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    Vessel Design (External Loads)

    Uploaded by

    Ezekiel
    The document discusses pressure vessel design due to external pressure. It notes that external pressure can cause buckling failure, with metals tending to bend before breaking unlike brittle materials. Design is affected by factors like vessel size, geometry, and stiffening ring spacing. Examples of vessels subject to external pressure include those under vacuum or with condensing steam. The design procedure involves checking if the initial wall thickness is sufficient to withstand external pressure and having a safety factor of at least 3. Critical buckling pressures of vessel heads can be much higher than the shell. An example problem evaluates a scuba tank material and wall thickness under combined internal and external pressures.

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    Vessel Design (External Loads)

    Uploaded by

    Ezekiel
    85 views45 pages
    The document discusses pressure vessel design due to external pressure. It notes that external pressure can cause buckling failure, with metals tending to bend before breaking unlike brittle materials. Design is affected by factors like vessel size, geometry, and stiffening ring spacing. Examples of vessels subject to external pressure include those under vacuum or with condensing steam. The design procedure involves checking if the initial wall thickness is sufficient to withstand external pressure and having a safety factor of at least 3. Critical buckling pressures of vessel heads can be much higher than the shell. An example problem evaluates a scuba tank material and wall thickness under combined internal and external pressures.

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    The document discusses pressure vessel design due to external pressure. It notes that external pressure can cause buckling failure, with metals tending to bend before breaking unlike brittle materials. Design is affected by factors like vessel size, geometry, and stiffening ring spacing. Examples of vessels subject to external pressure include those under vacuum or with condensing steam. The design procedure involves checking if the initial wall thickness is sufficient to withstand external pressure and having a safety factor of at least 3. Critical buckling pressures of vessel heads can be much higher than the shell. An example problem evaluates a scuba tank material and wall thickness under combined internal and external pressures.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    85 views45 pages

    Vessel Design (External Loads)

    Uploaded by

    Ezekiel
    The document discusses pressure vessel design due to external pressure. It notes that external pressure can cause buckling failure, with metals tending to bend before breaking unlike brittle materials. Design is affected by factors like vessel size, geometry, and stiffening ring spacing. Examples of vessels subject to external pressure include those under vacuum or with condensing steam. The design procedure involves checking if the initial wall thickness is sufficient to withstand external pressure and having a safety factor of at least 3. Critical buckling pressures of vessel heads can be much higher than the shell. An example problem evaluates a scuba tank material and wall thickness under combined internal and external pressures.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    of 45

    PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN DUE TO 


    EXTERNAL PRESSURE
    PRESSURE EFFECTS

    INTERNAL PRESSURE EXTERNAL PRESSURE


    • failure by dilation (tension) • failure by buckling
    • yield strength is more (compression)
    important as basis for • Young’s modulus of
    nominal strength elasticity has greater
    design implication
    • Poisson’s ratio is used
    BUCKLING

    o Failure through elastic instability


    o The ability of the vessel to carry loads is lost even if
    the material itself may not be completely
    destroyed
    o Metals tend to bend prior to “breakage”
    (vs brittle ceramics)
    FACTORS AFFECTING DESIGN FOR EXTERNAL PRESSURE

    o Application where it is in service


    o Size (note that length does not affect stresses
    caused by internal pressure)
    o Geometry rather than material strength
    o Spacing of stiffening rings
    VESSELS SUBJECT TO 

    EXTERNAL PRESSURE EFFECTS

    o Vessels operated under vacuum (max is 1bar)


    o Vacuum caused by failure to vent when draining
    o Jacketed or multi-chambered vessels
    o Vessels where there is condensing steam
    DESIGN PROCEDURE

    !  
    L
    DESIGN PROCEDURE

    !  
    Reproduce
    figure in
    100% scale
    of original
    document
    DESIGN PROCEDURE

    ! Wall thickness from 1st step is sufficient if Pc > Pext

    ! Safety factor should be >= 3 for it to be safe


    DESIGN PROCEDURE

    !  
    LS< LC
    OTHER EQUATIONS FOR Pc

    !  
    OTHER EQUATIONS FOR Pc

    !  
    OTHER EQUATIONS FOR Pc

    !  
    CRITICAL BUCKLING PRESSURE 

    OF VESSEL HEADS

    !  
    Example Problem

    A 300mm scuba tank has an O2 gauge showing


    1800 kPa. The tank is made out of Titanium alloy
    with yield stress of 700 MPa, modulus of elasticity of
    207 GPa and is 0.9m long excluding the enclosure.
    Evaluate the tank if Pext reaches 1107 kPa for a
    deep-sea dive. The joint efficiency is 0.8
    Example Problem

    Di = 300mm Pg =1800 kPa


    S = 700 MPa L = 0.9m
    Pext = 1107 kPa E = 0.8
    EY = 207 GPa
    Example Problem

    Choose hemi head because it can withstand greater


    pressure (twice that of a standard ellipsoidal head)
    Example Problem

    Thickness is sufficient for external pressure but it may not be safe.


    Example Problem

    Distance of stiffening rings is greater than the vessel


    length. Therefore, stiffening rings are not needed

    Critical buckling pressures of enclosures are typically


    several orders of magnitude greater than the shell.
    DESIGN DUE TO 

    COMBINED LOADING
    COMBINATION OF LOAD

    The vessel must be designed to withstand the worst


    combination of the loads likely to occur in the following
    situations:
    1. During building (or dismantling) of the vessel;
    2. With the vessel erected but not operating;
    3. During testing (the hydraulic pressure test);
    4. During normal operation.
    DEAD WEIGHT STRESS

    !  
    DEAD WEIGHT STRESS

    1. The vessel shell;


    2. The vessel fittings: manways, nozzles;
    3. Internal fittings: plates (plus the fluid on the plates); heating and cooling
    coils;
    4. External fittings: ladders, platforms, piping;
    5. Auxiliary equipment that is not self-supported; condensers, agitators;
    6. Insulation;
    7. The weight of liquid to fill the vessel. The vessel will be filled with water for
    the hydraulic pressure test and may fill with process liquid due to mis-
    operation.
    DEAD WEIGHT from vessel itself

    !  
    DEAD WEIGHT from fittings

    o Caged ladders, steel, 360 N/m length;


    o Plain ladders, steel, 150 N/m length;
    o Platforms, steel, for vertical columns, 1.7 kN/m2 area;
    o Contacting plates, steel, including typical liquid loading,
    1.2 kN/m2 plate area.
    DEAD WEIGHT from insulator

    Typical densities of insulators (kg/m3)

    o These densities should be doubled to allow for


    attachment fittings, sealing, and moisture absorption.
    o Solve weight from (SA)outside * tins * ρins * 2
    BENDING STRESS

    Bending moments will be caused by the following loading


    conditions:
    o The wind loads on tall, self-supported vessels
    o Seismic (earthquake) loads on tall vessels
    o The dead weight and wind loads on piping and
    equipment that is attached to the vessel but offset from
    the vessel center line
    BENDING STRESS

    !  
    BENDING MOMENT

    due to wind

    !  
    BENDING MOMENT due to wind

    !  
    BENDING MOMENT

    due to concentrated load

    !  
    BENDING MOMENT

    due to eccentric loads

    !  
    TORQUE

    !  
    CRITICAL BUCKLING STRESS

    Under conditions where the resultant axial stress due to


    the combined loading is compressive, the vessel may fail
    by elastic instability (buckling).
    Failure can occur by:
    o buckling of the complete vessel, as with a strut (Euler
    buckling),
    o local buckling,
    o or wrinkling of the shell plates.
    CRITICAL BUCKLING STRESS

    !  
    Example Problem 13.2 (Towler)

    Make a preliminary estimate of the plate thickness


    for the distillation column given:
    H (tangent) = 50m Di = 2m hemispherical head
    Skirt support height = 3m 100 sieve plates
    tins = 75mm mineral wool Pabs = 10bar
    Stainless steel, S = 135 MPa @ 200°C E=1
    Example Problem

    The vessel is 50m tall. A thicker wall is needed at the


    column base to withstand other loads.
    Use 2mm increment for every 10m height.
     
    Example Problem 13.2 (Towler)

    !  
    Example Problem 13.2 (Towler)

    !  
    Example Problem 13.2 (Towler)

    !  
    Example Problem 13.2 (Towler)

    !  
    Example Problem 13.2 (Towler)

    !  

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