti Teknologi Brunei

Python Objects
 Lists (mutable sets of strings)
 var = [] # create list
 var = [‘one’, 2, ‘three’, ‘banana’]
 Tuples (immutable sets)
 var = (‘one’, 2, ‘three’, ‘banana’)
 Dictionaries (associative arrays or ‘hashes’)
 var = {} # create dictionary
 var = {‘lat’: 40.20547, ‘lon’: -74.76322}
 var[‘lat’] = 40.2054
 Each has its own set of methods

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EE1101 – Principles of Computer Systems Universiti Teknologi Brunei

Branching and Control

 The colon ‘:’ at the end of the line
 The indentation
 End by removing the indent.
 Conditional branch
 If condition_is_true : (example a==b)
Run code
 else :
Do this (optional and if more, use elif)

 Control Loop
 for is used when the number of iterations is known in advance
 for is great for manipulating lists
 for x in [1,2,3]:
print(x)
 while - loop while the condition is true
 while x <= 10:
x=x+1
 break commonly used with while True:

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EE1101 – Principles of Computer Systems Universiti Teknologi Brunei

Reading and Writing to a file

 The basic function to work with a file is open()
 Requires two parameters
 the name of the file you wish to open
 Functions to perform (‘r’ = read, ‘w’ = write, ‘a’ = append)
 Examples:
 infile = (‘\directory\moredirectory\filename.csv’)
 fread = open(infile,’r’)
 fwrite = open(infile,’w’)

 fread.close()
 fwrite.close()

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EE1101 – Principles of Computer Systems Universiti Teknologi Brunei

Python Programming Assignment

 A file which contains a table representing the final medals

table from the 2016 Rio Olympic games is available for
download from the moodle. The table is in final position
order and includes the number of Gold, Silver and Bronze
medals won by each team

 Your task
 Write a program that will accept as input two Country codes (as
specified in the Country column) and produce an output with the
number of additional medals the second country would have needed
to beat the first country.
 All combinations of additional medals should be found.

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EE1101 – Principles of Computer Systems Universiti Teknologi Brunei

Submission (4 weeks to complete)

 A program
 A report containing
 the program specification / description,
 pseudo‐code and / or flowcharts for your algorithm,
 A code file containing the code of the program
Including a suitable block comment at the beginning

 Any appropriate in‐line comments
 A test plan
 an example of expected output
 with test data
 the test results
 An example run of the program
 Indicating the input used
 and the output produced.
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