DOE/RA/m1=01

I Volume 1 (of 2 Volumes)

Refinery Siting Workbook

Appendices A €t B

Published July 1980

Prepared for:
US. Department of Energy , . -
" .-
Assistant Secretary for Resource Application
Office of Oil and Natural Gas, Resource Application
Under Contract No. DE-AC01-79RA33001
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 DISCLAIMER

This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an

agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States
Government nor any agency Thereof, nor any of their employees,
makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal
liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or
usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process
disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately
owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product,
process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or
otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement,
recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any
agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein
do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States
Government or any agency thereof.
 DISCLAIMER

Portions of this document may be illegible in

electronic image products. Images are produced
from the best available original document.
 DOE/RA/33001-01 . .

Volume 1 (of 2 Volumes)

Dist. Categories UC92 8 92a

Refinery Siting Workbook

endices ices
A Et B

Published July 1980

Prepared by:
Mittelhauser Corporation
El Toro, California 92630

. - - -

I . DISCLAIMER f
This m o k W= prepared nr an acmunt of wruk sponmred by an m e w of the United Sram Governmenl.
Neither the United Slam Governmnr mr any m e w thereof. nor m y of their emplovw. maker any
warranty. exprerr or implied. or awmer any legal lisbilitv or r w n r i b i l i l v lor Ihe amraw.
mmpletena. or ~ t t u l n ao f ony information. opplralul. pmduc!. or urnsen d i r c l o d , or
rwrerentr that 8tr uu -Id nor inlriw. pemiely owned rightr Refereme herein to any rpmific
mmmercial product. process, or reivice by irsde name. ~rademrk. mnufastusa. et Olhorwirr, dne5
not n-rily mnrtitvie or imply its endorremen!. remmmendatian. or lworing by the United
Srsrm Government or any agency (hereof. The view and opinions of authors exprared herein do rol
nmerwuily staleor reflect more01 the United Slates G m r o m n l or any a g e w thereol.

Prepared for:
U.S. Department of Energy
Assistant Secretary for Resource Application
Office of Oil and Natural Gas, Resource Application
Under Contract No. DE-AC01-79RA33001

%l$TRtbuna!d eF THiS D O C U M E ~ TIS U I L I ~ ~ ~

 PREFACE

This workbook was prepared t o a s s i s t Federal, s t a t e and l o c a l government

agencies t o reach t i m e l y decisions regarding r e f i n e r y s i t i n g s , m o d i f i -
c a t i o n s o r expansions, when proposed by industry, by p r o v i d i n g background
information r e l a t i v e t o making suc,h decisions.
The Resource A p p l i c a t i o n s O f f i c e (RA) o f the Department o f Energy had '

t h e Workbook prepared because RA has a s t f o n g i n t e r e s t i n ensuring t h a t

U.S. r e f i n e r y capacity meets U.S. petroleum products demands, t h a t i t i s
capable o f using increasing-.amounts o f heavy, h i g h s u l f u r content crude
o i l s as r e f i n e r y inputs, and t h a t i t can provide t h e unleaded gasoline
and low s u l f u r f u e l s needed t o meet environmental requirements.
L

The Workbook c o n s i s t s o f two volumes. ' The f i r s t volume contains basic

r e f i n e r y i n f o r m a t i o n such as d e s c r i p t i o n s o f t y p i c a l r e f i n e r y configura-
t i o n s and process u n i t s , r e f i n e r y investment requirements, l a n d needs,
- r e f i n e r y c o n s t r u c t i o n and operating personnel requirements, a p p l i c a b l e
environmental r e g u l a t i o n s and p e r m i t t i n g needs, and t h e soclo-economic
e f f e c t s o f r e f i n e r y c o n s t r u c t i o n and operation.

The second volume r e f e r s t o the reference m a t e r i a l s used i n the prepara-

t i o n of the Workbook. I t i s intended t o a s s i s t those seeking more
.
d e t a i l e d i n f o r m a t i o n on items'covered i n the f i r s t . v o l u m e .

I f you have questions regarding the Workbook, c a l l o r w r i t e :

F. \I. Marsik
D~partmento f Energy
Resource A p p l i c a t i o n s
12th and Pennsylvania Avenue. N.W.
Washlngtbn, D.C. 20461

Phone: 202-633-91 79
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This r e p o r t was prepared by A i t t e l h a u s e r Corporation of Downers

Grove, I l l i n o i s , and El Toro, C a l i f o r n i a , The p r i n c i p a l i n v e s t i ' g a t o r s
were Thomas W. Barrs, Carl S. Kelley, 111, Harry J. Takach, and
W. Thomas A t k i n s . The e f f o r t s o f o u r s e c r e t a r i a l s t a f f a r e s i n c e r e l y
appreciated.

Panuzio Associates o f Washington, D.C;;""prepared t h e p e r m i t survey

forms and t h e s t a t e and l o c a l p e r m i t t a b u l a t i o n s . M r . David South o f
t h e M i t t e l h a u s e r s t a f f c o n t r i b u t e d t h e socioeconomic i n f o r m a t i o n .
M r . G. R. Moss reviewed t h e t e c h n i c a l r e f i n e r y d e s c r i p t i v e m a t e r i a l .
Messrs. Stephen P. Chamberlain and M. J. Karlowicz o f t h e API Washington
s t a f f provided review comments on several r e p o r t s e c t i o n s and Richard
Drew f o r the slides. We would l i k e t o thank t h e many petroleum companies,
r ~ f i n e r yand r e g u l a t o r y s t a f f who provided f i r s t - h a n d data on t h e t e c h n i c a l ,
r e g u l a t o r y , and p e r m i t t i n g s e c t i o n s .

, P r o j e c t management a t t h e Department o f Energy, O f f i c e o f O i l and

Natural Gas, Resourc'e A p p l i c a t i o n s . w a s under t h e d i r e c t i o n o f Messrs.
F. V. Marsik and E. L. Peer.

The r e g u l a t o r y and permi tti ng i n f o r m a t i o n was complete and accurate

as o f completion o f t h e d r a f t r e p o r t , February, 1980.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page No;

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1 .1 BACKGROUND
1.2 OBJECTIVE AND SCOPE
1 .3 PROJECT APPROACH

1.3.1 Refinery Description 3

1.3.2 Regulatory Requirements 7
1.3.3 Permitting A c t i v i t y 12

2. o PROCESS UNIT DESCRIPTIONS

2.1 CRUDE OIL DISTILLATION UNIT +

2.2 VACUUM DISTILLATION UNIT

2.3 HYDROTREATING UNIT
,2.4 CATALYTIC REFORMING UNIT
2.5 FLUID CATALYTIC CRACKING UNIT (FCCU)
2.6 HYDROCRACKING UNIT
2.7 DELAYED COKING UNIT
2.8 HYDROFLUORIC ACID (HF) ALKYLATION UNIT
2.9 L IGHT. NAPHTHA ISOMER IZAT ION
2.10 HYDROGEN PRODUCTION UNIT
2.11 GASOLINE SWEETENING UNIT
2.12 ACID GAS TREATING UNIT
2.1 3 SOUR 'WATER STR IPP ING UNIT
2.14 LIGHT ENDS RECOVERY UNIT
2.15 SULFUR RECOVERY UNIT
2.16 TAIL GAS TREATING UNIT
. . .

7.16.1 Reduction'Processes
2.1 6.2 O x i d a t i o n Process

2.1 7 WASTEWATER TREATMENT UNIT 53

2.18 REFINERY OFF-SITES 56,

2.18.1 Tankage 57
2.18.2 Steam Generation System 61
2.18.3 F l a r e and Blowdown System 63
2.18.4 C o o l i n g Water System 65
2.18.5 R e c e i v i n g and D i s t r i b u t i o n Systems 68
2.18.6 Gasoline B l e n d i n g System 74
2.18.7 F i r e System 78
 TABLE OF CONTENTS (Contd)

Page No.

OVERALL PLANT DESCRIPTION AND CHARACTERIZATION

3.1 REFINERY DESCRIPTION AND COMPARISONS

3.1.1 Comparison of Processing. Sour vs Sweet

Crude O i l
3.1.2 Comparison of P r o c e s s i n g L i g h t and Heavy
Crude O i 1s

3.2 PLANT INVESTMENT

3.3 PLANT PROCESS UTILITY REQUIREMENTS
3.4 PLANT LABOR REQUIREMENTS

3.4.1 C o n s t r u c t i o n Labor Requirements

3.4.2 O p e r a t i n g Labor

3.5 LAND REQUIREMENTS

3.6 PLANT WASTE PRODUCTION

3.6.1 A i r Emissions
3.6.2 Wastewater Discharge
3.6.3 Sol i d Wastes

3.7 NOISE EMISSIONS AND CONTROL

,3.7.1 Noise L e v e l s and C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s

3.7.2 C o n s t r u c t i o n Noise Emissions
3.7.3 Operat-ing Noise Emissions

3.8 PHYSICAL APPEARANCE

3.9 SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT ANALYSIS

3.9.1. Introduction
3.9.2 General Impacts and Considerations Caused.
by R e f i n e r y C o n s t r u c t i o n and Operation
3.9.3 D e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e Socio-Economic Impact
Assessment Procedure
3.9.4 Methods f o r A n a l y s i s o f t h e c o m m u n i t y
Environment
3.9.5 Management Techniques f o r M i t i g a t i n g Socio-
Economic Impact P r e c i p i t a t e d by a R e f i n e r y
Development

4.0 REFINERY REGULATORY REV1EW

 TABLE OF CONTENTS ( ~ o n t ' d )
Page No.
4.1 NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY ACT 269

Summary
Introduction
Environmental 1mpact S t u d i e s
Agency C o n s u l t a t i o n
EIS. Guide1 i n e s
Processing o f an EAIEIS
I n t e r a c t i o n w i t h Permit Programs and Fie1 d
Study Requirements
Pub1 i c P a r t i c i p a t i o n
4.2 THE CLEAN AIR ACT (CAA) 287

Summary
Introduction
National Ambient Air Qua1 i t y Standards .
S t a t e Imp1 ementation Plans
New Source Performance Standards
Prevention o f S i g n i f i c a n t D e t e r i o r a t i o n
Nonattainment
PSD -- Nonattainment Overlap
Citizen Suits
Judi c i a1 Review
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ACT
Summary
Introduction
The 1972 Water Act
New Source Performance Standards
The Ten-Year P r o t e c t i o n Clause
Expansion of E x i s t i n g Sources
I n d u s t r i a l 'Use o f Municipal Treatment
Facilities
P r o h i b i t i o n of New P l a n t s
PI an.ni ng
Ci tf t e n S u i t s
Oil S p i l l Prevention and L i a b i l i t y
RESOURCE CONSERVATION AND RECOVERY ACT
4.4.1 Introduction
4.4.2 D e f i n i t i o n o f Hazardous Wastes
4.4.3 Permits
 TABLE OF CONTENTS [Cont ' d l

Page No.

4.5 WETLANDS AND COASTAL ZONE

4.5.1 Introduction
4.5.2 C o a s t a l Zone Management Act

4.6 TOXIC SUBSTANCES CONTROL ACT

4.6.1 Introduction
4.6.2 Premarket N o t i f i c a t i o n
4.6.3 Inventory Li'st
4.6.4 , Priority Listing .
4.7 OTHER FEDERAL REGULATIONS OF CONCERN

4.7.1 General

5.0 PERMITTING A C T I V I T Y

5.1 FEDERAL PERMITS

5.1.1 National P o l l u t a n t Discharge E l f m i n a t i o n

Sys tern Permi t
5.1 .2 Federal A i r Permits

5.2 STATE PERMITS

5.3 LOCAL PERMITS

6.0 ISSUES, CONCERNS AND M I T I GATING RESPONSES

7.0 REFERENCES

APPENDIX A AND 8

VOLUWE 2
APPENDIX C - 0
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page
No. -
Title - n"
Gasoline Refinery Sour Crude Oil
Gasoline Refinery Sweet Crude Oil
Fuel Oil Refinery Sour Crude Oil
Fuel Oil Refinery Sweet Crude Oi 1
Crude Oil Distillation Unit
Vacuum Distillation Unit
Hydrotreating Unit
Catalytic Reforming Unit
Fluid Catalytic Cracking Unit ,

Hydrocracking Unit
Delayed Coking Unit
Hyqrofluoric Acid Alkylation Unit
Light Naphtha Isomeritation Unit
Hydrogen Production Unit
Gasoline Sweetening Unit
Acid Gas Treating Unit .
Sour Water Stripping Unit
Light Ends Recwery Unit
Cl aus Su 1 fur Recovery unit
Beavon Tail Gas Treating Unit
Scot Tai 1 Gas Treating Unit
Wellman-Lord Tail Gas Treating Unit
Wastewater Treatment Unit
Types of Storage Tanks Used for Various Hydro-
carbon Materials
Typical Tankage Vapor Recovery System
Steam Generation System
Refinery Fl are Systein
Recirculating Cooling Water System
Typical Top Loading Arm for Vapor Recovery
Bottom Loading Vapor Recovery System
Loading Rack Vapor Recovery System
In-Line Gasoline Blending system
Typical Craft Manhour Distributions for Refinery
Construction
350,000 Barrels per Day Coastal Refinery
120,000 Barrel s per Day Coastal. Refinery
200,000 barrels^ per Day In1 and Refinery
30,000 Barrels per Day Inland Refinery
 LIST OF FIGURES ( C o n t ' d )

Figure, Page
No. Title -#

38 Schematic o f Community Growth Induced by

I n d u s t r i a l Development
Socioeconomic E v a l u a t i o n Procedure
O r g a n i z a t i o n o f t h e A n a l y s i s o f Impacts on t h e
Human Environment
Steps i n t h e Impact Assessment Process
R e f i n e r y A c t i v i t y Impact M a t r i x
P o t e n t i a l I n c r e a s e i n C o n s t r u c t i o n P e r i o d Non-
Basic Empl oyment
Conceptual Steps Followed i n T r a c i n g Through t h e
v
Demographic Impacts o f a Proposed R e f i n e r y
Summary Calculatlor! Framework o f P o p u l a t i o n
I n f l u x Due t o Proposed R e f i n e r y
Employment and P o p u l a t i o n Impacts as Estimated
i n t h e HUD Guide
Employment and P o p u l a t i o n Impacts as Estimated
i n EPA A c t i o n Handbook
P r i n c i p a l Steps i n t h e A n a l y s i s o f F a c i l i t i e s and
Services Requirements
N a t i o n a l Environmental Pol i c y A c t D e c i s i o n Diagram
EIS Process Under t h e New CEQ Guide1 i n e s
Clean A i r A c t D e c i s i o n Diagram f o r New R e f i n e r y
Clean A i r A c t - Non-Attainment Revfew D e c i s i o n
Diagram f o r New Reff n e r i es
Clean A i r A c t - PSD Review D e c l s i b n Diagram for
New Ref in e r i es
Clean A i r A c t D e c i s i o n Diagram f o r Expansion/
Modification o f d Refinery
Clean A i r A c t - Non-Attainment Review Decisfon
Diagram f o r E x p a n s i o n / M o d i f i c a t i o n o f a R e f i n e r y
Clean A i r A c t - PSD Review D e c i s i o n Diagram f o r '
Expansion/Modification o f a Refinery
Federal Water P o l l u t i o n C o n t r o l A c t D e c i s i o n .
Diagram f o r a New R e f i n e r y
Federal Water P o l l u t i o n C o n t r o l A c t D e c i s i o n
Diagram f o r E x p a n s i o n / M o d i f i c a t i o n o f a R e f i n e r y
 LIST OF TABLES
Page
Title #
Tanker Sizes Planned and Estimated '~nnualShipments
Typical Tanker Dimensions .
Refinery Cases Studied
Properties of.Untreated and Hydrotreated Venezue 1 an
and Canadian Heavy Crude Oils
Refinery Investment (Gulf Coast Location) '(1979 '6)
Refinery Utility Requirements
Construction Labor Requirements
Construction Manhours for Various Size Refineries
Operating Labor Requirements
Refinery Jobs
Estimated Land Requirements for €xamp1e Refineries
Land Requirements of Four Existing Refineries
Emission Factors
Refinery Emissions Summary - Gasoline Refinery
Refinery 'Emission Summary - Fuel Oi 1 Refinery
-
Process Unit Emission Summary Gasol ine ~ e inery
f
Process Unit Emission Summary - Fuel Oil Refinery
Wastewater Sources
Pol lutant Sources
Estimated Total Wastewater Volumes Generated from
Example Gasoline RefineriesIFuel Oil Refineries
Estimated Untreated Wastewater Compositions from a
Gasoline Refinery 125
Estimated Untreated Wastewater Compositions from a -
Fuel Oil Refinery 126
Estimated Characteristics of Final Effluents from
Example Gasoline and Fuel Oil Refineries 1 28
Petroleum Refinery Sol id Wastes Sources & Characteristics 132
Factors Affecting the Composition and Quantity of Spec if ic
Sol id Waste Streams 134
Approximate Noise Levels of Typical Activities 1 38
Construction Equipment Noise Levels 1 40
Sources of Noise, and Methods of Noi.se Reduction 142
Assumptions and Cal cul attons of Impact for Proposed
Refinery (200,000 BBLIDay Gas01 ine Production Refinery] 181
30 Estimating Potential Nonbasic Employment Impact for a
Proposed Refinery 182
31 Calculation of Nonbasic Employment'using the HUDIEPA
Method 183
32 Land Requirements Per 100 Persons Permanent Population
Influx 232
 LIST O'F TABLES ( C o n t l d )

Table Page
- # -
Title -#
33 Guide1 ines f o r Socio-Economic Impact Management . 253
34 S o c i a l and Economic I n f o r m a t i o n Database Requirements 259
35 T r a n s p o r t a t i o n and C i r c u l a t i o n Task Force 263
P r i n c i p a l Federal Environmental S t a t u t e s and
NEPA Requirements
T y p i c a l €IS O u t l i n e
-

Time ~ e ~ u i r feodr New Source Review Permit Issuance

w i t h One-Year M o n i t o r i n g Program
N a t i o n a l Ambient Af r Quali t y Standards

~at i o n a l Ambient A i r Qual it y Standards

S t a t u s o f S t a t e Implementation P l a n t Program
January 28, 1980
I n d u s t r i e s Which Have Developed New Source Perfomarlct!
Standards (40 CFR 60)
New Source Performance Standards t o be Developed
(40 CFR 60.16)
New Source performance Standards f o r P e t r o l eum
R e f i n e r i e s (40 CFR 60, Subpart J)

45 PSD A i r Q u a l i t y Increments . 328

46 What P l a n t s a r e S u b j e c t t o PSD 332
47 N a t i o n a l P o l l u t a n t Discharge E l i m i n a t i o n System 365
48 New Source Performance Standards Issued Under
C l ean Water A c t '367
49 N a t i o n a l I n t e r i m Prfmary D r i n k i n g Water Standards
a t Toxic Levels 382
Status of S t a t e Coastal zone, Management blans as
o f January 1, 198C
The TSCA s e c t i o n 4 ( e ) P r i o r i t y L i s t
Required Federal Permits-
L o c a t i o n o f Federal Permit I s s u i n g Agencies
Alabama S t a t e Permits

A1 as ka S t a t e Permits
Arizona S t a t e Permits
Arkansas S t a t e Permits
Cal i f o r n i a S t a t e , Permi t s
Colorado S t a t e Permits

Connecticut S t a t e Permits
Delaware S t a t e P e r r i t s
F l o r i d a S t a t e Permits
Georgia S t a t e Permits
Hawaii S t a t e Permits

viii
 LIST OF TABLES ( ~ o n' dt )

Page
Title - #

Idaho S t a t e Permits
I l l i n o i s S t a t e Permits
I n d i a n a S t a t e Permi t s
Iowa S t a t e Permits
Kansas S t a t e Permits

Kentucky S t a t e Permi t s
Louisiana S t a t e Permits
Maine S t a t e Permits
Mary1and S t a t e Permits
Massachusetts S t a t e Permits

Michigan s t a t e Permits
Minnesota S t a t e Permits
~ i s s i s spip i S t a t e Permits '
M i s s o u r i S t a t e Permits
Montana S t a t e Permits
Nebraska,,S t a t e Permits

Nevada S t a t e Permits
New Hampshire S t a t e Permits
New Jersey S t a t e Permits
New Mexico S t a t e Permits
New York S t a t e Permits

N o r t h C a r o l i n a S t a t e Permits
N o r t h Dakota S t a t e Permits
Ohio S t a t e Permits
Okl ahoma S t a t e Permits
Oregon S t a t e Permits

91 Pennsylvania Sta,te Permi t s

92 Rhode I s l a n d S t a t e Permits
93 South Caro'1.ina S t a t e Permits
94 South Dakota S t a t e Permits
95 Tennessee S t a t e Permits

96 . Texas S t a t e Permits
97 Utah S t a t e Permits
98 Vermont S t a t e Permi t s
99 V i r g i n i a S t a t e .Permits
100 Washington S t a t e Permits
101 West V i r g i n i a S t a t e Permits
102 Wisconsin S t a t e Permits
103 Wyoming S t a t e Permits
104 Local, Required Water Permi t s
105 Local Required A i r Permits
 LIST OF TABLES (Conttd)

Tab1 e Page
-
iY -
Title -
#
106 Local Health and Safety Requirements 48 2
107 , Local Land Use Requirements 483
108 Miscellaneous Local Requirements . , 487
109 Ranking o f Concerns for Two Pro'posed North Ca'rolina 4 90
Refinery ProJects
 INTRODUCTION

The siting of new industrial plants, like petroleum refin-

eries, is a complex issue because of the increasing amount of regulatory
and permitting activities that must be considered by both the govern-
mental agencies and the refiner. There is increased pub1 ic concern and
participation in issues that can affect the environmental and physical
characteristics of a local area.

'
In recent years, there have been over thirteen petroleum refinery
projects scheduled for the East Coast that have been cancelled for environ-
mental reasons. Reaso,ns for cancellation included the adoption of new
state l'aws that prohibited coastal refinery sites, city counci 1 disapproval,
rejection by the state environmental agem ies, and 'in several cases
opposition by local voters. It is quite possible that some of these
cancellations could have been avoided if the state and local government
officials and citizens,were provided with a detailed description of a
petroleum refinery and its direct and indirect impacts upon their local
community, and the'refinery had a better understanding of the respective
regulatory and permitting requirements and bases.

The compilation of a refinery siting workbook addressing the

technical and soc io-economic issues, cegul atory concerns and permitting
activities would allow local .officials to present a reasonable picture
of the impacts associated with refinery construction and operation to
their constituents. This workbook would either verify facts offered by
the refining company or establish a basis for asking additional questtons
from this pre-existing knowledge of the refinery industry.

A parallel benefit from this workbook would be to provide the

refining company.with an understanding of federal, state, and local
' environmental regulations, permitting, and reporting requirements for a
new refinery or an expansion or major modif ication of an existing refinery.
This information would be 'extremely valuable to the small, independent
refiner who does not have the large,. full-time legal and engineering
staffs required to maintain proficiency in these dynamic, evolving areas.

The objective of this effort is to develop and provide basic

ref inery-re1ated information for use by state and local government official:
as a basis for establishing responsible refinery siting requirements and
policies consistent with the federal clean air and water standards and
soc io-economic concerns. The report w i 11 be organized into two volumes.
The main text comprises the basic topics of physical concerns, regulatory
requirements, and permitting activities, while the second volume includes
the detailed appendix materials such as the applicable laws and the
necessary permits as available and a glossary of pertinent terms.
t

As a means to this objective, three refinery sizes, 200,000,

100,000 and 30,000 barrels per day crude charge will be discussed in
technical terms. Process unit configuration w i 1 1 be presented which
will maximize either gasoline or heating oil production with either
sweet or sour crude 011 feedstuckb. Discussions will be directed t n the
ten (10)refinery cases shown below. The two cases not discussed in
detail are considered not to be viable' in most instances for the configura-
tion and size classification.

Maximum Gasoline Maximum Fuel Oil

Crude Feed Rate, Sweet Sour Sweet Sour
Barrel s/Day Crude 0.i 1 Crude Oi 1 Crude O i 1 Crude Oil

The major issues affecting the socio-economic impact of siting

,

the refinery in a given locale will- be presented. These data will review
the factors affecting the human environment and the issues that must
be addressed to assess the impact that a refinery will have on a community.
 The key federal registrations, which impact upon a refinery
siting decision shal.1 be reviewed. Summaries of these regulations and
a simplified decision diagram for the air and water acts shall be
presented to assist both government and refinery officials in understanding
the scope of regulatory impact.

All pertinent procedures required for refinery permitting

shall be reviewed under the generalized headings of air, water, health -..
and safety, land use, and miscellaneous permits. This categorization
at the federal, state and local levels of government shall be used as
a basis for establishing degrees of emphasis. Literature and personal
contacts were used to obtain permit information at all levels of government,
Surveys were conducted at the state and local levels to assist the contact-
ing and compilation of pertinent permits.

The report shall also address both new refinery construction and
major ref-inerymodification or expansion. Where this distinction Is
important in the regulatory and permitting phases, it .shall be noted.
and discussed.

1.3 PROJECT APPROACH

The workbook is presented under three major sections. These are

refinery descriptions stressing unit concepts and physical concerns, regul a-
tory requirements, and permitting activities.

1.3.1 Ref i nery Descri pti on

\There are many ways to define a refinery. Its purpose and flexi-
bility are determined by the type of crude, design basis, and market needs
'among other factors. In order to provide the local or state government
representative faced with refinery decisions in their community with an
understanding about the performance and impacts from such a faci 1 ity, it
is important to define key terms such as crude oil and refinery configuration
and 1 ist .the general technical assumptions.
 - ' &tide o i 1 i s a m i x t u r e of compounds composed o f carbon and
hydiogen c a l l e d hydrocarbons, and various amounts o f s u i f u r , nitrogen,
oxygen:, :-trace metals, .and water. The physical c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f a gi'ven
c r d & o i 1 can range from an almost c l e a r l i q u i d , s i m i l a r t o gasoline, t o a
1 -
p i t c h t h a t i s so viscous i t must be heated t o be pumped. Crude o i l from
geographically r e l a t e d o i l f i e l d s tends t o have s i m i l a r compositions and
proper t.ies .
Crude 01 1s are t y p ' i c a l l y designated as being sweet o r sour and
l i g h t o r heavy. I n . addition, they are c l a s s i f i e d as being p a r a f f i n ,
intermediate, o r naphthene based. For t h e purposes o f t h i s workbook,
,sweet and sour crude o i l s are defined according t o t h e t o t a l s u l f u r content
o f t h e crude o i l .. While t h e r e f i n i n g i n d u s t r y has various d e f i n i t i o n s o f
sweet and sour crude o i 1, sweet crude o i 1 r e f e r s t o crude o i l c o n t a i n i n g I

0.5% o r j e s s 0 7 t o t a l s u l f u r (b4 weight). Sour crude o i l contains more

. .
t h h n i 0 . 5 ~ t p t a l s u l f u r . . Likewise i n t h i s workbook, l i g h t crude o i l i s
d6f
. . 7&d as',having an A P I g r a v i t y of g r e a t e r than 25. Likewise, heavy
, I .

'crude o i 1 has an A P I g r a v i t y of 25 o r less. The crude o i 1 base depends

upon;the predominant type o f hydrocarbon present. For example, extremely
1 ight crude o i l ,(API g r a v i t y greater than 40) i s generally p a r a f f i n based,
. Crude o i l s w i t h API g r a v i t y between 40 and 25 are intermediate based, and
crude o i l s w i t h API g r a v i t y less. than 25 are generally naphthene based.
The vast m a j o r i t y of crude o i l s produced are of intermediate o r naphthene
bases.

The hydrocarbons present i n crude o i l s may be separated by d i s t i l l a -

t i o n i n t o various f r a c t i o n s . While a f r a c t i o n may c o n t a i n many d i f f e r e n t .
hydrocarbon compounds, each f r a c t i o n has the d i s t i n c t i o n o f b o i l i n g w i t h i n
a spec ifi c temperature range. L i g h t e r crude o i l s w i l l produce a l a r g e
p r o p o r t i o n o f f r a c t i o n s t h a t have lower b o i l i n g p o i n t s ( l i g h t f r a c t i o n s )

*See Section 3.1.1 f o r a more d e t a i l e d discussion o f sweet ,and sour crude

o i 1:
and heavier crude o i l s w i l l have a l a r g e proporti0.n o f f r a c t i o n s t h a t b o i l .
a t higher temperatures (heavy f r a c t i o n s ) . I t i s these f r a c t i o n s t h a t are
f u r t h e r processed i n t o t h e f i n a l products. By v a r y i n g process conditions,
and u n i t processes, many d i f f e r e n t f r a c t i 0 n . s can be produced, depending, .

upon t h e f i n a l product requirements.

O f t h e non-hydrocarbon compounds present i n crude o i l , s u l f u r i s

t h e m a t e r i a l o f p r i n c i p a l concern. SuJfur may be present as dissolved,
f r e e s u l f u r , hydrogen s u l f i d e , o r as organic s u l f u r compounds such as
mercaptans. Generally, heavier crude o i l s w i l l have higher s u l f u r concentra-
t i o n s , b u t sweet, heavy crude o i 1s do e x i s t . Other s u l f u r compounds, 1i k e
hydrogen s u l f i d e , may a l s o be formed d u r i n g t h e various r e f i n i n g processes.
S u l f u r compounds can cause severe c o r r o s i o n t o process u n i t s and can be a
major source o f a i r p o l l u t i o n .

The n i t r o g e n and oxygen can a l s o cause c o r r o s i o n o f process

u n i t s and t h e n i t r o g e n can a l s o form ammonia which can cause v i o l a t i o n of
t h e wastewater discharge r e g u l a t i o n s . The t r a c e metals, such as arsenic,
n i c k e l ; and vanadium, may be present i n such concentrations t h a t they are
poisons t o c e r t a i n process c a t a l y s t s . ' The p r o p e r t i e s o f t h e crude o i l are
a l l considered when d e c i d i n g upon t h e o v e r a l l r e f i n e r y design basis.

The purpose of an o i l r e f i n e r y i s t o process t h e crude o i l i n t o

i t s various f r a c t i o n s and then r e f i n e and blend those components t o form
t h e desired f i n i s h e d products. A r e f i r i e r y c o n s i s t s o f a number o f modules
o r un,its, each w i t h a s p e c i f i c purpose, i n t e g r a t e d i n t o a processing
sequence. The a c t u a l r.ef inery conf ig u r a t i o n and s i z e w i 11 depend upon. t h e
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e crude o i l and t h e desired f i n a l product mix.
Product mix i s h?ghly dependent on t h e market f o r t h e various products.
T h e o r e t i c a l l y , i t i s p o s s i b l e t o produce v i r t u a l l y any petrol.eum product
from any crude o i l . Thus, heavy crude o i l s may be used t o produce l i g h t e r
products such as gas01 ine. ow ever, economics p l a y an important r o l e i n
r e f i n i n g and i t i s more economical t o use 1i g h t e r 'crude o i l s f o r producing
l i g h t e r products. Therefore, a r e f i n e r y w i l l be designed t o make maximum
use o f t h e expected range of crude o i l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s .
 -
While most r e f i n e r i e s have f l e x i b i l i t y as t o t h e types o f crude
o i l s ' t h a t can be processed, 'a s i g n i f i c a n t change i n t h e , c r u d e o i l c h a r a c t e r -
i s t i c s may r e s u l t i n reduced p r o d u c t i o n o f c e r t a i n products o r n e c e s s i t a t e
ma.jor process and equipment m o d i f i c a t i o n s . For example, a r e f i n e r y designed
t o process sweet crude o i l may be incapable o f processing sour crude o i l
due t o (1) t h e metallur.gy o f t h e equipment may n o t be a b l e t o handle t h e
c o r r o s i o n caused by t h e s u l f u r present, and (2) t h e f a c i l i t i e s may n o t
e x i s t t o handle t h e increased , s u l f u r removal requirements. Siniilarly, a refinery
designed t o produce g a s o l i n e from l i g h t crude o i l may n o t be a b l e t o m a i n t a i n
gas01 i n e p r o d u c t i o n i f i t s w i t r h e s t o heavy crude o i l , , due t o a decrease.
i n t h e g a s o l i n e components present i n t h e crude o i l and t h e l a c k o f f a c i l i t i e s
t o c o n v e r t t h e heavier crude o i l i n t o lower b o i l i n g f r a c t i o n s . Therefore, t h e
d e c i s i o n s as t o t h e t y p e o f r e f i n e r y and t h e process sequence o r c o n f i g u r a - .

t i o n t o be .employed i s h e a v i l y dependent upon t h e expected c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s

of t h e crude n i l and, t h e economics o f processing t h e crude o i ' l i n t o t h e
v a r i o u s prod,ucts.

Due t o t h e requirements o f t h e r e f i n i n g operations, a b a r r e l o f

crude o i l does n o t become a b a r r e l o f p r o d u c t a v a i l a b l e f o r s a l e . This i s
not t o imply inherent inefficiency. Factors such as t h e g e n e r a t i o n o f l i g h t
ends which a r e used f o r r e f i n i n g f u e l and t h e use o f a p o r t i o n o f c e r t a i n
petroleum f r a c t i o n s as feedstocks f o r i n t e r n a l r e f i n e r y uses such as i n
hydrogen manufacturing o r as f u e l raesult s i n i ~ p p r o x i m a t o l y9 5 h f t h e 1n i t i a l
b a r r e l o f crude o i l becoming f i n i s h e d , s a l e a b l e product. I f a larye dn~ount
o f c r a c k i n g and r e f o r m i n g i s r e q u i r e d , such as i n t h e p r o d u c t i u t ~o r unleaded
gasoline, a great-er amount o f l i g h t ends a r e produced and t h e o v e r a l l recovery
would be lower t h a n t h e 95%. S i m i l a r l y , i f f u e l o i l i s t h e major product,
o v e r a l l r e c o v e r i e s a r e higher due t o t h e l e s s severe processing c o n d i t i o n s .
 . .
.
The remaining parts of this section detail the overall.ch'aracter-
istics of example refineries of various capacities processing sweet
and sour crude oi 1. One example refinery maximizes gas01 ine production
while the other maximizes the production of fuel oi 1. These 'example
refinery configurations are shown in.Figures 1-4, and explained in detai 1
in Section 3.1. The process units required to produce a certain product
mix do not change with design throughput. -Therefore, these four figures
characterize the process sequence for the ten refinery discussion cases.
It should be emphasized that there is no "typical" refinery; however,
example refineries are offered in this document for illustrative purposes.
While actual refineries will have similar types of units, some may be .

deleted and the overall configuration may be modified. The basic unit
descriptions presented in Section 2 wi 11, however, sti 1 1 be appl icable.
Data presented in Section 3 include:

.. Costs of refinery construction cases

Required utilities, labor and land
. Wastes generated and pollution control methods
Noise and physical appearance
Soc io-economic impacts .

1.3.2 Requlatory Requirements

There are three federal regulations which have a major impact

upon refinery siting, construction, modification or expansion planning and
decisions. These are:
National Environmental Policy Act
. Clean Air Act
Federal Water Pollution Control Act.

Sumnaries of these regulations and a simplified decision d i a g r m

are presented in Section 4.0 to assist both government and ref fnery officials
in understanding regulatory impacts on refinery siting and expansion considera-
tions. Following these summary items, a review of the legislation highlighting
the specific areas pertinent to refinery activity is developed. The law,
or sections thereof, and other relevant material is tabulated in the
Append i x .
 --
-
FIGURE 2
-
GASOLINE REFINERY S W E E T CRUDE OIL I
 Lesser regulations, with respect t o refinery s i t i n g , such as the
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, Toxic Substances Control Act,
Endangered Species Act, Wild and Scenic River Act, will be b r i e f l y men-
tioned and summarized as necessary. One of these acts often plays a
s i g n i f i c a n t role in refinery s i t i n g b u t only a t the s i t e specific level.
With the general approach f o r t h i s workbook, detailed development does not
appear warranted.

1.3.3 Permitting Activity

The permitting requirements (Section 5.0) of the federal, s t a t e ,

and local levels were reviewed from the l i t e r a t u r e , personal contacts, and
mai led surveys. Successfu 1 , unsucces'sful , and presently pending appl ications
f o r s i t i n g ref ineri'es were considered t o identify 1ssues and concerns by
each level of government. This e f f o r t established the areas emphasized i n
the' permitting section.
I

I
A t the federal level, agencies were contacted who have processed
refinery s i t i n g permits t o discuss major concerns and obtain background
. documents r e l a t i n g t o specific s i t i n g attempts. A l i s t of federal-permits
r.equired has also been compiled and placed in the Appendlx o f t h i b wor\kb~ok
with as many of the required forms as possible t o show both government and
petroleum industry o f f i c i a l s the level u f Srirormation required.

A t t h e s t a t e l e v e l , we contacted, by mailed questionnaire, each

I
s t a t e t o learn specific requirements f o r refinery s i t i n g . . The l e t t e r
contained a research format enclosure requesting the s t a t e s 'to 'tabu1 a t e
the, t t i n g requirements. In these l e t t e r s , care was exerc ised so as
not t o imply t h a t specif.ic s i t i n g plans were represented. Response was
mixed and frequent follow-up. requests were needed. . .

A t a b l e was prepared t o s u m a r i z e the primary permit review

agencies f o r a1 1 ,50 s t a t e s . The agencies, ,are presented under the f o l lowing
general permit-.granting headings:
I
 Air
Water
Health and Safety
Land Use
Miscellaneous.

At the local level, the permitting activity is quite variable.

Since there are but a relatively few areas throughout the country with
refinery experience, a survey technique was adopted in an attempt to cover
a1 1 types of local refinery experience. A research questionnaire was sent
to all localities identified in a recent Department of Energy report who
have rcfinery permit activity in the l d s t five years to determine i f any
procedures were established as a result of the application. Second, a
similar questionnaire was sent to cities with populations of 100,000 or
more to determine the range of procedures and preparations. Finally, of 26
cities were sent a questionnaire who may. add further depth. to questionnaires
were sent to 26 select cities who might add further depth to the survey or
have pertinent refinery permit kxposure due to past actions or location.

Representative tables were developed under the general permit

headings listed above for the local permitting,process. Ten to fifteen
.example cities are listed from the survey responses under each of the five
titles. Cities with refinery experience or from the se.1ect list should
generally be preferred. The tables were developed along the lines of
listing the form of local government, refinery experience status, and
other si'gnificant parameters to aid the report reader identify cities with
parallel refinery experience as the one under specific consideration.
 .,_

2.0 PROCESS UNIT DESCRIPTIONS

2.1 CRUDE OIL DISTILLATION UNIT

The crude oil distillation unit is normally the first refinery

unit to process the crude oil. In this unit, distillation serves as the
basic method for separating the crude petroleum into various fractions
that can then be.refined into final products.

As shown in Figure 5, the crude oil is pumped from tankage,

preheated by heat exchange with various product streams (fractions) to
about 200-2500F and sent to the desalter. The purpose of desalting I s
to remove inorganic salts from crude oil so that these salts will not
cause plugging of exchangers, coking o f furnaces and corrosion. The
process also removes the soluble trace metals present in the water phase .
which act as poisons to process catalysts. The most widely used desalting
p r 0 c e s s . i ~electrostatic desalting. In this process, chemicals and
water,are added to the crude oil and'oil/water separation -is carried out
by gravity differential in the presence of a high voltage electrostatic
field. The field helps to agglomerate the water droplets, which contain
the salts, and thus separate the water from the oil. The oil is removed
from the top of the desalter vessel, and the water from the bottom. The
.water is sent to the wastewater treatment plant.
0

The crude oil is then pumped through additional heat exchangers

at the vacuum unit and then through the crude oil furnace where the.oi1
is further heated to 650-7000F. The hot crude oil is then fed to the.
crude oil distillation column commonly knbwn as the atmospheric distilla-
tion column. This column is typically a cylindrical tower 10 to 30 feet
in diameter and can be up to 100 feet high and operates at 5 to 20 psig.

As shown in Figure 5, the column separates (distill's) the

crude oil into product streams having specific boiling point ranges.'
The higher the boiling point, the "heavierN the fraction. Depending
upon the subsequent refinery process scheme, these streams commonly are
1 ight ends. (lowest boi 1 ing points), . naphthas, midd1.e disti 1 1 ates, gas
 . FIGURE.^
. .
CRUDEOIL DISTILLATIONUNIT
CRUDE OIL
FROM TANKAGE . .
-
1
lo----o)
I!

GAS TO FUEL
GAS. SYSTEM '

CRUDE OIL
DISTILL ATlON
COLUMN WATER TO WASTEWATER

VACUUM UNIT HEAT EXCHANGERS

 o i l , and crude o i l u n i t residuum- ( h i g h e s t b o i l i n g p o i n t ) . Some o f t h e
heavier streams are o f t e n i n d i v i d u a l l y steam s t r i p p e d t o f u r t h e r remove
t h e l i g h t m a t e r i a l t h a t may s t i l l be present a f t e r d i s t i l l a t i o n . The
amount o f each f r a c t i o n depends upon i n i t i a1 composition o f t h e crude
o i 1 and t h e o p e r a t i n g c o n d i t i o n s o f t h e tower." (A .1i g h t e r crude o i l
w i l l produce a g r e a t e r p r o p o r t i o n o f l i g h t f r a c t i o n s . )

F o l l o w i n g d i s t i l l a t i o n , t h e crude o i l d i s t i l l a t i o n u n i t pro-
d u c t streams can b e " f u r t h e r processed by a number o f schemes. - For exam-
ple, d i s t i l l a t e s can be separated by f u r t h e r d i s t i l l a t i o n t o make f i n i s h e d
products such as d i e s e l f u e l , kerosene and j e t f u e l . Gas o i l s can be
cracked t o form 1i g h t e r , lower b o i 1i n g compounds which may be blended
i n t o gasolines o r recovered d i r e c t l y as h e a t i n g o i l . The processing
scheme chosen i s d i c t a t e d by t h e q u a l i t y of t h e crude o i l a v a i l a b l e and
t h e demands o f t h e geographical area where t h e products are t o be marketed.

2.2 VACUUM DISTILLATION ,UNIT ,

A vacuum d i s t i l l a t i o n u n i t i s shown i n F i g u r e 6. The.feed t o

t h i s u n i t i s t h e bottoms from t h e crude o i l d i s t i l l a t i o n column. The
h o t feed i s f i r s t heated i n a furnace t o 700-750°F and then charged t o
t h e vacuum d i s t i l l a t i o n column. T h i s column operates a t 735-660 m Hg
vacuum, (760 mm Hg i s atmospheric pressure).* The vacuum i n t h e column
can be produced by u s i n g steam e j e c t o r s o r vacuum pumps. ( F i g u r e 6
shows steam e j e c t o r s .) The combination o f h i g h temperature and reduced
pressure .causes a d d i t i o n a l d i s t i 11a t i o n t o t a k e p l ace which cannot occur
, a t atmospheric pressure.

The product streams from t h e vacuum tower t y p i c a l l y a r e l i g h t

vacuum gas o i l , heavy vacuum gas o i l , and vacuum tower bottoms. The .

tower a l s o produces a stream o f l i g h t e r m a t e r i a l which commonly i s col-

l e c t e d as an overhead product o i l . T h i s o i l t y p i c a l l y i s sent t o t h e
" s l o p o i l ! ' c o l l e c t i o n system. T h i s recovered " s l o p " o i l can be r e p r o -
cessed through t h e crude o i l d i s t l l a t i o n u n i t o r sent t o o t h e r o i l pro-
cessing u n i t s .

*m Hg = m i l l i m e t e r s o f mercury.
 FIGURE6
VACUUM DISTILLATIONUNIT
1

CRUDE OIL
FROM DESALTER

HYDROCARBON VAPORS ,TO

VAPOR RECOVERY. FLARE,
OR FUEL GAS SYSTEM

SLOP OIL SYSTEM

WATER TO SOUR
WATER STRIPPER OR
wASTEWATER TREATMENT

CRUDE OIL
DISTILLATION
COLUMN BOT TOMS

WCWM GAS OIL

WUJM COLUMN BOTTOMS

CRUDE O k TO CRUDE
OIL DlSTLLATlON UNIT
 The product streams from the vacuum distillation unit can be
further processed depending upon.the desired products and the sulfur
content of the crude. While the vacuum gas oil product can be sent to
hydrocracking or catalytic cracking, it may be recovered directly as
heating'fuel oil and would not require further processing. The vacuum
column bottoms, in addition to being sent to the coker, may a.1~0be sent
to the fuel oil blending where it is recovered as bunker fuel oil. If a
low sulfur bunker fuel oil is required, the vacuum bottoms may be desul
furized prior to blending.

2.3 HYDROTREATING UNIT

Hydrotreating (also known as hydrodesulfurization) is a catal-

ytic process used to remove sulfur, nitrogen, olefins, arsenic and lead
from liquid petroleum fractions. Typically, hydrotreating units are
employed ahead of such processes as catalytic reforming since the catalyst
used in reforming will be rendered inactive if the feed contains sulfur,
nitrogen, olefins or metals. Hydrotreating may also be used prior to
catalytic cracking to reduce the sulfur emissions from the regenerator
and improve product yields. It may also be employed to upgrade petroleum
f r a c t i o n s into finished products such as kerosene, diesel fuel and
heating oil. Hydrotreating generally removes over 90% of the above
contaminants.

Sulfur removal is accompl ished by contacting the untreated

petroleum fractions with hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst. The
reaction converts the sulfur to hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and the nitrogen
to ammonia (NH3). The H2S and NH3 are separated from the 1 iquid frac-
tion by vapor-liquid separation. In addition, there will be some
saturation (removal) of olefins which also will consume hydrogen. The
degree of olefin saturation will depend upon the severity of the hydro-
treating.

Hydrotreating processes are used on a wide range of feedstocks

from naphthas to heavy residual oils (see Figures 1 and 2). In general,
hydrotreating of process streams from sour crude oil requires greater
q u a n t i t i e s of hydrogen and more severe operating conditions ( h i gher
hydrogen pressures and lower space v e l o c i t i e s ) than does hydrotreat.ing -
of sweet crude o i l fractions. The hydrotreating of the heavier process
streams (such as d i s t i l l a t e s or r e s i d ) consumes more hydrogen than does
P

the t r e a t i n g of the l i g h t e r streams (such as naphtha).

Periodically, the hydrotreating unit c a t a l y s t loses a c t i v i t y

due t o the deposition of coke on the c a t a l y s t p a r t i c l e s , and must be
regenerated. Regeneration c o n s i s t s of burni-ng off t h i s coke under ,con-
t r o l led conditions. Typical ly, regeneration i s required when the
cumulative amount of feedstock processed i s equivalent t o about 100-200
barrels of oil/lb of c a t a l y s t . This i s dependent upon the amount of
sulfur present, the c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of the feedstock, and the severity
of the operating conditions. In many r e f i n e r i e s hydrotreating c a t a l y s t s
.are regenerated every one to three years.

Figure 7 shows a typical hydrotreating process. The feed i s

mixed with fresh makeup and recycled hydrogen, heated, and fed t o the
c a t a l y t i c reactor where the sulfur and nitrogen are converted t o H2S and
NH3. he hydrogen. required f o r the desu lfurization i s suppl ied by the
c a t a l y t i c reforming unit and ( i f required) a hydrogen plant.

The product then goes t o the high pressure separator where the
excess hydrogen i s flashed off and recycled t o the reactor. The liquid
then passes t o the low pressure separator where the HzS, NH3, non-' '

condensible gases, and additional hydrogen are removed. The gas from
the low pressure separator i s treated t o remove the H2S, and the treated
gas goes t o the fuel gas t r e a t i n g system. The liquid product from the
1,ow pressure separator i s then fed t o a s t a b i l i z e r where the remaining
l i g h t material i s stripped off and sent t o the fuel gas system, and the
liquid product goes t o further.processing or storage. The product from
naphtha hydrotreat ing is sent to a naphtha spl i t t e r ( f r a c t i o n a t i o n )
where the l i g h t and heavy naphtha streams are separated. Heavier hydro-
treated f r a c t i o n s ( i .e., g a s ' o i l s ) can be sent t o cracking operations
f o r f u r t h e r processing, or recovered as f i n a l products.
 LIGHT ENDS TO

FEE

WATER TO SOUR
I WATER STRIPPING
UNlr
 For c a t a l y s t regeneration, some r e f i n e r i e s provide swing
r e a c t o r s t h a t can 'be taken out o f s e r v i c e f o r c a t a l y s t regeneration
and t h e r e f o r e do n o t r e q u i r e a shutdown t o regenerate t h e c a t a l y s t .

2.4 CATALYTIC REFORMING UNIT

C a t a l y t i c r e f o r m i n g i s a process used t o upgrade low octane

heavy naphthas t o produce h i g h octane gas01 i n e ' b l e n d i n g stocks o r h i g h
y i e l d s o f aroinatic hydrocarbdns f o r petrochemical use ( i e . , benzene).
The f i n a l product w i l l depend upon such v a r i a b l e s as r e a c t o r temperature
and pressure, t h e c a t a l y s t used, and hydrogen r e c y c l e r a t e . Reforming
c a t a l y s t s are r e a d i l y deactivated (poisoned) by s u l f u r and t h e feed
must be hydrotreated ( d e s ' u l f u r i z e d ) p r i o r t o being charged t o t h e reform-
ing unit. Typical c a t a l y s t s are platinum based, b u t o t h e r metals may be
used.

Due t o t h e process c o n d i t i o n s , reformer c a t a l y s t s must be

regenerated more f r e q u e n t l y than h y d r o t r e a t i n g c a t a l y s t . I n some r e f i n -
e r i e s , spent c a t a l y s t i s replaced r a t h e r than heing regenerated, b u t
t h i s p r a c t i c e i s u s u a l l y economically p r o h i b i t i v e .

A t y p i c a l c a t a l y t i c r e f ~ r m i n g ~ u n ii st shown i n F i g u r e 8. The
naphtha feed i s mixed w i t h r e c y c l e d hydrogen r i c h gas heated i n a furnace
and f e d t o t h e f i r s t r e a c t o r . Since t h e r e f o r m i n g r e a c t i o n r e q u i r e s
heat, (endothermic), t h e r e a c t o r product must be reheated before e n t e r i n g
t h e next r e a c t o r . This process i s repeated f o r t h r e e r e a c t o r s . The
l i q u i d product then passes t o a separator t o remove t h e hydrogen r i c h
gas and then t o a s t a b i l i z e r f o r f i n a l separation o f l i g h t gases and
product. The reformate product then goes t o storage f o r b l e n d i n g i n t o
gasoline. The l i g h t gases, c o n s i s t i n g o f m o s t l y propane and butane are
sent t o l i g h t ends recovery.

As shown i n F i g u r e 8, a swing r e a c t o r i s provided t o a l l o w f o r

c a t a l y s t regeneratlon w i t h o u t t h e need t o shut t h e u n i t down o r l o s s of
capacity. As i n h y d r o t r e a t i n g , d u r i n g t h e r e f o r m i n g process, coke i s
deposited upon t h e c a t a l y s t p a r t i c l e s . he regeneration process c o n s i s t s
 . I

FIGURE8
CATALYTICREFORMINGUNIT
------- ---------- ------ r-;\
--) --) y e,y>REGENEFUTION
_ GAS
f- TO TREATING .

COMPRESSOR . . . ,
 o f b u r n i n g o f f t h i s coke under c o n t r o l l e d c o n d i t i o n s . The gases (con-
s i s t i n g p r i m a r i l y o f CO2) from regeneration are then sent t o gas t r e a t -
i n g f o r p a r t i c u l a t e removal before being discharged t o t h e atmosphere. "

2.5 FLUID CATALYTIC CRACKING UNIT (FCCU)

F l u i d c a t a l y t i c c r a c k i n g i s a low pressure process which uses

h i g h temperatures i n t h e presence o f a c a t a l y s t t o break o r crack heavier,
h i g h e r b o i 1i n g petroleum f r a c t i o n s i n t o 1ighter more valuable m a t e r i a l s .
The process c a t a l y s t i s continuously regenerated and depending upon t h e
s u l f u r content, t h e u n i t feed may be d e s u l f u r i z e d p r i o r ' t o processing.

A t y p i c a l FCCU is,shown i n F i g u r e 9. While t h e r e are numerous

FCCU designs c u r r e n t l y i n use, they employ t h e s i m i l a r o p e r a t i n g p r i n c i -
p l e s . Fresh feed i s preheated through heat exchange w i t h t h e u n i t product
streams. It i s f u r t h e r heated t o process temperature i n a f i r e d heater,
mixed w i t h regenerated c a t a l y s t and f e d through t h e f r e s h feed r i s e r t o
t h e r e a c t o r . The f l o w and temperature c o n d i t i o n s i n t h e r i s e r and r e a c t o r
are c a r e f u l l y c o n t r o l l e d t o vaporize t h e feed and achieve t h e d e s i r e d
degree o f cracking. Since t h e m a j o r i t y o f t h e c r a c k i n g occurs i n t h e
r i s e r , t o o s h o r t o f a residence time i n t h e r i s e r w i l l r e s u l t i n too
l i t t l e cracking; t o o l o n g a residence time w i l l overcrack t h e m a t e r i a l .
I n t h e r e a c t o r , t h e c r a c k i n g process i s completed and t h e hydrocarbon
vapors pass through cyclones t o remove e n t r a i n e d c a t a l y s t and then t o
the fractionator. The f r a c t i o n a t o r separates t h e cracked product i n t o
t h e various streams. Reactor temperatures are t y p i c a l l y 950 t o 14000F
and pressures a r e 10 t o 20 psig.

Due t o t h e s e v e r i t y o f t h e c r a c k i n g o p e r a t i o n conditions,
c a t a l y s t must be c o n t i n u o u s l y regenerated t o remove coke which i s formed
on t h e c a t a l y s t as a by-product o f t h e process. Spent c a t a l y s t i s d i s -
charged from t h e r e a c t o r , steam s t r i p p e d t o remove e n t r a i n e d hydro-
, carbons, and f e d t o t h e regenerator. , A i r i s f e d t o t h e regenerator
and, due t o t h e h i g h c a t a l y s t temperature, t h e coke i s burned o f f t h e
c a t a l y s t and forms. a m i x t u r e of CO and C02. The heat from coke combus-
t i o n serves t o m a i n t a i n a . h o t c a t a l y s t bed. The regenerator f l u e gases
are passed through cyclones t o a CO boiler t o burn the carbon monoxide
to.carbon diox'ide and recover heat and generate steam. The .regenerated
c a t a l y s t i s then returned . t o ' t h e feed r i s e r . Operating conditions.in
the regenerator range from 1100 t o 1300°F and 10 t o 25 psig.

2.6 HYDROCRACKING UNIT

Hydrocracking d i f f e r s from f l u i d c a t a l y t i c cracking in t h a t

hydrogen i s used i n the cracking process and the process pressures are
substantially higher (500-4500 psig) . Temperatures are, however, some-
what lower (500-5500F) and a ,different type of c a t a l y s t i s employed.
This process i s useful p a r t i c u l a r l y f o r sour feedstocks in t h a t a high
degree of desulfurization i s accomplished i n the reactor and therefore
hydrotreating of sour feeds ahead of the process may not be required.
The process produces high quality gasoline and d i s t i l l a t e s and accepts a
wide variety of feedstocks including naphthas, gas o i l s , and heavy
aromatic feedstocks t h a t could cause severe coking i f 'fed t o the FCCU.

A typical hydrocracking unit i s shown i n Figure 10. While

Figure 10 shows a two-stage system, single stage processes are also
used, primarily with sweet (low s u l f u r ) feedstocks. Feed i s mixed with
hydrogen, heated, and fed t o the f i r s t reactor. In t h i s stage, depending
upon conditions, some cracking of hydrocarbons occurs, b u t the principal
reactions are the conversion o f . s u l f u r t o H2S and the nitrogen t o NH3.
The f i r s . t stage effluent i s cooled and fed t o the two stage, high pres-
sure separator where the hydrogen-rich gases and l i g h t ends are removed.
The product from the f i r s t reactor i s then mixed with recycle fractiona-
t o r bottoms and additional hydrogen and fed t o the second stage reactor
where the cracking reactions are completed.

The second stage reactor products t h e n ' a r e fed t o another two-

stage separator where f u r t h e r removal o f ' hydrogen and 1i ght ends i s
accomplished. The liquid product i s then fed t o the fractionator where
the liquid product i s separated into the various product streams.
HYDROGEN
MAKEUP LIGHT ENDS TO ACID
GAS TREATING

TO LIGHT ENDS RECOVERY

LIGHT GASOLINE

GAS OIL
FEED
HEAVY GASOLINE

MID-DISTILLATE

FRACTIONATOR .

I
FUEL

L
' OIL RECYCLE
2.7 DELAYED COKING UNIT

Delayed coking i s another type of cracking process which does

not employ a c a t a l y s t or hydrogen. The process i s described as a thermal
cracking proc,ess in that the cracking i s accomplished a t high, tempera-
ture (900-9500F) and low pressures (20 t o 60 psig). Feedstocks t o coking
units typically are heavy bottom products from the vacuum unit and heavy
cycle o i l s from c a t a l y t i c cracking.

A delayed coking unit i s shown i n Figure 11. The fresh charge

i s fed d i r e c t l y t o the fraction.ator where the feed combines w i t h the
heavy recycle. The combined feed (fractionator bottoms) then i s pumped
'

t o the coker furnace where i t i s heated t o coking temperature. This

'heating produces p a r t i a1 vaporization and mild cracking. The 1 iquid-
vapor mixture then enters the coke drum where the liquid undergoes f u r t h e r
cracking u n t i l i t i s converted t o hydrocarbon vapor and coke. The vapor
i s further cracked as i t passes upward through the coke bed.

The coke drum overhead vapor then enters t h e fractionator and

i s separated into coker off gas, coker naphtha, and l i g h t and heavy
coker gas o i l s , which are withdrawn as products. The unreacted material
i s recycled from the bottom of the fractionator and combined with fresh
feed 'for another pass through the system. The unit recovers heat b y
generating steam in the fractionator side pumparound.

The coking unit typically has a t l e a s t two coke drums b u t may

have more t o accommodate higher feedrates. In the normal operation of a
two-drum system, one drum i s i n serv-ice while the other' i s being decoked.

Decoking i s a two-step process in which the coke i s f i r s t

cooled and then removed from the drum. In the cooling step, saturated
steam and water are injected into the bottom of the drum. This cools
the coke and removes v o l a t i l e hydrocarbon vapors. The water vapor-
hydrocarbon vapor mixture passes t g a separator where i t i s condensed.
The separator discharges a vapor stream of non-condensible hydrocarbons
which i s used as heater f u e l , a water stream which i s , used in the second
decoking step, and a liquid hydrocarbon stream which i s recovered as
slop oi 1 .

When the coke i s cool, the drumhead i s removed and coke removal
(decoking) begins. F i r s t , a high pressure water d r i l l i s used ' t o bore a
p i l o t hole in the coke bed4. Upon completion o f ' t h e p i l o t hole, the
d r i 11 b i t i s changed t o one with specially designed water sprays which
loosen ( c u t ) the coke from the drum. The coke and water drop from the
drum into a p i t where the coke dewaters and the c u t t i n g water i s
recovered f o r reuse. Excess water i s discharged t o the wastewater t r e a t -
ment plant. The coke i s then removed from the p i t by heavy loading
equipment e i t h e r t o storage p i l e s or d i r e c t l y onto hauling equipment..

2.8 HY DROFLUORIC ACID (HF) ALKYLATION UNIT

The purbose of the alkylation unit i s t o convert unsaturated

propylene, b"tylene and isobutane, in the presence of a hydrofluoric
acid c a t a l y s t , * into a material c a l l e d alkylate which i s blended into
gasoline. Propyleze and butylene are produced by the f l u i d c a t a l y t i c
cracking unit and isobutane i s recovered from the l i g h t ends recovery ..

.
unit . The alkyl a t e product, when' blended into gasol ine, wi 11 o f f e r a
good octane r a t i n g which i s especially important in the production of
unleaded gasol ine. Unit operating conditions are typically 100 t o 125
psig, and 90 t o 1200F, in the reactor, 40 t o 100 psig, and 2800F, in the
f r a c t i o n a t o r , and 300 t o 390.psig, and 4000F, in the HF s t r i p p e r . A
typ.ica1 HF alkylation u n i t i s shown in Figure 12.

The unit feed containing principal>ly propylene and butylene

i s mixed with recycled acid and isobutane and fed t o a r e a c t o r - s e t t l e r
where a1 kylation reaction take's place. The hydrocarbon phase i s with-
drawn t o .a fTactionator where the a1 kylate product i s separated from the
unreacted feed, entrained c a t a l y s t , and the propane and n-butane t h a t
are formed by the reaction. The product alkylate may f i r s t be debutanized
i f necessary, or be pumped d i r e c t l y t o storage or gasol'ine blending.

*Alternative processes inay use s u l f u r l c acid rather than HF,.

 The fractionator overhead product i s condensed and col lected
in an overhead separator .where propane-rich and ac id-rich f r a c t i o n s are
formed. A portion of the propane-rich material i s recycled d i r e c t l y t o
the f r a c t i o n a t o r , and the remainder i s fed t o the HF s t r i p p e r t o separate
the HF and the 1iquefied petroleum gas ( L P G ) product. The.LPG i s usually
sent t o a caustic wash t o neutralize any acid t h a t may be present and
then t o storage. The acid-rich fraction from the overhead separator i s
recycled and mixed with the incoming feed.

The alkylation unit usually also includes an HF regenerator

which continuously p u r i f i e s a small sidesstream of acid. The t a r t h a t
i s formed in the regenerator may be disposed of by incineration or neutralized
with lime and handled as a so1.ld waste.

LIGHT NAPHTHA ISOMERIZATION

, The l i g h t naphtha isomerization unit i s used t o convert l i g h t

naphtha into a motor fuel blending stock cal led isomerates. The components
of the light'naphtha fraction are primarily normal pentane and normal
hexane. ~somerizationi s employed t o ii.lcl-ease thc octane r a t i n g of
pentane and hexane by converting them from the s t r a i g h t chain hydrocarbons
form t o t h e i r branched chain isomers. The process uses a platinum
containing c a t a l y s t in the presence of hydrogen t o a f f e c t the isomerization
reaction. Operating pressures in the reactor range from 300 t o 400
psig and temperatures , a r e typical ly 250-400°F. Figure 13 shows' a typical
l i g h t naphtha isomeritat-ion unit.

In t h i s process, desulfurized pentane-hexane mixtures are fed

t o t h e deisopentanizers t o remove any isopentane present in the feed.
The i s 0 p e n t a n e . j ~removed overhead and combined d i r e c t l y with the pro-
duct isomerate. The n-pentane and n-hexane mixture i s then dried, mixed
w i t h an organic chloride c a t a l y s t promoter and hydrogen, and fed t o the
reactor.* The hydrogen assists' in naintaining reactor pressure and helps

I .
*The purpose of the.promoter i s t o increase the a c t i v i t y of the c a t a l y s t
and increase the r a t e of reaction.
 to saturate any olefins or aromatics that may be present. The product
is cooled and fed to a separator where excess hydrogen is removed to be
recycled. The product is then fed to a stabilizer to remove 1 ight ends.
The light ends are scrubbed with caustic to remove any hydrochloric acid
(HC1) that may have been formed by the reaction. The stabilizer bottom
product can then be sent directly into gas01 ine blending or may be fur-
ther fractionated to remove unreacted normal pentane and normal hexane
for recyc le.

2.10 HYDROGEN PRODUCTION UNIT

Hydrogen is used as a reactant iii numeruus refinery units in-

cluding hydrotreating, isomeritation and hydrocracking. The most widely
used method for producing hydrogen is steam reforming of available hydro-
carbons such as natural gas, refinery fuel gas, propane, butane, or
desulfurized light 'naphtha. Hydrogen is also produced in the refinery
as a by-product in the catalytic reforming process. However, when process-
ing sour crudes, reforming processes will probably not produce sufficient
quantities of hydrogen to meet the refinery needs, and, therefore, additional
hydrogen production is required.

The sequence of processing steps for hydro-gen production by

steam reforming is sulfur removal, reforming, shift conversion, carbon
dioxide absorption and methanation. In addition, the hydrogen generation
process produces sufficient.high-pressure and low-pressure by-pr0duc.t
steam to satti& a1 1 the needs of the process. A typical flow diagram
is shown in Figure 14. The feed to the plant normally, contains traces
of sulfur which are removed by adsorption on activated carbon. Sulfur
removal is required because the process ~atalyst is poisoned (deactivated)
, by sulfur. Two carbon beds are used, normally operating in parallel
flow. During regeneration, one bed is valved out of the normal flow for
'

regeneration, while the other bed remains onstream. Upon completion of

regeneration, the sequence is reversed, Carbon regeneration is accomplished
by heating the carbon with steam to remove the absorbed sulfur. The
steam is then condensed and sent to the sour water stripper.
 The sulf ur-free gas i s preheated i n the upper (convect ion)
- s e c t i o n of the reformer furnace and then mixed with high pressure steam.
The mixed gas flows downward through c a t a l y s t - f i l l e d tubes in the lower
(radian) where the steam reacts with methane and other hydrocarbons
t o produce hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide. The high-
temperature effluent gas from the reformer furnace' flows through a
waste heat boiler which produces high-pressure steam t h a t i s mixed
with fresh feed. Additional high-pressure steam i s ,generated in the
convection section of the furnace. About three-quarters of the t o t a l
hydrogen product i s produced in the forming reaction. The mixture
then passes t o the two-stage s h i f t conversion reactors. In these reactors
the carbon monoxide and water are c a t a l y t i c a l l y reacted t o form C02
and hydrogen.

The reaction i s highly exothermic (heat producing) and the

f i r s t stage reactor c a t a l y s t i s a high temperature c a t a l y s t . Excess
heat i s a hinderance t o the reaction and i s removed.from the product
between the stages by generating low pressure steam. The second-stage
s h i f t converter emplays a lnw t.~mppratirrec a t a l y s t . Tho lower tempera=
t u r e conditions allow the reaction t o go t o completi.on.

The crude hydrogen gas from the s h i f t converter i s f u r t h e r

cooled and passed through a condensate knockout drum. From here i t i s
sent t o the C02 absorp'tion system t o remove any remaining C02. The
system shown i s a typical C02 absorption system using MEA (monoethanol
arnine) as the absorbent. Many other absorbents are, however, available.

The crude hydrogen i s f i r s t mixed wi* a portion of the

regenerated MEA, cooled and fed t o the center of the tower. The remain-
ing MEA i s pumped t o the top of the absorption tower. I n the tower the
remaining carbon dioxide i s removed from the gas stream. The hydrogen
i s then passed from the top of the absorption tower through the convection
section of the reforming furnaces t o the methanator. The carbon dioxide-
rich MEA passes from the absorber to the MEA s t r i p p e r where the solution
i s heated and the carbon dioxide i s driven o f f . The stripped MEA i s
then returned t o the absorption system and the carbon dioxide i s vented
t o the atmos~here.
.. .
- .
. . . -
. .' - . .-
.. . Methanation i.s a h i g h temperature (600°F) c a t a l y t i c process
which converts any remaining carbon monoxide and'carbon d i o x i d e t o
methane by t h e r e a c t i o n w i t h a p o r t i o n of t h e hydrogen.. F o l l o w i n g
methanation, t h e hydrogen i s compressed and pressures may range from 200
p s i g f o r naphtha h y d r o t r e a t i n g t o 3500 p s i g f o r h y d r o t r e a t i n g residuum.

Another c a t a l y t i c process t h a t i s c u r r e n t l y being used f o r

hydrogen'production i s t h e p a r t i a l o x i d a t i o n o f r e s i d u a l o i l s . Feed t o
these u n i t s t y p i c a l l y are. b o t t o m p r o d u c t s from t h e vacuum tower o r heavy
coker gas o i l , which avoids t h e necessity o f u s i n g naphtha o r o t h e r more
valuable hydrocarbons as hydrogen p l a n t feedstock.

I n t h e p a r t i a l o x i d a t i o n process, t h e r e s i d u a l o i l i s fed t o a
combustion chamber where i t i s p a r t i a l l y burned i n t h e presence o f steam
and oxygen. Gases l e a v i n g t h e combustion chamber are composed p r i m a r i l y
o f hydrogen and carbon monoxide and have a temperature o f 2000 t o 28000F.
The gases are then quenched w i t h water and steam and f e d ' t o a s h i f t
c o n v e r t e r f o r ' f u r t h e r conversion of t h e CO and steam t o hydrogen. The
gases are then p u r i f i e d by absorption and t h e hydrogen product i s sent
t o storage o r process u n i t s .

2.11 GASOL INE SWEETENING UNIT

Gasoline i s s a i d t o be sour i f it contains noticeable

amounts (>0.1 ppm) o f s u l f u r compounds, p a r t i c u l a r l y t h e odoriferous
mercaptans. A process t h a t removes these compounds o r converts them t o
l e s s o b j e c t i o n a b l e forms i s c a l l e d "sweetening.$" Gasoline sweetening i s
u s u a l l y accomplished by c o n v e r t i n g t h e mercaptans t o a d i s u l f i d e . The
use of sweetening i s dependent p r i m a r i l y on t h e s u l f u r content o f t h e . .
crude o i l mercaptan, s u l f u r s p e c i f i c a t i o n s o f ! t h e gasoline product, and
i f t h e o r i g i n a l feedstock had been hydrotreated p r i o r . t o c a t a l y t i c cracking.
 There i s a v a r i e t y o f sweetening processes a v a i l a b l e i n c l u d i n g I .

.
treatment w i t h s u l f u r i c a c i d o r absorption o f t h e mercaptan by molecular .
'

.,
sieves. However, t h e most w i d e l y u'sed processes u s u a l l y employ sodium . .,
hydroxide (NaOH) w i t h added c a t a l y s t s o r 'promoters. Most f r e q u e n t l y a
c a u s t i c s o l u t i o n c o n t a i n i n g t h e d i s s o l v e d c a t a l y s t o r promoter i s em-
~ l o y e d , b u t a f i x e d bed c a t a l y s t system may a l s o be used.

F i g u r e 15 shows a t y p i c a l gas01 i'ne-sweetening process t h a t

employs a sodium hydroxide s o l u t i o n ( c a u s t i c ) c o n t a i n i n g a d i s s o l v e d
catalyst. T h i s process i s conducted a t ambient temperature (90-100°F)
and low pressure (5-25 p s i g ) . Sour gasoline i s f e d t o t h e e x t r a c t o r ,
where i.t i s brought i n t o 'contact w i t h recycled, regenerated c a u s t i c
s o l u t i o n . The two streams are immissib'le -and t h e mercaptans are removed
through l i q u i d - l i q u i d e x t r a c t i o n . However, o n l y a ' . p o r t i o n o f t h e
mercaptan ,/is removed i n t h e e x t r a c t o r and t h e p a r t i a l l y sweetened gasoline
f l o w s from t h e top o f t h e e x t r a c t o r t o t h e sweetener where i t i s contacted
w i. t..h a d d i t i o n a l r e c y c l e d c a u s t i c s o l u t i o n and a i r . I n t h e sweetener,
t h e remain.ing mercaptan i s oxi'dized t o d i s u l f i d e . T h i s d i s u l f i d e remains .

w i t h t h e t r e a t e d gasoline. Caustic s o l u t i o n i s separated from t h e t r e a t e d

. . .' gasoline i n t h e s o l u t i o n s e t t l e r and i s r e c y c l e d t o t h e sweetener.

Caustic s o l u t i o n from t h e e x t r a c t o r , c o n t a i n i n g d i s s o l v e d mer-

captan i n t h e form o f sodium mercaptan i s mixe'd w i t h a i r and sent t o t h e
oxidizer. I n t h e o x i d i z e r , t h e mercaptan i s o x i d i z e d t o d i s u l f i d e and
t h e sodium i o n i s r e s t o r e d t o NaOH. The m i x t u r e then f l o w s t o t h e a i r
separator. Excess a i r , i s vented from t h e a i r separator t o t h e atmosphere
and t h e c a u s t i c s o l u t i o n and d i s u l f i d e f l o w .to t h e d i s u l f i d e separator.
The i n s o l u b l e d i s u l f i d e l a y e r separates and i s . w i t h d r a w n from t h e system,
and t h e regenerated c a u s t i c i s r e c y c l e d t o , t h e e x t r a c t o r .
2.12 ACID GAS TREATING UNIT

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and carbon dioxide (C02) are termed

acid gases, and a gas stream containing these compounds is called sour
gas. Sour gas is produced in a number of refinery units including cracking
and hydrotreating. Refinery-produced fuel gas can be expected to be
sour and it is necessary to treat the gas to remove hydrogen sulfide
before it can be used as refinery fuel.

Acid gases are typically removed by absorption in alkaline

solution. The alkaline material is chosen so that the chemical bond
formed during absorption can be broken by heating to regenerate the
solution. Absorbent solutions containing acid gas are termed "rich" and
the regenerated solutions are termed "lean." Several acid gas treating
processes are avai.lable but 'the differences are primarily in the choice
of alkaline absorbent. The most widely used absorbents are monoethanol
amine (MEA) and diethanol m i n e (DEA). The processes .are exactly the
same except for the absorbent u,sed.

A typical acid gas absorption system is shown in Figure 16.

The absorbing medium is a 10 t0.20 weight percent solution of amine and
water. Sour gas enters the bottom.of the column and cool, lean amine
enters at the top. Treated gas leaves the top of the absorber and goes
to the refinery fuel gas system. Rich amine, containing the absorbed
acid gas, is heat exchanged with 'the lean m i n e and fed to the top of
the stripper. The 'steam used for stripping the rich amine is generated.
by boiling the water fraction of a portion of the m i n e solution in the
stripper bottoms reboiler. This eliminates theineed for additional
stripping steam which would dilute the amine solution. Acid gas and
steam leave the top of the column and steam is condensed. The condensate
and acid gas are separated in the acid gas separator,and the condensate
is returned to the stripper as reflux. This practice of condensate
recovery. reduces the possibility of the amine bei.ng concentrated due
 TREATED GAS TO FUEL
GAS SYSTEM OR FURTHER
PROCESSING
----.
- - - ..
--
----. h ACID GAS TO SULFUR
- - - - , 1. RECOVERY UNIT.
- -- --
-----
-
- - -- AMlNE AhWE - - -.
- - ... ABSORBER FILTER
AClD GAS - - --
FEED
I?, - - -- e
- - .. AMNE
- - - STRIPPER
h ACID GAS
SEPAPATOR

CORROSION
INHIBITOR

CONDEN94
1
M4KE-UP
AMlNE
AMlNE STORAGE
TANK
(KEROSINE OR NITROGEN BLAMKETED
TO AVOID AIR-AMINE CONTACT)
to water loss. The acid gas goes t o the sulfur recovery p l a n t and the
hot, lean amine from the stripper reboiler i s cooled and-returned.to the'.
absorber.
' "

In some systems, a portion of the return lean m i n e i s filtered . .:,.

.. '..
d.. . '

before i t enters the absorption tower. The purpose of the f i l t e r i s to , .

control the amount o f particulate matter present in the system. These 'I
particulates, typical ly iron/sulf ide, are corrosion products caused by
the formation of acids i n the system. These acids are formed when the .
regenerator temperature i s t o o high and amine decomposition occurs. \

In addition, the presence of oxygen in the system will also cause decomposi-
tion of the mine and subsequent a c i d For~rnation. Therefore, care is
taken t o avoid contaminating the mine with a i r . These corrosion products
can cause.severe foaming and a subsequent carryover of amine from the
absorber t o the fuel gas system. I n addition, the f i l t e r may be followed
by activated carbon treatment t o remove trace organics t h a t may be present,
which can also cause absorber foaming and amine carryover.

2.13 SOUR WATER STRIPPING UNIT

Water containing sulfides is termed sour water or sour csnden-

sate. Refinery operations produce sour water from processes such as
hydrotreating and catalytic cracking and whenever steam i s condensed in
the presence of gases containing ,hydrogen sulfide. Sour.water usually
also contains. ammonia, and small amounts of phenol and other hydrocarbons.
These contaminants are odorous and may cause wastewater treatment p l a n t
upsets and wastewater discharge violations i f they were discharged without
treatment. . Sour water stripping i s used by refineries to reduce the.
level of the con'taminants in sour condensate t o allow further use of
this condensate.

There are many different stripping methods, b u t most of

them involve the downward flow of sour water through a trayed or packed
tower while an ascending flow of- stripping stream or gas removes the H2S
and NH3. Operating conditions vary from 1 to 50 psig and 100 to 270°F.
Typical s t r i p p i n g mediums are steam, f l u e gas o r f u e l gas, w i t h steam
being most commonly used.

Sour water s t r i p p i n g w i l l remove both hydrogen s u l f i d e and

ammonia from t h e water. A t y p i c a l sour water s t r i p p i n g u n i t i s shown i n
F i g u r e 17. Sour water i s f e d t o t h e feed drum which acts as a surge
drum f o r t h e s t r i p p i n g column. The sour water i s then pumped through a
preheat exchanger and i n t o t h e top of t h e s t r i - p p e r column. Steam i s f e d
i n t o t h e bottom o f t h e column. Sour gas, c o n t a i n i n g steam and contarninan.ts,
leaves t h e t o p o f t h e , s t r i p p e r and i s p a r t i a l l y condensed. Condensate
and sour gas are separated i n t h e surge tank and t h e condensate i s recycled
t o the stripper. The sour gas i s removed t o t h e s u l f u r recovery u n i t
and t h e s t r i p p e r bottoms are f e d t o t h e crude o i l d e s a l t e r s o r discharged
d i r e c t l y t o t h e wastewater treatment system. I f steam consumption i s a
concern and maximization o f H2S removal i s desired, a c i d may be added t o
t h e sour water feed. This lowers t h e pH o f t h e feedwater and e s s e n t i a l l y
" f i x e s " the NH3 i n s o l u t i o n . Since t h e ammonia i s n o t removed, l e s s
steam i s r e q u i r e d t o a f f e c t a h i g h degree o f H2S removal.

Sour water s t r i p p i n g w i l l a l s o remove v a r y i n g amounts o f phenols,

mercaptans and o t h e r contaminants present i n t h e feedwater. The a c t u a l
amount o f these m a t e r i a l s removed i s dependent upon t h e u n i t o p e r a t i n g
c o n d i t i o n s and feedwater c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s .

2.14 LIGHT ENDS RECOVERY U N I T

The term 1 i g h t ends t y p i c a l l y r e f e r s t o 1 i g h t hydrocarbon

gases having f o u r o r l e s s carbon atoms. The'se i n c l u d e methane, ethane,
propane, and butane. Also included are C3 and Cq o l e f i n s and such
m a t e r i a i s as isobutane. The purpose of t h e 1i g h t ends recovery u n i t i s
t o -separate these gases f o r f u r t h e r use.
. '

A t y p i c a l l i g h t ends recovery u n i t i s shown i n F i g u r e 18. .The

feed t o t h e u n i t i s d e s u l f u r i z e d l i g h t ends which have been c o l l e c t e d
from various process u n i t s i n t h e r e f i n e r y .
The gases are f i r s t 1 ique-
f i e d by compression and cool i n g i n order t o a f f e c t separation by
.-
 ACID GAS TOSULFUR
RECWERI WIT.

STRIPED SOUR W E R :
TO DESALTERS.
OIL TO SLOP OIL
-c3
RECOVERY.'
 -
FIGUREI8
,LIGHTENDSRECDVERY UNIT
FEED GAS
COWRESSOR
LIGHT
ENDS FEED - METHANE
ETHANE TOAND
FUEL
GAS SYSTEMS.

COMPRESSOR
DEETHANIZER
ACCUMULATOR

-----
-----
SURGE DRUM
---,
-----
- ---
-
A t a- - - - ,
---, OEPROPANlZEa
~ACCUMUATOR

- - - - - -. b
- *---- -. - PROPANE
OEETHANlZER
- - -- TO R E O V E W .
------
-- - --, 1
-----
----.
------

- -- BUTAMS TO GASOLINE
BLENDING AND ALKYLATION
DEPROPANIZER
V CONOWSATE TO
WASTOHATE R TREATING
 -
d i s t i l l a t i o n , and sent t o a surge drum t o remove any condensed moistur-e.
The m i x t u r e i s then, pumped t o t h e de-ethanizer column where methane and
ethane are separated from t h e m i x t u r e and recovered f o r f u e l gas. The
.
de-ethan'izer bottoms are then sent t o t h e depropanizer where t h e C3 and
Cq compounds are separated. These 'streams may the'n be f u r t h e r processed
t o separate t h e normal butane and propane from the C3 and Cq o l e f i n s and
isobutanes t h a t may be present. The o l e f i n i c and iso-compounds are used
as feedstock f o r t h e a l k y l a t i o n u n i t . The n-butane i s sent t o
blending and t h e n-propane i s recovered as 1i q u e f i e d petroleum gas
(LPG).

2.15 SULFUR RECOVERY UNIT

The s u l f u r recovery u n i t i s used tb convert hydrogen s u l f i d e

(HzS) t o elemental s u l f u r . The most w i d e l y used s u l f u r recovery system
i n r e f i n e r i e s i s t h e Claus process which uses both thermal and c a t a l y t i c
conversion r e a c t i o n s . ' The feed stream contains a c i d gases (C02 and H2S)
from t h e a c i d gas recovery p l a n t , along w i t h small .amounts o f hydrocarbon
i m p u r i t i e s . The Claus u n i t i s normally designed t o convert 95% o r more
o f t h e H2S t o e l e m e n t a l s u l f u r . The m a j o r i t y o f t h e r e m a i n i n g s u l f u r i s
'removed by t h e t a i l gas t r e a t i n g u n i t .

I n t h e Claus process, hydrogen s u l f i d e i s converted t o elemental

s u l f u r i n two steps. I n t h e f i r s t step (thermal), H ~ Si s p a r t i a l l y
burned w i t h a i r i n a b o i l e r t o S02. Low pres.sure steam i s generated as
a by-product. The H2S/S02 m i x t u r e i s then reacted over a c a t a l y s t t o
produce s u l f u r and water by a s h i f t conversion r e a c t i o n . The s h i f t con-
version i s c a r r i e d o u t u s u a l l y i n .three stages w i t h s u l f u r removal a f t e r
each stage. The use o f t h e s h i f t conversion r e a c t o r s allows f o r more'
complete s u l f u r removal and lower o p e r a t i n g temperatures would be p o s s i b l e
,

w i t h thermal conversion a,lone. The design o f a s u l f u r recovery u n i t

depends upon t h e acid-gas composition. I f t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n of H2s i n
t h e feed i s h i g h (more than 40% by volume), a " s t r a i g h t - t h r o u g h " process
i s used. I n t h e " s t r a i g h t - t h r o u g h " c o n f i g u r a t i o n , a1 1 o f t h e acid-gas
and a i r are f e d t o t h e burner. Ift h e H2s c o n c e n t r a t i o n i n t h e feed i s
 low ( l e s s than 40% by volume); a "split-flow" process i s used. In the
"split-flow" process, a portion of t h e feed i s burned completely t o SO2
and combined with the rema*inder of the feed to provide the proper
H2S/S02 r a t i o f o r the s h i f t conversion.

A typical three-stage Claus sulfur recovery unit i s shown in

Figure 19. The acid-gas stream containing HpS,, C02, water and minor
amounts of hydrocarbons i s fed. t o an i n l e t knockout drum t o remove any
entrained liquid and then fed t o the' reaction furnace. The furnace
<. c o n s i s t s of two stages. The f i r s t i s a reaction furnace followed by a
waste heat boiler. In the furnace, a portion of the HpS (-30%) i s
' burned t o 502. Due t o the high temperatures present, the remaining H2S
and the newly formed 'so2 react t o form elemental sulfur. he hot gases . ,

and sulfur vapor then pass to the boiler t o generate low pressure steam,
and thereby condensing the s u l f u r vapors. The molten sulfur i s removed
and the remaining H2S/S020gas mixture i s reheated, and f e d , t o the f i r s t -
stage s h i f t converter. In the converter, HpS and SO2 react in the
presence of a c a t a l y s t t o form elemental sulfur. The gases and sulfur
vapors are fed t o a boiler to generate steam, again .condensing the
s u l f u r . .The sulfur i s removed and the cycle is repeated f o r two I
additional stages.: The t a i l gas containing unreacted H2S and SO2 i s
then sent t o the t a i l gas t r e a t i n g unit. The recovered sulfur i s then
sold as elemental sulfur or used on-site t o manufacture sulfuric acid.

2.16 TAIL GAS TREATING UNIT

There are numerous processes available to t r e a t Claus unit

t a i l gas'and they are generally divided into reduction and oxidation
processes.. Both types have been successfully used in refinery applications
and the choice of unit w i 11 depend upon the . t a i 1 gas composition and
process economics. L .
 FIGURE 19
CLAUS SULFURRECOVERYUNIT
LOW PRESSURE

ACl D
GAS
FEEDS *

BOILER
FEED
WATER

MOLTEN SULFUR
2.16.1 ReductionProcesses

Reduction processes f o r t r e a t i n g t a i l gas t y p i c a l l y convert

a l l t h e s u l f u r compounds i n t h e feed t o H2S. The H2S i s then removed
from t h e gas. The most commonly used.reduction processes are t h e Beavon
and SCOT processes.

Beavon Process

The Beavon-Process i s shown i n F i g u r e 20. I n t h i s process,.

t h e t a i l gas i s . f i r s t heated t o t h e temperature r e q u i r e d
f o r t h e c a t a l y t i c r e a c t i o n t o convert a l l s u l f u r compounds
t o hydrogen s u l f i d e by mixing. i t w f t h a h o t stream of
gas r e s u l t i n g from p a r t ia1 combust i o n o f hydrocarbon gas
i n an ' i n - 1 i n e burner. .This gas n o t only supplies t h e
necessary heat b u t a l s o s u f f i c i e n t hydrogen t o s a t i s f y
the requirements o f t h e hydrogenation r e a c t i o n s . After
passing through t h e r e a c t o r , t h e gas i s coo led by d l r e c t
c o n t a c t w i t h water. The cooled gas, which c o n t a i n s
p r i m a r i l y nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen s u l f i d e ,
i s then sent t o t h e S t r e t f o r d column f o r hydrogen s u l f i d e
removal. The water condensed from t h e gas i n t h e d i r e c t
c o n t a c t c o o l e r i s sent t o t h e sour water s t r i p p e r .

The H2S-rich gas enters t h e S t r e t f o r d a b s o r p t i o n / r e a c t i o n

column where i t i s contacted c o u n t e r - c u r r e n t l y w i t h a
s o l u t i o n o f sodium s a l t s . The t r e a t e d gas has very low
concentrat ions o f s u l f u r compounds and i s released t o
the atmosphere. Should any unreacted H2S be present i n
t h e t a i l gas, i n c i n e r a t i o n may be r e q u i r e d dependiny on
. t h e H2S concentration.

The s o l u t i o n then passes t o t h e r e a c t i o n s e c t i o n o f t h e

column where t h e conversion o t H2S t o elemental s u l f u r
takes place. The s u l f u r s o l u t i o n then i s f e d t o t h e
o x i d i z e r where i t i s contacted w i t h a i r . The a i r serves
t o separate t h e s u l f u r as a f r o t h (f10%) s o l i d s and
regenerate t h e absorption s o l u t i o n . The f r o t h i s then
f e d t o a f i l t e r o r c e n t r i f u g e f o r recovery o f t h e s o l i d s
and t h e regenerated s o l u t i o n i s r e t u r n e d t o t h e absorption
column.
SCOT Process
A t y p i c a l f l o w diagram f o r t h e SCOT Process i s shown i n
Figure 21. L i k e t h e Beavon Process, t h e f i r s t step i s
t o c a t a l y t i c a l l y convert a l l s u l f u r compounds t o H2S,
and t h e method employed i s s i m i l a r t o t h a t used i n t h e
Beavon Process.
r
FIGURE21
SCOTTAIL GAS TREATINGUNIT
. .

OLUTION PURGE TO
WASTEWATER TREATING

. .
 F o l l o w i n g t h e H2S conversion, t h e H2S-rich gas i s quenched
w i t h water and f e d t o t h e absorber. I n t h e absorber,
t h e H2S i s absorbed from t h e gas stream by an amine
.
s o l u t i o n ( u s u a l l y d i - i s o p r o p a n o l amine) However, u n l i k e
t h e Beavon Process, t h e r e i s no conversion o f t h e H2S t o
elemental s u l f u r . The t r e a t e d gas i s v i r t u a l l y f r e e o f '
s u l f u r compounds and i s i n c i n e r a t e d and r e l e a s e d t o t h e
atmosphere..

The r i c h m i n e s o l u t i o n ( c o n t a i n i n g H2S) then goes t o

t h e r e g e n e r a t o r where t h e H2S and C02 a r e s t r i p p e d from
t h e amine i n a method s i m i l a r t o t h a t used i n t h e a c i d
gas t r e a t i n g u n i t . * The gases a r e r e t u r n e d t o t h e Claus
u n i t and t h e l e a n m i n e i s r e c y c l e d t o t h e absorber.

.2.16.2 O x i d a t i o n Process

The o n l y o x i d a t i o n process t h a t i s c u r r e n t l y b e i n g used i n

r e f i n e r i e s t o t r e a t Claus p l a n t t a i l gas i s t h e Wellman-Lord'Process.

. . We.1lman-Lord Process
\

A t y p i c a l Wellman-Lord u n i t i s shown i n F i g u r e 22. The

Claus u n i t t a i l gas i s f i r s t i n c i n e r a t e d t o c o n v e r t a1 1
s u l f u r compounds t o s u l f u r d i o x i d e . The h o t f l u e gas i s
t h e n quenched, cooled, and sent t o an absorber. T h e .
. s u l f u r d i o x i d e i s absorbed from t h e f l u e gas w i t h a
s o l u t i o n o f sodium s u l f i t e . The c l e a n gas c o n t a i n s v e r y
low c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f s u l f u r compounds, and can be r e -
leased t o t h e atmosphere. The s o l u t i o n l e a v i n g t h e
bottom o f t h e absorber, now r i c h i n sodium b i s u l f i t e
w i t h some sodium s u l f a t e , i s discharged t o a surge tank
and then t o t h e evaporator.

Low pressure steam heats t h e s o l u t i o n i n t h e evaporator

t o d r i v e o f f s u l f u r d i o x i d e and water vapor. The evapora-
t o r overhead i s p a r t i a l l y condensed t o remove t h e water.
The condensate i s r e c y c l e d t o a d i s s o l v i n g tank and t h e
s u l f u r d i o x i d e c o n t a i n i n g gas i s r e t u r n e d t o t h e Claus
u n i t feed.

The sodium s u l f a t e t h a t i s formed..in:.the evaporator

when t h e s u l f u r d i o x i d e i s d r i v e n o f f , p r e c i p i t a t e s
and b u i l d s up a dense s l u r r y o f c r y s t a l s . The c r y s t a l s
a r e r e d i s s o l v e d by t h e overhead condensate and t h e
s o l u t i o n i s r e t u r n e d t o t h e absorber.

*See S e c t i o n 2.12.

51
 CLEAN GAS TO
M A K E - U P WATER
 The sodium s u l f a t e which i s formed i s not regenerable
and must be purged from t h e system. T h i s i s g e n e r a l l y
e q u i v a l e n t t o 10 percent of t h e absorbed s u l f u r .

2.17 WASTEWATER TREATMENT UNIT

Treatment of r e f inery wastewater t o 'remove d i s s o l v e d organic

contaminants t y p i c a l l y involves both physio-chemical and b i o l o g i c a l
treatment processes, i n t e g r a t e d i n t o a s i n g l e system. This treatment
combined w i t h i n - p l a n t source c o n t r o l o f wastewater produces a h i g h
q u a l i t y e f f l u e n t s u i t a b l e f o r discharge t o surface waters.

A t y p i c a l wastewater treatment u n i t i s shown i n F i g u r e 23.

his u n i t represents a system which t r e a t s wastewater f o r discharge t o
a r e c e i v i n g stream. I f t h e r e f i n e r y discharges t o a p u b l i c l y owned
treatment works (POTW), i t may n o t i n c l u d e t h e b i o l o g i c a l treatment
s e c t i o n ( a e r a t i o n tanks) and t h e f i n a l c l a r i f i e r s and f i l t e r s . There-
f o r e , t h e a c t u a l wastewater t r e a t i n g s y s t e m . w i l 1 depend upon t h e d e c i s i o n
between stream o r municipal discharge.

The wastewater and contaminated storm water enters t h e equal-

i z a t i o n basin which serves as a surge tank f o r t h e process. From t h e
e q u a l i z a t i o n basin, t h e f l o w i s pumped t o t h e A P I separator f o r t h e
removal of suspended s o l i d s and f r e e ( f l o a t i n g ) o i l . The o i l c o l l e c t e d
by t h e A P I separator i s pumped t o . t h e '[slop" o i l treatinent system.
This i s normally a s e r i e s o f 'holding tanks i n which t h e o i l and water
i s separated by g r a v i t y . The o i l i s r e t u r n e d t o t h e r e f i n e r y f o r
reprocessing and t h e water i s r e t u r n e d t o t h e treatment system.

The wastewater stream i s then f e d t o t h e d i s s o l v e d a i r f l o t a t i o n

u n i t (DAF). The purpose of t h e DAF u n i t i s t o remove c o l l o i d a l s o l i d s *

and o i l which cannot be removed from t h e water by conventional g r a v i t y

separation. A p o r t i o n o f t h e DAF e f f l u e n t i s saturated w i t h a i r and
mixed w i t h t h e u n i t i n f l u e n t . The a i r bubbles mix w i t h t h e o i l and
s o l i d s and cause,them t o f l o a t t o t h e surface o f t h e tank. The f l o a t
 FIGURE
' 23

WASTEWATERTREATMENTUNIT

001L E A
D.
WASTE WAT E
r - - - ---AT_I@-A_LL - - -- - - -7
BALLAST
OIL
*SKIMMING
I-----:
' -- - - - - - - - - - ~ - - - - r -EFFLUENT
- TO
WATER OL TANKS I.----,,- 'RECEIVING STREAM
(IF PRESENT) .r
4
WATER
1
OIL CHLORINE
EFFLUENT TO
RECEIVING S T R E M

EXCESS SLUDGE
is then skimmed off and returned to the slop oil treating system. Any
solids that settle in the DAF tank are handled with the other settled
solids. Chemical treatment may be added ahead of the DAF unit which
will assist in the removal of emulsified oil.

The flow then passes to the aeration basin where the water is
biologically treated to remove contaminants such as dissolved organic
constituents (BODS) and ammonia. Biological treatment is the removal
of the dissolved organic materi a1 by microorganisms in an oxygen-rich
environment. The flow then enters the final clarifier to remove the
biological solids. The clarifier overflow is then passed through granular
media filters to remove entrained suspended solids. The filtrate is
then discharged to the receiving stream.

Numerous alternatives.exist for disposing of the solids gener-

ated by the wastewater treating system. The method chosen will dep.end
upon economic and. site 'considerations. In the.system shown in Figure
23, a portion of the settled solids (underflow) from the final clarifier
is mixed with the settled solids collected in the API separator, DAF
unit, and slop oil treatment system, and sent to a gravity sludge
thickener. From the thickener, the sludge can be processed by digestion,
dewatered by vacuum filtration, and then finally disposed of by .land
disposal or incineration. Water collected in the sludge processing
operations is returned ,to.thehead of the waste treatment unit.

The wastewater treating system shown in Figure 23 represents

the treatment technology required to meet the Best Practical Control '
Technology (BPCT) refinery wastewater discharge regulations.* To meet
the 1984 regulations, additional treatment such as the application of
powdered activated carbon in the aeration basin for the removal of
residual dissolved organic materials and processes such as reverse .
osmosis to remove dissolved inorganic solids from the effluent may be
required. These processes can be added to existing treatment facilities.
The wastewater treatment system for new refineries in addition to the
a c t i v a t e d carbon and d i s s o l v e d s o l i d s removal systems may a l s o i n c l u d e
segregated treatment o f s p e c i f i c waste streams and two-stage b i o l o g i c a l
treatment as p a r t o f t h e i n i t i a l p l a n t design.

B o i l e r blowdown, s a n i t a r y wastes and b a l l a s t . water may be

t r e a t e d separately from t h e main process wastes. S a n i t a r y wastes are
c o l l e c t e d separately and t r e a t e d i n a package b i o l o g i c a l treatment
p l a n t designed spec i f i c a l l y t o t r e a t domestic waste. T h i s p r a c t i c e
avoids t h e c o s t l y requirement o f c h l o r i n a t i n g 'the e n t i r e r e f i n e r y d i s -
charge due t o t h e presence of s a n i t a r y wastes as w e l l as t h e p o s s i b l e
f o r m a t i o n o f c h l o r i n a t e d hydrocarbons i n t h e r e c e i v i n g water. Boiler
blowdown and o t h e r b o i l e r wastewaters u s u a l l y do not r e q u i r e treatment
and can be discharged d i r . e c t l y .

I n t h e case . o f ,coastal r e f i n e r i e s o r r e f i n e r i e s served by

tanker, b a l l a s t water from tankers must a l s o be c o l l e c t e d and t r e a t e d ,
p r i m a r i l y f o r o i l removal. The b a l l a s t water i s f i r s t pumped t o
h o l d i n g tanks where f r e e o i l and suspended s o l i d s are allowed t o
separate by g r a v i t y . The tanks are t y p i c a l l y equipped w i t h skimners t o
remove t h e separated o i l which i s sent t o t h e r e f i n e r y f o r processing.
The. water can 'then be discharged d i r e c t l y . w i t h t h e p.lant e f f l u e n t , sent
t o t h e wastewater treatment p l a n t f o r f u r t h e r treatment, o r can be
pumped t o a second s e r i e s o f tanks f o r removal , o f e m u l s i f i e d o i 1 before
being discharged. The a c t u a l b a l l a s t water treatment system employed
w i l l depend upon . t h e c h a r a c t e r i s : t i c s of t h e waste.

2.18 REFINERY OFF-S ITES

R e f i n e r y o f f - s i t e s are a general category of equipment, systems

and f a c i 1 i t i e s t h a t are used i n support o f t h e r e f i n i n g u n i t operations.
I n a d d i t i o n t o t h e m a j o r . o f f - s i t e s discussed i n t h i s section, o f f - s i t e s
i n c l u d e such f a c i l i t i e s as garages, machine shops, storehouses and
necessary o f f ices.
2.18.1 Tankage

Tankage in a refinery i s provided f o r the storage of crude

o i l , intermed.iate and finished products and .gases in both the liquefied
and gaseous forms. Refinery tankage requirements will vary depending
upon such f a c t o r s as the number of products the refinery produces and
the volume of crude o i l inventory t h a t i s maintained. Consideration
must also b e given t o s t o r e intermediate products when units are
brought down f o r maintenance. While some tankage i s located near process
units f o r storage, chemical handling or safety purposes, the largest
tanks are located in separate areas commonly known as tank farms o r
tank f i e l d s . ~ a c htank i s typically* surrounded by earthen dikes which
will confine any liquid material t h a t may leak from the tanks. The
dikes are primarily f o r f i r e control. In addition, the tan,kage system
has a designated pumping and piping system which allows f r e e movement
'of material between various- tanks, to and from process units, as well
as in and out of the refinery.

Many tank designs are available f o r the storage of liquid

products and gases. ,The type of tank required f o r storage of a given
material depends primarily upon the vapor pressure of the material and
the storage temperature. Figure 24 shows the relationship between
vapor pressure, temperature, and the type of storage vessel used. In
general, liquid products, such as gasoline and other materials with low
vapor pressure, are stored in f l a t bottom tanks with e i t h e r fixed or
f l o a t i n g roofs. A number of these tanks may also be equipped with
internal steam c o i l s and mixers f o r the storase of highly viscous o i l s .
Gases and othey materials w i t h high vapor pressures are commonly stored
in spheres and cylinders.

The fixed'and f l o a t i n g roof tanks which are used t o s t o r e

materials such as crude o i l and gasoline typically are the l a r g e s t
storage vessels in the refinery. Individual tanks have c a p a c i t i e s t h a t
may range from 5000 t o more than 200,000 barrels (210,000-8,400,000
gallons). On 'a fixed roof tank, the roof i s r i g i d l y fixed in place,
 FIGURE 24
TYPES' OF STORAGE TANKS USED
FOR VARIOUS HYDROCARBON MATERIALS
 and the vapor space above the liquid changes with the tank liquid' level.
considerable amounts of hydrocarbon vapor can be generated from these
tanks when tank volumes are low. I n some cases, a moveable inner l i n e r
f l o a t s on the liquid surface to minimize'this vapor space, even under
low level conditions, On a f l o a t j n g roof tank, the e n t i r e roof f l o a t s
'
on the surface of the liquid, and thus r i s e s and f a l l s with the liquid
level. This maintains a minimum vapor space above the liquid and thus
minimizes the amount of hydrocarbon vapors which are l o s t t o the
atmosphere.

The portion of the refinery tankage system which handles

v o l a t i l e petroleum fractions i s connected t o a vapor recovery or r e l i e f
system. This system c o l l e c t s hydrocarbon vapors and protects the
tanks from over-pressurization. The major vapor losses occur during
f i l l i n g of the tanks. Spheres and other vessels handling higher vapor
pressure materials and 1 iquef ied petroleum gases typical ly are connected
d i r e c t l y t o the fuel gas or the refinery f l a r e system. Tanks handling
lower vapor pressure materials typically are connected t o a recovery
system which will c o l l e c t and compress the vapors so they can be returned
t o the fuel gas system or t o a central vapor recovery system.

A tankage vapor recovery system i s shown in Figure 25. Fixed

roof tanks are interconnected with a vapor piping manifold and are
typical ly equipped with combinat ion pressure-vacuum re1 ief valves,
which will protect the tanks from both over-pressurizing and depressurizing
(vacuum). The proper tank pressure i s maintained by admitting natural
gas t o the manifold when the pressure f a l l s , and by removing vapor by
means of the compressor when pressure r i s e s . Normally, on a large
system the compressor may run continuously i n order t o maintain a low
pressure in the surge tank. Recovered vapors are discharged t o the
fuel gas system, f l a r e d , or most typically combined with vapors from
other sources such as loading f a c i l i t i e s and sent t o a c e n t r a l vapor
recovery system.
-- -- ...-

FIGURE25
TYPICAL TANKAGE VAPOR RECOVERY
SYSTEM

PRESSURE -VACU.UM

L 7.0FUEL GAS SYSTEM,

OTHER- i FLARE OR VAPOR
TANKS COM WSSOR RECOVERY UNIT.

71
STORAGE TANK
I
NATURAL
w - C

SURGE
TANK
 Types of vapor recovery systems include scrubbers and packed
towers which employ, for example, hydrocarbon ( i . e . , gasoline) absorbents
t o separate the vapors from the air. The recovered hydrocarbon vapors
are then removed from the absorbent, compressed and sent t o the fuel
gas system or back t o the crude oil storage tanks. The absorbent i s
then returned t o the vapor recovery system.

2.18.2 Steam Generation System

Steam i s used as heating medium in various refinery operations

and as a process fluid in others such as hydrogen production, steam
stripping, and ' i n turbines t o drive pumps and compressors.

Refinery steam systems typically consist of closed loop 'and

open systems. I n the closed loop system, the steam generated yiel-ds
i t s heat to process streams i n heat exchangers by condensation. The
condensate is then returned t o the boiler. The open system i s t h e
steam used for stripping i n fractionating towers, etc., and the steam
lost must be made up as feedwater to the boiler. Boiler fuel may be
either f u e l o i l or fuel yds, and major refinery boilers produce a t
least 7500F, 600 psig steam. This pressure i s then reduced by turbines
or use of the h i g h pressure steam i n refinery processes to provide the
lower pressure (250 psig, etc .) steam requirements. Low pressure
exhaust steam condensate i s collected and returned t o the boiler house.
?

Figure 26 shows a typical steam generation u n i t . Fresh makeup

water i s f i r s t treated by softening and.deionization t o achieve the
proper boiler feedwater q u a l i t y . The feedwater i s preheated with the
boiler blowdown and pumped t o the deaerator t o remove dissolved oxygen
by steam stripping. The treated makeup water i s then mixed with the
recycle condensate. 'The water i s pumped from the deaerator to the
boiler for conversion into steam.

As part of normal boiler operation, a small water stream, or

blowdown, i s discharged from the boiler t o control the concentration of
dissolved s a l t s and other impurities t h a t can corrode or f o u l the boiler
internals. Blowdown can be continuous or intermittent, and i t s heat i s
recovered by exchange with the boiler feedwater. To avoid undue heat,
loss, boilers are operated t o minimize blowdown requirements and typi-
c a l l y , blowdown volumes are less than 5% of the boiler, feedwater makeup
rate.

In addition t o the main steam generation u n i t , some process

units such as the c a t a l y t i c cracker and th'G hydrogen plant will produce
steam f o r process use. The boilers located on these units are operated
e s s e n t i a l l y in the same manner as the main plant boiler except the
f u e l s used are process f l u e gases rather than fuel o i l or fuel gas.

2.18.3 Flare and Blowdown System

The heart of the refinery safety are the f l a r e s . During pro-

cessing unit upsets and plant emergency conditions, such as power
f a i l u r e s , higher than normal pressures may be generated in c e r t a i n
process equipment. To protect t h i s equipment from damage, and f o r
operator safety, pressure r e l i e f devices are installed and s e t t o open
a t a pressure below the design pressure o f ltle equipment. Hydrocarbon
vapors released when these valves open are collected and burned by
a f l a r e . Figure 27 shows a typical f l a r e system.

Under normal operating conditions, when no systems are r e l i e v -

ing t o the f l a r e header, a small purge of fuel gas i s used t o keep a
positive pressure in the l i n e and the f l a r e flame burning. Steam i s
injected into the burning hydrocarbons t o produce a smokeless flame.
During emergency conditions, the relieved process fluids- flow through
the f l a r e header t o the knockout drum, where any entrained liquid i s
separated. The vapors 'from t h i s drum flow through a 1 iquid seal t o the
f l a r e and a r e burned. The liquid i s pumped t o the "slop" o i l system
f o r reprocessing. Proces.s u n i t s such as c a t a l y t i c cracking units or
s u l f u r recovery units may have individual f l a r e s while other units. may
be manifolded into a single f l a r e stack. This i s dependent upon the
operating conditions of the individual units and the overall plant
1ayou t .
 while-the f l a r e system i s principally t o relieve the hydro-
carbon vapors from the process: units, the blowdown system i s designed
t o handle the liquid discharges. Theblowdown system c o n s i s t s of the
1iquid r e l i e f valves (which release liquid materials during process
upsets) and the unit pumpout systems which c o l l e c t material t h a t i s
purposely removed from the units. Pumpouts usual l y occur during s t a r t -
ups and when the unit i s coming down f o r maintenance. Pumped out
1iquid' hydrocarbons are col lected in slop oi 1 tankage f o r reprocessing.
This system avoids the uncontrolled 'discharge of ,hydrocar.bons t o the
wastewater treatment system, the loss of expensive petroleum materials,
and the release of hydrocarbon vapors which may cauke a i r . pollution.

.Cool ing Water System

Water i s used as the typical medium f o r removing heat from

the various refinery streams. Refinery cooling water systems are normally
.rec irculating systems, which employ heat exchangers and cool ing towers.
A typical open, recircu,lating cooling system i s shown in Figure 28.
water from the cooling. tower basin i s c i r c u l a t e d t o the process heat
exchangers where i t picks up heat and i s returned t o the cooling tower.
The hot water i s pumped t o the top of the tower and i s allowed to flow
downward through the tower. The tower, which i s open t o the atmosphere,
t y p i c a l l y contains a wood or p l a s t i c packing which provides the surface
area necessary t o maintain hi gh heat t r a n s f e r efficiency. Atmospheric
a i r is e i t h e r forced, induced or flows by natural convection counter-
current t o the water flow and the water i s cooled by evaporation of
a portion of the water into the a i r flow. The cooled water i s collected
i n , t h e cooling tower basin and i s pumped back t o the process heat
exchangers. . U t i l i t y water or excess steam condensate i s added as
makeup t o the basin t o repl'ace water l o s t by evaporation, d r i f t , and
t o blowdown. In large r e f i n e r i e s , the cooling water requirements
are substantial and multiple cooling towers are used.
 EVAPORATION AND
WATER RE TURN FROM
UNIT HEAT EXCHANGERS DRIFT TO ATMOSPHERE

CHEMICALS

FRESH MAKE-UP W A T E R

TO UNIT HEAT

r---------
LIQUID WASTES TO
I SYSTEM r-----
L-&FUSE&- J WASTEH(ATER TREATING
I
1 TI t-- - - -LIQUID
-- - -WASTES
- --
1
I
->- SOLIDS
-C'-3-'W15~ E .TO
DISPOSAL
SOLID
 ,

~ u teo the evaporation of the water, inorganic s a l t s , such as

calc ium and magnesium s u l f a t e s and chlorides, wi 1 1 be concentrated in
the c i r c u l a t i o n water. The s a l t s can deposit in lines and heat ex-
changers, thereby reducing system heat transfer efficiency. While
chemicals are added t o control the deposition of these s a l t s , a blow-
down (or purge) stream i s s t i 11 required. 'In many cases, the blowdown
volume can be large and may p u t a significant additional load ,on the
wastewater treatment system. A
.

To reduce the volume of blowdown, the "zero" blowdown or

sidestream treatment concept i s currently used in many r e f i n e r i e s . I n
t h i s system, e i t h e r a side-stream of the return water or the blowdown
i s treated by such methods as lime-soda softening, ion exchange, evapora-
.
tion, or reverse osmosis, t o remove the dissolved s a l t s . This . allows
the majority of the blowdown to be returned t o the system, and only a
purge stream of concentrated brine or lime solids must be handled as a .
waste. The use of a high quality makeup water or makeup water p r e t r e a t -
ing can also reduce the required volume .of blowdown.

As an a1 ternative t o the conventional open recircul ating

cooling system, closed recirculating cooling systems may be used. In
these systems, the hot water returning from the process exchangers i s
retained inside a heat exchanger located within the tower. Air, in
the case of a dry tower, i s passed over the exchanger c o i l s ,
thus cooling the liquid inside without evaporation. This system also
allows f o r heat t r a n s f e r f l u i d s other than water t o be used as the
f l u i d i s maintained in a closed system.

Open and closed and wet and dry systems a l l have c e r t a i n

operating advantages and process cooling needs will d i c t a t e the type of
system employed.
2.18.5 Receiving and D i s t r i b u t i o n Systems

Receiving and d i s t r i b u t i o n systems are a combination of pumps,

p i p e l i n e s , tanks and l o a d i n g f a c i l i t i e s which. are used t o c o l l e c t and
s t o r e crude o i l and s t o r e and d i s t r i b u t e f i n a l products t o trucks,
barges, and o t h e r t r a n s p o r t a t i o n . The r e c e i v i n g and d i s t r i b u t i o n systems
u s u a l l y i n c l u d e an extensive vapor recovery system t o c o l l e c t t h e hydro-
carbon vapors generated d u r i n g t h e l o a d i n g and unloading process.

Receiving and D i s t r i b u t i o n Systems - Inland Refinery

Crude o i l t o an i n l a n d r e f i n e r y . u s u a l l y a r r i v e s by pipe-
1 ine. The o i l ' i s received i n designated crude o i l tanks t h a t a r e sized
t o handle and c t o r e ' t h e volume crude u l l necessary t o ' m a i n t a i n feed t o
t h e crude o i ' l d i s t i l l a t i o n u n i t . Other m a t e r i a l s , such as c a t cracker
feed, may al,so be received from o t h e r r e f i n e r i e s by p i p e l i n e , r a i l ,
barge; or t r u c k and are also stored I n tankage.

The f i n i s h e d products are stored i n tankage u n t i l they

are d i s t r i b u t e d . T h i s i s achieved by pumping from r e f i n e r y storage
tanks t o a l o a d i n g terminal where t h e products are loaded i n t o seagoing
tankers, tank cars, barges, and tank trucks by means of l o a d i n g racks.
The l o a d i n g racks a r e s t r u c t u r e s c o n t a i n i n g t h e platforms, piping,
vapor c o l l e c t i o n and c o n t r o l devices, and l o a d i n g arm assemblies r e -
q u i r e d f o r t r a n s f e r r i n g the product from storage t o t h e t r a n s p o r t
'vehicle. Bottom loading, where t h e m a t e r i a l enters t h e v e h i c l e from
t h e bottom, normal l y r e q u i r e s s i m p l e r equipment than overhead l o a d i n g
due t o t h e f a c t t h a t l e s s hydrocarbon vapors are generated.

To avoid atmospheric p o l l u t ion, t h e produced vapors are

c o l l e c t e d a t t h e tank v e h i c l e hatch u s i n g s p e c i a l l y designed c l o s u r e
\
devices. An overhead l o a d i n g arm i s shown i n F i g u r e 29.. For ov.erhead
loading, these are plug-shaped devices t h a t have a c e n t r a l channel f o r
t h e l i q u i d t o f l o w i n t o a tank and an annular space f o r the vapor t o
f l o w o u t o f t h e .tank i n t o a p i p e connected t o a vapor recovery system.
For bottom loadina. t h e m a t e r i a l enters t h e bottom o f t h e v e h i c l e and a
vapor t a k e - o f f . i s connected between t h e vapor space o f t h e vehicle
and a vapor r e c o v e r y system. T h i s i s shown i n F i g u r e 30.

The vapor recovery system may 'be a compression-type

system and t h e recovered vapors fed d i r e c t l y t o t h e f u e l gas system o r
an a b s o r p t i o n - t y p e ' s y s t e m u s i n g a hydrocarbon absorbent. A typical
g a s o l i n e l o a d i n g rack a b s o r p t i o n system usin,g g a s o l i n e as t h e absorbent
i s shown i n F i g u r e 31. As shown i n t h e f i g u r e , g a s o l i n e vapors a r e
recovered b y a b s o r p t i o n i n gasoline. Vapors from t h e v e h i c l e are sent
through a f l a s h a r r e s t e r t o a s a t u r a t o r where i t i s s a t u r a t e d w i t h
gas01 i n e vapors. T h i s i s r e q u i r e d t o a v o i d expl'osive m i x t u r e s o f hydro-
carbons i n a i r and i s accomplished by c o u n t e r c u r r e n t c o n t a c t o f t h e
air-vapor m i x t u r e w i t h gasoline i n the saturator p r i o r t o storage i n
the. gas h o l d e r . The vapors pass through a gas h o l d e r and' scrubber and
. a r e t h e n compressed, c o o l e d and i n t r o d u c e d i n t o an a b s o r p t i o n column
where a b s o r p t i o n o f t h e hydrocarbon i n gasol.ine takes place. The a i r
i s vented from t h e absorber t o a f l a r e system, The g a s o l i n e i s r e t u r n e d
t o storage a f t e r t h e d i s s o l v e d . a i r i s removed i n t h e two-stage f l a s h
.
separator. The design recovery of hydrocarbon vapor by t h i s system i s
i n excess o f 90 p e r c e n t .

R e c e i v i n g and D i s t r i b u t i o n Systems - Coastal R e f i n e r y

\

The crude o i l r e c e i v i n g system f o r a c o a s t a l r e f i n e r y

w i l l c o n t a i n a marine n a v i g a t i o n and an o i l movement system.
The marine
n a v i g a t i o n system d e a l s w i t h t h e guidance, movement, and maneuvering o f
t a n k e r s s t a r t i n g from an approach p o i n t i n ' t h e open sea and c o n t i n u i n g
u n t i l t h e y a r e t i e d up a t a b e r t h and connected t o u n l o a d i n g f a c i l i t i e s .
The o i l movement system conveys t h e crude o i l from t h e tanker t o i n t e r -
mediate storage and on t o t h e p r o c e s s i n g u n i t s o f t h e r e f i n e r y .

The marine n a v i g a t i o n 'system w i 11 c o n s i s t o f equipment

and procedures t o ensure t h e s a f e t r a n s i t o f t a n k e r s from t h e open sea
t o i t s b e r t h a n d . t h e equipment and s t r u c t u r e s t o handle t h e vessels and
load/unload t h e c r u d e o i l . The component p a r t s i n c l u d e Coast Guard
assistance and n a v i gat i o n a i d s v a r y i n g i n s o p h i s t i c a t i o n from buoys and
 7PRODUCT. DISPENSING LINE

VAPORS TO VAPOR RECOVERY SYSTEM

VAPOR COLLECTION HEADER

markers to electronic guidance units and radio communications. Berthing
procedures provide control of the vessel's movement to.and from the
,si'teand include visual and electronic control systems,
\
tugs and admin-
istrative procedures such as minimum ac.ceptable weather conditions.

The oil movement systems will consist of-equipment and

structures to ensure the safe transfer of the crude oil and petroleum
products. The pier design must reflect the best engineering practice
and conform to 1ocal.marine and refinery needs. Unloading/loading
facilities consist of pipelines operated hydraulically and utilize
quick connectldi sconnec t coup1 i ngs.. Spi 1 1 prevent ion and control should
be inherent features on the pier structure. Loading platforms typically
are curbed and watertight and crude oi 1, product, and ball ast water
lines .are counterbalanced units with swivel joints.

Oil spill containment and recovery is an important feature

of the marine terminal. Oil spill response plans are required of the '

refinery to document spi 1 1 control procedures. In many refineries,

each vessel is surrounded by a boom after berthing to contain the oil
if it should enter the water. On the berths, containment curbs and
pumpouts are used to control any spill from entering the water. Sorbents
are also normally avail able for spi 1 1 control.

Spill cleanup procedures involve oil removal and restora-

tion. Equipment used for oil removal include skimmers, vacuum pumps,
absorbents, and herding agents. Restoration procedures involve the
,assignment of staff to remove deposited oil material and proper disposal.

Predicting the movement of vessels to transport the

crude oil and refined products for a refinery on a coastal site is very
site-specif ic and subject to a great deal of variabi 1ity. The size of
the tankers for both crude and product shipping, and the percentage of
products moved'by ship, pipeline, rail, or truck are the most sensitive
parameters to marine traffic considerations. As an example of tanker
movement, t h e environmental impact statement* f o r a proposed 250,000
BPD east coast r e f i n e r y using tankers f o r a l l crude and product shipments
l i s t e d the estimated annual tanker t r a f f i c . These data are summarized
i n . T a b l e 1. This i s an extreme case representing the upper l i m i t o f
tanker t r a f f i c as t h e s i t e i s i s o l a t e d and w i t h o u t a l o c a l d i s t r i b u t i o n
c e n t e r f o r t h e f i n a l products. The actu,al tanker t r a f f i c w i l l depend
upon such f a c t o r s as r e f i n e r y capacity,hnd the extent t o which o t h e r
forms o f t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , such as trued o r r a i I, are u t i 1i z e d t o move
t h e products. Smaller r e f i n e r i e s o r whose products supply a l a r g e
l o c a l market may have o n l y minimal tanker a c t i v i t y .

Table 2 shows t h e sizes o f various tankers. The charac-

t e r i s t i c s of t h e harbor w i l l be a major'far.t.or i n determining t h e s i r e
o'f t h e tankers t h a t can be accommodated and thus can a f f e c t the amount
o f feedstock and product t h a t can be moved by tanker. The s i z e o f t h e
tankers w i l l i n t u r n a f f e c t t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e marine. terminal
i n terms of l o a d i n g and unloading c a p a c i t y and dockside tankage r e q u i r e -
ments. Measures such as submerged o f f - s h o r e storage tanks may be used
f o r product and crude o i 1 storage should- harbor f a c i l i t i e s be inadequate.

Finished gasoline i s a m i x t u r e o f various components produced .

b y t h e r e f i n e r y u n i t processes. These components must be blended i n '
the proper p r o p o r t i o n s i n order t o meet t h e s p e c i f i c a t i o n s o f t h e f i n a l
product. The m i x i n g o f these components i s accomplished i n an i n - l i n e
b l e n d i n g system, shown i n Figure 32.

Gasoline blending components are fed, thr0ugh.a system o f

m e t e r i n g pumps and c o n t r o l valves, t o t h e . g a s o l i n e blending heater.
The metering pumps assure t h a t each component i s f e d i n t h e proper

* k ~ i n a l environmental impact statement f o r the c o n s t r u c t i o n o f a 250,000

b a r r e l / d a y o i 1 r e f i n e r y and marine terminal, U .S. Environmental P r o t o c t i o n
'

Agency, Region I, Boston, MA, June 1978.

 TABLE 1
TANKER SIZES PLANNED AND
ESTIMATED ANNUAL SHIPMENTS*

Petroleum Planned Tanker Annual Tanker .!

Material Size(DWT)** Sh ipmen.ts

Crude O i l

Gas01 i n e 40,000

No. 2 Fuel O i l 70,000

No. 5 Fuel O i l 70,000

*Refinery Size = 250,000 BPD

**DWT = Capacity o f Tanker i n Dead Weight Tonnage (Long t o n s )
 TABLE 2

TYPICAL TANKER DIMENSIONS

Capac it y Length Draft*

(DWT) '(ft) . (fr)

16,500 532 30.6

1UU ,000 86 1 49.6

250,000 1140 65.4

1300 82

* D r a f t = depth o f water d i s p l a c e d when f u l l y loaded

**Beam = vessel w i d t h
 proportion. The components are mixed by the flow turbulence in the
header and fed to a series of on-stream analytical instruments which
continuously monitor such product parameters as research and motor
octane and vapor pressure. The product monitors automat ical ly control
the metering systems to maintain the proper pro.portion of each component.
,
The blended gasoline then passes to a surge tank which dampens
flow surges but does not provide product storage. From the surge tank,
the product can go directly to the loading facilities or be pumped to
pcbduct storage.
I
I
I A similar type system is used for the blending of fuel oils
and distillate products such as jet and diesel fuels.

2.18.7 Fire System

While refinery fires are very infrequent, most refineries are

completely equipped to fight a fire should it occur. The refinery fire
water system is a separate water system with designated storage tanks,
pumps, and piping system. Process areas maintain a system of permanently
,
instal led water spray devices cal led monitors, which ~rovidevirtual iy
instantaneous fire fighting capability. Sewer systems, particularly i n
processing areas, are designed with seals, covers, traps, fire baffles,
etc. to prevent the spread of fire between processing areas. In
addition, the refinery maintains a foam system, fire trucks and other
fire fighting equipment as well as fire fighting crews, consisting of
trained refinery personnel. In general, most refineries are fully
capable of handling any fire that occurs and internally provides
virtually all required fire protection. Possible exceptions may be
smaller refineries (less than 50,000 barrels per day of crude oil
charge) which may require assistance from municipal and county fire
departments. However, the first line responsibility for firefighting
will remain with the refinery staff.
3.0 OVERALL. PLANT DESCRIPTION AND CHARACTERIZATION<
1
f.

REFINERY DESCRIPTION AND COMPARISONS

For purposes of this workbook, data have been developed for-

- -\
ten specific refinery cases. These cases are divided into two refinery
types. .The first type is designed to maximize the production of gaso- ,
line and the second type is designed to maximize the production of fuel '
oil. The two refinery types have each been further detailed into configura-
tions processing sour and sweet crude oils. The sour.crude o'il plants
are all b.ased on a crude oil feed containjng 1.5% (wt) total sulfur,
and sweet crude oil cases are based on a crude oil feed that contains
0.5% (wt) total sulfur. For the maximum gas01 ine-type refinery, cases
were developed for crude oil feed rates of 200,000 and 100,000 barrels
per day. For the maximum fuel oil refinery, capacities included were
200,000, 100,000, and 30,000 barrels per day. Table 3 summarizes these
I

cases .

The flow diagrams for the maximum gasoline and maximum fuel
oil refineries processing sour and sweet crude oil are shown in Fi.gures
1 through 4, Section 1.2. These figures .represent viable configurations
for these plants. The act.ua1 configuration of any refinery is dependent
upon a number of variables and these figures should not be considered
to be identical to new plants that may be built to' produce gasoline or
fuel oi 1, but represent a workable plant concept th'at 'would a1 low suffi -
cient operating flexibility.

In comparing the of the gasoline and fuel oil

refineries processing sour crude oil (Figures 1 .and 3), it can be seen
that the gasoline refinery is considerably more complex than the.fue1
oil refinery for processing the identical crude oils. The major difference
between the plants is that the gasoline configuration includes.such
process units as hydroc.racking,fluid catalytic cracking (FCCU), delayed
d
coking, and alkylation, which are not. required in the fuel oil case.
These additional units are required to crack the heavier crude oil
fractions into the lighter gasoline components and thus maximize \

79
1i
I
P . .
 TABLE 3
REFINERY CASES STUDIED

Maximum Gasoline Maximum Fuel O i 1

Crude Feed Rate, Sweet Sour Sweet Sour
Barrels/Day Crude Crude I -Crude Crude
 the production of gasoline. . Additional.ref;ormingcapacity is also
required to treat product streams from the hydrocracking and fluid
catalytic cracking units.

, ,
In the fuel oil refinery, the cracking processes are not
required, as the hea.vier crude oil fractions are blended directly into
distillate and fuel oil products. Therefore, the fuel oil refinery
will be less complex."

3..1.1 Comparison
- of Processing Sour vs Sweet Crude Oil
, .

Sour Crude Oil and Sulfur 'content

As discussed in Section 1.3, there are numerous definitions

of sour and sweet crude oil. For our purposes, crude oil has been
' termed "sourI1 if it contains more than 0.5% (wt) of total sulfur.
However, while the use of total sulfur content to define sour and
sweet crude oil i s comnon, it is not entirely correct. Strictly speaking,
"sour81refers to the corrosivity and toxicity of the crude oi 1, and
not the overall sulfur content. A sour crude oil is strictly defined
as containing 0.5 ft3 or more of dissolved hydrogen sulfide (HpS)
per 100 gallons of oil .2* Therefore, "souru is related to only a
portion of the total amount of sulfur that may be present in the crude
oil.. Based upon the preceding discussion, it is, therefore, possible
to have a sour crude oil that is relatively low in overall sulfur
content. Conversely, a high sulfur crude oil may not nkessarily
be considered .as being sour, if the sulfur is present in forms other
than as H2S.

However, sulfur in ill forms can cause operating problems

and must be-removed from the crude oi 1. In addition, hydrogen sulfide
can be produced in the desulfurization process units, through.the
reaction of sulfur and hydrogen. Therefore, since the total sulfur

quperscript indicates numbered reference.

81
in the crude oil must be considered in the overall processing scheme,
a crude oil high in total sulfur is often termed "sour" and thu; the
definitions presented in this workbook are reasonable.

Effect of Sulfur on Process Configuration

The total sulfur content and the H2S contained in the

crude oi 1 . has an effect on the confi gurat ion 'of the refinery, the materials
of construction used in the process units, and the size of the pollution
control units needed to control sulfur emissions.

In comparing the sour and sweet gasoline refineries (Figures

1 and 2 ) , the major difference is that in the refinery processing sweet
crude oil the mid-distillate and gas oil fractions from the crude oil
d i s l i 1 latlon u n l t are not subjected to hydrotreating prior to further
processing. This is because hydrotreating, a process used for removing
sulfur from the crude oil fractions, is not required for certain fractions
when processing sweet crude oil.

The same basic difference appears when comparing the maximum

fu'el oil refineries processing sour and sweet crude oil (Figures 3 and
4). Again, the sweet crude oi 1 refinery does not require hydrotreating
of the mid-distillate or gas oil fractions from the crude oil distillation
unit. In addition, the sweet crude oil configuration wouldnot require
a hydrogen production plant, as suffic ient hydrogen to meet refinery
needs is produced by the heavy naphtha reforming unit.

The hydrotreating units which are common to both the sour

and sweet crude oil refineries will be larger in the sour crude.oi1
plant to provide greater hydrotreating severity due to the higher degree
of sulfur removal required. This will also require that the hydrogen
plant be larger, in order to provide the hydrogen necessary for the
hydrotreating processes.

Sour crude oils are also more corrosive to process piping

and equipment than is sweet crude oil. Therefore, refinery units processing
sour crude oils will be constructed of special corrosion resistant
al.loys to minimize the corrosion caused by the sulfur compounds, particu-
larly H2S. The use of these alloys increases the refinery cost.

In terms of pollution control uni.ts, for plants of equal

capacity, refineries processing sour crude oil will require more capacity
in such units as sour water strippers, acid gas treating units, sulfur
recovery plants, and tail gas treating units. The sour water stripper
will be larger because more sour water streams will be produced and a
larger quantity of hydrogen sulfide will be stripped from the water.
Additional stripping steam will also be required to accommodate the
increased stripping requirements. Similarly, the acid-gas treating
unit will.be larger as more aci.d-gas with a higher sulfur content must
be handled. Since more sulfur is present, the sulfur recovery and tail
gas treating units will also be larger to accommodate the increased
sulfur loading. In addition, systems must be added to control the
release of hydrogen sulfide from tanks and sewers to avoid potential
problems of toxicity and flammability. The wastewater treatment unit
will not be substantially affected by the sulfur content of the crude
oil.

While some small refineries are being built to process

sweet crude oil, or crude oils that have been previously desulfurized,
it is unreasonable to assume that large refineries for processing only
sweet crude oil would be c~nsideredfor construction. Sweet crude
oils are becoming less available and the uncertainty of foreign supplies
of any crude:oil is always a major consideration. While it is possible
to process sweet crude oil .through
. a sour crude oil refinery, the reverse
i s not true. The sour crude oil refinery configurations offer greater
operating flexibility in terms of handling possible variations in .the
characteristics of the crude oil and would be the most likely candidate
for construction. The sour crude oi.1 gasoline refinery configuration
shown in Figure 1 is the most complex and offers the greatest amount of
operating flexibility. Conversely, the fuel oil refineries are more
 simple and would be the least flexible. Any actual refinery built
would most likely fall somewhere between these two configurations, and
would probably be designed to process sour crude oil.

- 3.1.2 Comparison of ~rocessingLight and Heavy Crude oils'

In comparing.the configurations of refineries of equal capacity

but processing light and heavy crude oil, the principal differences are
foun'd in the sizes and types of the units used to process the various
crude oil fractions. The refinery handling only light crude oil will
have the greater capacity for processing the lower boiling range (light)
fractions, while the heavy crude oil refinery will have larger capacity
units for refining the higher boiling (heavier) crude oil fractions.
If the primary purpose of the refinery is, ,for example, to produce
1 ight products, such as gas01 ine, the heavy crude oil plant will have
exten'sive cracking facilities in order to convert the. large portion of
heavier fractions which are present into the more valuable lighter
materials. In a light crude oil refinery, these units, if required,
would be of lower capacity, as the .proportion of heavy fractions available
for cracking is less.
I

L.1gh,tcrude o i 1 s are becorni rig increas,inglyscarce and a growing

proportion of the available crude oil is designated as being heavy.
Cal iforni a, Canada, and Venezuela a1 1 have 'substantial reserves of
heavy crude oi 1. Of principal concern when 'dealing with heavy crude
oils is how to refine them using conventional refining equipment. These
heavy crude oils will place severe demands on the flexibilityof refineries
and substantia1 equipment and process modifications may be necessary in
order to process these crude oils. -.

As noted in Section 2.1, handling of heavy crude oil is difficult

due to its high viscosity and high concentrations of sulfur and heavy
metals. In addition, heavy crude oils contain only small amounts of
low boi 1 ing range (1 i ght) fractions and conventional.processing methods
often produce only heavy products that have lower market value or, in
some cases, are virtually unsaleable.26 A number of methods are cur-
rently in use to process heavy crude oil and the choice of processing
scheme will depend upon such factors as the characteristics of the
crude oil and the refining processes available.

To upgrade these heavy crude oils so they may be handled by

existing refineries and made into more valuable products, one technique
is to hydrotreat the crude oil prior to distillation. This method of
handling the heavy crude oil was derived from the recently developed
technology which is used to hydrotreat the residuum from atmospheric
and vacuum.disti1lation units.

The hydrotreating of the crude oil can be done at the refinery,

or possibly, in the oil field. The hydrotreating will effectively
desulfurize and demetall ize the.crude oi 1 and, most importantly, wi 1 1
lower the viscosity of the crude oi 1 and increase the proport ion o f
lower boiling range (light) fractions. This makes the crude oil'easier
to transport and allows for processing by existing conventional equipment.
Table 4 shows an example of the properties of Canadian and Venezuelan
heavy crude oils before and after hydrotreating. Due to the high concentra-
tions of metals and sulfur in the heavy crude oils, catalyst replacement
is more frequent than is required when processing light crude oils.
Currently, these pretreating processes can handle crude oils with up to
600 ppm of heavy metals.' However, work is continuing to develop hydro-
treating catalysts that will tolerate higher metal c.oncentrations.

While the treated (synthetic) crude oi 1 sti 1 1 has a lower

proportion of 1 ight fractions than its 1 i ght crude oi 1 counterpart,
since it is now more amenable to conventional processing, the installation
of additional fluid catalytic cracking or hydrocracking capacity can be
considered in order to increase the proportion of light fractions produced.
 TABLE 4

PROPERTIES OF UNTREATED AND HYDROTREATED VENEZUELAN AND CANADIAN

HEAVY CRUDE OILS

Venezuelan Canadi an
Untreated Treated Untreated Treated

API G r a v i t y 9.6 23.6 , 15.7 29.1-26.3

V i s c o s i t y SUV @ 2 1 0 0 ~ ~ 2650 60

S u l f u r ( w t X) 4.3 0.28 3.6 0.22-0.77

M e t a l s (.pprn) ' ( N i + v l b 468. 27 20 3.0-30.0

Assay ( V o l %)C

C5-375OF (I 7.5 6 11-12

375-65OOF 11 32 23 37-40 .

aSUV = Saybol t u n i v e r s a l V i s c o s i t y
b ~ i =+ N~i c k e l + Vanadium
CVolume X w i t h i n s p e c i f i e d b o i l i n g r a n g e

Source: R e f e r e n c e 26
3.2 PLANT INVESTMENT

The construction of a refinery involves a large capital

expense and the actual cost of a refinery is affected by many factors.
Among the most important are:

... Refinery Complexity

Sulfur Content of the Crude Oil
Site Location.

The complexity of a refinery is related directly to the

number and type of processing units in that refinery.* Refineries
operating hydrotreating, catalytic cracking, hydrocracking and reforming
units' wi 11 be more complex than those that dd not have these capabi 1 ities.
For example, the gasoline refinery configurations shown in this document
employ a greater number and a more varied mix of process units than do
the fuel oil refineries, and are, therefore, more complex.

Refinery complexity also is an indication'of refinery operat-

ing flexibility. The more complex facilities are able to process
different crude oils more easily than' those of lower complexity and
are also more capable of shifting production from gasoline to distillate
or fuel oil modes. This is bec'ause the more complex refinery has the
additional process units necessary to' handle a wide variety of crude . .
oil fractions. The lower complexity plant does not incorporate these
units and thus would not have this flexibility.

The sulfur content of the crude oil also has a significant

effect on the refinery investment. As previously discussed in Section
3.1.2, special metallurgy for the process units, and additional sulfur
removal capacity, are among considerat ions when processing sour crude
'

oil. Cata shows the cost of building a refinery to process sour crude
oil [I .5% (wt) sulfur] is about 20% greater than an equivalent capacity
refinery processing sweet crude oil [0.5% (wt) sulfur1.2~

*Refinery complexity can be quantified.using the procedure developed

by W.L. Nelson. The method is discussed in Reference, 2 4 ( I ) .
 Site location also affects refinery investment. This is
reflected in the regional variations in such items as construction
wages, availability of materials, material costs, land and ready access /

to economical transportation methods. The cdsts given in this section

reflect a Gulf Coast location, and.other site locations may incur a
different cost range.

The investment ranges for the ten refinery cases are shown
in Table 5. These costs include process units and required off-site
(support) faci 1 ities (wastewater treatment, tankage, piping, etc. ) .
Also included is a factor for working capital. The working capital
includes 30 days of crude oil storage at $40/BBL which is due to the
, uncertainty in foreign crude oil supp'lies and prices.

It is evident from the data in Table 5 that complexity has a

significant effect on the refinery investment. For a given refinery
capacity, the. investment decreases with decreasing complexi'ty. This
is as expected as less process units are required in simpler refineries.

A different situation occurs when comparing the investments

of various capacity refineries at a constant complexity. As the capacity
of the refinery decreases, the investment per barrel of crude charge
increases. This is because certain refiner.^ cost items such as land,
piping, buildings, and site preparation cost essentially the same for
any refinery of a given complexity and are not proportional.ly affected .

by capacity. .

Of the investments shown, pollution control facilities,

including the sulfur recovery unit, tail gas treating unit, and wastewater
treatment plant account for about 15% of the total cost. This percentage
can vary depending upon such factors as sulfur content of the crude
oil, if incineration of waste sludge is employed, and the extent to
which other environmental control devices, such as scrubbers and electro-
static precipitators, are used. . O f this 15% about one-third is for air
pollution control facilities and two-thirds.for water pollution control.
 TABLE 5

.4
REFINERY 'INVESTMENT(1979 Dollars)
(Gulf Coast Locat ion)

$/BBL Capacity* Total Cost (Mi 1 1 ions)*

Capacity (1000 BBLIDay) 200 100 30 200 100 30
Refinery Type** Complexity

Gas01 ine
/

Sour Crude
Oi 1 11.5 5020-5650 6130-6950 ..- 1000-1 1 30 610-690
Sweet Crude
Oi 1 10.1 4 120-4610 4930-5550 -- 820-920 490-560
03
lD

Fuel Oil
I

Sour Crude
Oi 1 5.9 3450-3820 4000-4460 5 150-5810 690-760 400-450 ? 50- 170

Sweet Crude
Oi 1 4.4 2780-3040 ' 3080-3390 3820-6310 560-610 280-340 !20-130

*Costs shown include process units and off-sites. Also includes working capital equal to 18% of process unit
cost plus. 30 days' crude oil at $40/BBL.
**For this document, sour and sweet crude oils are designated as containing 1.5% and 0.5% sulfur respectively
(see Section 3.1.1).

Source: Mittelhauser Cprporation

 PLANT PROCESS UTILITY REQUIREMENTS

The u t i l i t i e s required by the various refinery types are:

Steam
, . Fuel ( o i l and/or gas)
Electrical Power
Cooling Water.

The steam i s required f o r indirect heating of process streams using

heat exchangers, driving pumps, and f o r d i r e c t process use such as
steam stripping. Fuel,. both o i l and gas, i s required primarily f o r
combustion in high capacity heaters and boilers. The process heaters
are used f o r heating process streams such as crude o i l d i s t i l l a t i o n and
vacuum d i s t i l l a t i o n u n i t feeds, Boilers are used t o generatc the steam
required. E l e c t r i c i t y i s required .for pumps, comp,ressors, instruments
and other equipment. .Cooling water i s needed t o cool process streams
both within the process and before they are sent t o storage..

Typically, steam i s generated on-site in a central boiler

f a c i l i t y and i s a l s o supplemented by steam generated a t c e r t a i n process
units such as the hydrogen unit and the f l u i d c a t a l y t i c cracking unit.
Fuel gas i s produced by various refinery units, such as c a t a l y t i c reform-
ing, as a by-product of the unit operation and t h i s source can be supple-
mented by purchased natural gas. Fuel o i l can be e i t h e r purchased or
obtained from the fuel o i l product produced a t the plant. Electrical
power usually i s purchased from the local public u t i l i t y b u t standby
generating equipment may be available t o maintain the operation of
c r i t i c a l process units in case of a t o t a l power f a i l u r e . Makeup water
t o the cooling water system can be obtained from any available water
source. Some process wastewater streams can be also used as cooling
system makeup.

The u t i l i t y requirements f o r the ten refinery cases 'of t h i s

discussion are shown in Table 6. These data represent the u t i l i t i e s
needed by the process operations only and do not include, f o r example,
 TAB!-E 6

REFINERY UIILITY REQUIREMENTS

~apacity(rl0~~~1/0~

lt/BBL of
Sour Crude O i l
-
W\SULINE REFINERY*

Sweet Crude O i l
FUEL OIL REFINERY'

Sour Crude O i l
200
Sweet Crude 011
100 30

Total capacity

Fue
~&TU/Oai 15.8-5.3 7.9-2.6 14.7-4.9 7.4-2.5 7.5-2.5 3.8-1.8 1.1-014 6.8-2.3 3.4-1.1 1.0-0.3
IO~BTU/BBL of
Total Capacity 0.8-0.4

Ele t r i c i t y
l d l m ~ l o a j 1.8-1.2 0.9-0.6 1.6-1.1 0.8-0.5 0.9-0.6 0.5-0.3 0.1-0.09 0.8-0.5 0.4-0.3 0.1-0.08
KWtI/BBL i f
Total Capacity 9.1-6.1 8.0-5.4 4.5-3.0 3.8-2.5

Cool I n .bJatere*
- TU%d5m 554-238 277- 119 538-230 269-1 15 249-107 125-54 37-16 240-103 120-51 36-15
Gal./OOL o f
Total Capacity 2720-1190 2690- 1150 1250-540 1200-510

*See Section 3.1.1 f o r a description o f sour and sweet crude o i l .

**Assume 20-30s temperature r i s e and represents process requirements f o r a rec l r c u l a t ing cooling water system. fresh makeup water i s normally
less than 5% o f the t o t a l process requirement.

Source: Mittelhauser Corporation

..
 the requirements for heating or lighting of offices or control buildings.
The ranges shown represent normal variations in the utility requirements
for the individual process units. These variations account for opt ions
that the refinery designer has depending on site and process specific
requirements.

As shown in Table 6, for refineries of different capacities,

processing the same crude oil and producing the same major products,
the required utilities will' be proportional to the refinery capacity.
For example, for the maximum gas01 ine refinery sour [I .5%
(wt) sulfur] crude oil, the process utilities required for the 200,000
BBL/day plant are about twice that ,required for the 100,000 B'~~/day
facility. This is because the same process units are required in each
plant, and the utilities required for each process unit are directly
related to the individual unit feedrate. Since each process unit of
the 200,000 BBL/day plant has essentially twice the capacity of the
smaller plant, the total process utilities will be proportionally
larger. The same analysis holds for the maximum fuel oil refineries of
various capacities.

In comparing refineries of. equal capacity, with the same

primary product but processing crude'oils with different sulfur contents,
the plant processing sweet crude oil wi 1 1 require less utilities,than
the p l G t handling sour crude oil. T h i s i s due to the fact that the
sweet crude oil. plant does not have certain hydrotreating units and the '
' utility.requirementsfor t h e s u l f u r r e c o v e r y a n d t a i l gas treating
units have decreased in proportion to the sulfur content of the crude
oil. In comparing the utilities required for processing a sour crude
oil to those required for sweet [0.5% (wt) sulfur] crude oil, the reduction
A in utilities is 10 to 12% for steam, 7 to 10% for fuel, 12 to 15% for
electricity, and 3 to 4% for cooling water.

Finally, in comparing maximum gasoline and maximum fuel oil

refineries of identical capacities and processing the same crude oi 1,
the maximum gasoline refinery will require about 30% more steam and 50%
G
more of the other utilities over that needed by the fuel oil retinery.
This is due to the greater complexity of the gasoline refinery that is
represented in the increased number of process units present.

The utilities required by the pollution control units are

closely related to the sulfur content of the crude oil. This is because
the pollution control devices with the largest utility demands are the
sulfur recovery unit and tail gas treating units. Other pollution
control units such as the sour water stripper, acid-gas treating unit,
and the wastewater treatment plant a1 1 require ut i 1 ities,but do not
have the large demand of the sulfur recovery plant.

For the sour crude oi 1 cases, sulfur recovery and tail gas
treating units account for 4-5% of the total fuel ,requirement and 4-6%
of the total electrical power consumption. In the sweet crude oil
cases, it is 1-2% of the fuel and 1-3% of the power. The other pollution
control units together account for less than 1% of the total utilities,
including steam and cooling water. The only exception may be for the
wastewater treating unit if sludge incineration is used as the final
disposal method. In this case, the wastewater treatment unit utilities
may increase, but this would be on . a. case-by-case basis, depending upon
the amount of sludge processed and the sludge characteristics. Any
additional utility requirements due to sludge incineration would not be
expected to be significant, in terms of the total refinery utility
needs.
3.4 PLANT LA8OR REQUIREMENTS

The labor requirements for a refinery are variable and are

highly dependent upon 'such factors as refinery complexity, product mix,
the refi'ner's staffing policies, and site location. These factors apply
to both.construction and operating labor requirements.

3.4.1 Construction Labor Requirements

The construction of a refinery requires the use of skilled,

smi-ski 1 led, and unski 1 led 1 abor. Table.7 shows the construction labor
by craft that are typically required for refinery construction. These
data represent site preparation and construction of process.units and
refinery off-sites.. The data also show the range of individual craft
requirements as a percentage of the total manhours to complete the con-
struction. This table is intended to show the general labor require-
ments for the various crafts needed for construction and the actual
percentage of total manhours for each craft and specific crafts employed
will depend upon individual site conditions.

Of the total required construction labor, engineering and

desi9.n presents about 20% and craft and other direct manual labor accounts
for the other 80%. A s expected, pipefitters, boilermakers, iron workers,
electricians, carpenters and laborers are the crafts accounting for most
of the total project manhours since piping, process vessels, structural
steel, electrical systems and concrete are basic.to refinery construction.

Table 8 shows the manhours by craft for construction of example

gasoline and fuel oil refineries. In comparing the overall construction
manhours required for comparable sizes of gasoline and fuel oil refiner-
ies, .the gasoline refinery, being more complex wi 1 1 require about 10%
more overall manhours. However, the portion of the total hours expended
by each craft is similar for each refinery, regardless of the capacity
or com~1exit.y. This is because construction of.proc.ess units and other
-
 TABLE 7
CONSTRUCTION LABOR R E ~ IUREMENTS*

Title or Craft Percent of Total Project Manhours

Engineers, Draftsmen, Designers

Pipefitters
Electricians
Boilermakers
Iron Workers
Carpenters
Operating Engineers
Teamsters
Laborers
Bricklayers
Cement Mason
1nsu1.ator
Painters
Sheet Metal Workers ..

Mi 1 lwright
Other (foreman, surveyors, etc

e all classifications (journeymen, helpers, etc.)

sources: (1 ) ~ittelhauserCorporation
(2) Reference 22 I
 TABLE 8
CONSTRUCTION MANHOURS FOR VARIOUS SIZE REFINERIES

Gasoline Refinery Fuel Oil Refinery

200,000 100,000 200,000 100,000
Craft BIDay Way B/Day B/Day -.-

Laborer 1 ,670,000
Carpenter 1,240,000
Teamster 340,000
Cement
Mason , 125,000
Uperati ng.
Engineer . 710,000
P i pefi'tter/
We 1 der 3,740,000 3,180,000
Boiler-
makers 440,000 370,000
Iron-
workers 670,000 GOO,000
b1i11-
wrights 160,000 95,000 110,000 69,OOC 35,UOU
Vai nters 170,000 1 lU,OOO 155,000 ' .1105,000 $0s 000
Surveyors 1 20,000 107,000 110,000 102,000 67,000 .
Insulators 110,000 75,000 95,000 63,000 30,000
\

Total
Manhours* 9,495,000 6,284,000 8,610,000 5,694,000 2,774',000

"Includes / O X efficiency factor.

Source: Ralph M. Parsons Company

 facilities will require the same craft mix for installation regardless
of overall plant size or complexity. Therefore, although the total
manhours for construction may vary, the ind7vidual craft requirements
*
are relatively constant.

Figure 33 shows a typical craft mix for certain crafts as $

plotted against el.apsed construction time. As shown, the mantime

requirements for each craft varies as the construction reaches various
stages of completion. At 20% project completion, operating engineers f
site preparation, carpenters for construction of concrete forms and
laborers will be in greatest demand, with carpenters, for example,
comprising 16%-of thc onzsite construction labor. By comparison, at 75:
project completion, the craft mix has changed significantly and pipefit
ters and electricians will comprise the bulk of the labor requirements.
Again, these figures show only a general craft mix during construction ' .
' and the actual craft mix at any given time for a specific refinery
construction project may vary from these data.

3.4.2 Operating ~ a b o r

Refinery operating labor is comprised of the process unit

operators, maintenance, engineering and supervisory administrative per-
sonnel. The operating labor requirements of a specific refinery depend
upon the refinery complexity, location, and if the refinery is owned by
a major or independent oi 1 company.

The overall operating labor requirements for the example refin-

eries outlined in this document are shown in Table 9. These data includi
process unit operators, operating supervision, maintenance labor and
supervision and engineering, and administration. Of the total operating
labor, unit operators represent 48%, operating supervision is about 7%,-
maintenance is about 37%, and engineering and others, is about 8%. These
proportions are. essenti a1 ly .the same for both major and independent
refiners and regardless of plant complexity.
 FIGURE 33
TYPICAL CRAFT MANHOUR DISTRIBUTIONS FOR REFINERY CONSTRUCTION

=BOILERMAKERS

CARPENTERS

rELECTRICIANS

IRONWORKERS
1

LABORERS

OPERATlNG ENGINEER

PERCENT ELAPSED TIME

Source: Reference 23
98
 TABLE 9
OPERATJNG LABOR REQUIREMENTS
Refinery Independent
capacity Major Refiner ~ e i fner
(lo3 BjDay) 200 100 30 30,
Refinery 'Gaso- Gaso- Fuel tuei Gaso- Gaso- tuel FueT hue1 F ue 1 kuel t uel
Type*/Crude* line/ line/ Oil/ Oil/ line/ line/ Oil/ Oil/ Oil/ Oil/ Oil/ Oil/
Oil Processed* Sour - -
Sweet -
Sour Sweet -
Sour Sweet
- - Sour Sweet
- --
Sour Sweet Sour
- Sweet

Process . .
Unit -
Operators 371 , 2 7 8 . ' 212 167 222 203 103- 104 82 ,68 49 41

Operation
Supervisors .53 40 30 . 24 32 30 19 15 12 10 7 6
6

Maintenance
Labor and
* Supervision 280 210 - 160 126

Engi n'eer-
ing, etc.
- - - - - - - - - - - -
TOTAL*" 768 576 438 . 345 460 422 269 216 fl0 141 100 85

. .
*See Section.3.1.1 for description sour and sweet crude c.ils.
1 **Ac.tual labor may vary f30% from total. shown.
Source: Reference 22, pp 194-196
 Major differences. occur, however, in the actual number of
operating personnel required for a given refin,ery. In general, in order
/
:to faci S i tate economical operation, an independent r&f iner will employ
about 40% fewer operators and 20% fewer maintenance people than a major
refine.r for a refinery of equal capacity and complexity. An example of
the actua1,rnanpower difference between major and independent refiners is
shown in Table 9 for the' 30,000 BIDay fuel 0.i1 refinery.

Table 10 is a listing of the various refinery jobs by general

labor category. As with the construction labor, this list is intended to
give an overall labor requirement and a specific refinery may not necessarily
include all job titles that are shown here.. The actual number of people
required for each job for a given refinery wi 1 1 depend upon overall
refinery cnnfiguration and the site specific wage and labof market
conditions.
 TABLE. 10
'

REF INERY JOBS a

CATEGORY CATEGORY

LABORATWY AND TEST l neb

Senior S t a f f Engineer Chlef Chemist

Chlef Procesi Manager . Chief Technologist
ASS^. Chief Engineer Chemist. P e t r o l e m
Refinery Manager Chemist, Specfal Testing
1-h. Assistant t o Manager Chemist, Research
Legal Counsel Assistant Research Chenlsts
.Superintendent Consulting Chenlsts
ASS i s t a n t Superitendent Metallurgist
Secretaries
Stenographers
...
' Manager o f Operations
Night Superintendent
O f f i c e Manager .,Director o f Operations
Chief Accountant Secretaries
Chief Clerk Area Supervisors
Cost Accountants . General Foreman
Econonics Engineers S h i f t Forenan.
Davroll Accountants
~;;hier
Paymaster ( P a y r o l l Supervisor)
Tiirekeeper Chief Operator
Clerks Process U n i t Foremen
Typlsts
Telephone Operator ' S h i f t Foremen
U n i t Operators
Assistant Operators -f i r s t helper
Assistant U t i l i t y Helper'
Fi r m e n
Housenen

--
Shipping Dept. Supervisor Helper second
Stock Dept. Supervisor Helper third
Purchasing Agent
Buyers
MINILNANCE ANb CONSTRUCTIOH

TECHNICAL SERVICES M N A ~ L ~ ~ E N T ~ Supertntendent Construction 6 Maintenance

Ma intenance. Supervisor
Manager o f Technical Services Construction Forenan
Technical D i r e c t o r - Maintenance Foreman
Assistant t o Techntcal Oirector
'
Planning Forenan .
D i r e c t o r o f Research C r a f t Foreman (see belar)
Assistant t o R e s e a ~ hD i r e c t o r
Secretaries Asbestos and P a i n t Shop
Clerks Working foreman
C qi n e e r i q CmsultmtS Stgn P a i n t e r and decorator
Painter. f i r s t class
Painter helper
Painter r b g h
Sand b l a s t e r
Cement f i n i s h e r
Chief Mechanical Engineers Insulator'
Mechanical Engineers I n s u l a t o r helper
Chief E l e c t r i c Engineer Laborer
E l e c t r l c a l Engtneers C m o n labor
- C i v f l Engineers
S t r u c t u r a l Englneery B o i l e r Shop-
Malntenancc Engineers 1nspector
Oeslgn Engineers Layout man
Safety Engineers B o i l e r maker. s t e e l worker
Head Draftsman F i t u p man
Draftmen Blacksmith
Chief Process Engineer Blacksmith helper
Process Engineer - Process U n i t s Blacksmith apprentice
Tool-ram man
Bollemaker helper
Second helper
Third h e l p e r
 TABLE 10 (Contd)

CATEGORY CATEGORY

Carpenter Shop Sheet Metal Shop

Gang forenan Tlnner, f l r s t class
nalnzenance.carpenter T Inner. 5erur1J ~ l a s r
Carpenter, f i r s t c l a s s F l r s t Helper
. Carpenter, h e l p e r Second Helper
Carpenter, rough
Carpenter helper Pipe Shop
Form b u i l d e r Foreman
Car bracer Pipe f i t t e r and welder
Laborers U t i l i t y man o r plumber
Pipe machine operator
E l q ~ t r i r5hnp P lpe bender
Pipe f i t t e r forcman
E l e c t r i c a l Foreman
Maintenance inspector Pipe f i t t e r .
Maintenance e l e c t r i c i a n or l i n e n a n F i r s t Helper
E l e c t r i c i a n . temporary Second He1per
Linenan, temporary U t i l i t y Pipe c u t t e r
F i r s t Helper
Second Helper Cement and Brickwork .
E l e c t r i c motW I.epalndn ' Mason foreman
Tele. troubleshooter B r i c k mason
Lamp washer Plastorsr forman
Laborer . Plasterer
Cement , f i n i s h e r
Instrument Shop F i r s t Helper
Repair forenan Second Helper
Repairman
Miscellaneous Labor
F i r s t Helper
Gang forenan - f i r s t class
Second He1per
Meter repainnan Gang foreman
Rigger - - second c l a s s
f i r s t class

--
Gas governor r e p a i r
Chartman o r changer Rigger second c l a s s ,
Rigger helper
Welding Shop Maintenance man
Foreman T h i r d helper
Master welder(ccmbination) Fourth helper
Welder (ccmbination) Crane operator
F i r s t Helper Crane operator helper
Second Helper U t i l i t y labor
Maintenance labor
T h i r d Helper
Arc welder Maintenance labor - second c l a s s
~ r ~ t ~ l weldr?r
a n a Casual labor
Material r e c l a i m e r . T i a c t o r fiperatar
Chipping. peening, etc. B u l l d o z e r operator
Ledd. bul.~ct~' (.Kid p l m t ) B o i l e r washer
Lead burner. B Tower cleaner ( t r a y s )
Lead burner helper Reactor cleaner .
Labor Tube cleaner .
C a t a l y s t mixer
Machine o r Pump Shop C d t d l ~ 5 tIoaJei
Foreman . F i r e equipment man
Special M a c h i n i s t , F i r e equipment helper
' F i r s t Class Machinist H o i s t i n g engineer
Second Class Machinist Truck d r i v e r (winch)
F i r s t Helper Truck d r i v e r under 2-1/2-ton
Second Helper Truck d r i v e r over 2-1/2-ton
Toolrbon Man Truck d r i v e r helper
Valve Grinder and Machine Operator Pipeliner, f i r s t class
Molder P i p e l i n e r , second class
Molder Helper
Engine Repairman
Master flechanic
UTILITIES
Mechanic (Auto) Power-house engineer .
Mechanic Helper
W a t e r - s t a t i o n engineer
Puinp repairman
W a t e r - s t a t i o n helper
Pump helper '
B o i l e r firenan
Truck Mechanic
B o i l e r operator
Laborers B o i l e r helper
Water tender o r t r e a t e r
E l e c t r i c Power Operator
E l e c t r i c Power Helper
Water Pumper
Cooling toner operator
Air-conpressor operator
Water-softening operator
Power-house o i l e r '

Power-house e l e c t r i c i a n
Power f o r m a n
 TABLE 10 (Contd)

CATEGORY CATEGORY

SHIPPING. RECEIVING. AN0 STORAGE Heavy-oil loadin$ rack -

Loader
Superintendent, Receiving and Shippingb Blender and Helper
Manager, Yarehous$
Manager, Marine ~ o a d i n g ~ L i g h t - o i l Loading rack
Supervisor. Receiving and Storesb Chief Loader
Storekeeper Chief Senior Clerk
Stock Foreman o r Keeper Pumper o r Top Loader
Warehouse Record Clerk Ground Man o r Helper
M a t e r i a l (Stock) C l e r k Gager
' Inventory C l e r k .
Oi spatcher Boat Loader
Receiving Clerk Boat Loader Helper
Shipping Clerk nnrk I nailer ( t r l ~ r t )
Shipping Checker Container repairman
Tool Clerk and Foreman Container r e p a i r l a b o r
Tool Clerk Container inspector
Order F i1l e r Drum Conditioner Operator
B a r r e l Yeigher Drum Conditioner A s s i s t a n t
Stenciler Orum Conditioner Helpers
S t e n c i l e r Helper Car ( r a i l r o a d ) inspector
Head B a r r e l F i l l e r
Head Can F i l l e r Tank-car Repair
Yardmaster o r Head Loader A i r brakeman
' Head Wharf Tender Steam c o i l
T r a f f i c Manager Repairman-foreman
Terminal Superintendent Second helper
Can Capper . T h i r d helper .
Can Conveyor Feed F o u r t h helper .
Container Washer Labor
Warehouseman , .
Cleaner
N a i l i n g Machine Operator
Orum Plant F i l l e r Bomaker.
Floorman. tnnpn~rnding a o ~p r i n t e r
Caser Cooper
~ s p h a l tSwitching
' P a i n t e r . b a r r e l o r container
-
Package F i l l e r s Hand P a i n t e r . spray
-
Package F i l l e r s
Locunotive Fireman
Machine P a i n t e r , helpers
Salvage Foreman
. Locanotive Crane Operator Salvage Man
Crane Follower Salvage Helper
Head Transport Loader Reclamation inspector
Rackman ( a l s o see loaders) Garageman
Rackman Helper F o r k - l i f t operator
Switch Tender
Brakesman
Elevator Operator, f r e i g h t
Trucker. Hand PROTECTION AN0 CUSTODIAL SERVICE
Truck D r i v e r , under 2:1/2 tons
Truck D r i v e r h e l p e r Personnel and s a f e t y d i r e c t o r b
Truck Driver. over 2-112 tons Safety and T r a i n i n g ~ u p e r v i s o $
Loaders ( r a i l cars. and t r u c k s ) Physician, i n d u s t r i a l b
Nurse. i n d u s t r i a l b
F i r s t Aid ~ t t e n d a n t ~
Superintendent: protec!j2??
Guard sergeant
Guard c a p t a i n
Guards (roundsmen)
~atthen
Yatchnen
' F i r e mashall
F i r e inspector
F iremen
Janitor
Charwanan
Porter
Groundskeeper

"ource: Reference 22, pp 67-68, 75-76

b ~ s u a lly S a l a r i e d Employees
3.5 LAND REQUIREMENTS

The land requirements for a refinery are variable and are

heavily dependent upon such considerations as land availability, en-
vironmental restrictions, proximity to residential areas, available .
rail and water access, available utilities (power, w a t e r , e t c . ) suita-
bility of land for construction; and land costs.*

The final selection of a site requires the land Qe suitable

for constructing process units, tank farms, loading faci 1 ities, and
maint'enance areas and the design and layout of the refinery wi 1 1 depend
upon the existing surrounding area and overall land availability. If
land is plentiful, a given refinery will tend to purchase more acreage
to allow for future expansions and greater separation of process
units, tankage and other areas. This allows for greater flexibility
of adding on process units as well as increased safety in the event of
fire. The availability of land can also affect land utilization. For
example, if sufficient land area can be obtained, a refinery may consider
on-site land farming of wastewater sludges or evaporation ponds for
disposing of final effluents as alternatives to-incineration, contract
landfi 1 ling or discharge of treated effluent to a waterway. It may
also be possible to allow a larger buffer area between the process
units and plant boundaries if a large plot can be obtained.

Another aspect of land availability is in terms of environ-

mental restrictions. Considerations such as the proximity of wildlife
refuges, designated Green Belt areas, or areas with extreme air or
water pollution requirements have a significant effect on land avail- ,

abil ity and development and use of the site. These restrictions can,
for example, limit plot sites and access to waterways or rail lines.
In some cases, development of a site that requires greater construction
effort and expense may be more desirable than building in an environmentally

*The socio-economic aspects of land requirements are.discussed i n

Section 3.9.
 sensitive.area where the land may be more suitable to cb-nstyuction.
These considerations will, however, vary for different sites!..
\\

'I

The proximity of the proposed refinery to residentjal, agri-

cultural, recreational and urban areas will be of prime interest to
local landowners. Of major concern will be property values and'possible
0
aesthetic changes in the area. . Refineries like other industrial plants
can be, and are, constructed td blend with the surrounding landscape,
by the use of earthwork and trees or other foliage to for% Green Belt
areas around the plant. Process units and'other active areas are
normally situated we1 1 within the plant 'boundaries to avoid direct
contact with the surrounding area. Examples of refineries being compatible
with its surroundings are the Texaco refinery in Anacortes, Washington,
which has deer living within the plant boundary and the Mobil Oil
refinery in Joliet, ~llinois,which is located within two miles of a
state game preserve. ..

Availability of utilities as well as access to transportation

,systems such as rail or water are also .factors which a f f e c t refinery
siting. If the local public works cannot supply the necessary utilities,.
they will have to be produced on the refinery site, which entails
additional capital and maintenance expenses. Such concerns as rail,
water, and even truck access are also important when determining the
logistics of moving both raw materials and finished products. If
acceptable transportation facilities are not available, this could
also result in additional construction costs or bypassing a given site
in favor of another.

The suitability of the site for construction is also an

important considerat ion. The process units, tanks and product and raw
material transportation vehicles will put a severe strain on the load
bearing capability of the land. If the land is swampy for example,
considerable land filling prior to construction may be required and
construction may entail more extensive use of piles or caissons than
if the site were situated on more stable ground. In addition, considera-
tion is given to the potential for earthquakes, flooding, etc. These
factors can result in additional construction expense and a marginal
site can become uneconomic to develop. The effect of these and the
other factors noted will have a different impact on each individual
,site and the considerations and concerns for'site selection will be
site-specific.
'#

Historically when land was relatively inexpensive, refineries

would typically obtain 15 to 20 acres per 1000 barrels of refinery
capacity at the time the refinery was built.33 This would generally
include some land for expansion, but additional,land would also be
obtained as the early refinery increases capacity. More recer~lly,due
to the rising costs of land, the average land requirement for new
refineries has been reduced to about 5' acres per 1000 bbl of capacity.24(G)
For the example refineries of the complexity shown in this document,
due to the necessity for the storage of intermediate products, it may
be assumed that the gasoline refinery will require about twice as much
land as the fuel oil ref inery.33 Using the average of 5 acres per bbl
of capacity, Table 1 1 shows the total estimated acreage required for
the example gasoline and fuel 611 reflnerles shown in Table .3, Section
3.1,. Of this total acreage, about 10% is required for the process
units, land for tankage typically is about 26% of the total,24(G)
depending upon such factors as product mix, operating conditions,
product distribution system, and storage .capacity requirements. The
remaining area 'is. used for expansion', Green Be1 t areas, buffer zones
and other uses. It should be noted that the 'estimated land requirement
for refineries, manufacturing similar products; but processing sweet
or sour crude oil, are equal. This is because crude oi 1 characteristics
principally affect the units, which require the minimum land
space. Land for tankage and other uses is not affected as greatly by
the characteristics of the crude oil.

The land actually utilized by four existing refineries is

shown in Table 12. Because of the different site conditions, the
 TABLE 11

ESTIMATED LAND REQUIREMENTS FOR EXAMPLE REFINERIES

Type of Ref i n ery Gasol i n e Fuel O i l . -

Type o f Crude O i l * Sour Sweet Sour '
.. Sweet

Capacity (1000 B/Day) . 200

- 100
- 200
- 100
- 200
- 100
- ' 30
- -
200 100
-- 30
-

Total
Land
Area
(Acres) 1000- 500- 1000- 500- 500- 250- 75-
2000 1000 2000 1000 1000 500 150

*See Section 3.1.1 f o r d e s c r i p t i o n o f sour and sweet crude o i l .

 TABLE 12

LAND REQUIREMENTS OF FOUR E X ISTING REFINERIES

Land Requirements (acres)

Capacity Process Planned
Refinery (1000 BIDay) Units Tankage Expansion .Other Total

Source: Mittelhauser Corporation

total land usage is extremely capable. Land .usage ranges from 2 to 13
acres barrel of capacity and is site dependent. For example, refinery
A, processing 360,000 bbl/day is located in a highly .urban area. In
contrast, refinery C, which is only about 20% as large as refinery A,
is located in a more remote area and .has about 10% more land area than
refinery A. Also shown in the table is the land utilizati,on by.the
various refineries. Of the total acreage, 10% to 20% of the land is
used for the process units, 20 to 35% is for tankage, 10% is for planned
expansion, and the remainder is undesignated. The undesignated land
may be used for such purposes as land farming of wastewater treatment
sludge, buffer areas between the process u n i t s and plant boundaries
and Green Belt areas surrounding the of the plant. These
divisions represent the land usage for these four existing refineries,
and should not be considered as necessarily typical of all refineries.
The actual land utilization will depend upon local site conditions.
3.6 PLANT WASTE PRODUCTION

As is the case with other industrial plants, refineries will

generate air emissions, and aqueous and solid wastes. The production
of these wastes is an unavoidable part of the oil refining process and
measures have been developed to minimize the production of these wastes
and to treat the wastes that are generated. Generation of the wastes
is rninlmized by maximizing process unit efficiency, and extensive waste
treatment is included as part of all refineries to handle and treat the
wastes that are produced.

3.6.1 Air Emissions

The amount of emissions released to the atmosphere from a

refinery is dependent upon many factors including the type of crude oi 1
being processed, the complexity of the refinery, and the types and
characteristics of the fuels used by the processing units. For example,
a refinery processing heavy crude oils will require more heating capacity
to process the crude oil than a light crude oil refinery and thus will
burn more'fue.1 and have a higher emission rate. Likewise, a highly
complex refinery will have more processing.units and thus a greater
number of emiss.ion sources. Finally, a refinery burning fuel oil as a
process fuel will have.more emissions than a refinery using fuel gas as
its major process fuel source.

The major air emissions from a refinery are:*

. Particulates.
Sulfur Oxides (SO,)
.. Carbon Monoxi'de (CO)
Hydrocarbons
Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)

and can be generated by both process units and off-site facilities.

*For this document, SOx is taken to be sulfur dioxide (so2) and NOx
is nitrogen dioxide (N02).
 The major' sources of a i r emissions withi.n a refinery
are:
Process Heaters
Steam Generation System
Fluid Catalytic Cracking Unit Catalyst
Regenerator
Sulfur Recovery Plant Tail Gas
Mi scel 1 aneous Sources. b
Process h.eaters ( o r furnaces) are, c o l l e c t i v e l y , the major sources
of a i r emissions from 'a refinery. These heaters are used t o heat
the crude o i l and other streams t o the temperatures required by
the processing units. They are most frequently used on the unit
• feed streams b u t may also be used between stages within a process
u n i t . ( i .e., ' c a t a l y t i c reforming u n i t s ) .

Since fuel gas i s an overall, cleaner burning fuel than

fuel o i l , most r e f i n e r i e s will use fuel gas (supplemented with
natural gas when necessary) as the major source of process heater
f u e l . Federal regulations 1 imit the amount of H2S t h a t can be
present in fuel gas t o 0.1 grains HzS/DSCF. Since the gas does
not contain p a r t i c u l a t e matter or nitrogen compounds, overall emis-
s i o n s from fuel gas combustion are very low, most r e f i n e r i e s do not require
emission control. f o r gas-fired equipment.* A d i f f e r e n t . s i t u a t i o n may
e x i s t if fuel o i l ' is used as the main process heater f u e l . Depending .upon
the gravity and sulfur content of the fuel oi 1, f l u e gas treatment
t o control p a r t i c u l a t e and sulfur emissions may be required f o r oil-
f i r e d process heaters.

The refinery steam generat ion system, which produces the

bulk of the steam used in the refinery, can also be a s i g n i f i c a n t
source of a i r emissions. Combustion of the fuel in the b o i l e r s i s
the emission source and, l i k e other f i r e d heaters, the emissions
depend upon the amount of fuel burned and the fuel c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s .
Federal regulations place limits on the emissions allowed from
steam generators with heat inputs greater than 250 MM BTU/hr. Refinery

*See Section .4.0'for a complete discussion of the Air Emissions

Control Regulations.
 gas, some SOx will be present in the tail gas released to the atmosphere.
These amounts are small but nonetheless comprise an emission squrce.

Miscellaneous emissions typically are hydrocarbon emissions

from such sources as storage tanks, uncovered oil separation tanks at
the wastewater treatment plant, combustion emissions from the wdbLewdter%
sludge incinerator and flares, and coke dust from the decoking operation.
Storage vessels are equipped with vapor recovery systems and floating
. roofs to minimize these losses. Product loading facilities also are
equipped with vapor recovery systems. Sludge~incinerdtbrS have f l u e U

gas control devices and other fugitive emissions, particularly hydrocarbons,

are controlled through proper unit operation and proper attention to
hwsekeepi ng and maintenance.

The various sources of refinery emissions have been identified

and emission factors have been determined. The factors used in this
document are shown in Table 13. The fuel emission factors are used to
determine the emissions generated by a1 1 fuel burning furnaces, heaters
and boilers, including the refinery steam generation unit. Emission
factors for the fluid catalytic cracking CO boiler and the refine'ry
tail gas treating unit are also shown.

Using the emission factors shown in Table 13, 'the overall

emissions from the ten example refineries is shown in Tables 14 and 15.
These data are based on the fuel and steam requirements given in Table
6, Section 3.3, and assume that no emission controls exist on the
process heaters or steak generating unit, and that the CO boiler flue
gas is meeting the Federal New Source Performance ~tandards.13' In an
actual refinery, depending upon local regulations, fuel used and the
boi ler,.size, the steam generating .unit may require control of stack gas
emissions. This requirement would be, however, site specific.

. .As shown in Tables 14 and 15, the overall refinery emissions

will. vary with overall refinery capacity and crude oil charge character-
istics (complexity) and process fuel used. These data assume that
 TABLE 13
EMISSION FACTORS

Fuel Oila Fuel Gasa

( 1 b/bbl ) -
(lb/1000 SCF)

Process Heaters
Particulate
Sulfur Oxides (SO,)
C0
Hydrocarbons
Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)

Fluidized Catalytic Cracking Unit -

Cata.lyst Regenerator (w/CO Bo.iler)
Part icul atec 1 1 b per 1000 l b of Coke Burnoff
soxd '1.86 lb S02/bbl fresh unit feed
Negl i g i b l e
220'lb/l000 bbl f r e s h unit feed
7 lb/1000 bbl fresh unit f e e d

Tail Gas Treating Unite Assumes SO2 m i s s i o n from 'process

i s equivalent of unrecovered s u l f u r
based on 99.8%.t o t a l s u l f u r recover,
Miscellaneous sourcesf 0.37 1b hydrocarbons/bbl of
capacity

-
b ~ o= weight percent s u l f u r in fuel o i l taken to be '0.3% f o r Tables
13-1 6
Sf = s u l f u r concentration in fuel gas, taken t o be 0.1 grains H2S/1000
SCF f o r Tables 13-16
CFederal New Source Performance. Standards emission 1 imit
d ~ s t i m a t e dbased on 0.3 w t % sulfur in coke
eOoes not include 502 from combustion of. fuel in t a i l gas unit process
incinerators.
.*
~ eerencf e 20
 TABLE 14
REFINERY EkISSIONS SUMMARY - GASOLINE REF I N E R I a
(1 . \

Crude O i 1 ~~~e~ Sour Sweet x

..
Capacity
(]boo B / D ~ ~ ) ,200 100 200 100 -
Fuel t uel Fuel Fue 1 Fue! Fuel Fue 1 Fuel
Fuel TypeC. -Oi1 -
Gas -Oil --Gas -0iI Gas O i1 Gas
-
Particulate 8120- 1090- 4060- 545- 7550- 1010- 3780- 507-
24900 3870 12500 1940 23200 3650 11600 1820

SO,^ 81000- 65500- 405110- 32800- 780:lO- 63600- 39000- 3 1800-

115000 68500 57400 34200 109000 66300 54700 33200
A
--1'

Carbon 1400- 920- 700- 460-

Monoxide 4200 2770 2109 1390 .

a ~ n c l u d e s emissions from FCCU c a t a l y s t regenerator

b ~ e eSection 3.1.1 f o r a d e s c r i p t i o n o f sour and sweet crude o i l
CAssumes r e i f n e r y burns a l l o i l o r a l l f u e l gas. I n p r a c t i c e , f u e l usage w i l l be a combination o f o i l and-gas.
d ~ values ~ x i n c l u d e SO2 equivalent o f s u l f u r n o t recovered by s u l f u r p l a n t and 0.3% ( w t ) s u l f u r i n FCCU c a t a l y s t coke.
eInc ludes miscellaneous hydrocarbon emissior~sfrom tankage, f l a r e s , etc. o f 0.37 1bIBBL o f t o t a l r e f i n e r y capacity.
 TABLE 15

KEFINERY EMISSION SUMMARY - FUEL OIL REFINERY

!1b l d a y )

Crude O i l Typea Sweet Sour

Capacity 100 30 200 100 30

(1000 BID)' 200
kuel I-u e l Fuel FueT Fuel Fuel Fuel Fuel Fuel Fuel Fuel Fuel
Erni s s i o n -Oi l - Gas Oi 1
- Gas
- 0.i 1
- Gas
- --O i l -Gas &-
Oil Gas
- O i1
- Gas

Particulates 3850- 517- 1930- 259- 578- 78- 3490- 470- 1730- 235- 524- 71-
11500 1520 5760 773 1730 232 10500 1400 5230 701 1570 210

aSee s e c t i o n 3.1.1 f o r a d e s c r i p t i o n o f sour and sweet crude o i 1.

b ~ n c l u d e sSO2 e q u i v a l e n t o f s u l f u r r e l e a s e d i n t a i l gas.
c I n c l u d e s m i s c e l l a n e o u s hydrocarbon emissions f r o m tanka.3e f 1ares, e t c . o f 0.37 1b l b b l o f c a p a c i t y .

Source: Mittelhauser Corporation

the refinery-uses a.11 fuel oil or all fuel gas for process fuel. In
practice, process fuel is a combination of oil and gas. For refineries
\

of equal complexity using the same process fuel but differing capaci-
ties, the overall emissions will be related directly to-the capacity. .
This is because the. same amount of fuel is used per barrel of feed and
only .the overall plant capacity has changed. In the other case where
capacities are equal but complexities differ, the less~'complexplant.
wi.11 have lower overall emissions due to the decreased number of process -
units, process heaters and boi ler capacity.

In comparing the refineries.of equal complexity and capacity

but using different process fuels, the refinery using.fue1 gas will
have, with the exception of NOx, lower overall air emissions.

In the case of the fuel oil refinery (Table 17), the distilla-
tion and catalytic reforming units are again the major sources of'
air emissions for the same reasons as in the gasoline refinery.. Due to
the fuel oil refinery being overall less complex than the gasoline
refinery, the overall air emissions from the fuel oil refinery are
less even though the emission for the process units are equal per barrel
of unit charge..

3.6.2 wastewater Discharge

The volumes and characteristics of the wastewaters produced

and discharged by petroleum refineries is dependent .upon parameters such
as the properties of the crude oil, types of pkocessing units, final
product mix, and method of treatment and disposal. Therefore, the char-
acteristics of the wastewaters produced and discharged will reflect
individual site conditions and a "typical" wastewater cannot be defined.
The data presented in this section represent a review of various refin-
ery wastewater data wh'ich have been applied to the exampie refineries
detailed,in this document.. .
 TABLE 16 -

,
PROCESS UNIT EMISSION SUMMARY - GASOLINE REFINERY
200,000 BID, Sour Crude O i 1 ( I b l D a ~ ) ~

Fuel Used Fuel 011 Fuel Gas

Partic- Hyoro- Par i c - Hydro-
Process U n i t ulates 2 0 % CO carbons No, ulakcs SO CO carbons Nor

Atm.Ol~ti1l. 2060- 4280- 340- 340- 3400- 276- 370- 234- 400- 3160-
3060 6160 540 540 5400 412 554 350 598 4 740

Oelayed Cok.

F l u t d Cat.
Cracking
Naphtha Cat.
Reforming
Hydrocrack tng

Naphtha Hydro-
treatlng

Distillate
Hydrotreatlng
Gas 011 333- 690- 56- 56- 560- 45- 60- 38- 65- .5 15-
Hydrotreating 495 957 86 86 860 65 88 55 96 749

Retid. 392- 812- 68- 68- 680- 53- 71- 44- 76- 604-
Hydrotreatlng 480 920 8 4 . 84 . 840 63 84 53 92 716
Coker Naphtha IS- 31- 3- 3- 3% 3- 4- 3- 4- 32-
Hydrotreatlng 52 110 9 9 90 7 10 6 10 82

HVV Gasoline
Hydrotreating

HVY Gas01 i n e
Cat.Reforming
Isomerlzatlon

Alkylation

Hydrogren
Production
Su 1f u r 100- 210- 17-
Recovery 123 255 21
T a l l Gas 226- 3190- 39-
Treatingb 818 4420 142
FCCU c a t a l y s t 0- 1- o
Regn.&CO 613 1380
80 i1erc
Miscellaneous - -
TOTAL 10638- 87207- 1815-
22930 110602 3902

aKanges are based on range o f f u e l r e q u . j r m n t s . See Section 3.1.1 f o r a. d e s c r i p t i o n of sour and sweet crude ofl.
b ~ n c l u d e s502 equ-ivalent of s u l f u r released I n t a f l gas.
%red on max. allowed emfssion l i s t e d i n NSPS arid assumed:0,3Z(wt) s u l f u r f n coke.
d8ased cn 0.37 l b hy?rncarbon emlsr lonlB8L gldrrt .capacity;

Source: H i i t e l h a u s e r Corporation
 TABLE 17

PROCESS UNIT E M I S S I O N SUMMARY - FUEL OIL REFINERY

200,000 B I D , 1.5% Sour Crude O i 1 ( 1 b / D a ~ ) ~

Fuel Used Fuel O i l Fuel Gas

Yartic- Hydro- Partic- Hydro-
Process U n i t cultes bUx . CO carbons NO,
- culates sox --
CO carbons NOx

2660-. 4280- 340- 340- 3400- 276-

3060 6160 . 540 540 5400 412
736- 1520- 128- 128- 1280- 561
888 1848 152 152 1520 120
Naph.Cat. 1310- 2730- 226- 226- 2260- 174-
Reforming 2300 4830 396 396 3960 309
Naphtha 130- 272- 11- 11- 110- 23-
H y d r o t r e a t i n g 453 762 79 79 790 62
Distillate 273- 535- 46- 46- 460- 33-
Hydrotreating 353 655 56 56 560 41
Gas O i l ' 303- 627- 51- 51- . 510- 41-
Hydrotreating 450. 870 78 78 780 59
Resid 392- 812- 68- 68- 680- 53-
Hydrotreating 480 920 84 84 840 63
HZ Product ion 105- 254- 25- 18- 423- 16-
109 3 10 21 22 517 20
Sulfur 76- 159- 13- 13- 130- 10-
Recovery 94 194 17 17 170 12
r a i l Gas 170- 2150- 30- 30- 300- 23-
lreatingb 616 3070 . 107 107 1070 83
Miscellan-
eous - , 740OOC -
l OTAL 5555- 13339- . 1260- 75270- 12793- 745-
8803 19019 2136 76139 21527 1181

dWdnges are based on range o f f u e l ,requirements. See Section 3.1.1 f o r a d e s c r i p t i o n o f sour 'nd sweet crude o i l .
blncludor SO2 r p l p a ~ e dw i t h t a i l gas.
CMdsed on 0.37 l b Hydrocarbon/BBL o f p l a n t capacity.
 A general 1 i s t of the sources of refinery wastewater i s shown
on Table 18. Process wastewaters are generated by the processing units
and are the s u l f i d e and ammonia containing water streams (sour water)
produced through d i r e c t contacting of steam or water with the petroleum
f r a c t i o n s . The wastewater from the cooling and boiler systems are due
t o the make-up water t r e a t i n g systems and the boiler and cooling water
blowdown streams which are generated t o maintain system water quality.
Wastewaters from tankage are generated by condensate which c o l l e c t s i n
the tanks, water entrained with the crude o i l , and tank washwaters.
Miscellaneous sources include b a l l a s t water from seagoing vessels, o i l y
storm runoff, and e f f l u e n t s from c l e a n i n g o f tank c a r s , tank trucks, and .
drums :

The volumes of wastewater produced by each source i s dependent

upon overall refinery configuration and use of in-plant source control
measures. Inland r e f i n e r i e s , f o r example, will not have b a l l a s t water,
t o t r e a t and a highly complex refinery will generate more process waste-
I
water than a more simple refinery. Cooling system blowdown can be mini-
mi zed by employing blowdown treatment and recycle systems. Close atten-
tion t'o unit operation can minimize the process was.tewater produced.
Therefore, the volumes of wastewater generated will be specific t o a
given refinery and dependent upon the general operating conditions.

The.water pollutants found in refinery wastewaters include

Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BODS), Chemic a1 'Oxygen Demand ( C O D ) , oi 1,
t o t a l suspended sol ids (TSS) , Ammonia (NH3), phenol, hydrogen sulfide
(HzS), t r a c e organics, and some heavy metals.* Table 19 shows the
major sources of each of these pollutants. Process wastewaters contribute
a portion of v i r t u a l l y a l l pollutants while other sources have more
specific pollutant discharges. t

, .

The estimated t o t a l wastewater discharges f o r the example

gasoline and fuel o i l r e f i n e r i e s .are shown in Table 20. The' data I

assume t h a t similar r e f i n e r i e s practice the same degree of in-plant

\

* S e e mfor definition of terms.

 'TABLE 18
WASTEWATER SOURCES

Source. Wastewater D e s c r i p t i . o n

Process U n i t s Sour Condensates

C o o l i n g Tower C o o l i n g Tower Blowdown,

E f f l u e n t s from Make-up Water
Treat'ing

Boilers B o i l e r Blowdown and Feedwater

Treatment E f f l u e n t s

Tank Farm Tank Drainage and Cleaning

t t t iuents

M i s c e l laneous O i l y ~ a s t . e w a t e r s B a l l a s t Water, ~ a n kCar Washing

E f f l u e n t s , Storm Water Runoff,
. . etc.

, .
Source: M i t t e l hauser C o r p o r a t i o n
 TABLE 19
POLLUTANT SOURCES

Pollutant Source

Process Wastewater
Cooling Tower Blowdown ( i f hydrocarbons
leak i.nto c o o l i n g water system)
B a l l a s t Water
Tank Flow Drainage and Runoff

COD Process Wastewater

Cnnling Tnwer Blowdown ( i f hydrocarbons
leak i n t o c o o l i n g water system)
B a l l a s t Water
Tank Flow Drainage and Runoff

O i1 Process Wastewater
Cooling Tower Blowdown ( i f hydrocarbons
l e a k i n t o c o o l i n g water system)
B a l l a s t Water
Tank Flow Drainage and Runoff

T o t a l Suspended S o l i d s Process Wastewater

Cooling Tower Blowdown
B a l l a s t Water
Tank Flow Drainage and Runoff

Phenol Process Wastewater ( p a r t i c u l a r l y

from F l u i d C a t a l y t i c Cracking U n i t )

NH3, HzS, t r a c e organics Process Wastewater

Heavy Metals Process Wastewaters, Tankage Wastewaters

Discharges
Cooling Tower Blowdown ( i f chromate
t y p e c o o l i n g water treatment chemicals
a r e used)

Source: ~i
t t e l hauser C o r p o r a t i o n r
 TABLE 20

ESTIMATED TOTAL WASTEWATER VOLUMES GENERATED FROM EXAMPLE GASOLINE REF I'NER I E S

.Tvde. o f Crude O i 1* Sour Sweet

200 100 200 100
Capacity. (1000 B/Day) GPM
- MGD
- GPM
- MGD
- GPM
- MGD
- GPM
- MGD
-
Wastewater

Process
Tank Farm
B o i l e r & Cooling Towers
Runoff, B a l l a s t , Misc.
Sanitary '

Total 4920 4920 7.08 2460 3.55 4 733 6.81 2368 3.41

ESTIMATED TOTAL WASTEW.4TEK VOLUMES GENERATED FROM EXAtdPLE FUEL OIL R E F I N E R I E S

Type o f Crude O i l * Sour- Sweet

Capacity (1000 BIDay) 200 100 30 . 0
200 30
GPM
- D
- GPM -
- MGD -GPM
- MGD EPM
- MGD
- .-GPM MGD
- GPM
- MGD
-
Wastewater

Process
1
973 1.30 487 0.70 146 0.21 745 1.07 373 0.54 112 0.16
Tank Farm 60 0.139 30 0.05 10 0.01 60 0.09 30 0.05 10 0.01
B o i l e r & Cooling Towers 782 1.13 391 0.51 117 0.17 719 1.04 360 0.52 108 -0.16
Runoff, Ballast, Misc. 970 1 485 0.70 146 0.21 , 970 1.40 485 0.70 146 0.21
Sanitary - 9 0.01
- - - 6 0.01
-- 2 0.003
- 8
- - - - - 2-
0.01 5 0.010 0.002

Total

*See Section 3.1.1 f o r discussion o f s . ~ u rand sweet crud-e o i l .

source c o n t r o l , blowdown handling, e t c . I t must be r e a l i z e d t h a t
these a r e estimates o n l y and should n o t be taken as ge'neralized values
applicable t o a l l refineries. The data, however, i n d i c a t e a r e a l i s t i c
e v a l u a t i o n o f t h e wastewaters. produced by r e f i n e r i e s bf the configurations
o u t l i n e d i n t h i s document.

As shown i n t h e t a b l e s , wastewater discharges are a f u n c t i o n

o f r e f i n e r y c a p a c i t y , c o m p l e x i t y , and .'product mix.
' R e f i n e r i e s process-
i n g t h e same crude o i l (equal c o m p l e x i t y ) and h a v i n g t h e same p r o d u c t
mix b u t having d i f f e r e n t c a p a c i t i e s w i 11 have wastewater discharges
proportional t o the difference. T h i s i s because t h e r e f i n e r i e s have
i d e n t i c a l c o n f i g u r a t i o n s , t h u s t h e wastewater produced p e r b a r r e l o f
c a p a c i t y w i l l be t h e same. However, due t o t h e o v e r a l l c a p a c i t y d i f f e r -
ence, t h e p l a n t w i t h . l o w e r c a p a c i t y w i l l generate p r o p o r t i o n a l l y l e s s
wastewater.

I n comparing g a s o l i n e r e f i n e r i e s o f equal c a p a c i t y b u t p r o -
c e s s i n g d i f f e r e n t crude o i l s ( d i f f e r e n t c o m p l e x i t y ) , * there i s notable
d i f f e r e n c e i n t h e volume o f t h e process, b o i l e r and c o o l i n g water
waste streams. T h i s i s because t h e sweet c r u d e o i l p l a n t ( l e s s complex)
has l e s s process u n i t s and lower steam and c o o l i n g requirements.**
Thus, l e s s wastewater i s generated by t h e l e s s complex p l a n t .

A somewhat d i f f e r e n t s i t u a t i o n occurs when comparing t h e

o t h e r wastewater streams. Since equal c a p a c i t y sour and sweet crude
o i l g a s o l i n e r e f i n e r i e s w i l l have s i m i l a r requirements f o r tankage,
b a l l ' a s t water hand1 i n g and tank and tank c a r washin.g, wastewaters from
these sources w i l l be about t h e same f o r ' e ' a c h r e f i n e r y . The same t y p e
o f a n a l y s i s a p p l i e s t o t h e f u e l o i l r e f i n e r i e s p r o c e s s i n g sour and
sweet' crude o i l .

Comparison o f t h e process water tankage, storm r u n o f f , b a l l a s t

water and mi s c e l laneous wastewater volumes generated by t h e gas01 i n e
and f u e l o i l r e f i n e r i e s , shows t h a t t h e f u e l o i l r e f i n e r y w i l l have

*See S e c t i o n 3.2 f o r a d i s c u s s i o n o f p l a n t c o m p l e x i t y .
**See S e c t i o n 3.3 f o r a d i s c u s s i o n o f steam and c o o l i n g water requirements.
 l e s s volume, even though the plants may have similar capacities. This
i s because the complexities and product mixes are vastly different and
tankage and other such requirements f o r the fuel o i l refinery. are not
as extensive, and therefore overall 1ess.wastewater will be generated.

Tables 2 1 and 22 give the breakdown of process wastewaters by

unit from example gasoline and fuel o i l r e f i n e r i e s and the concentration
of pollutants from each source prior t o introduction t o any wastewater
t r e a t i n g u n i t . The process unit contributing the largest pollutant
load i s the delayed coking unit. The wastewater discharged i s primarily
the excess c u t t i n g water used t o remove the coke from the coke drums.*
Other process units producing significant process wastewaters are
t h e d j s t i l lation u n i t s , and the f l u i d c a t a l y t i c and 'hydrocracking
units. I t should be noted t h a t the process units contributing the
largest pollutant load are those involved with fractionation or cracking
of the charge stock.

Of the pollutants present in the process wastewaters, the

J most highly concentrated are the s u l f i d e and ammonia. If present in
s u f f i c i e n t l y high amounts, s u l f i d e and ammonia can cause reduced perform-
ance of the wastewater treatment unit. For t h i s reason, wastewaters
from process units are typically combined and passed through the sour
water stripping unit before being discharged t o the wastewater t r e a t i n g
unit.** These units w i l l remove 98% or more s u l f i d e and 92% or more
of the arnnonia, which greatly reduces the pollutant loading on the
wastewater t r e a t i n g u n i t . Thus, the actual concentration of s u l f i d e
and ammonia in the wastewater t r e a t i n g unit influent i s much lower than
t h a t ' discharged from the process units.

In comparing the process wastewater composition of the gasoline

and fuel o i l . r e f i n e r i e s , the most notable difference i s t h a t the fuel
oi 1 refinery has much lower concentrations of 8005 and phenol. This is

%See Section 2 . 7 f o r a description of the delayed cokfng u n i t .

**See Section 2.16 f o r a description of the sour water stripping unit.
 TABLE 21
ESTIMATED UNTREATED WASTEWATER COMPOSITIONS FROM A GASOLINE REFINERYa

Wastewater Wastewater P o l l u t a n t s (PPM)

Suspended
Process U n i t GPM
- BOD5
- Sol i d s O i l Phenols ~ u lideb
f /lmrnoniab

Atmos. D i s t i l l a t i o n 415 314 . 471 100 200 20 3,000 2,300

Vacuum D i s t i l l a t i o n 210 590 5E.5 150 300 100 200 150
'

F l u i d C a t a l y t i c Cracking ' 120. 960 1446 100 200 401, 7,000 5,300
Hydrocracking 85 140 210 50 100 .nil 60,000 45,000
Naphtha Hydrotreating 40 252 378 80 180 n i1 2 ,000 1,500
D i s t i l l a t e Hydrotreating 35 112 168 40 80 nil 10,000 7,500
Gas O i l Hydrotreating 70 70 105 30 50 nil 20,000 15,000
'Residuum H y d r o t r e a t i n g . 100 70 100 30 50. .nil 70,000 53,000
Coker Gasoline Hydrotreating 5 280 420 100 200 nil 2,000 1,500
FCCU Gas01 i n e Hydrotreating 10 280 420 100 200 n i1 2,000 1,500
Naphtha Reforming 5 210 3;5 50 150 nil n i1 nil
Cracked Gas01i n e Reforming 5 210 3-i5 50 150 n i1 n i1 n i1
Delayed Coking 230 1580 23?0 300 400 600 9,000 6,800
C5/C6 Isomerization 5 - 280 420 80 200 n i1 ni1 ni1
HF A l k y l a t i o n 20 210 315 50 150 n i8 n i1 n i1
Cn
Gasoline Sweetening 5 '244 366 100 150 20 150 100 -
L i g h t Ends RecoveryC 150 314 471 , - 100 200 20 3,000 2,300
Sulfur ~ e c o v e r ~ ~ 0 0 0. 0 0 00 0 0
.-
Hydrogen
-A
Product i o n. . .- ... ..- -- --.
. ... . . - . . . ..-.. . . . .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

TOTAL PROCESS WASTEWATE.Re 1510 550 825 125 210 145 -12,300 8,300
Other Wastewaters
Crude O i 1 and Other Tanks , i10
Runoff, B a l l a s t Water, Misc. 1940

B o i l e r Blowdown, Cooling
Tower Blowdown, etc. 1340 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 2- lof
a200,000 B/Day, Sour. Data show compositions p r i o r t o any wastewater t r e a t i n g u n i t . See Table 18 f o r t r e a t e d waste-
water analysis. See Section 3.1.1 f o r a d e s c r i p t i o n o f sour and sweet crude o i l .
b ~ u lides
f as H2S, ammonia as NH3 CIncludes amine u n i t s d ~ n i l u d i n gt a i l gas u n i t
,

Flb/day = PPM x GPM x 0.012

Depends upon volume o f c o o l i n g tower blowdown, i f chromium based, c o o l i n g water chemicals are used, and i f blowdown
pretreatment i s practiced.
Source: M i t t e l h a u s e r Corporation
 TABLE 22

Wastewater Wastewater '01 lutant-s (PPM)

Suspended
Process Unit GPM
- !@5 COD
- r~z Oi 1
- Phenol sulfidzb honiib cr
~tmos~heric Distillation 2300
Vacuum Distillation 150
Naphtha Hydrotreating 1500
Distillate Hydrotreating 7500
Gas Oil Hydrotreating 15000
Residuum HydroGreating 53000
kaphtha ttefol ,ning 0
Gasoline Sweetening ioo
Light. Ends Reco Pry UnitC 2300
4
Sulfur RecoveryJ 0
ru
m
Hydrogen Production . 0

TOTAL PROCESS WASTEWATER^ 973 322 483 96 191 32 10515 8016 0

Other Wastewaters
Crude Oi 1 and Other Tankage 60 560 840 300 400 0 .O 0 0

Boiler Blowdown, Cooling

Tower Blowdown, etc. 982 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2-lof.

i;200,000 B/Day, Sour. Data show com~ositions prior to any wastewater treatment unit. See Table 18 for
treated wastewater analysis. See .S?ction 3.1.1 for a description of sour and sweet crude oil.
b~ulfideas HpS, Ammonia as NH3 .
CIncludes amine units
dlncludes tail gas units
elb/day = PPM x GPM x.0.012
f~ependsupon volume of cooling tower blowdown, i f chromium cooling water treatment chemicals are used, and if
any blowdown treatment is practiced-
Source: Mi ttel hauser,Corporation
because the fluid catalytic cracking unit and the delayed coking unit
which'are the major contributors of these pollutants are not present in, ',

the fuel oil refinery conf iquration. However, concentrations of other

con tarn in ant,^ such as ammonia and oil are similar between the two refineries.
This is because the process units, such as the distillation units which
.
generate the majority of these pollutants are present in both refineries.

Wastewaters discharged to the wastewater treating unit include

stripped process wastewater, oily storm runoff, tank drainage and cooling
tower blowdown. Depending upon site conditions and discharge regulations,
it may he possible t a minimize the wastewater vslume to be treated by
handling boiler blowdown and ballast water separately.

Table 23 shows the estimated amounts of regulated po,llutants

discharged from the wastewater treatment unit for two example refineries.
These values assume that each plant has a wastewater treatment unit
configuration as shown in Figure 23, Section 2.17. As shown, the more
complex, gasoline refinery discharges a greater overall pollutant load
than the less complex fuel oil ref ir~ery. Th i b i b due primarily'to the
greater number of wastewater sources in the gasoline refinery and the
fact that.the wastewater: treatment units for each plant have similar
efficiencies. However, since the Federal discharge regulations allow
for differences in complexity, both of the effluents shown in this
table. are within the prescribed Federal discharge limits.*

In reviewing the amount of individual pollutants discharged

with the final'effluents from each plant; the major difference occurs
in the phenol discharges. This again is due to the fact that the fuel
oil refinery does not have cracking or coking units which are the main
producers of'phenolic wastewaters. Since the wastewater treatment
units' efficiencies are equal, it would be expected that the gasoline
refinery would have a greater phenol discharge.

*See Section 4.0 for a complete discussion of discharge regulations.

 TABLE 23
. .

ESTIMATED CHARACTERISTICS OF FINAL EFFLUENTS FROM EXAMPLE GASOLINE

AND FUEL OIL REFINERIES~,~

Gasoline R e f i n e r y kuel O i l Refinery

Wastew'ater Treatment . .
U n i t E f f l u e n t Flow

, barrels barre ls
Wastewater Parameter 1b/day crude o i 1 1 b/day crude o i 1

B i o l o g i c a l Oxygen
Demand ( BOD5 ) 714 3.6 34 1 1.7

Chemi c a l Oxygen ema and

( COD 5360 26.8 2560 12.8
T o t a l Suspended S o l i d s . 781 3.9 43 1 2.1

O i l and Grease 11 1 0.56 55 0.3

Phenol 6.7 0.033 0.83 0.004
Sulfide 3.5 0.02 1.7 0.009
-

Ammonia (as N ) 152 0.76 85 . 0.43

T o t a l Chromium ( a s C r ) d 79 0.094 7.4 0.05

PH (pH u n i t s )

aBoth r e f i n e r i e s a r e p r o c e s s i n g 200,000 B/D of sour.srude o i 1. - -

b ~ ~ ~ uwastewaterm e ~ t r e a t m e n t u n i t c o n f i g u r a t i o n shown 'in F i g u r e 23,

S e c t i o n 2.17..
CMGD = M i l l i o n g a l l o n s p e r da,y
d ~ e x a v a l e n tchromium n o t . l i s t e d s e p a r a t e l y -due t o i n s u f f i c i e n t data. Assumes
10 ppm t o t a l chromium i n c o o l i n g tower blowdown.
 Of the other pollutants listed, the fuel oil refinery discharges
about 40 to 50% o f the pollutants discharged by the gasoline refinery.
This is also expected'as the fuel oil refinery is less complex and
generates, overall, less wastewater. However, should these plants use
different wastewater treatment schemes or have different process con-
figurations, the final effluent characteristics may change significantly
. .

from those shown here and the actual final effluent from a given refinery
must be .evaluated on an individual basis.
f

In terms of priority or toxic pollutants., studies have de-

tected a number of these compounds in refi.nery wastewaters:l6 The
14
actual compound$ present and their concentrations vary gredt among
.
refineries and their occurrence cannot be general ized. The recently
'
published EPA development document for the refining.industry lists the
results of a sampling and ana.lysisprogram for the priority pollutants. 16**
\
From this and other studies it was found that the wastewater
treating units, similar t o that described i n this document, will remove
the "organic priority pollutants to 'low' levels (i .e., 10-100micrograms
per liter) At present; little is known about the occurrence and
treatability of organic toxic (priority) pollutants in refinery waste-
waters. It is currently felt that if the proposed Best Available
I
Control Technology (BACT) Discharge Limits for phenol are achieved,
other toxic (priority) organic pollutants will also be controlled.l8
It must be realized, however, that the BACT 1 imitations for chromium
and phenol are at this time only proposed, and actual limits have not
yet been established. As more data becomes available, however, this
situation may change and the priority pollutants in general ot specific
pollutants may have separate discharge limitations.

Metals such as chromium, zinc, copper, and arsenic are also

toxic pollutants and may be present in refinery wastewaters. These
metals are added through chemicals used in the refining process and

*tor discussion of Priority Pollutants Regulations, see Sect,ion 4.0.

brought i n w i t h . t h e crude o i 1. The wastewater t r e a t i n g u n i t t y p i c a l l y
removes most o f these m e t a l s and s p e c i a l t r e a t m e n t f o r t h e i r removal
i s not required.16 Chromium may be an excepfion, i n that cooling
water t r e a t i n g chemicals may c o n t a i n s i g n i f i c a n t chromium c o n c e n t r a t ions.
If t h e wastewater t r e a t i n g u n i t w i l l n o t adequately remove chromium,
t h e n segregated t r e a t m e n t o f c o o l i n g tower blowdown may be employed,
b u t t h i s i s dependent upon t h e i n d i v i d u a l r e f i n e r y . L i k e t h e organic
p r i o r i t y p o l l u t a n t s , i t i s c u r r e n t l y f e l t i f chromium i s c o n t r o l l e d t o
t h e proposed BACT standards, o t h e r t o x i c m e t a l s w i l l a l s o be c o n t r o l l e d . 1 8
-
5
The wastewater t r e a t m e n t system o u t l i n e d i n t h i s document
shows t h e f i n a l e f f l u e n t b e i n g discharged t o a r e c e i v i n g stream. However,
s m a l l e r r e f i n e r i e s may f i n d i t more economical t o p r e t r e a t t h e wastewater
and t h e n d i s c h a r g e t h e e f f l u e n t t o a p u b l i c l y owned t r e a t m e n t works
(POTW) . I t has been shown t h a t p r o p e r l y p r e t r e a t e d r e f i n e r y wastewater
can be e f f e c t i v e l y handled by a POTW, i n terms of b o t h c o n v e n t i o n a l .
(BOD, COD, e t c . ) and p r i o r i t y p o l l u t a n t s . 1 6 The cu+rent p r e t r e a t m e n t
r e g u l a t i o n s r e q u i r e a r e f i n e r y t r e a t i t s wastewaters t o t h e same q u a l i t y
l e v e l s as i f i t were d i s c h a r g i n g t o a r e c e i v i n g stream. The c h o i c e o f
d i s c h a r g i n g t o a POTW o r a r e c e i v i n g stream i s dependent upon i n d i v i d u a l
s i t e considerations.

3 :6.3 S o l i d Wastes \

A p e t r o l e u m r e f i n e r y generates a wide v a r i e t y o f s o l i d wastes

some of which may c o n t a i n m a t e r i a l s c u r r e n t l y l i s t e d b y t h e EPA as
t o x i c substances, p a r t i c u l a r l y heavy m e t a l s such as chromium and z i n c .
W h i l e t h e t o t a l combined t r e a t e d wastewater e f f l u e n t from modern r e f i n -
e r i e s i s o f ' r e l a t i v e l y uniform composition a n d has been e x t e n s i v e l y
q u ' a n t i f i e d , t h e n a t u r e and q u a n t i t y o f s o l i d wastes generated by r e f i n -
e r i e s a r e h i g h l y v a r i a b l e and s t i l l t h e s u b j e c t o f i n v e s t i g a t i o n .

G e n e r a l l y , r e f i n e r y s o l i d wastes f a l l i n t o two.main groups:

t h o s e t h a t a r e i n t e r m i t t e n t l y generated and those t h a t a r e generated
continuously. Intermittent wastes are generally those t h a t r e s u l t
from cleaning within the process areas and o f f - s i t e f a c i l i t i e s of the
refinery. The following are typical intermittent waste streams:
f

process vessel s Yudges, corrosion products,

and other deposits generally removed during
process u n i t maintenance
storage tank sediments
' product treatment wastes, such as spent
f i l t e r clay and spent c a t a l y s t s from c e r t a i n
process units.
Continuous wastes are those requiring disposal a t less than two week
intervals and can be further broken down into two groups: process
unit wastes and wastewater treatment wastes. l Major process unit
wastes include:
coker wastes, such as coke f i n e s from
delayed or fluidized cokers, and s p i l l e d coke
from unloading f a c i l i t i e s .
neutralized sludge from HF alkylation units.
spent c a t a l y s t s and c a t a l y s t s f i n e s from the
f l u i d c a t a l y r t i c cracking units.

Wastewater treatment wastes can include:

waste biological sludges from activated
sludge units
sediment from API separators.

Table 24 i s a detailed 1 i s t i n g of the sources and types of

solid wastes generated by a refinery. The actual solid wastes generated
by a refinery will depend upon the nature and operation of process
units and the f i n a l product mix.

The spen.t process c a t a l y s t s represent a spec i a1 case 'of

solid, waste. While these c a t a l y s t s will lose a c t i v i t y and must be
taken out of service, they may not be simply discarded a f t e r use.
Since they contain valuable metals, such as platinum, these materials
 TABLE 24

PETROLEUM REFINERY S O L I D WASTES

SOURCES AND CHARACTERISTICS

Type o f
-
S o l i d-
Waste
~ e n e r aion
F reouencp
t
Sources - Description G ~ n c r a lCharacteri'stics

Process Crude O i l D e s a l t e r Sediment Sand, G r i t , could be o i l y

Wastes F l u i d C a t a l y t i c ,Cracking C a t a l y s t Fines/ C a t a l y s t p a r t i c l e s , coke p a r t i c l e s
Unit Spent C a t a l y s t inert solids
Other C a t a l y t i c U n i t s Spent C a t a l y s t Heavy metal c a t a l y s t p a r t i c l e s , coke p a r t i -
cles, i n e r t s o l i d s
Delayed Coking U n i t Petroleum Coke Coke f i n e s and coke s p i l l e d d u r i n g h a n d l i n g
HF A l k y l a t i o n U n i t Neutron Bed HF Calcium F l u o r i d e s o l i d s , Bauxite. aluminum
Sludge chloride c 1 1 1 r l g ~
Gasol i n e Sweetening S u l f i d e Residue f n s o l u b l e s u l f i d e sludge
Slop O i l Treatment Precoat F i l t e r Diatomaceous e a r t h s o l i d s . ' c o d d be o i l
So1 ids
Other F i l t e r i n g Operations Precoat F i l t e r Clay o r diatcmaceous e a r t h f i l t e r cake
Soljds

Effluent A P I Separator Sand, g r i t . i n e r t s o l i d s

Treatment A i r Flotation Unit Scum o r F r o t h F l o a t a b l e Sol i d s
Wastes l o t t a n . Sol i d s Settable s o l i d s ( g r i t , etc.)
Wastewater Sludge Process- Wastewater B i o l o g i c a l Sol i d s , Water
ing Units Sludge
Storm Wate.r Sludge Bed Sediment , D i r t , sand, g r i t . could be c i l y

Other Uastes Crude O i l Storage Tanks Sediment Sand. d i r t , i n e r t s o l i d s . could be o i l y

Other Storage Tanks Sediment Corrosion products could be o i l y
R e c i r c u l a t i n g Coaling Tower Bas:n Corrosion productions, d i r t . g r i f t l i m e
Water System Sludge S o l i d s sludge ( i f lime s o f t e n i n g i s used)
from Blowdown
Treatment
Once-throuqh F Q Qi n~g S o l i d s frm Lime, sludge ( i f lime s o f t e n i n g i s used)
Water System Water 'Treating CorPoston pro?ucts
B o i l e r Feedwater T r e a t i n g S o l i d s from Lime s o l i d s ( I f l i m e s o f t e n i n g i s used)
Uatar T r e a t i n g inert, settleable E~!ids
U n l t flaintendnce Heat Exchanger Deposited S o l i d s , c o r r o s i o n products, scale
Bundle Cleaning
Sludge
Process U n i t .Deposited S o l f d s w i t h i n process u n i t s ,
Solids c o r r g s i o n products, scale, coke

* I =.Intermittent
C = Conttnuous
-
.

Source: ~eference1
are frequently contain valuable metals, such as platinum, these materials
may be sold to a reclaimer for reprocessing and recovery of the metals.
This, however, is an economic decision.

The largest source of process catalyst is .the fluid catalytic

cracking unit. For an average 100,000 to 150,000 barrels per day
refinery, as much as 120 tons'of spent catalyst can be accumulated.
Depending upon such factors as the quality of the spent material and
the base material, the catalyst can be sold for use in other.FCCUs,
used in other plants who can use the catalyst, or, since it i s essentially
clay-materials, landfilled.

Of the solids listed in Table 24, the lime sludge generated

by boiler feedwater treating, and the wastewater treatment solids are
the largest in volume. While the specific amounts vary with each refinery,
these sources generally account for the largest share of the total
solid wastes generated. The proportion of each will depend upon the
water and wastewater characteristics and the method of boiler water
treatment employed.

Factors affecting the composition and quantity .of.specific

solid wastes are shown in Table 25. The factors are general and may
not be of equal importance in a1 1 refineries. In addition, factors
affecting the generation of one solid waste may affect the characteris-
tics of other solid wastes. For example, process sludges are typically
affected by process unit feedstock characteristics and unit operating
conditions. In turn, the composition and quantity of wastewater treatment
sludge generated is dependent on the characteristics of the wastewaters
which is directly affected by the process unit operating conditions. A
similar situation occurs in the cool ing water system. The characteristics
of the cooling tower sludge is dependent upon such factors as the make-
up water quality and the effectiveness of the water treatment chemicals
and process leaks. Since this cooling water is used in heat exchangers,
some of the sludges generated through heat exchanger cleaning, will be
directly affected by the quality of the cooling water. Therefore, the
generation of any given solid waste is governed by a variety of" interrelated
factors and not only by the characteristics of the source.
 TABLE 25

FACTORS AFFECTING THE COi'lPOSITIOl~ AilD Q1IF\FITIT'I

S P E C I F I C S O L I D WASTE STREAMS

Factors A f f e c t i n g Composition
-
Yasce . and Q u a n t i t y
' I
Crude O i l D e s a l t e r Sedi.ment Type o f crude, s o l Ids c u i ~ t c i ~o ft
crude, type o f d e s a l t i n g process

F l u i d C a t a l y t i c Cracking u n i t Catalvtic com~osition

C a t a l y s t Fines and Spent Catalyst Feed Composition ana Hare
Type of ProcesJ
Process o p e r a t i n g c o n d i t i o n s
C a t a l y s t make-up r a t e
Process m e t a l l u r g y
Numaer of cyclones
use uf e1e~L1 u s l i t l i picclplbalsr~ ,

Spent C a t a l y s t from Other C a t a l y t i c C a t a l y s t C m p o s i t i o n . Feedstocks

Processing U n i t s C h a r a c t e r i i t i c s . Process Operating
Conditions. Process H e t a l l u r g y

Petroleum Coke Feed c m p o s i t i o n and, Rate

Type of process
Process o p e r a t i n g c o n d i t i o n
Process m e t a l l u r g y ,
Method o f coke removal
Method o f handling and shipping

Compos.ition o f f r e s h HF a c i d
Composition o f lime
Feedstock c m p o s i t i o n
Process o p e r a t i n g c o n d i t i o n s '
HF a l k y l a t i o n process m e t a l l u r g y
Size o f HF a l k y l a t i o n u n i t

Gasoline Sweetening Type o f sweetening process, process

o p e r a t i n g c o n d i t i o n s , feedstock
characteristics

Slop O i l Treatment Sludges Amount o f s l o p o i l processed

C h l f l c t e r i ~ t l c so f s l o p o i l

Other F i l t e r i n g Operations Type o f f i l t e f meaia.. amout~car~dtype

o f m a t e r i a l processed

C o o l i n g Tower Basin Sludge Makeup water composition

Typo and q u a n t i t y o f chemical t r e a t -
mcnts employod
M e t a l l u r q y o f c o o l i n g water system
Nature o f contaminants introduced by
process leaks
Rlnwdown r a t e
Makeup water r a t e

Once-through Cooling Water System Sludge Type and q u a n t i t y o f treatment employed

Composition and q u a n i t t y o f raw water
Cooling system m e t a l l u r g y
Size and nature o f process leaks
R e f i n e r y s12e and complexity

B o i l e r Feednater Treatment Sludges Composition o f raw water

Degree o f hardness removed
Tvoe o f treatment
Ref i h e r y size
B o i l e r bloudown r a t e s
Percent condensate recovered and
. returned t o b o i l e r s
Heat Exchanger.Cleaning Sludge C m p o s i t l o n o f s h e l l and tubeslde f l u i d s
Equipnent m e t a l l u r g y
Effectiveness o f desalter
R e f i n e r y s i z e and complexity
Effectiveness o f corrosion i n h i b i t o r
systems

Process U n i t S o l i d s lyp; of process. and operating condi-

0 ticms, frequmcy o f msintet-tance
 TABLE 25 (Contd)

API Separator B o t t a n Sludge Conposition and q u a n t i t y o f process

wastewater
Composition and q u a n t l t y o f s p i l l s
and leaks . .
, I Composition and q u a n t i t i e s o f blow-
downs
' R e f i n e r y housekeeping
Refinery s i z e and age
Segregation o f r e f i n e r y sewers

A i r F l o t a t i o n U n i t Scum and Bottom Same Factors as API separator sludge

Sludge plus:
Residence t!me - .
Amount and timc o f
.floccu.lating chemical
used
E f f i c i e n c y o f API
Separator

Wastewater Biological Sludge Composition and q u a n t i t y o f waste-

water treatment
.Type o f b i o l o g i c a l treatment
E f f i c i e n c y o f p r i o r treatment u n i t s
O p e r a t i n g , c o n d i t i o n s and p r a c t i c e
Dewatering and/or treatment ( f i l t r a -
tion. dioestion)

Storm Water Surge Pond Sediment_ P l a n t housekeeping

Pmount o f r a i n
Pmount o f r e f i n e r y area paved
,Segregation of surface drainage

Crude O i l Storage Tank Sediment Typo of ~ r u d Co i l

Treatment given t o crude o i l p r i o r
t o storage
Slop o i l processing method
Refjnery size
Mixing, i f any
Storage time
Degree, i f any. o f sludge emulsion
breaking:

Other Storage Tank Sediment Type and q u s n t i t y o f chemical add!-

t l ves
P l a n t and tank m e t a l l u r g y
,Type of product treatment used
Type o f processes-used : i n producing
g a s o l i n e and/or o t h e r products
Refinery size

Source: Reference 1
 Final disposal of the solid wastes presents a formidable
problem and the actual disposal method depends heavily upon the charac-
teristics of the waste and the disposal options available (i.e., proxi-
mity of approved landfills, etc . I . Some solid wastes may contain
materials listed as toxic, and this will have an.effect upon the disposal
option chosen.

The most widely employed method of disposing of refinery

solids wastes is to remove the wastes to an approved landfill site
either directly by the refinery or through an outside contractor. This
applies typically to process solid wastes and those whose general
characteristics are inert solids, sand and grit. Solid wastes from
wastewater treating may also be landf i l led, b u t other options such as
1 andfarming and incineration may also be considered.

The major concern in the disposal of spent catalysts and

cooling tower sludges is the presence of heavy metals such as chromium
and zinc. These metals can be leached from t h e sol ids and, if the
solids are disposed of improperly, can cause a hazardous situation.
Therefore, any 1 andf i 1 1 ing of spent catalysts must be done with care.

Process catalysts are collected and either $old for reclaim-

i n g or direct reuse or sent to disposal at an approved site, The
option chosen is dependent upon the4ype and amount of catalyst, avail-
ability of a reclaimer to the refinery, and the availability of a disposal
site. It should be recognized, however, that most process catalysts
have long 1ife-times (i .e., 1 or more years) and require infrequent
disposal. The noted exception is FCCU catalyst.

Other wastes such as lime sludge from boiler feedwater treat-

ing, cool ing tower sludge, and maintenance solids are also removed to
approved landfills, either combined or separately, again depending upon . .

their characteristics. A port4on.of the lime sludges may be mixed with

spent hydrof 1 uoric acid from the HF' alkyl ation unit for neutral ization
if the spent acid before going to disposal.
3.7 NOISE EMISSIONS AND CONTROL ..

Refineries may have a significant number of noise sources

. . - .
associated with both construction and operation. Construction noise . ..

sources include construction vehicl.es, compressors and jackhammers.

Operation noise sources include furnaces, compressors, motors, flares
and other equipment. Both types of noise are of concern and the impact
on the surrounding of each depends upon various factors. Table 26 +
lists noise levels of typical activities, which can be used to compare
refinery noise levels.

3.7.1 Noise Levels and Char.acteristics

The loudness of an acoustic signal is measured in terms of

its decibel (dB) level. The decibel scale is logarithmic rather than
linear with 0 dB corresponding to the approximate threshold of hearing.
When an acoustic signal is expressed in decibels the numerical dB value
is referred to as a sound pressure level or SPL., the word "level"
denoting that the decibel scale is being used. Because of t h e
logarithmic nature of the dB scale, SPL values are not directly additive.
For example, if chain saw A and chain saw B each produce a SPL of 70
dB at a given microphone when operated singly, then operating A and B
simultaneously will produce a combined SPL of 73 dB and not 140 dB a.s
might be expected. Similarly, 10 chain saws, each of which produced 70
dB when operated individually,, when all are operating together would
produce a sound pressure level of 70 + 10 = 80 dB. And going from 10
to 100 chain &ws would only increase the noise level an additional 10
dB to a SPL of 90 dB. This rule for adding sound pressure levels can
be summarized as "increasing the number of identical con*tributing
sources by a factor of 10 corresponds to raising the SPL by 10 d ~ . 3 ~
i

In general, when a listener moves away from a source.of

noise, the magnitude of the noise level sensed by the listener is re-
duced. If tho source of noise acts as a "point source,11 for example, a
 TABLE 26

APPROXIMATE N O I S E L E V E L S OF T Y P I C A L A C T I V I T I E S

INDOOR NOISE LEVELS DECIBELS OUTDOOR .NOISE LEVELS

--
THRESHOLD O F PAIN

Oxy s e n 'torch

,lo t- Elevated T r d n

J e t f l y o v e r at 1000 feet
Rock and roll tiand
Farm t r a c t o r
La,- mower at 3 feet
Boiler Room' Motorcycle a t 25 feet
Food b l e n d e r a t 3 feet

Garbage disposal a t 3 feet 80 t

--
Diesel truck, 40 m p h at 50 feet

awn mower at 100 feet

Shouang voice at 6 feet 70 -1-t Car, 5 0 m p h at 50 feet.
Normal speech a t 3 feet
60 -1- ) Heavy traffic at 300 feet

Average b u s i n e s s o m c e Refineries at 2 0 0 0 - 5 0 0 0 feet

from center .of site
Average r e s i d e n c e

Libr pry

Broadcasting s t u d i o
20
-1-
-+-
Quiet rural a r e a at night

Rustling leave8

1
0 - - THRESHOLD O F HEARING

Source: ilefercr~c? 35
138.
 parked truck with its engine.idling, the reduction in noise with
distance follows th'e spherical spreading law, i . e . , a six dB reduction
in SPL with each doubling of the distance ('-6dB/OD). I f the noise
source acts as a "line source," a heavy and constant flow of traffic on
a very long and straight roadway for example, the sound signal spreads
cylindrically and only produces a 3 dB reduction with each doubling of
distance from this "1 ine source" ( - 3 ~B/DD).35

3.7.2 Construction Noise Emiss.ions

~onstructi.o.n
activity can be a significant source of noise
for noise related annoyance. Refinery construction can typically re-
quire 24 months or more to conlplete which.means a significant time of
exposure to area residents. Sources of construction noise include
cranes, compressors, and imp'act and earthmoving equipment. Table 27
shows these and other sources of construction noise and their various
noise levels. As indicated in this tabulation, typical individual
noise levels are about 85 dBA* at 50 feet from the source. ~ssuming10
such items of equipment to be operating concurrently during a typical
construction phase, the noise level would be 95 dBA a t 5 0 feet, 65 dBA
. at 1600 feet and 59 dBA at 3200 feet. These levels will vary with the
type and 'amount of equipment being used at any given time and will vary
over the life of the construction of the plant. Since construction
noise is temporary and with only limited nighttime operation, the
overall impact on the local community will not be severe and is generally
not of the same concern as the 24 hour noise associated with refinery
oper'ation.

Control of construction noise can be obtained through thought-

ful planning of construction activities and the use of mufflers, and
other deQices to reduce noise levels at the .source. Such procedures as

'Decibels meahred on the A weighted network. For further discussion

of the A'weighted network see "American Standard Specification for
General -Purpose Sound Level Meters," Std. 4, American Standards
Association, N . Y . , N.Y. (1961).
 TABLE 27 .

CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT NOISE LEVELS

r y p l c a l abA Level a t 5U F t

E a r t h Moving
Lo ad e r
Back hoe
Grader
Truck

M a t e r i a l s Hand1 i n g
Concrete M i x e r
Concrete Pump
Crane

Stationary
Generator
compressor
. . . .

Impact Equipment
Wrenches
Jack Hammer/dri I1
P i l e Driver

Source: Reference 3 5
proper schedu1,ing o f n o i s y c o n s t r u c t i o n a c t i v i t i e s , proper r o u t i n g of . .

heavy t r u c k s and o t h e r v e h i c l e s t o and from t h e . c o n s t r u c t i o n s i t e , and

u s i n g extremely n o i s y equipment o n l y when necessary are a l l p o s s i b l e -
n o i s e c o n t r o l measures.

3.7.3 Operating Noise Emissions

R e f i n e r i e s may have a wide v a r i e t y o f s i g n i f i c a n t n o i s e

generators, i n c l u d i n g furnaces and heaters, motors, compressors, c o o l -
i n g towers, steam ex.hausts, f l a r e s and o t h e r equipment. Each source
has i t s own n o i s e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and t h e m a j o r i t y o f n o i s e sources a r e
l o c a t e d a t o r near process u n i t s . ' Other areas such as tank farms,
3 f f i c e s , and maintenance shops do n o t c o n t r i b u t e s i g n i f i c a n t l y t o t h e
r e f i n e r y noise l e v e l s .

Under t h e Occupation, H e a l t h and S a f e t y Act (OSHA), workers

may n o t , be c o n t i n u o u s l y . exposed t o more than 90 dBA f o r more than 8
hourslday. For each 5 dBA over 90 dBA and up ,to a maximum 115 dBA, t h e
a l l o w a b l e continuous exposure t l m e i s reduced by 50%. In a d d l t l o n ,
workers may n o t be exposed t o more t h a n 115 dBA on a continuous b a s i s
o r more than 140 dBA f o r any l e n g t h o f time. I f these n o i s e l e v e l s
cannot be achieved through' source c o n t r o l , ear p r o t e c t i o n must be p r o -
v i d e d and used. ow ever, t h i s i s n o t considered on l o n g term
acceptable s o l u t i o n s .

Table 28 l i s t s t h e major sources o f n o i s e i n a r e f i n e r y . As

shown, t h e n o i s e emissions a r e p r i m a r i l y a s s o c i a t e d w i t h process equip-
ment and g e n e r a l l y n o i s e l e v e l s i n t h e process areas a r e 70-90 dBA a t
d i s t a n c e s o f t h r e e f e e t from t h e source. I n areas where t h e 90 dBA
OSHA 1 i m i t i s exceeded, n o i s e emission can be reduced through t h e use
o f n o i s e c o n t r o l devices, such as m u f f l e r s , s i l e n c e r s , and a p p l i c a t i o n
o f a c o u s t i c a l i n s u l a t i o n and enclosures. Table 28 a l s o shows p o s s i b l e
methods o f n o i s e r e d u c t , i o n f o r v a r i o u s pieces o f equipment.

Outside o f t h e process areas, r e f i n e r y n o i s e l e v e l s decrease

s i g n i f i c a n t l y . Since most r e f i n e r y l a y o u t s l o c a t e process u n i t s toward
 TABLE 28

SOURCES OF NOISE, AND METHODSOF NOISE

REDUCTION

Equipnent Source o f Noise Method add Noise 3eduction

Heaters Combustion a t Burners Silencers

Seals y o u n d c o n t r o l rods
I n s p i r a t i o n o f P r e n i x A i r a t R ~ l r n e r s Lagging o f p r e n i x j e t s
D r a f t Fans I n t a k e s i l e n c e r o r a c o u s t i c plenum
Ducts Laggjng
Motors TEFC Cooling A i r Fan Intake S i l e n c e r / U n i d r ~ t i o n a l fan
UP 11 Cooling Systen Absorbent d u c t 1 i n e r s
Mechanical and E l e c t r i c a l Enclosure
A i r f i n Coolers Fan Decrease rpm ( i n c r e a s i n g p i t c h ) / T i p and hub seals
Increase number o f blade, /Decrease s t a t i c pressure dropb
Motors Q u i e t Motor/Slowei Mbtat'
Fan Shroud Streamline a i r f l o w I S t i f f e n i n g and dampening
(reducing v i b r a t i o n )
Canpressors Discharge P i p i n g and E x p a n ~ i o n . J o i n t I n l i n e s i l e n c e r and/or l a g g i n g
A n t i s u r g e Bypass Use q u i e t valves and' enlarge and s t r e a m l i n e p i p i n g S
Lag valves and p i p i n g / l n l i n e s i l e n c e r s
I n t a k e P i p i n g and Suction Drum Lagging
A i r Intake Silencer
Discharge t o A i r Sl 1encer
Timing Gears ( a x i a l ) Enc1osur.e ( o r c o n s t r a i n e d damping on case)
. ' S i l e n c e r s on i n t a k e and discharge and l a g g i n g )
Speed Changers Enclosure ( o r c o n s t r a i n e d damping on case)
Engines Exhaust Silencer ( m u f f l e r )
A i r Intake Silencer
Cooling Fan Enclose i n t a k e o r d i s c h a r g e o f both/Use q u i e t e r f a n
Miscellaneous Turbine Steam Discharge . Silencer
A l r and Stehm Vents Silencer/Use q u i e t v a l v e
Eductorr Lagpinq
. Piping L i m i t v e l o c i t i e s / A v o i d abrupt chbnged i n Size a n d . d l r e c L i u ~
Lagging
L i m i t pressure drop and v e l o c i t i e s / L i m i t mass f l o w
Usg c o n s t r a n t v e l o c i t y o r o t h e r q u i e t v a l v e
D i v i d e pressure drop/Size adequatC\y f o r t o t a l f l u v
S i z e f o r c o n t r o l range
Pumps Motor n o i s e c o n t r o l

aGenera1 team f o r v a r i o u s types o f a c o u s t i c a l i n s u l a t i o n , a p p l i e d d i r e c t l y t o n o i s e source.

b ~ s u a l lli m
~ i t e d t o replaceneent i t e n s o r new f a c i l i t i e s .

Source: Reference 35
~ the center of the site, the 'effect.ofnoise on areas surrounding the
refinery is minimized. For example a 1976 refinery noise impact assess-
ment for Eastport, ~aine34showed that areas near the proposed 256,000
B/Day refinery were predicted to have increases of 6 to 23 dBA at 8000
and 5000 feet respectively from the proposed center bf the refinery.
The noise assessment concluded ,that:

Due to the current "prestine" nature of the area

surrounding the proposed site, the refinery
will have an impact on the area noise.
. How this impact w i 1 1 be v i,ewed.by the arVeares i -
dents cannot be projected.

As shown in the example, the exact impact of a refinery noise on a

.given area cannot be predicted. While area noise level increases may.
be predicted mathematically, each site will impact the noise environment
t

differently depending upon such factors as background noise levels,

topography of the land, size of the plant and equipment used. The
impact on local residents wilq depend somewhat on the historic noise
environment of the area and their overall'feelings about the refinery
being built in their area.

'
Therefore, the impact of a refinery on area noise levels will
be site specific and dependent upon a number of factors. While refineries
do have sources of noise, they are usually well controlled and the
overall plant does.not severely affect area noise levels. In many
areas, existing refineries have residential areas, farms, and beaches
located at or near the plant boundaries without any significant noise
intrusion.
3.8 PHYSICAL APPEARANCE

The p h y s i c a l appearance o f a r e f i n e r y w i 11 depend upon such

f a c t o r s as t h e types o f process u n i t s employed, product mix, topography
o f t h e land, and geographical l o c a t i o n . For exainple, r e f i n e r i e s w i t h
a l a r g e c a p a c i t y f o r p r o d u c t s e p a r a t i o n w i l l have a l a r g e number
o f d i s t i l l a t i o n columns. A s u b s t a n t i a l product mix w i l l r e q u i r e a
l a r g e area f o r tankage, and a c o a s t a l l o c a t i o n w i l l have f a c i l i t i e s
t o accommodate tankers.

F i g u r e s '34 through 37 show the p h y s i c a l appear-arlct! o f ,four

r e f i n e r i e s o f d i f f e r e n t capacities.. ' F i g u r e j q i s a 350,000 B/D c o a s t a l
refinery. ' T h i s p l a n t has a l a r g e area o f tankage and a number o f
areas where' process u n i t s a r e located. 1n comparison, Ffgure 3s shows
a 120,000 B/D c o a s t a l r e f i n e r y . T h i s f a c i l i t y has t h e 'process u n i t s
l o c a t e d i n e s s e n t i a l l y one area. The tankage, w h i l e extensive, i s
a l s o l o c a t e d i n a c l u s t e r , r i t h e r than b e i n g spread o u t as i n F i g u r e
1
34.

Two i n l a n d r e f i n e r i e s are shown i n Figures 36 and 37. Figure

36 i s a 200,000 B/D p l a n t and F i g u r e 37 shows a 30,000 B / D f a c i l i t y .
These p l a n t s , 1 i k e t h e 120,000 B I D c o a s t a l f a c i l l t y , have t h e process
u n i t s l o c a t e d i n a c e n t r a l area, and t h e tan'kage and o t h e r support
f a c i 1i t i e s are l o c a t e d around t h e process area.

Due t o t h e n a t u r e o f r e f i n e r y equipment, a number o f process

u n i t s and support f a c i l i t i e s a r e r e a d i l y recognized. These have been
tagged on F i g u r e s '35, 36 and 37 and a r e d e t a i l e d as f o l l o w s :
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30,000 B/D Inland Refinery

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1
 TAG NUMBER

Figure
Floating Tanker Distillation
Roof . Loading Co 1 umns
Tank Facilities

Coke ~ a t a yt'ic
l Catalytic a Gas Spheres
Drum Cracking ' Cracking
Unit Reactor Unit Catalyst
Regenerator -

Crude Crude Oil Catalytik Acid Gas

Oi 1 Distillation Reforming Treating ...
Di sti 1 1 a- Column Feed Unit Unit
ti on Heater
Co 1 umn . . L
3.9 SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT ANALYSIS

3.9.1 Introduction

This s e c t i o n of t h e workbook o u t l i n e s t h e process of community

management' and control of t h e impacts resul t i ng from t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n
and 'operation of a r e f i n e r y . The community o r a r e a s of concern and
methods f o r a n a l y s i s of those elements presented here a r e .generally
a p p l i c a b l e t o a l l communities. However, i t must be understood t h a t
individual communities will have s p e c i f i c needs and g o a l s , and t h a t
actual elements considered and methods of a n a l y s i s gay vary widely
between s i tes .

The various a r e a s t h a t a r e a f f e c t e d by t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n and

operation o,f a r e f i n e r y a r e 'highly i n t e r - r e l a t e d . A n ' i n c r e a s e , f o r
example, of population, can cause a need f o r increases i n t h e s e r v i c e s
a r e a . Therefore, i n order to. d e s c r i b e t h e a r e a s o f concern, t h e methods
f o r t h e i r a n a l y s e s , and t h e i r i n t e r - r e l ' a t i o n s h i p s , t h i s s e c t i o n i s
organized a s fol lows :

3.9.2 General impacts and c o n s i d e r a t i o n s caused by

r e f i n e r y c o n s t r u c t i o n and operation
3.9.3 Description of socio-economic impact assessment
procedure
3.9.4 Methods f o r a n a l y s i s of the community environment
3.9.5 Techniques f o r management of t h e projected impacts.

3.9.1.1 The Relationship between Impact ~ s s e s s m e n tand Planning

Since many impact assessments have taken some r i g i d l y defined

a c t i o n and then examined environmental impacts without allowing t h e -
r e s u l t s . o f t h e assessment process t o modify t h e proposed a c t i o n , t h e
planner/local o f f i c i a l s must a s s u r e t h a t t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of a r e f i n e r y
be allowed t o . evolve i n t h e course of an i n t e r a c t i o n planning process.
This process begins with a r e l a t i v e l y broad range of a l t e r n a t i v e s i n t h e
e a r l y s t a g e s of t h e planning process, which. a r e narrowed a s impacts a r e
g i v e n i n c r e a s i n g l y d e t a i l e d s c r o t i n y towards t h e f i n a l stages i n t h e
d e c i s i o n process. I n t h i s k i n d o f process, i m p a c t assessment i s embedded
i n t h e p l a n n i n g process and i s c o n s t a n t l y d e v e l o p i n g i n f o r m a t i o n t h a t
r e s u l t s i n p r o j e c t m o d i f i c a t i o n o r r e v i s i o n ' w h i c h must t h e n be reassessed
and so on. Independent o f a p l a n n i n g process, impact assessment can be a
s t e r i l e e x e r c i s e t h a t has no r e l a t i o n t o t h e a c t u a l p o l i t i c a l and economic
n e g o t i a t i o n s by w h i c h a c t i o n s a r e t a k e n and change 0ccur.s.

There a r e two i m p l i c a t i o n s o f t h e above d i s c u s s i o n . First,

i m p a c t assessment i s an i n t e g r a l p a r t o f t h e p l a n n i n g process. Planning
cannot o c c u r w i t h o u t methods t h a t a l l o w t h e f u t u r e i m p l i c a t i o n o f
d i f f e r e n ' t a c t i o n s t o be f o r e s e e n . Second, i m p a c t assessment must t a k e
p l a c e i n a p l a n n i n g process i f i t i s t o be o f any o p e r a t i o n a l ' s i g n i f i c a n c e .
Thus, t h e r e i s !an i n t e r d e p e n d e n t r e l a t i o n s h i p between t h e p l a n n i n g process
and i m p a c t assessment, w i t h each r e q u i r i n g t h e o t h e r i f i t i s t o be
appropriately .carried out.

I n any p r o j e c t , t h e r e a r e d i f f e r e n t p l a n n i n g needs c o r r e l a t e d
w i t h t h e v a r i o u s stages o f one p r o j e c t . These a r e t y p i c d l l y J e f i r ~ e da s
l o n g - t e r m a1 t e r n a t i v e f u t u r e s , s i t e s p e c i f i c p l a n n i n g and m o n i t o r and
m i t i g a t i o n p l a n n i n g .3'

Lonq Term A1 t e r n a t i v e F u t u r e s P l a n n i n q
T h i s would i n c l u d e much o f what i s r e f e r r e d t o as g e n e r a l p l a n n i n g
a l o n g w i t h some l a n d use p l a n n i n g and economic development p l a n n i n g . The
ana1ysi.s i s u s u a l l y focused on a p e r i o d , 5 t o 2 5 y e a r s i n t h e f u t u r e and
t h e emphasis i s on e s t a b l i s h i n g t h e broad s'ets o f a l t e r n a t i v e s t h a t f a c e
an a r e a ! F u t u r e development p o s s i b i l i t i e s would be analyzed, a l t h o u g h
. t h e l e v e l o f d e t a i l f o r many o f t h e proposed developments (.foe,, r e f i n e r y
complex) would n o t be s i g n i f i c a n t . The i m p a c t assessment t e c h n i q u e s
a p p r o p r i a t e t o t h e s e s t u d i e s s h o u l d produce o n l y e s t i m a t e s o f t h e o r d e r o f
magnitude o f impacts.

S i te-Specific Planning
T h i s r e f e r s t o t h e c l a s s o f p l a n n i n g problems where a proposed
r e f i n e r y has been d e f i n e d i n d e t a i l and where an i n t e n s i v e i n v e s t i g a t i o n o f
i t s i m p l i c a t i o n s i s b e i n g made. T h i s k i n d o f p l a n n i n g and assessment
149
probleni i s u s u a l l y focused on a p e r i o d f r o m one t o t e n y e a r s i n t h e
future. The t e r m s i t e - s p e c i f i c i s used t o i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e l e v e l o f
p r o j e c t d e f i n i t i o n has p r o g r e s s e d t o t h e p o i n t o f d e f i n i n g a s i t e , a
c o n s t r u c t i o n and o p e r a t i o n sch edule, m a t e r i a l s r e q u i r e m e n t s , e t c . The
assessments r e q u i r e d f o r t h i s k i n d o f problem may be o f t h e l a r g e ,
enc.yc1 o p e d i c v a r i e t y a s s o c i a t e d w i t h man,y r e c e n t enerq,y development
p r o p o s a l s , o r t h e y may be more l i m i t e d a n a l y s e s i n t e n d e d t o examine t h e
implications o f smaller projects. ( I n t h i s workbook we a r e concerned
o n l y w i t h t h i s t y p e o f p l a r i n i n g / i m p a c t assessment p r o c e d u r e . )

M o n i t o r i n g and it\ q a t i o n Pl a n n i n p
This category o f planning r e f e r s t o t h e c o n t i n u i n g need f o r
p l a n n i n g and assessment a f t e r work on a p r o j e c t has 'begun. By. t h i s t i m e
.-.
t h e p h y s i c a l p'lanning component w i l l ha.ve i n c r e a s e d i n s i g n i f i c a n c e r e l a -
t i v e t o i m p a c t assessment a c t i v i t i e s , b u t many ' o f t h e same assessment
t o o l s w i l l ' c o n t i n u e t o be used. Even more i m p o r t a n t , however, t h e frame-
work o f cause and e f f e c t r e l a t i o n s h i p s a t t h e h e a r t o f t h e assessment p r o -
cess c o n t i n u e s t o be t h e b a s i s f o r u n d e r s t a n d i n g what i s happening i n
response t o t h e proposed r e f i n e r y , e.g., a shortage o f p r i v a t e c a p i t a l
may p r e c l u d e an expansion i n s e r v i c e s e c t o r employment w h i c h w i l l r e d u c e
i n - m i g r a t i o n which w i l l slow p o p u l a t i o n growth which w i l l d i m i n i s h t h e
need f o r i n c r e a s e d 'wastewater t r e a t m e n t c a p a c i t y .

Each o f t h e s e t h r e e t y p e s o f p l a n n i n g and assessment a c t i v i t i e s

has i t s own method01 o g i c a l r e q u i r e m e n t s . T h e r e f o r e , due t o t h e emphasis
i n t h i s workbook on t h e socioeconomic i m p a c t i n d u c e d by t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n
and o p e r a t i o n o f a r e f i n e r y , . t h e e v a l u a t i o n and assessment methodology f o r
s i t e - s p e c i f i c p l a n n i n g w i l l be p r e s e n t e d . Particulate attention t o the
m i t i g a t i o n mechanisms a v a i l a b l e t o a1 1e v i a t e a n d l o r manage t h e i m p a c t s
p r e c i p i t a t e d by t h e development w i l l be addressed even though t h i s i s
included i n a d i f f e r e n t planning category.

3.9.2 General Impacts and C o n s i d e r a t i o n s caused by . R e f i n e r y C o n s t r u c t i o n

and O o e r a t i o n

The c o n s t r u c t i o n and o p e r a t i o n o f an o ' i l r e f i n e r y w i l l a l m o s t

i n v a r i a b l y cause changes i n a community. The presence o f t h e p l a n t causes

150
 impacts i n such a r e a s a s t h e need . f o r support s e r \ / i c e s , j o b s , s o c i a l s e r v i c e s ,
of housing. The s t a t u s and n a t u r e of t h e e x i s t i n g community p r i o r t o
c o n s t r u c t i o n w i l l determine which a r e a s w i l l be a f f e c t e d and t h e e x t e n t of
t h e impact. Figure 38 shows how community growth i s g e n e r a l l y a f f e c t e d by
t h e presence of an i n d u s t r i a l f a c i l i t y ( i n t h i s u s e , a r e f i n e r y ) .

The c o n s t r u c t i o n and o p e r a t i o n o f t h e r e f i n e r y wi'll. r e s u l t i n new

jobs i n t h e , r e g i o n . The r e f i n e r y w i l l , g e n e r a t e i n c r e a s e d business f o r supply-
ing and s u p p o r t i n d u s t r i e s ( e . g . , c o n s t r u c t i o n m a t e r i a l s , t r a n s p o r t a t i o n
f a c i l i t i e s ) , and t h i s a c t i v i t y w i l l a l s o g e n e r a t e i n c r e a s e d employment.
Depending on whether t h e i n c r e a s e d employment o p p o r t u n i t i e s a r e f i l l e d by
l o c a l r e s i d e n t s o r by newcomers, t h e p l a n t ' a c t i v i t i e s can cause a population
i n f l u x i n t h e community. The i n c r e a s e d income generated by t h e p l a n t and
i n c r e a s e d population w i l l r e s u l t i n heightened demand f o r p u b 1 i c l y and
p r i v a t e l y provided goods and s e r v i c e s such a s school s , shopping, housing, .
w a t e r , and sewage t r e a t m e n t . Provision of t h e s e goods and s e r v i c e s w i l l
a g a i n r e s u l t i n employment o p p o r t u n i t i e s , some of which w i l l be f i l l e d by
c u r r e n t r e s i d e n t s and some by i n - m i g r a n t s . '

Many of t h e socioeconomic impacts of a r e f i n e r y depend on t h e e x t e n t

-
and r a t e a t which t h e new employment t r i g g e r s population growth i n t h e
a r e a s surrounding t h e f a c i l i t y . I f most of t h e primary and secondary jobs
a r e f i l l e d by l o c a l r e s i d e n t s , in-migration w i l l be minimal. I f , on t h e
o t h e r hand, most jobs a r e , f i l l e d by i n - m i g r a n t s , t h e e f f e c t s of t h e ' p o p u l a -
t i o n change could be q u i t e s e v e r e , e s p e c i a l l y i n s p a r e s e l y popu!ated a r e a s .

Rapid population growth can r e s u l t i n a higher demand f o r p u b l i c l y

and p r i v a t e l y provided goods,, i n f r a s t r u c t u r e , and s e r v i c e s . I t can a l s o
r e s u l t i n higher l o c a l income; higher p r i c e s ; and a change i n t h e f a b r i c .

and q u a l i t y of l i f e . The impacts of growth,can be both p o s i t i v e and n e g a t i v e ,

depending on ('a) t h e a b i l i t y o f l o c a l human and urban r e s o u r c e s t o meet
higher l e v e l s o f demand, (,,b) t h e s i z e o f t h e population i n f l u x r e l a t i v e t o
the e x i s t i n g p o p u l a t i o n , ( c ) t h e q u a l i t y of l o c a l management of t h e growth
process, and ( d ) t h e w i l l i n g n e s s o f t h e community t o undergo major s o c i a l '
'changes.
 FIGURE 38 SCHEMATIC OF COMMUNITY GROWTH INDUCED BY
INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT

I
-
b
I
PU~LIC
A N D SOCIAL
SERVICES

INDUSTRY - SUPPORT
SERVICES
- - -
4

J08S
LABOR
FORCE
TRADE

-
AND

r I FAMILIES

2 CONSTRUCTION
v- J
w i
 When g r o w t h i s t o o r a p i d , l o c a l r e s o u r c e s cannot respond i n a
t i m e l y and e f f i c i e n t manner and a boomtown may r e s u l t . Boomtown phenomena
have been d e s c r i b e d i n d e t a i l elsewhere. They i n c l u d e d e f i c i e n c i e s i n l o c a l
f a c i 1 i t i e s and s e r v i c e s , housing problems, s o c i a l d i s r u p t i o n , and abandonment
problems. On t h e o t h e r hand, an urban community w i t h excess c a p a c i t y i n
pub1 i c and p r i v a t e in f r a s t r u c t u r e may e x p e r i enc'e o n l y moderate impacts from
growth. L i kewi se, impacts can be m o d i f i e d and c o n t r o l 1 ed t h r o u g h p l a n n i n g ,
c o o p e r a t i o n between t h e r e f i n i n g company and p u b l i c o f f i c i a l s , and t i m e l y
and adequate p r o v i s i o n 0.f c a p i t a l f o r p r i v a t e and p u b l i c s e c t o r expansion
even i n s m a l l e r communities.

The s e t t l e m e n t p a t t e r n s of i n - m i g r a n t workers w i l l a f f e c t t h e l e v e l
o f i m p a c t caused'by i n d u s t r i a l development. Workers i n a r e f i n e r y l o c a t e d
i n a County w i l l choose between housing f r o m r e s i d e n t i a l areas b o t h i n and
o u t s i d e t h e county. A number o f f a c t o r s a f f e c t t h e w o r k e r ' s l o c a t i o n a l
c h o i c e , i n c l u d i n g commute d i s t a n c e , p r i c e and qua1 i t y o f a v a i l a b l e housing,
and t h e a v a i l a b i l i t y o f p u b l i c l y and p r i v a t e l y p r o v i d e d goods and s e r v i c e s .
I f a f a c i l i t y ' i s l o c a t e d near a number o f a t t r a c t i v e communities,. t h e popula-
t i o n , i n f l o w may be spread o v e r a wide enough a r e a t o m i n i m i z e ( o r a t l e a s t
a l l e v i a t e ) t h e i m p a c t s . On t h e o t h e r hanh, when a f a c i l i i y i s
l o c a t e d i n an i s o l a t e d r u r a l aTrea, t h e p o p u l a t i o n i n f l o w i s l i k e l y t o be
c o n c e n t r a t e d i n a few communities, and t h e r.esu1 t i n g impacts w i l l be much
greater .

I n o r d e r t o g a i n a p e r s p e c t i v e a s ' t o how t h e cotymunity w i l l

be impacted b y a r e f i n e r y , i t i s necessary t o g a i n some unders.tanding

.
o f t h e s e n s i t i v i t y o f t h e p r o j e c t e d needs i n v a r i o u s s e r v i c e c a t e g o r i e s
( e d u c a t i o n , housing, m e d i c a l s e r v i c e s , e t c . ) t o d i f f e r e n t assumptions
about t h e development. I f p l a n t l o c a t i o n i s n o t ' t i e d down, what d i f f e r - .
ence m i g h t i t make i f v a r i o u s a l t e r n a t i v e l o c a t i o n s a r e chosen? What
i f t h e development i s d e l a y e d some p e r i o d o f t i m e ? How s e n s i t i v e a r e
community i m p a c t s t o p l a n t s i z e ? Knowing some o f t h e s e e f f e c t s can
a l l o w t h e community t o a r t i c u l a t e and n e g o t i a t e what t y p e of d e v e l o p -
i s i n i t s i n t e r e s t as opposed t o o t h e r approaches w h i c h m i g h t be p a r t i c u -
. l a r l y d i f f i c u l t t o handle.
 However, be aware o f t h e e f f e c t s which growth and development
w i l l have. on 'the community's r e s o u r c e base. I t i s easy t o see t h a t
c e r t a i n sources of t a x revenue w i l l expand. But t h i s should n o t be
overplayed. D o l l a r s h o r t f a l l s a r e usual'ly p r e d i c t a b l e i n t h e e a r l y
y e a r s of development, and sometimes can be p r o j e c t e d f o r years. Therefore.,
c o n s i d e r o p p o r t u n i t i e s t h a t growth m i g h t b r i n g f o r expanding non-tax
revenues. E v a l u a t e t h e o p p o r t u n i t i e s f o r s t r e n g t h e n i n g community o r g a n i -
z a t i o n s and t h e i r p o t e n t i a l i n h e l p i n g t o meet community needs. Consider
t h e energy companies and t h e i r personnel and management e x p e r t i s e t h a t
m i g h t h e l p serve t h e community. Consider s t a t e l e v e l o f f i c e s aimed a t
a s s i s t i n g impacted communities. I d e n t i f y f e d e r a l programs f o r which an
impacted area m i g h t . b e e l i g i b l e . Look t o p r i v a t e companies t h a t m i g h t
do business, and serve t h e community, i n a growing .area.

Another p a r t o f t h e asse'ssment process i n v o l v e s development

o f a c l o s e working r e l a t i o n s h i p between t h e community and t h e r e f i n i n g
company. I t i s imperative t h a t local residents, o f f i c i a l s , planners,
and t h e r e f i n e r be aware o f t h e concerns o f t h e o t h e r groups so t h a t a
c o n s i s t e n t e f f e c t i v e l i n e o f communication can be e s t a b l i s h e d .
The f o l l o w i n g problems a r e presented t o a s s i s t t h e community i n e s t a b l i s h -
ing this relationship.

( 1 ) Representatives o f t h e r e f i n e r y company who a r e p l a n n i n g

work i n t h e area should be brought i n t o t h e p l a n n i n g and e v a l u a t i o n .
process e a r l y . I n so doing, t h e y w i l l become aware o f t h e community's
needs and problems. Two means o f accomplishing t h i s are:

. A c t i v e l y seeking t o i n v o l v e .representatives from

t h e r e f i n i n g company i n t h e . p l a n n i n g and impact
assessment process;

. Assigning such r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s some meaningful r o l e

i n t h e community growth management e f f o r t beyond
t h a t o f simply p r o v i d i n g information.

Comrnuni t i e s must r e c o g n i z e t h a t 'the companies,' p l a n s

f r e q u e n t l y change. heref fore, develop i n f o r m a l c o n t a c t s t o keep up-to-
u a ~ eU I I crldrlges ana avoid pressing f o r a sing1 e s t a t i c p r o j e c t i o n . Rather
focus on gaining an understanding of t h e f a c t o r s being weighed by t h e company
itsel f .
I
F i n a l l y , an attempt should be made t o inform t h e companies
about t h e process of community development: The most important point t o
convey i s t h e lead times required i n expanding community f a c i l i t i e s and
services.

(2) For t h e r e f i n e r y f a c i l i t y 1 i kely t o occur i n your a r e a ,

become f a m i l i a r with t h e s t e p s required of t h e r e f i n e r before c o n s t r u c t i o n
can begin :

S i t e s e l e c t i o n procedure
Plant s i t i n g permits
Environmental impact statements
Governmental plan approval.

3 ) Learn a s much as p o s s i b l e about t h e n a t u r e of t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n

and o p e r a t i o n a l phases. Where t h e r e f i n e r y technology i s not .compl e t e l y
new, observe how ' s i m i l a r r e f i n e r y developments have occurred elsewhere.

Obtain a v a i l a b l e s t u d i e s .
Contact o t h e r l o c a l o f f i c i a l s i n communities where
s i m i l a r o p e r a t i o n s a r e underway.
Tal k with company r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s .

Attempt t o o b t a i n d a t a on p l a n t employment, wage s c a l e s , s k i l l r e q u i r e -

ments, a t t r a c t i o n s of support i n d u s t r i e s , p l a n t working c o n d i t i o n s ,
employment t u r n o v e r , employment s t a b i l i t y , and o t h e r f a c t o r s t h a t may
s i g n a l the l e v e l and c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of a population i n f l u x t h a t might
accompany a r e f i n e r y development.

Where p o s s i b l e , c o r r e l a t e t h e above d a t a with the s c a l e

of o u t p u t . This w i l l allow you t o a s s e s s t h e impacts t h a t might a r i s e
under a v a r i e t y of assumptions about how l a r g e a development might
occur i n your a r e a .
 (4) R e f i n i n g companies are f r e q u e n t l y unsure about J u s t
how development w i l l occur u n t i l s h o r t l y b e f o r e t h e s t a r t o f c o n s t r u c -
tion. Therefore, a v o i d t h e t e m p t a t i o n o f d e l a y i n g impact p r o j e c t i o n u n t i l
t h e f u t u r e becomes c l e a r . . T h i s may be t o o l a t e . T h i s type o f p l a n n i n g
would a l l o w one t o i d e n t i f y p o i n t s . a n d times i n t h e development process
where t h e . l o c a l community has t h e o p p o r t u n i t y t o r a i s e problems r e g a r d i n g
i t s needs and t o seek assurances. t h a t such needs are met b e f o r e t h e
development can c o n t i n u e .

. (5) F i n a l l y , t o t h e e x t e n t p o s s i b l e , one should i d e n t i f y

< t
t h e range o f impacts t h a t m i g h t occur over a number o f t i m e horizons.
T h i s i s v i t a l f o r developing t h e community's p l a n s s a n d s p e c i f i c budget
priorities.

3.9.3 D e s c r i p t i o n of t h e Soci.0-Economic Impact Assessment Procedure

To t h i s p o i n t , t h e disc,ussion has focused upon t h e o v e r a l l

impacts t h a t a r e f i n e r y may have on a community, and t h e general a c t i o n s
t h a t should be considered by a community t o pred.ict, analyze and manage
these impacts. The remainder of t h i s s e c t i o n w i l l present t h e impact
assessment process and t h e impact a n a l y s i s methodologies i n g r e a t e r
deldil.

The purpose o f impact as'sessment i s t o f o r e s e e t h e consequence

o f a p a r t i c u l a r proposed a c t i o n i n t h e sense o f d e f i n i n g what d i f f e r e n c e
t h e a c t i o n w i l l make. The d e f i n i t i o n o f impact, t h e r e f o r e , i s t h e
d i f f e r e n c e between c o n d i t i o n s as t h e y would e x i s t w i t h o u t a r e f i n e r y
compared t o c o n d i t i o n s as t h e y would e x i s t w i t h a r e f i n e r y . The
assessment 'process i s o r i e n t e d t o d e f i n i n g these two s e t s o f c o n d i t i o n s
so t h e y can be compared.

The b a s i c , socio-economic assessment procedure i s shown

i n Figure 39. I t i s assumed a t t h i s p o i n t t h a t t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n
s i t e has a l r e a d y been selected. The procedure p r o v i d e s an o r d e r l y
approach t o developing t h e impact assessment. As . shown t h e procedure
c o n s i s t s o f i d e n t i f y i n g t h e areas o f concern, developing the c r i t e r i a

156
 .-- -- .----..-

IDENT'I F I CATION O F DESIGN OF ASSESSMENT DETAILED DESCRIPTION ANALYSIS O F

FACTORS CONS IDERED PROCEDURE APPLICABLE OF IMPACTED AREAS OPPORTUNITIES
IN SOCIOECONOMI c TO S I T E AND REFINERY AND SECTORS FOR M I T I G A T I O I J P.ND
IMPACT ASSESSMENTS CHARACTERISTICS COMMUNITY ENHANCEMENT
--..- - - -- .- -.- .-- -.
-...- -- - . _ _ .-
and procedures f o r p r o j e c t j n g and assessing impacts upon t h e areas o f
concern, d e s c r i b i n g and i n t e r p r e t i n g t h e impacts, and developing t h e
methods o f managing and d e a l i n g w i t h pr.ojected impacts. . By f o l l o w i n g .
such a procedure, i t i s assured t h a t t h e f i n a l .assessment w i l l be
complete and a c c u r a t e . The f o l l o w i n g d i s c u s s i o n d e t a i l s t h e i n d i v i d u a l
steps.

3.9.3.1 I d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f Factors t o be Considered

While many f a c t o r s may be considered f o r assessment by a community,

t h e r e a r e e s s e n t i a l l y seven b a s i c elements o f a communtty t h a t must be
s t u d i e d and t h e impacts of t h e r e f i n e r y on these.elements must be p r o j e c t e d
and evaluated. These are:
area economi es
demographic ( p o p u l a t i o n )
f a c i l it i e s and s e r v i c e s
l a n d use
fiscal
* s o c i a1
cultural.
While these' may n o t be t h e o n l y elements o f t h e cornrnuni ty t o be a f f e c t e d
by t h e s i t i n g of a r e f i n e r y , they g e n e r a l l y a r e those which t h e v a s t
m a j o r i t y of communities w i l l c o n s i d e r t o be of g r e a t e s t importance.

F i g u r e 40 shows t h e o r d e r i n which these elements a r e analyzed.

The f i g u r e shows t h e elements n o t as d i s t r i c t e n t i t i e s , b u t as b e i n g
interrelated. For example, t h e refi'nery w i l l have i t s g r e a t e s t d i r e c t
impact on t h e area economi'cs, which a l s o i n c l u d e s such items as employment
and income. A change i n employment o p p o r t u n i t i e s w i l l then a f f e c t t h e
p o p u l a t i o n o f t h e area. Thus, by f i r s t assessing t h e area economics,
t h e data i s generated t h a t w i l l be used t o p r o j e c t t h e impacts on t h e
area p o p u l a t i o n . The f o l l o w i n g describes, i n d e t a i l , t h e elements and
t h e i r interrelationships.

. .
Area Economics - This element i n v o l v e s t h e o v e r a l l economy o f an
area. This i n c l u d e s employ,ment income and o t h e r r e 1 a t e d f a c t o r s .
 FIGURE 4 0 ORGANIZATION OF THE ANALY5IS OF'IMPACTS ON THE HUMAN ENVIRONMENT

I
. -. .
REFINERY I I Irnpacls on
lhe Local
Economy
Income
Employmen!
lmpacls on Ihe
Size ol Local
Populalions
F ac~l~lies
and Service Needs
Land Use
lmpacls

Comrnerciall
lnduslrial
Residenlial
n
.
FISCAL
Fiscal Impacls
Enpend~lu~es
Revenues
SOCIAL
Social lmpacls
Social Well.Being

Source: R e f e r e n c e 36
 Demographic - T h i s element i s concerned w i t h t h e s i z e and
composition of t h e area p o p u l a t i o n . T h i s i n v o l v e s t h e p r e s e n t and
p r o j e c t e d . s i z e of t h e general p o p u l a t i o n , t h e . number of households ,
number o f . school' age c h i 1 dren, and o t h e r p o p u l a t i o n subgroups. Since t h e
major f a c t o r a f f e c t i n g t h e p o p u l a t i o n o f small areas i s m i g r a t i o n , and
sinc,e m i g r a t i o n i s h e a v i l y i n f l u e n c e d by t h e a v a i l a b i 1 it y o f employment
, o p p o r t u n i t i e s , t h e popu'lation a n a l y s i s i,s l o g i c a l l y r e l a t e d t o t h e
economic a n a l y s i s .

Faci 1it i e s / S e r v i c e s - This element i s concerned w i t h t h e f a c i l i t y

and s e r v i c e r e q u i rements impl i.ed by t h e economic and demographic a n a l y s i s .
A t t e n t i o n i s g i v e n b o t h t o 'those f a c i 1it i e s and s e r v i c e s p r o v i d e d p r i m a r i l y
by t h e p r i v a t e market b u t h a v i n g s i g n i f i c a n t . p u b l i c s e c t o r 1inkages, such
as housing and h e a l t h s e r v i c e s , and t o those fa131 it i e s and s e r v i c c s
u s u a l l y p r o v i d e d by t h e publ i c s e c t o r 1 i k e putjl,ic s a f e t y , w a t e r supply,
wastewater treatment, t r a n s p o r t a t i . o n , o r r e c r e a t i o n .

Land Use - The l a n d use element i n v o l v e s how a v a i l a b l e l a n d w i l l

be used and i s t h e c u m u l a t i v e ~ r e s u l tc f economic, demographic, and s o c i a l
f o r c e s a c t i n g on an area. I n c l u d e d i n t h i s element i s t h e e f f e c t on
w i 1d l if e y topography e t c .

Fiscal - This element r e l a t e s t o p u b l i c s e c t o r expenditures and

finances. Completion o f t h e f a c i l it i e s / s e r v i ces a n a l y s i s , w i l l generate
most o f t h e i n f o r m a t i o n necessary t o analyze t h i s element. The economic
and demographi c analyses simultaneous1y p r o v i d e much of t h e in p u t t o
p r o j e c t i n g publ i c s e c t o r revenues. I n combination, t h e r e f o r e , t h e f i s c a l
a n a l y s i s l o o k s a t t h e i m p l i c a t i o n s of g i v e n l e v e l s o f economi,~and
demographic a c t i v i t y i n terms of t h e i r e f f e c t s on both t h e income and t h e
e x p e n d i t u r e . s i d e o f t h e pub1 ic s e c t o r budget. . .

Social - T h i s element i n v o l v e s two areas. The f i r s t i s t h e

e x i s t i n g s o c i a l s t r u c t u r e and how i t w i l l be a f f e c t e d by t h e proposed
r e f i n e r y . The second i s t h e cumulative impl i c a t i o n s o f t h e proposed
r e f i n e r y on i n d i v i d u a l s .
To deal w i t h these areas r e q u i r e s t h a t t h e r e be
a summation o f a l l t h e v a r i o u s impacts and t h a t an o v e r a l l e v a l u a t i o n be
 made of the effect of an action or a change .on the well-being of the
residents of an area.

Cultural - This element deals with local culture and the impact
analysis i s developed around two major subcomponents : history and
archaeology. The archaeological subcomponent deals w i t h information
concerning the 1 i f e and culture of people who 1 ived prior t o written
history while the historical subcomponent addresses people and events
within the recorded past.

3.9.3.2 Design of the Impact Assessment Procedure

Once the elements to be assessed have,been identified, a procedure t

must be established to analyze the impact the refinery will have upon each
one. ~ h i s ' w i l l allow for (1) a n assessment of the direct impact of the
refinery on each element; and ( 2 ) provide the'data necessary t o analyze
other elements. Once this procedure has been completed for each detailed
element, the overall impact that the refinery will have on the cornmuni ty.
may be ascertained.

The general impact assessment procedure t o be conducted on each

element i s shown in Figure 41. This method may not be directly applicable
t o every community and thus may be modified to meet s i t e . specific needs. The
procedure consists of s i x steps, with the results of each step being depend-
ent upon 'the data derived iri the previous steps. Therefore, each step i s
. ' interrelated with the others and does not stand alope as a separate,
d i s t i n c t function. The steps are detailed as fa1 lows:

Step 1 . Description of the Existing Environment - This i s an

evaluation of the existing environmental conditions with emphasis given
t o areas t h a t are expected to be the most affected by the presence of a
refinery. This will establish the basis from which projections of future
.conditions will be made.

Step 2 . Evaluation of Future Conditions without the Presence

of the Proposed Refinery - This step projects from the information on the
existing envi ronment developed in Step 1 , the future environmental conditions
 STEP 2
EVALUATION OF

-
* FUTURE CONDITIFlFlS '
M

I .
UITHOUT PRESEYCE STEP 5 STEP 6
STEP 1 STEP 4 ,
3F REFINERY
DESCRIPTION OF THE EVALUATION OF ANALYSIS ANALYSIS OF
E X I S T I N G ENVIRONMENT' I .c FUTURE. CONDI-TIONS * OF IbIPACT -c OPPORTUNITTFS
t r
-.WITH THE PRESENCE FOR ENHANCEnENT
n~ THE PR~P~SFP AND MITIGATION
STEP 3
REFINERY
i--,
.DESCRIPTION
OF THE DISEC- -
-
m
IU
IMPACTS DdE TO
THE REFINERY
i

FIGURE 41 STEPS 11: THE IMPACT ASSESSMENT PROCESS

Source: R e f e r e n c e 36 ,
of each element as they would e x i s t i n ' t h e absence o f t h e r e f i n e r y .
P r o j e c t i o n s a r e made f o r b o t h t h e near and d i s t a n t f u t u r e . This s t e p
w i l l be i m p o r t a n t i n two ways. F i r s t , i t w i l l p r o j e c t how t h e absence of
t h e r e f i n e r y w i l l a f f e c t t h e s i z e o f f u t u r e impacts. For example,' i f
area unemployment r a t e s a r e low w i t h o u t t h e r e f i n e r y b e i n g b u i l t , t h e
f u t u r e p o p u l a t i o n would be expected t o increase, due' t o m i g r a t i o n i n t o
a d e s i r a b l e work area. However, if area unemployment i s h i g h w i t h o u t t h e
refinery, f u t u r e p o p u l a t i o n growth would be lower, as t h e area would be
l e s s d e s i r a b l e i n terms of a v a i l a b l e jobs. Second, f u t u r e c o n d i t i o n s i n
t h e absence of t h e r e f i n e r y ' w i l l a l s o a f f e c t t h e s i g n i f i c a n c e o f an impact
of a given. s i z e . For example, t h e s i g n i f i c a n c e o f a g i v e n r e d u c t i o n i n
w i l d l J f e h a b i t a t due t o t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f a r e f i n e r y w i l l depend ,on t h e
c o n d i t i o n of t h e h a b i t a t i f t h e r e f i n e r y were n o t constructed. similarly,.
t h e s i g n i f i c a n c e o f a g i v e n i n c r e a s e i n h i g h school enrollments w i l l
depend on t h e r a t e o f u t i l i z a t i o n o f e x i s t i n g f a c i l i t i e s i f t h e r e f i n e r y
had n o t been constructed. I n a d d i t i o n t o t h e d i r e c t c o n t r i b u t i o n of t h i s
s t e p (Step 2) t o t h e r e s u l t s o f t h e impact a n a l y s i s , c a r e f u l l y executed
p r o j e c t i o n s w i t h o u t t h e proposed r e f i n e r y w i l 1 usual l y mean t h a t much of
t h e work r e q u i r e d t o make p r o j e c t i o n s w i t h the proposed r e f i n e r y (Step 4 )
w i l l a1 ready have been done.

Step 3. . D e s c r i p t i o n o f D i r e c t Impacts Due t o t h e R e f i n e r y -This

s t e p i s ' u s e d t o . a s s e s s t h e d i r e c t impacts a r e f i n e r y may have on t h e human
environment o f t h e area. F i g u r e 42 shows a m a t r i x which e x e m p l i f i e s t h i s
step. As shown, t h e v a r i o u s refi'nery a c t i v i t i e s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h c o n s t r u c t i o n
and o p e r a t i o n a r e 1i s t e d , a g a i n s t v a r i o u s aspects o f , t h e human environment
of t h e area. The impact o f each r e f i n e r y a c t i v i t y on each aspect o f t h e
human environment i s then assessed. Completion o f Step 3 i s accomplished
by u s i n g d a t a generated i n Steps 1 and 2, which p r o v i d e the base i n f o r m a t i o n
on t h e human environment w i t h o u t t h e presence o f t h e r e f i n e r y .

Step 4. E v a l u a t i o n o f F u t u r e C o n d i t i o n s w i t h t h e Presence o f t h e
Proposed R e f i n e r y - I n t h i s step, p r o j e c t i o n s o f t h e f u t u r e environmental
c o n d i t i o n s as they would e x i s t w i t h t h e r e f i n e r y a r e c o n s t r u c t e d . This
i s based upon t h e e v a l u a t i o n o f e x i s t i n g c o n d i t i o n s (Step 1 ) , t h e
p r o j e c t e d condi t i o n s w i t.hout t h e r e f i n e r y (Step 2) and d i r e c t impact
assessment (Step 3 ) .
163
 Step 5 . A n a l y s i s o f Impact - The p r o j e c t i o n s w i t h and w i t h o u t
t h e r e f i n e r y a r e compared i n t h i s s t e p +n o r d e r t o define the o v e r a l l
impact t h a t t h e r e f i n e r y w i l l have on t h e community. Once these impacts
and comparisons a r e made, t h e i r s i g n i f i c a n c e can be e v a l u a t e d from t h e
perspectives of t h e v a r i o u s i n t e r e s t e d p a r t i e s , 'and t h e b e n e f i t s and
l i a b i l i t i e s o f t h e r e f i n e r y f o r t h e community can be assessed.

Step 6. A n a l y s i s o f O p p o r t u n i t i e s f o r Enhancement and M i g i t a t i o n -

The f i n a l s t e p i n t h e assessment process evaluates t h e impacts analyzed i n
Step 5 and examines o p p o r t u n i t i e s and d e f i n e s t h e methods t h e community
may use f o r i n c r e a s i n g and ,maximizing t h e b e n e f i c i a l . e f f e c t s ' (enhancement)
'

and s o f t e n i n g : t h e adverse e f f e c t s (mi t i g a t i o n ) t h a t t h e . r e f i n e r y may have

'

on t h e community. Care must be e x e r c i s e d t o c o n s i d e r the b e n e f i t s o f

m i t i g a t i o n o r enhancement re1 a t i ve t o t h e c o s t s i n c u r r e d i n a c h i e v i n g
the benefits. Enhancement and m i t i g a t i o n i s discussed 'in d e t a i l i n
s e c t i o n 3.9.5.

3.9.4 blethods f o r A n a l y s i s o f t h e Community Environment

The preceding d i s c u s s i o n has centered upon d e f i n i n g t h e o v e r a l l

procedure t h a t may be used t o complete t h e assessment o f t h e impacts t h a t
a r e f i n e r y may have i f i t were, b u i l t i n a g i v e n community. This section
w i l l d e f i n e some o f t h e methods by .which each o f t h e seven elements
( s e c t i o n 3.9.3.1) may be analyzed t o complete t h e impact assessment
procedure shown i n S e c t i o n 3.9.3.2.

The purpose o f t h i s s e c t i o n i s t o p r e s e n t ' o v e r a l l methodologies

t h a t may be used f o r a n a l y s i s . o f t h e seven community elements, as s p e c i f i c
data would r e q u i r e s p e c i f i c s i t e i n f o r m a t i o n . I n order t o present the
methods and show how these methods address .the f a c t t h a t t h e seven.elements
a r e i n t e r r e l a t e d , t h e d i s c u s s i o n o f each element has been organized around
t h e f o l l owing t o p i c s as d e f i n e d below:

Q u e s t i o n and Issues -- What should be t h e concerns o f t h e

' l o c a l p l a n n e r and what a r e t h e c r i t i c a l questions t o be
addressed? : . ,

D e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e E x i s t i n g Environment -- What a r e t h e
re1 evant c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e e x i s t i n g e n v i ronment and
how can they be described? ( F i g u r e 41, Step 1 )
I65 ,
 P r o j e c t i o n s of t h e 1mpacts - D e s c r i p t i o n s o f t h e techniques
a v a i l a b l e t o p r o j e c t f u t u r e community c o n d i t i o n s w i t h and
w i t h o u t t h e proposed r e f i n e r y ( F i g u r e 41, Steps 2, 3 and 4)

Impact A n a l y s i s -- D e s c . r i p t i o n o f t h e q u e s t i o n s and methods

t h a t can be employed t o compare and e v a l u a t e t h e p r o j e c t e d
impacts and m a k e ' c e r t a i n t h a t a l l c r i t i c a . 1 i s s u e s have been
addressed and t h a t t h e a n a l y s i s i s sound. ( F i g u r e 41, Step S)..

3.914.1 Area ~ c o n o m i c s

Q u e s t i o n s / Issues

The economic issues t h a t must be addressed concern area employ-

g:!
ment and income.

W i l l t h e proposed r e f i n e r y c o n s t r u c t i o n a l t e r ' l e v e l s o f
4
t o t a l employment and t o t a l income i n t h e a r e a ?

What w i l l be t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e changed employment

and income l e v e l s ? W i l l i t accrue t o e x i s t i n g r e s i d e n t s
o f t h e area or t o i n - m i g r a n t s ?

W i l l t h e changed l e v e l o f l a b o r demanded resu1.t i n f u l l e r

u t i l i z a t i o n o f p r e s e n t l y underemployed persons? What
w i l l be t h e e f f e c t on per c a p i t a income?

What w i l l be t h e e f f e c t on t h e number o f unemployed

persons i n t h e area?

W i 11 any e x i s t i n g employers be a d v e r s e l y a f f e c t e d ?
< . .

W i l l t h e r e f i n e r y b r i n g growth and development?

Answers t o these q u e s t i o n s w i l l a l l o w t h e impact assessment

. t o deal w i t h two r e l a t e d b u t d i s t i n c t phenomena -- growth and develop-
ment. W i l l t h e c o n s t r u c. .t i o n o f ' t h e r e f i n e r y r e q u i r e a l a r g e r number o f
persons i n t h e a r e a ? I f so, i n - m i g r a t i o n may be r e q u i r e d w h i c h w i l l -...
generate growth. Growth can t a k e p l a c e , however, w i t h 1 it t l e o r no .
development; i . e . , e x i s t i n g r e s i d e n t s may be u n a f f e c t e d by t h e g r o w t h o r -
.
may even be a d v e r s e l y a f f e c t e d . Development i s used t o mean f u l l e r . -
u f i l i z a t i o n o r enhancement o f e x i s t i n g r e s o u r c e s such t h a t p e r c a p i t a
incomes o r e a r n i n g s i n c r e a s e . T h i s c o u l d come a b o u t from o c c u p a t i o n a l .

u p g r a d i n g ; from i n c r e a s e d l e v e l s o f u t i l i z a t i o n , e i t h e r i n t h e f o r m o f a
l a r g e r p r o p o r t i o n o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n j o i n i n g t h e l a b o r f o r c e , from l o n g e r
hours, o r f r o m i n c r e a s e d p r o d u c t i v i t y i n e x i s t i n g o c c u p a t i o n s due t o
t e c h n o l o g i c a l change; o r f r o m p r o d u c t i v i t y i n c r e a s e s due t o i n c r e a s e d
s u p p l i e s o f o t h e r ' f a c t o r s o f p r o d u c t i o n w i t h which l a b o r can work.

;'
Methods f o r D e s c r i b i ng t h e xis t i ng Economic Environment

The f i r s t i s s u e t h a t must be addressed i n d e s c r i b i n g t h e e x i s t i n g

environment i s t h e d e f i n i t i o n o f t h e s t u d y a r e a . I n cases w h e r e ' t h e i m p a c t
assessment i s o r i e n t e d t o a p a r t i c u l a r p l a c e , t h e s t u d y area would be
d e f i n e d .as t h e immediate l o c a l area and the, f a c t t h a t t h e r e f i n e r y m i g h t
a f f e c t o t h e r . a r e a s wauld be o f no consequence." I n o t h e r cases, t h e i m p a c t
assessment w i l l be o r i e n t e d t o an a c t i o n ( e . g . , a zoning ordinance o r
c o n s t r u c t i o n o f a r e g i o n a l p a r k ) and i t w i l l be necessary t o d e f i n e t h e
a p p r o p r i a t e area w i t h i n which t h e i m p a c t o f t h e a c t i o n s h o u l d be s t u d i e d . *

I n t h o s e cases where s t u d y a r e a , d e f i n i t i o n i s an i s s u e , two

k i n d s ' o f c r i t e r i a w i l l have t o be j o i n t l y c o n s i d e r e d . The f i r s t r e l a t e s
t o d a t a a v a ' i l a b i l i t y , w h i l e t h e second r e l a t e s t o t h e geographi'c e x t e n t .

o f t h e a r e a w i t h i n w h i c h s i g n i f i c a n t fmpacts w i l l be f e l t . There a r e no
c u r r e n t economic d a t a c o m p i l e d f o r subcounty a r e a s . Data f o r subcounty
areas can be o b t a i n e d f r o m census tapes,** b u t t h e y a r e o n l y o f 1i m i t e d
v a l u e f o r many a r e a s . As a r e s u l t , t h e s t u d y area w i l l u s u a l l y c o n s i s t
o f a c o u n t y o r a group o f c o u n t i e s .

* I t must be n o t e d t h a t t h e s t u d y area d e l i n e a t i o n s a p p r o p r i a t e t o
d i f f e r e n t components o f t h e i m p a c t assessment w i l l u s u a l l y v a r y .
**. Department1 o f Commerce, Bureau o f Labor S t a t i s t i c s .
 A study area i s u s u a l l y defined w i t h p r i n c i p a l r e f e r e n c e t o
t h e r e s i d e n t i a l p a t t e r n o f persons employed i n t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o r
o p e r a t i o n o f t h e proposed r e f i n e r y . T h i s suggests d e f i n i n g t h e s t u d y
a r e a based o n i d e a s such as t h e boundaries o f t h e l o c a l l a b o r p o o l o r
t h e e x t e n t o f t h e d a i l y commuting f i e l d . D a i l y commuting f i e l d s w i t h a
r a d i u s i n t h e 60 t o 7 5 m i l e r a n g e a r e n o t uncommon, e s p e c i a l l y d u r i n g
t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n phase. For most purposes, t h e r e f o r e , t h e s t u d y a r e a
c a n be d e f i n e d t o i n c l u d e a1 1 c o u n t i e s c o n t a i n i n g communities f r o m ' w h i c h
a s i g n i f i c a n t number o f w o r k e r s would commute d a i l y , The d e f i n i t i o n o f
s l g n i f i c a n t w i l l depend 'both on community s i z e and o n , p r o j e c t s i z e .
Particularly useful , i f a v a i l a b l e , . i s evidence, on a c t u a l commuting
b e h a v i o r f r o m p r i o r p r o j e c t s i n t h e same g e n e r a l a r e a as t h e proposed
refinery,

Once t h e s t u d y a r e a has been d e f i n e d , i t i s necessary t o d e s c r i b e

c u r r e n t area employment, .income, and l a b o r m a r k e t c o n d i t i o n s i n t h e . s t u d y
area. The d e c e n n i a l census p r o v i d e s a u s e f u l s t a r t i n g p o i n t f o r employ-
ment d a t a . Data on t o t a l employment p r o v i d e s i n f o r m a t i o n on t h e l o n g -
t e r m t r e n d i n t h e o v e r a l l l e v e l o f economic a c t i v i t y w h i l e much can be
l e a r n e d a b o u t t h e s t r u c t u r e o f t h e r e g i o n a l economy by s t u d y i n g employ-
ment d i s a g g r e g a t e d by i n d u s t r i a l s e c t o r .

Data f o r i n t e r c e n s a l y e a r s i s a v a i l a b l e f r o m The Bureau o f

Economic A n a l y s i s (BEA) o f t h e U.S. Department o f Commerce and t h e
s t a t e employment s e c u r i t y d i v i s i o n . BEA p r e p a r e d employment f i g u r e s
f o r each s t a t e and c o u n t y as p a r t o f i t s R e g i o n a l Economic I n f o r m a t i o n
System (REIS) w h i l e each s t a t e p u b l i s h e s m o n t h l y d a t a on employment by
i n d u s t r i a l sector. County Business P a t t e r n s p u b l i s h e d by t h e U.S.
Deparment o f Commerce i s a t h i r d s o u r c e t h a t p r o v i d e s annual d a t a on
employment and p a y r o l l s by c o u n t y . The d a t a a r e p u b l i s h e d w i t h a b o u t
a two-year l a g and have t h e advantage o f showing a h i g h e r l e v e l o f
i n d u s t r i a l disaggregation f o r larger counties.

D e t a i l e d . income d a t a a r e a v a i l a b l e i n t h e .census and g i v e a n

, a

L o p p o r t u n i t y t o a n a l y z e t h e sources o f income i n a c o u n t y ; t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n
o f income among persons; and t h e r e l a t i v e p o s i t i o n o f t h e c o u n t y compared
 I

t o regional, state, o r national data. I t must be r e a l i z e d , however,

t h a t t h e amount o f change t h a t c o u l d t a k e p l a c e i n c o u n t i e s o v e r a t e n
y e a r span c o u l d make p a s t census d a t a o f l i m i t e d v a l u e . I t i s here, once
a g a i n , t h a t t h e BEA d a t a a r e p a r t i c u l a r l y h e l p f u l . They p r e s e n t c o u n t y
-
p e r s o n a l income and per c a p i t a personal income a n n u a l l y . Per c a p i t a income -
. -
i n t h e s t u d y area can be d i v i d e d by per c a p i t a income f o r t h e U n i t e d
S t a t e s t o g e t a measure o f t h e r e l a t i v e income p o s i t i o n o f t h e area and ..

t o g e t an i n d i c a t i o n o f t h e way i n w h i c h i t i s changing from y e a r t o y e a r .

' F u r t h e r , because t h e l a b o r and p r o p r i e t o r s ' income i s d i s a g g r e g a t e d by
i n d u s t r i a l sector, i t i s p o s s i b l e t o i d e n t i f y those i n d u s t r i e s r e s p o n s i b l e
f o r t h e n ~ a j o rc n n t r i b u t i ~ n st o t h e .eccnomy o f t h e c o u n t y . It i s also
p o s s i b l e t o see t h e r o l e o f n o n - l a b o r income, e s p e c i a l l y government tra'ns-
f e r payments ( 1 ike s o c i a l s e c u r i t y o r we1 f a r e payments), i n s u p p o r t i n g
t h e l o c a l economy. ~ v e r a b eannual e a r n i n g s p e r wage and s a l a r y employee
can a l s o be d e r i v e d by d i v i d i n g income f o r each i n d u s t r i a l s e c t o r by
employment by s e c t o r . T h i s p r o v i d e s a d d i t i o n a l i n f o r m a t i o n on t h e r o l e o f
d i f f e r e n t s e c t o r s i n t h e economy o f t h e s t u d y area as w e l l as p r o v i d i n g
.earnings i n f o r m a t i o n u s e f u l f o r t h e i m p a c t a n a l y s i s .

Having e v a l u a t e d c u r r e n t area empl oyment and income, t h e r e m a i n i n g

p a r t o f t h e d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e e x i s t i n g economic environment t h a t r e q u i r e s
d e s c r i p t i o n i s the labor market. This requires analysis o f the supply
o f l a b o r ( t h e l a b o r f o r c e ) and o f t h e r e l a t i o n o f t h e s u p p l y o f l a b o r
t o employment t o d e t e r m i n e t h e e x t e n t o f unemployment. U n l i k e employment
where t h e r e i s good i n f o r m a t i o n based on r e g u l a r r e p o r t i n g r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r
a l l employers, t h e s m a l l a r e a d a t a on t h e s u p p l y o f l a b o r i s much l e s s
precise. Two methods a're used t o e s t i m a t e . t h e e x i s t i n g l a b o r f o r c e . One
method uses t h e number o f unemployment i n s u r a n c e c l a i m a n t s t h r o u g h a l o n g
s e r i e s o f s t e p s t o a f i n a l e s t i m a t e o f unemployment. The l a b o r f o r c e
(LF) i s t h e n c a l c u l a t e d as t h e sum o f employment ( E ) p l u s unemployment
(u) .*

* Given t h a t c o u n t y unemployment r a t e s a r e c u r r e n t l y an i n p u t i n t o
f e d e r a l f u n d i n g f o r m u l a s , a l l s t a t e s a r e r e q u i r e d t o produce c o u n t y
s p e c i f i c e s t i m a t e s o f LF, E, and U. The unemployment r a t e i s t h e n
c a l c u l a t e d as U/LF. These d a t a a r e a v a i l a b l e f r o m t h e s t a t e employ-
ment s e c u r i t y d i v i s i o n s .
 A second method i s t o . conduct a s u r v e y o f a sample o f households
and d e t e r m i n e d i r e c t l y whether t h e y a r e i n t h e l a b o r f o r c e . This technique
i s 1 i m i t e d , however, i n t h a t t h e r e s u l t i n g e s t i m a t e s , p a r t i c u l a r l y f o r
s m a l l a r e a s , have v e r y l o w r e 1 i a b i l it y u n l e s s t h e sampl i n g p r o p o r t i o n i s
very high. I n such cases, t h e s u r v e y becomes p r o h i b i t i v e l y expensive.

~ u r t h e rd e t a i l and d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e e x i s t i n g . economic e n v i r o n -
ment can be o b t a i n e d by a p p l y i n g s t a n d a r d e v a l u a t i o n methods. Three
commonly used methods a r e t h e economic base, i n p u t - o u t p u t 7 ? and ~ c o n o m e t r i c
73
approaches. Each approach employs a s p e c i f i c method o f o r g a n i z i n g
e c ~ n o m i ci n f o r m a t i o n . For purposes o f t h i s workbook, t h e Economic Base
Approach w i l l be p r e s e n t e d and d e s c r i b e d as i t . i s p a r t i c u l a r l y a p p l i c a b l e
t o s m a l l e r community assessments t h a t a r e based on 1 i m i t e d d a t a .

The Economic Base Approach t o a n a l y i n g t h e i m p a c t o f a r e f i n e r y on

t h e e x i s t i n g economics o f a community i s p o p u l a r m a i n l y because i t i s

r e 1 a t i v e l y easy t o e v a l u a t e . The approach p r o v i d e s i n f o r m a t i o n ' c o n c e r n i n g
t h e areas e x i s t i n g economic base and i t s c a p a c i t y t o s a t i s f y a d d i t i o n a l
employment and income r e q u i r e m e n t s . The approach i s based upon t h e
f a c t t h a t l o c a l economies respond t o two t y p e s o f demands, namely, demands
w h i c h o r i g i n a t e w i t h i n t h e l o c a l economy and demands w h i c h o r i g i n a t e
f r o m o u t s i d e l h e l o c a l a r e a due t o a c t i v i t y which t a k e s p l a c e w i t h i n
t h e l o c a l area, A g r i c u l t u r e and m i n i n g a r e examples o f b a s i c a c t i v i t i e s
t h a t g e n e r a t e income from demands o r i g i n a t i n g o u t s i d e t h e l o c a l economy
( i .e., n a t i o n w i d e s a l e o f f a r m p r o d u c e ) and t h a t w i l l g e n e r a t e demand
w i t h i n t h e l o c a l economy ( l o c a l s e r v i c i n g o f f a r m equipment). Therefore,
a p o r t i o n o f t h e l o c a l economy w i 11 go t o w a r d s a t i s f y i n g l o c a l demands
and a p o r t i o n w i l l go t o w a r d s a t i s f y i n g o u t s i d e demands.

The presence of a r e f i n e r y w i l l , f o r example, t h r o u g h i t s i m p a c t

on a r e a g r o w t h c r e a t e a n i n c r e a s e d demand f o r goods and s e r v i c e s .
The demand must be s a t i s f i e d b y t h a t p o r t i o n o f t h e economy t h a t s a t i s f i e s
l o c a l needs o r , i f t h i s i s inadequate, b y s h i f t i n g a p o r t i o n o f t h a t
p a r t of t h e l o c a l economy t h a t c u r r e n t l y s a t i s f i e s t h e demands t h a t
o r i g i n a t e from o u t s i d e t h e l o c a l - a r e a ( e x p o r t base). By employing t h e
 econcmic base a p p r s a c n it i s p o s s i b l e t o e v a l u a t e t h e s t a t u s of t h e
e x i s t i n g commbnit3 z x p o r t base and d e t e r n i n e t h e impact t h a t t h e r e f i n e r y
has upon t h i s e x p o r t base, and t h u s t h e a s s i m u l a t i v e c a p a c i t y of t h e
community.

Likewise, e x i s t i n g employment can be analyzed by t h i s approach.

T o t a l employment can be c a t e g o r i z e d as b a s i c and nonbasic. Basic employ-
ment i s t h a t employment generated by demands ( o r o t h e r forces, i.e.,
p o l i t i c a l d e c i s i o n s ) t h a t are e x t e r n a l t o t h e l o c a l economy, and non-
b a s i c employment i s t h a t employment t h a t responds t o l e v e l s o f demand
o r i g i n a t i n g w i t h i n t h e l o c a l economy.75

Whi le t h e conceptual d i s t i n c t i o n between basic and nonbasic

employment can be estabJ ished, t h e r e a r e p r a c t i c a l problems a s s o c i a t e d
w i t h a c t u a l ' l y d i v i d i n g employment i n t o these two components. There a r e
t h r e e approaches t o t h e problem. 7 6 Primary data can be c o l l e c t e d from
l o c a l f i r m s . on t h e o r i g i n o f t h e demand f o r t h e i r p r o d u c t s . Secondary

d a t a (such as ernploynlent b y i n d u s t r y ) can b~ used t.0 'make i n f e r e n c e s

about t h e b a s i c / n o n b a s i c c h a r a c t e r o f l o c a l f i r m s . A third alter-
n a t i v e i s t o c l a s s i f y f i r m s on an -
a p p i o r i b a s i s depending o n , t h e
i n d u s t r y t o g e t h e r - w i t h any s p e c i a l knowledge o f t h e f i r m o r i t s p r o d u c t s .

F o r most s m a l l c o u n t i e s , i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f t h e i m p o r t a n t b a s i c
a c t i v i t i e s p r e s e n t s few d i f f i c u l t i e s . A l l m a j o r employers can be e a s i l y
i d e n t i f i e d and t h e b a s i c / n o n b a s i c c h a r a c t e r o f . t h e i r , b u s i n e s s e s can be
determined t h r o u g h p e r s o n a l i n t e r v i e w s . As t h e economy becomes l a r g e r
and more'complex, however, c o s t c o n s i d e r a t i o n s r e q u i r e t h a t . h e a v i e r
emphasis be p l a c e d on second.ary as o p p o s e d ' t o p r i m a r y d a t a .

A l l o f t h e t e c h c i q u e s based on secondary d a t a r e l y t o some

e x t e n t on t h e o b s e r v a t i o n - t h a t nonbasic a c t i v i t y s h o u l d be d i s t r i b u t e d
. . g e o g r a p h i c a l l y i n a b o u t t h e same way as t h e v a r i a b l e s t h a t induce i t .
Ift h e r e i s a r e l a t i v e l y heavy c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f a c t i v i t y o f a p a r t i c u l a r
type 'in a g i v e n l o c a t i o n , t h e r e f o r e , t h e i n f e r e n c e i s t h a t some o f . t h e
a c t i v i t y i s b a s i c , F o r example, i f s e v e r a l c o u n t i e s o f about t h e same
s i z e ( e i t h e r i n terms o f t o t a l p o p u l a t i o n , o r income o r employment) had
employment i n t h e s e r v i c e s e c t o r of c l o s e t o 200 b u t one c o u n t y had
employment o f 300, t h e s u p p o s i t i o n i s t h a t , t h e d i f f e r e n c e must be b a s i c
(perhaps t o u r i s t r e 1a t e d ) .
The t h i r d technique, (.a- p r i ' o r t approach,) uses i n f o r m a t i o n
about a, f i r m ' s i n d u s t r y and products t o g e t h e r w i t h some l o c a l l y d e r i v e d
i n f o r m a t i o n and c l a s s i f i e s t h e f i r m a c c o r d i n g l y . Nost s t a t e s prepare a
d i , r e c t o r y o f manufacturers which g i v e s enough i n f o r m a t i o n about each
manufacturing f i r m i n each county so , t h a t t h i s approach can be used
effec\ively.

P r o j e c t i o n o f Impact

Economic P r o j e c t i o n s w i t h o u t t h e Proposed R e f i n e r y

P r o j e c t i o n s o f t h e economy o f t h e s t u d y area w i t h o u t t h e proposed

r e f i n e r y must be made so t h a t p r o j e c t i o n s w i t h t h e proposed r e f i n e r y can
be compared t o t h i s b a s e l i n e . This s t e p need n o t i n v o l v e u n d e r t a k i n g an ,

elaborate o r detailed analysis. It i s extremely important t h a t t h e

b a s e l i n e be c a r e f u l l y c o n s i d e r e d , however, because t h e i m p a c t a n a l y s i s
can be v e r y m i s l e a d i n g w i t h o u t i t . F o r example, t h e i m p a c t o f a p r o j e c t
may be t o cause t h e p o p u l a t i o n o f an area t o be l a r g e r b y 200 persons
t h a n i t would o t h e r k i s e be. The s i g n i f i c a n c e o f t h i s change w i l l be
very different, however, f o r a r e g i o n t h a t has been l o s i n g p o p u l a t i o n
compared t o a r e g i o n t h a t has been growing. F o r a r e g i o n t h a t has been
l o s i n g p o p u l a t i o n , f o r example, t h e imp1 i c a t i o n o f a 200 p e r s o n i m p a c t
may be t h a t p o p u l a t i o n w i l l remain c o n s t a n t ( i n s t e a d o f f a l l i n g b y 200).
For a growing community, however, t h e p r o j e c t w i l l mean g r o w t h 200
persons g r e a t e r t h a n would o t h e r w i s e have o c c u r r e d . I n t h i s case, t h e r e
w i l l be new demands f o r s e r v i c e s and f a c i l i t i e s w h i l e i n t h e f o r m e r t h e
impact may o n l y cause e x i s t i n g f a c i l i t i e s t o be more f u l l y u t i l i z e d w i t h
no r e q u i r e d expansion.
 There a r e s e v e r a l d i f f e r e n t methods by w h i c h economic p r o j e c -
t i o n s o f - t h e s t u d y area w i t h o u t t h e r e f i n e r y can. be made. As w i t h t h e
d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e e x i s t i n g envir onment, t h e economic base approa.ch 'can
be used f o r t h i s a n a l y s i s f o c u s i n g on: t h e m a j o r b a s i c i n d u s t r i e s ' i n t h e
study area. The o b j e c t i v e i s , t o f i n d o u t why t h e i n d u s t r y e x i s t s i n t h e
area, whether i t i s p e s e n t l ) p r o f i t a b l e , and whether i t can be expected
t o c o n t i n u e t o be p r o f i t a b l e . I f i t i s expected t o be p r o f i t a b l e , i t s
p o t e n t i a l f o r g r o w t h i s examined, e i t h e r i n terms o f expansion o f e x i s t i n g
f i r m s o r i n terms o f T o c a t i o n o f new f i r m s i n t h e a r e a . I n t h e case
o f an i n d u s t r y w h i c h does n o t appear t o have p o t e n t i a l f o r expansion,
t h e p o s s i b i l i t y o f d e c l i n i n g 1eve.l s o f emp1oymen.t. s h o u l d be examined.
I n f o r m a t i o n s h o u l d be developed on each b a s i c i n d u s t r y , c u l m i n a t i n g i n an
expl i c i t s e t o f o v e r a l l employment p r o j e c t i o n s f o r t h a t i n d u s t r y .
These a r e t h e n t o t a l e d f o r each i n d u s t r y t o p r o j e c t t h e t o t a l -employment.
A l a r g e amount o f t h i s . t y p e o f i n f o r m a t i o n i s g e n e r a l l y a v a i l a b l e . The
most comprehensive sources i n c l u d e :

( 1 ) Knowledgeable I n d i v i d u a l s w i t h i n t h e l o c a l I n d u s t r y
(2) State Universities
( 3 ) R e l e v a n t S t a t e o r Federal Agencies
( 4 ) P r o j e c t i o n s o f N a t i o n a l Employment by I n d u s t r y ,

As d e s c r i b e d i n t h e d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e e x i s t i n s economic c o n d i -
t i o n s , employment i s d i v i d e d i n t o b a s i c and n o n - b a s i c . These must be
i n d i v i d u a l l y projected i n t o the future. An immediate problem i s t h a t t h e
j o b s i n t h e v a r i o u s l o c a l s e c t o r s do n o t have t h e same e f f e c t on t h e l o c a l
economy because t h e i r wage l e v e l s a r e d i f f e r e n t . Federal and m i n i n g j o b s
w i l l have a much l a r g e r w e i g h t , f o r example, t h a n t h e r e l a t i v e l y l o w - p a y i n g
j o b s i n t h e t r a d e and s e r v i c e s e c t o r s . The e a s i e s t way t o d e a l w i t h t h i s '
problem i s t o i n t r o d u c e t h e conce pt o f b a s i c income. B a s i c income i s
s i m p l y t h e income a r i s i n g from b a s i c employment. I t i s c a l c u l a t e d by
m u l t i p l y i n g . t h e number o f b a s i c j o b s b y t h e average l a b o r e a r n i n g s p e r
employee f o r t h a t s e c t o r f o r t h e c o u n t y o r c o u n t i e s b e i n g studi.ed.*
. , .

* See examples, Reference 36, pp. 2 7 - 7 9 .

173
 Once b a s i c income ( o r employment) has been c a l c u l a t e d , t h e n e x t
s t e p i s t o c o n s i d e r t h e amount o f nonbasic a c t i v i t y t h a t w i l l o c c u r
i n r e s p o n s e t o t h e change i n t h e economic base. T h i s phenomena i s termed
t h e m u l t i p l i e r process. The m u l t i p 1 i e . r e x i s t s because o f t h e c a u s a l
r e l a t i o n s h i p s t h a t e x i s t between p r o d u c t i o n , income, and demand. If. .

m i n i n g a c t i v i t y i n c r e a s e s , f o r exampl e, due t o n a t i o n a l ' m a r k e t c o n d i t i o n s ,

t h i s i n c r e a s e i n b a s i c income would l e a d t o l o c a l e x p e n d i t u r e s w h i c h
would cause a f ~ r t h e ri n c r e a s e i n l o c a l p r o d u c t i o n ( n o n b a s i c ) which would
f u r t h e r i n c r e a s e income and' e x p e n d i t u r e s , and so on. Because o f leakages
t o t a x e s between p r o d u c t i o n and income, and leakages t o s a v i n g and t o
purchases nf n n n - l o c a l l y produced goods and s e r v i c e s between income and
l o c a l e x p e n d i t u r e s , edch s u c e e s s i v c i n c r e a s e i n t h e p r o d u c t i o n , income,
e x p e n d i t u r e c y c l e becomes small er and nonbasic a c t i v i t y w i 11 e v e n t u a l 1y
s t a b i l i z e a t a new h i g h e r l e v e l i n r e s p o n s e ' t o t h e h i g h e r l e v e l o f b a s i c
activity.

.:-
*?
I f t h e e v e n t u a l i n c r e a s e i n nonbasic income were $60 subsequent
t o a n i n i t i a l change o f $100 o f b a s i c income, t h e r a t i o o f t h e t o t a l
change i n incorae (!$IbUj t o t h e charlye ill b a s i c income ( $ 1 0 0 ) i s c a l l e r l
t h e income m u l t i p l i e r . I n t h i s example, t h e income m u l t i p l i e r would have
t h e v a l u e o f 1.6. (160t100 = 1.6) Employment m u l t i p l i e r s a r e d e f i n e d
i n t h e same way. They r e p r e s e n t t h e t o t a l change i n employment ( b a s i c
~ l u sn o n b a s i c ) d i v i d e d by t h e change i n b d s i c employment:

Another method o f o b t a i n i n g employment and b a s e 1 i n e p r o j e c t i o n s .

i n c l u d e t h e u s e o f p r o j e c t i o n s p r e p a r e d by o t h e r persons. There a r e n a t i o n a l
p r o j e c t i o n s , such as t h e OBERS, p r o j e c t i o n s p r e p a r e d by t h e Bureau o f
Economic A n a l y s i s i n c o l l a b o r a t i o n w i t h t h e Economic Research S e r v i c e o f
t h e U.S. Department o f Agr.icu1 t u r e , b u t t h e s e a r e u n l i k e l y t o be s u f f i -
c i e n t l y tuned t o t h e r e a l i t i e s o f t h e r e g i o n t o be o f much h e l p t o l o c a l
planners. O t h e r a l t e r n a t i v e methods c o n s i d e r t h e use o f p r o j e c t i o n s
p r e p a r e d by s t a t e o r g a n i z a t i o n s o r e x t r a p o l a t i o n o f p a s t t r e n d s . I f there
i s e v i d e n c e t h a t t h e f o r c e s t h a t w i l l . a c t on an a r e a i n t h e f u t u r e w i l l
be s i m i l a r t o t h o s e t h a t have a f f e c t e d t h e r e g i o n i n t h e p a s t , t r e n d
e x t r a p o l a t i o n may be a v e r y r e a s o n a b l e way t o proceed.
 O t h e r , more complex a n a l y s i s t e c h n i q u e s w i l l o f t e n be a p p l i e d .-.

t o t h e problem o f making b a s e l i n e p r o j e c t i o n s . They a r e n o t g i v e n much

emphasis h e r e because t h e y r e q u i r e a hi,gher d'egree o f t e c h n i c a l e x p e r t i s e
I
t o imp1 ement t h a n does t h e economic base methodology o r t h e o t h e r methods
p r e v i o u s l y mentioned. ' I

D e s . c r i p t i o n o f t h e D i r e c t -Impacts o f t h e Proposed R e f i n e r y
i n Terms o f t h e L o c a l Economics ,

Requirements f r o m I n d u s t r y o r f r o m t h e Developer - The q u a l i t y

. .
o f t h e i n f o r m a t i o n developed d e s c r i b i n g t h e proposed r e f i n e r y w i l l be a
. . \
m a j o r d e t e r m i n a n t o f t h e c r e d i b i l i t y and u s e f u l n e s s o f t h e i m p a c t a n a l y s i s .
I f t h e p r o ~ e c ti s 5 t o 1 0 y e a r s away, p r e c i s i o n w i l l n o t be an i s s u e -
as l o n g as t h e estimate,^ a r e o f t h e c o r r e c t o r d e r o f magnitude.

As t h e p r o j e c t ' becomes more imminent, however, and p l a n n i n g

d e c i s i o n s a r e made i n a n t i c i p a t i o n o f impact, i t i s c r i t i c a l t h a t t h e
d e v e l o p e r be encouraged t o be as s p e c i f i c a s ' p o s s i b l e about c o n s t r u c t i o n
and o p e r a t i o n r e q u i r e m e n t s . I t s h o u l d be remembered as t h i s i n f o r m a t i o n
i s pursued t h a t . t h e owner o f t h e p r o j e c t may k.now v e r y l i t t l e a b o u t t h e 8
d e t a i l s o f p r o j e c t .requirements. The ' k e y s o u r c e o f i n f o r m a t i o n w i l l be
t h e a r c h i t e c t / e n g i n e e r h i r e d by t h e p r o j e c t owner and i t i s w o r t h w h i l e \,

t o t r y t o deal d i r e c t l y w i t h t h e a r c h i t e c t l e n g i n e e r t o g e t a d e s c r i p t i o n
o f p r o j e c t requirements. The des4red i n f o r m a t i o n - i s as f o l lows :

C o n s t r u c t i o n L a b o r ~ e ~rernents
u i by year ( i n person years)
A d m i n i s t r a t i o n and e n g i n e e r i n g ( o w n e r ' s r e p r e s e n t a -
t i v e s and archi t e c t / e n g i n e e r )
Construction
A d m i n i s t r a t i v e and S u p e r v i s o r y
Manual Workers b y C r a f t
O p e r a t i o n L a b o r ~ e q u i r e r n e n t sb y Year ( i n p e r s o n y e a r s )
T o t a l C o s t o f c o n s t r u c t i o n ( c o n s t a n t do1 1a r s )
Labor
M a t e r i a l s (i
ternization o f major requirements'
Equipment
 . :. : :. : ' - O p e r a t i n g Costs
-- . .
Labor
M a t e r i a l s (i
temization o f major requirements)
Equipment
-l
- ---
The c o n s t r u c t i o n and o p e r a t i o n l a b o r e s t i m a t e s a r e v e r y
i m p o r t a n t f o r t h e i m p a c t a n a l y s i s . Care has t o be e x e r c i s e d w i t h t h e
l a b o r r e q u i r e m e n t s e s t i m a t e s t o d i s t i n g u i s h s c h e d u l i n g e s t i m a t e s done
i n terms o f p e r s o n y e a r s and e s t i m a t e s o f t h e number o f persons who w i l l
- a c t u a l l y be o n t h e s i t e a t any g i v e n t i m e . B o t h c o n c e p t s are r e l e v a n t ,
-
b u t t h e y must n o t be confused.

~ t q u i ~ r n e npurchases
t a r e 1 ik e l y t o have 1.i t t l e o r , no e f f e c t on
e i t h e r t h e l o c a l o r t h e r e g i o n a l impact a r e a . k i t . P r i a l s purchases on
t h e o t h e r hand,'bear c l o s e r inspection. If significant quantities o f
cement, r e i n f o r c i n g s t e e l , a s p h a l t , f u e l o i l , e t c . , a r e g o i n g t o be
purchased l o c a l l y , a d i r e c t a t t e m p t s h o u l d be made t o i n v e s t i g a t e t h e
l o c a l employment and income e f f e c t s o f t h e purchase. I n o c c a s i o n a l
cases, t h e e f f e c t s w i l l be l a r g e enough ( e . g . , d o u b l i n g o f a b a t c h
p l a n t ) t h a t t h e y s h o u l d be added t o t h e i m p a c t p r o j e c t i o n s .

L o c a l / N ~ n ~ o c Campnqitinn
a~ o f t h e Workforce . Thc n e x t s t e p ill

d e s c r i b i n g t h e d i r e c t impact o f t h e r e f i n e r y i s t o make assumptions about

t h e composition o f t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n and t h e o p e r a t i n g workforce between
l o c a l and n o n l o c a l workers.* ' The supply o f l o c a l s w i l l depend on t h e
number of workers w i t h t h e appropri.ate s k i l l s who r e s i d e w i t h i n t h e d a i l y
commuting r e g i o n o f t h e p r o j e c t ; on t h e access t o . t h e p r o j e c t f r o m t h e
p o p u l a t i o n c e n t e r s i n t h e d a i l y commuting r e g i o n ; on t h e t o t a l compensa- .
t i o n package on t h e p r o j e c t i n c l u d i n g wages, o p p o r t u n i t i e s f o r overtime,
and t r a v e l o r subsistence a1 lowance; on t h e a1 t e r n a t i v e employment oppor-
t u n i t i e s t h a t e x i s t w i t h i n t h e r e g i o n ; and on t h e i n f l u e n c e / p r e v a l e n c e o f
unions i n t h e area.

* A l o c a l worker i s d e f i n e d here to-.be. t h e one who commutes d a i l y

t o a p r o j e c t ' from t h e same p l a c e o f r e s i d e n c e .he/she occupied p r i o r
t o t h e beginning work on a p r o j e c t . A nonlocal. worker i s one who
has changed p l a c e . o f r e s i d e n c e from which he/she commu.tes d a i l y i n
o r d e r t o work on 3 p r o j e c t .
176
 Clearly, there i s substantial v a r i a t i o n and the r e s u l t s of the
impact analysis wi 11 depend heavily on the assumption made. In general,
the more d i s t a n t in the f u t u r e and t h e l e s s s p e c i f i c a p r o j e c t , t h e
stronger the case f o r relying on averages based on e x i s t i n g project
d a t a . As t h e p r o j e c t g e t s c l o s e r and c l o s e r , however, and a s ' t h e qua1 i t y
of t h e information with respect to the labor requirements becomes more
d e t a i l e d , a g r e a t deal can be learned about t h e 1i k e l y number of l o c a l l y
a v a i l a b l e e l e c t r i c i a n s , operators, e t c . , by t a l k i n g t o local union
business managers, c o n t r a c t o r s with experience in t h e a r e a , and t o o t h e r
persons famil i a r . w i t h local 1abor market conditions. These interviews
should present an estimate of project demand by c r a f t (e.g., 150 e l e c -
t r i c i a n s in year 4 ) t o someone know1 edgeable about the local labor
market f o r e l e c t r i c i a n s . Once the' location of the p r o j e c t has been
described and some thought has been given t o o t h e r projects which may be
competing f o r t h e same labor, a reasonable estimate can usually be made
of the t o t a l local supply and of the number t h a t would work on t h e
project in question. *G>

Once an e s t i m a t e has been made o f t h e number of local workers

the d a i l y commuting region will be able t o supply, the required number
of inmigrating . nonl ocal workers can be estimated by subtracting the
e,stimate of local workers from the estimated t o t a l labor requirement.
A t some point, i t will be necessary t o estimate where t h e inmigrating
non-locals will l i v e , b u t t h a t issue i s discussed l a t e r .

Economic Projections with the Proposed Refi'nery and the

Measurement of Impact

The economic projections with the proposed refinery should

concentrate on employment because i t i s the c r i t i c a l link to the demographic
impacts. Whi 1 e the employment requirements of the proposed r e f i fiery may
be reasonably easy to obtain, a more d i f f i c u l t problem i s t o determine
i f there will be any increase in nonbasic employment in response to the
proposed refinery.. The issues that have to be d e a l t w l t h include the
following:
 The amount o f nonbasic employment t h a t w i l l r e s u l t from one
d o l l a r o f b a s i c income w i l l be g r e a t e r t h e l a r g e r t h e l o c a l
-
economy.

The mu1 t i p l ie r s a p p r o p r i a t e t o c o n s t r u c t i o . n worker income w i 11

be l o w e r t h a n t h o s e a p p r o p r i a t e t o b a s i c income g e n e r a t e d i n t h e
-
o p e r a t i o n s phase.

The income and employment mu1 t i p l i e r s w i l l n o t u s u a l l y be t h e

same. I f t h e b a s i c j o b s have s y s t e m a t i c a l l y h i g h e r wages t h a n
t h e nonbasic j o b s , t h e employment mu1 t i p l i e r s w i l l be l a r g e r
t h a n t h e income m u l t i p l i e r s

Economic Mu1 t i p l i e r s - Economic mu1 t i p l i e r s e x i s t because p a r t

o f t h e income r e c e i v e d and t h e n s p e n t i n an a r e a becomes income f o r someone
else. The s i z e o f t h e m u l t i p l i e r w i l l depend on t h e p r o p o r t i o n o f income
s p e n t l o c a l l y and on t h e p r o p o r t i o n o f l o c a l spending t h a t becomes l o c a l
income. I n g e n e r a l , t h e l a r g e r and more d i v e r s e a l o c a l economy, t h e p r o -
p o r t i o n o f income s p e n t l o c a l l y w i l l i n c r e a s e because more goods and
s e r v i c e s w i ' l ' l be a v a i l a b l e , and t h e p r o p o r t i o n o f spending t.hat becomes .

l o c a l income w i l l be h i g h e r because more o f t h e p r o d u c t i s o n and d i s t r i . h u t i o n

process w i l l have t a k e n p l a c e 1 , o c a l l y . For example, i f b o t h a d a i r y farm
and a d a i r y a r e l o c a t e d i n an area, 6 l a r g e p r o p o r t i o n o f t h e money from
t h e s a l e o f a q u a r t o f m i l k w i l l become l o c a l income. I f n e i t h e r t h e farm
nor t h e d a i r y . a r e l o c a t e d i n t h e a r e a , t h e n t h e o n l y l o c a l income generated
f r o m t h e s a l e would be t h e snia.11 n e t income g o i n g t o t h e - r e t a i l e r .

.
The combined r e s u l t o f t h e s e f a c t o r s i s t h a t more o f a g i v e n
amount o f income w i l l be r e s p e n t i n l a r g e r p l a c e s and t h a t more o f what i s
r e s p e n t w i l l become income f o r someone e l s e w i t h t h e r e s u l t t h a t t h e
m u l t i p l i e r w i l l be l a r g e r . T h i s p r i n c i p l e i s w e l l understood, b u t t h e
d i f f i c u l t y comes i n making e m p i r i c a l e s t i m a t e s / o f t h e r e 1 e v a n t r e l a t i o n s h i p .
Some f o r m o f an ec0norni.c base model i s , t h e r e f o r e , u s u a l l y used t o t r y t o
q u a n t i f y these r e l a t i o n s h i p s .
 The economi.~base approach i s straightforward t o apply assuming
t h a t counties a r e i'ndependent of one another, b u t a substantial problem
a r i s e s when actually applying i't to areas t h a t a r e trade or service centers
to large market areas. In these cases, part of the income in the trade
center i s in response to basic income in the smaller counties t h a t
c o n s t i t u t e i t s market area. If the economic base multipliers a r e going
t o be correctly calculated, therefore, i t i s necessary to have an idea of
the market area boundaries of the regional centers in the study area. If
t h i s basi'c income i s ignored, the economic base of the county i s understated
and the multiplier i s overstated.

The s i z e of t h i s income multiplier e f f e c t , as i t i s c a l l e d , i s

determined primarily by two important f a c t o r s : the marginal propensity t o
spend locally ( c ) , and the ,fraction of sales t h a t becomes local income ( h ) .
The general formula i s :

multiplier = mq
1

The larger the value of the m u l t i p l i e r , the greater the secondary income
benefits. The marginal propensity t o spend locally is'simply the fraction
'

of t o t a l income spent on locally-provided goods and services. As such, i t

depends on the mix of goods available l o c a l l y , r.elative prices between '
local and imported goods, the avail abil i t y of imports, and the ,type of goods
and services desired.

The marginal propensity to spend locally i s a function of the

number of local and nonlocal construction workers employed a t the f a c i l i t y .
I f local construction workers a r e hired, then i t should be assumed t h a t t h e i r
spending behavior will be no d i f f e r e n t than any other local resident. A
difference i n expenditure patterns a r i s e s in the context of nonlocal workers.
F i r s t , nonlocal construction workers who a r e not married or a r e married and
have t h e i r families w i t h them, and who, a r e similar to local residents in
others respects, will spend a smaller proportion of t h e i r income locally
than local residents. Secondly, a mu1 tip1 i e r adjustment i s required because
some proportion of the nonlocal workers a r e marri.ed, b u t t h e i r families a r e
l i v i n g elsewhere. This group undoubtedly spends much less locally,because
a l a r g e p r o p o r t i o n o f i t s income i s r e q u i r e d f o r t h e support o f f a m i l i e s
l i v i n g i n other places.

Combining these two e f f e c t s y i e l d s an e s t i m a t e t h a t t o t h e

e x t e n t t h a t t h e r e , a r e n o n l o c a l workers, l o c a l spending w i l l be a s m a l l e r
percentage r e l a t i v e t o what i t would b e ' i f l o c a l workers r e c e i v e d t h e
income. *

1TO -.

c a l c u l a t e t h e t o t a l impact o f t h e proposed r e f i n e r y , t h e m u l t i p l i e r s
c a l c u l a t e d can be appl i e d t o ; e s t i m a t e s o f ' t o t a l b a s i c income ass,ociated
w i t h the -project. 1
I
I

The steps a r e as f o ' l l a w s :

Use t h e e s t i m a t e o f ahe l o c a l / n o n l o c a l composition o f t h e

c o n s t r u c t b n f o r c e and, t h e o r d e r o f t h e county being i n v e s t i g a t e d
t o e s t i m a t e t h e approprj,ate income m u l t i p l i e r .
'\
'\

Use e x t e r n a l l y s u p p l i e d wage data o r BEA average earn'ings.per

wor'ker . i n t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o r . . a p p r o p r i a t e o p e r a t i o n s s e c t o r t o
e s t i m a t e average earnings per employee (a1 1 i n c o n s t a n t d o l l a r s ) .

Mu1t i p l y t h e d i r e c t employment requirements by t h e earnings

J

estimates t o g e t b a s i c income d i r e c t l y a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e p r o j e c t .

I n c l u d e any o t h e r b a s i c income a s s o c i a t e d with.. t h e p r o j e c t , e.g.,

due t o l o c a l purchases o f m a t e r i a l s .

Use t h e mu1t i p 1 i e r s t o g e t h e r w i t h , t h e b a s i c income estimates t o

c a l c u l a t e t h e t o t a l change i n income.

The example i n Table 29 shows how these steps can be c a r r i e d o u t f o r a'

.
h y p o t h e t i c a l l y proposed r e f i n e r y .
.
A1 though t h i s i l l u s t r a t i o n p r e s e n t s
a procedure f o r d e t e r m i n i n g t h e b a s i c and n o n b a s i c income impacts i n a

*Methods f o r a d j u s t i n g t h e m u l t i p l i e r s can be found i n Reference 36, pp. 48-50.

180 .
 TABLE 29 ASSUMPTIONS AN0 CALCULATIONS ,OF IMPACT FOR' PROPOSED REflNtRY
(200.000 BBLIDAY GASOLINE PROOUCTI ON RF FINERY)

Assume: 1. Construction worker averageearnings $14,000. /

2. Construction p e r i o d e ~ ~ i p l o y n ~ ei ns t 475 i n year 1, 1424 i n year 2, '1891) i n year 3, 949 i n year 4 .

3. Operations worker average earnings $13,500. .
4. Operations p e r i o d employlient i s 192 i f , year 4, 768 i n year 5 and t h e r e a f t e r .
5. 2nd o r d e r county,' income mu1 t i p 1 i e r = 1.66.
6. Construction f o r c e 50 percent l o c a l , 50 percent.nonloca1.

Therefore, (50 x 1) + (50). ( . 7 ) = ;85 and the a p p r o p r i a t e c o n s t r u c t i o n p e r i o d mu1 t i p l i e r equals 1 + (.85) (.66)= 1.56.

7. No s i g n i f i c a n t c o n s t r u c t i o n p e r i o d p u r c h a s e o f m a t e r i a l s o r equipment l o c a l l y .
8. Operation p e r i o d m a t e r i a l s purchases w i l l r e s u l t i n $100.000 o f basic income p e r year which i s assunled
t o r e s u l t i n 10 l o c a l jobs.

~ a l c u l a t i o n so f Inconie Impacts f o r Hypothetical Proposed R e f i n e r y

Col. 1 Col. 2 Col. 3 Col. 4 Col. 5 Col. 6 .Col. 7 Col. 8 Col. 9 Col. 10 Col. 1 1
Cons tcuctlon Conetructlon Total operation Operation Total ~oelc Total Total Total
Per lod Psrlod Constcuctlon Perlod Period Operation Income Income Dur Income Honbasic
Year Dnploynrnt Baslc Perlod Employment Daslc Per lod Due to Due to Col. 4 + . Income
Income Equals Income Income Income Haterials ,natecLals Col. 7 + Col. 4 - Col
Col. 2 x [Baslc and Equals Col. . (Daslc and Purchases (Daslc and Col. 9 3 Col. 7
I-'
03
I-'
$14,~0 Nonbpslc)
Equals Col.
. 3 x 1.56
5 x $13,500 Nonbaslc)
Equals Col.
6 x 1.66
' Nonber Ic)
Dqusls Col.
8 x 1.66
9 -
C0l. 6 C0l
Col. 8

Source: HI ttelhruser Corporation

corirmuni t y (.or c o u n t y ) , t h e r e a r e some v a r i a b l e components ( i .e. average
e a r n i n g s and t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n p e r i o d mu1 t i p 1 i e r ) . The. d a t a which comprise
t h e s e two components a r e r e g i o n - and s i t e - s p e c i f i c and a r e moreover a
f u n c t i o n o f t h e i n f l u e n c e o f u n i o n j u r i s d i c t i o n and c o n t r a c t o r h i r i n g
practices. T h e r e f o r e , t h i s i l l u s t r a t i o n o n l y e x h i b i t s t h e procedure f o r
d e t e r m i n i n g t h e income e f f e c ' t s o f a p r o j e c t and does n o t demonstrate t h e
a c t u a l impacts i n d u c e d by t h e development o f a r e f i n e r y compl ex.
' A1 1
subsequent d i s c u s s i o n s o f impacts a r e o n l y f o r i l l u s t r a t i v e purposes o n l y
and do n o t p o r t e n d t h e socioeconomic impacts i n any p a r t i c u l a t e r e g i o n o r
cohntylcommuni t y t y p e .

E s t i m a t i n q t h e Employment Impacts o f t h e Proposed R e f i n e r y - With

t h e d i r e c t manpower r e q u i r e m e n t s o f t h e proposed r e f i n e r y a l r e a d y e s t i m a t e d
( T a b l e 7, 8, and 9 i n S e c t i o n 3.4), a l l t h a t remains i s t o e s t i m a t e t h e
nonbasic employment due t o t h e proposed r e f i n e r y . The p o t e n t i a l i n c r e a s e .
i n nonbasic employment can' be c a l c u l a t e d by d i v i d i n g e s t i m a t e d nonbasic
peFsonal income by an a'verage r a t i o o f personal income t o employment f o r
t h e county. T h i s i s done i n T a b l e 30. A l t h o u g h t h i s w i l l p r o v i d e an answer
f o r p o t e n t i a l nonbasic employment, i t does so f i r s t t h r o u g h t h e c a l c u l a t i o n
o f t h e income 'generated i n t h e b a s i c and nonbasic employment., s e c t o r s . This
p r o c e d u r e can be s p e c u l a t i v e and m o r e o v e r ' r e l i e s h e a v i l y on t h e a v a i l a b i l i t y
and r e 1 i a b i l i t y o f t h e d a t e arld assumptions r c q u i r c d bj! t h e proiediir-r.

T a b l e 30
E s t i m a t i n g P o t e n t i a l Nonbasic Employment Impact
f o r a Proposed R e f i n e r y

1 .' C a l c u l a t e r a t i o o f personal income t o t o t a l employment from BEA

d a t a (assumed t o equal $9,738 i n t h i s example).
2. D i v i d e t o t a l nonbasic income ( f r o m T a b l e 29) by $9,738.
Col. 1 Col. 2
P o t e n t i a l Nonbasic Employment
-
Year T o t a l Nonbasic Income , (Col . 1 t 49,738)
1 $ 3,750,000
2 11,200,000
3 14,900,000
4 9,110,000
5 ., 6,690,000
6 6,690,000 *

7 6,690,000
8 6,690,000
 An a l t e r n a t i v e method o f e s t i m a t i n g employment impacts i s suggested
by .HUD i n R a p i d ~ r o w t hf r o m Energy ~ r o j e c t s j aand i s a l s o proposed i n t h e
EPA A c t i o n andb book'^. B o t h r e p o r t s suggest t a k i n g t h e number o f c o n s t r u c t i o n
workers t i m e s .6 t o g e t nonbasic employment during. t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n p e r i o d
( a t o t a l m u l t i p l i e r o f 1 . 6 ) . a n d t o t a k e o p e r a t i o n workers times 1 . 5 t o g e t
nonbasic employment d u r i n g t h e o p e r a t i o n p e r i o d ( a t o t a l mu1 t i p l i e r o f 2.5).
An example o f t h i s method a p p l i e d t o t h e r e f i n e r y manpower r e q u i r e m e n t s i s
p r e s e n t e d i n T a b l e 31.

T a b l e 31
C a l c u l a t i o n o f Nonbasic Employment u s l n g
t h e HUDIEPA Method

Col. 2 Col . 3
Operations Nonbasi c
Col. 1 Employment Employment
'Construction ( i n c l u d i n g 1 0 persons due t o ( . 6 x Col. 1
-
Year Employment l o c a l m a t e r i a l s purchases) + 1.5 x Co1 . 2
1 475 . 285
2 1,420 850
3 1 ,900 1,140
4 349 870
5 0 1,170
6 0 1,170'
7 0 1,170
8 0 . 1,170

Regardless o f how t h e p o t e n t i a l i n c r e a s e i n nonbasic employment

i s c a l c u l a t e d , a m a j o r i s s u e o f i n t e r p r e t a t i o n and judgment a r i s e s a t . t h i s
,point. The income c a l c u l a t i o n s showed t h a t 1 5 . 0 m ' i l l i o n o f nonbasic
income would r e s u l t f r o m t h e proposed r e f i n e r y d u r i n g t h e peak y e a r
(year 3 ) . I t i s known t h a t t h e d i r e c t i n c o m e . w i l 1 b,e p a i d o u t as wages;
i t i s a l s o known t h a t t h e income w i l l be spent, and t h e r e a r e r e a s o n a b l y
r e l i a b l e e s t i m a t e s o f t h e income m u l t i p l i e r s t h a t w i l l r e s u l t . I t has t o
happen, t h e r e f o r e , t h a t a p p r o x i m a t e l y $15 m i l l i o n o f new personal income
w i l l be generated i n t h e s t u d y area. Furthermore, i t i s known t h a t s i n c e
personal income p e r employee averages a b o u t $10,000 p e r person p e r y e a r ,
$15 m i l l i o n i; t h e e q u i v a l e n t o f 1530 new j o b s . What cannot be p r e d i c t e d ,
however, i's whether l o c a l businessmen w i l l respond by a d d i n g new .employees

, 183
 o r by more f u l l y u t i l i z i n g e x i s t i n g employees. Two f a c t s stand o u t .
The p o t e n t i a l nonbasic employment estimates have t o be viewed as a n upper
l i m i t t o t h e range of e f f e c t s t h a t c o u l d ' o c c u r ; much more l i k e l y i s t h e
p o s s i b i l i t y t h a t t h e a c t u a l impacts in terms of numbers of employed persons
will be s m a l l e r . Second, i t i s highly u n l i k e l y t h a t l o c a l businesses a r e
going t o go t o t h e expense of , h i r i n g and t r a i n i n g employees t o meet peak
demand in year 3 only t o l a y them o f f in year 4 when b a i i c income d e c l i n e s
from i t s peak l e v e l . Equally u n l i k e l y i s t h e p o s s i b i l i t y t h a t nonbasic
workers will in-migrate i n l a r g e numbers during t h e peak y e a r s only to. leave
1 o r 2 year's l a t e r . Much more 1 i kely i s t h a t employers w i l l t r y t o maximize
t h e i r use of e x i s t i n g . employees t o meet what they recognize a s temporary
-.
demand. Figure 43 i l l u s t r a t e s t h e t y p i c a l trend in t h e two principal
nonbasic components: b a s e l i n e nonbasic employment growth and operations
period nonbasic emp10,yment growth.

FIGURE 43 POTENTIAL INCREASE IN CONSTRUCTION PERIOD

NONBASIC EMPLOYMENT

1. Ceiling to
Potenlial Increase
in Construction Sustainable
Period Nonbasic Nonbasic

YEAR
 There can be v a r i o u s c o n f i g u r a t i o n s o f t h i s f i g u r e t o a c c o u n t
f o r r i s i n g base1 i n e employment, f a l l i n g base1 i n e employment, o r s t a b l e
employment. Under t h i s d i f f e r i n g b a s e l i n e c o n d i t i o n , t h e p o t e n t i a l and
r e a l i z e d nonbasic employment d i f f e r e n t i a l w i 11 f l u c t u a t e , i d e n t i f y i n g t h e
r e a c t i o n o f l o c a l business t o t h e p r o j e c t e d f u t u r e . New r e t a i l s t o r e s ,
new d o c t o r s , and new s t a t e and l o c a l government employees w i l l n o t move i n t o
town and r e q u i r e employees and l a n d u n l e s s t h e medium t e r m p r o s p e c t s ( 3 - 4
y e a r s ) j u s t i f y t h e expansion. I t must be remembered, n e v e r t h e l e s s , t h a t
t h e i n c r e a s e d demand f o r nonbasic goods and s e r v i c e s w i l l e x i s t d u r i n g t h e
c o n s t r u c t i o n peak r e g a r d l e s s o f t h e c a p a c i t y o f t h e l o c a l t r a d e and s e r v i c e
\

sectors. I n cases where l i t t l e exparlsiorl i s j u s t i f l e d , t h e r e w i l l be p a r t i -

c u l a r l y s e v e r e p r e s s u r e on e x i s t i n g f a c i l i t i e s w i t h r e s u l t i n g f r i c t i o n s and
p r o b l ems.

The t o t a l i m p a c t o f employment due t o a r e f i n e r y p r o j e c t i s ,

t h e r e f o r e , t h e sum o f c o n s t r u c t i o n p e r i o d b a s i c employment, o p e r a t i o n
p e r i o d b a s i c employment, b a s i c employment a s s o c i a t e d w i t h l o c a l purchases
o f m a t e r i a l s f o r t h e proposed r e f i n e r y and nonbasic ( s e c o n d a r y ) employment.

Impact Analysis

The f o l l o w i n g q u e s t i o n s a r e th0s.e t h a t s h o u l d be addressed

i n o r d e r t o e v a l u a t e t h e economic p r o j e c t i o n s .

Have economic p r o j e c t i o n s . w i t h o u t t h e proposed r e f i n e r y been

made t o p r o v i d e a b a s e l i n e f o r t h e i m p a c t e v a l u a t i o n ?
c

Has a r e a s o n a b l e a n a l y s i s been done o f t h e l a b o r r e q u i r e m e n t s

o f t h e p r o j e c t and o f t h e c o m p o s i t i o n of t h e r e s u l t i n g con-
s t r u c t i o n and o p e r a t i o n f o r c e s between e x i s t i n g r e s i d e n t s o f
t h e a r e a and new i n - m i g r a n t s ? Do t h e ' l o c a l / n o n l o c a l assump-
t i o n s make sense i n l i g h t o f ' t h e b a s e l i n e p r o j e c t i o n s and i.n
l i g h t s o f o t h e r a c t i v i t y p r o j e c t e d f o r t h e area a t t h e t i m e
o f t h e proposed r e f i n e r y ?

Are t h e economic mu1 t i p 1 i e r s a p p r o p r i a t e t o t h e s i z e o f t h e

l o c a l impact area?
185
 I s t h e s i z e o f t h e employment expansion a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e
c o n s t r u c t i o n peak a p p r o p r i a t e t o l o c a l , e x p e c t a t i o n s w i t h
r e s p e c t t o t h e p r o j e c t and t o t h e c a p a c i t y o f t h e l o c a l
economy t o expand? Would t h i s l e v e l o f expansion appear
f e a s i b l e i n 1 i g h t o f l o c a l business c o n d i t i o n s , t h e base1 ine
p r o j e c t i o n s , and t h e s u p p l y o f l.ocal c a p i t a l ? Does t h e
e x p a n s i o n appear r e a s o n a b l e i n l i g h t o f t h e g r o w t h t h a t w l l l
be s u s t a i n a b l e i n t h e nonbasic s e c t o r i n t h e l o n g r u n ?

Have o p p o r t u n i t i e s f o r enhancement o f l o c a l l a b o r m a r k e t
e f f e c t s been e x p l o r e d ?

By a c c u r a t e l y answering t h e s e q u e s t i o n s , t h e r e 1 i a b i 1 it y
nf t h e economic assessment can be e v a l u a t e d .

3.9.4.2 Demographic

A c c u r a t e p r o j e c t i o n s o f t h e demographic i m p l i c a t i o n s o f a
proposed r e f i n e r y a r e t h e c o r n e r s t o n e f o r most o f t h e i m p a c t a n a l y s i s . The
o v e r a l l approach r e c o g n i z e s t h a t any i n c r e a s e i n employment can o n l y come
a b o u t i n one o f t h r e e ways: a r e d u c t i o n i n t h e number o f l o c a l persons
who a r e unemployed; an i n c r e a s e i n t h e l o c a l l a b o r f o r c e p a r t i c i p a t i o n r a t e ,
o r in-migration. Migration together w i t h natural population increase
( b i r t h s minus d e a t h s ) d e t e r m i n e p o p u l a t i o n change. The purpose here, t h e r e -
f o r e , i s t o show how t h e a n a l y s i s o f economic i m p a c t can be used t o p r o j e c t
m i g r a t i o n , and how t h e r e s u l t i n g m i g r a t i o n e s t i m a t e s can be used t o e s t i m a t e
p o p u l a t i o n change. The s p e c i f i c q u e s t i o n s t h a t have t o be answered i n c l u d e
t h e f o l 1owing :

How many new r e s i d e n t s w i l l move t o t h e area as a r e s u l t o f

t h e proposed r e f i n e r y ?

What w i l l be t h e age and sex c o m p o s i t i o n o f t h e new r e s i d e n t s

o f .the i m p a c t a r e a ?
 In which communities will t h e new r e s i d e n t s choose t o l i v e ?

What a r e t h e b a s e l i n e t r e n d s i n population t h a t would e x i s t i n

the'impact a r e a i n t h e absence of t h e prcposed r e f i n e r y ?

Description of t h e Existing Demographic Environment

Data Sou.rces , I

The only d e t a i l e d source o f population data i s t h e decennial

Census of Population. This source c o n t a i n s extensive information on t h e
s i ' z e , composition, and c h a r a c t e r i s t i i c s of t h e population. Pub1 ished data
a r e a v a i l a b l e f o r c o u n t i e s and f o r some c i t i e s . In g e n e r a l , t h e l a r g e r
t h e place, t h e qore d i t a i l ed t h e s o c i a l and economic information on i t s
population. Additional data on subcounty a r e a s i s a v a i l a b l e from t h e
Census Data Users' Centers i d e n t i Tied i n t h e previous s e c t i o n .

For t h e y e a r s following t h e l a s t census, county population

estimates a r e a v a i l a b l e from t h e Current ~ o p u l a t i o nReports, Population
Estimates and P r o j e c t i o n s , S e r i e s p-25, published by t h e Bureau o f Census.
These a r e e s t i m a t e s derived through a Federal-State Cooperative Program I

sponsored by t h e Bureau of Census. B r i e f l y , t h e program o p e r a t e s a s

follows. The Bureau of t h e Census estimates t h e t o t a l population f o r each
s t a t e . A designated s t a t e agency or u n i v e r s i t y i n each s t a t e then uses
various Census-approved methods t o a l l o c a t e t h e s t a t e control t o t a l t o
c o u n t i e s . The estimates a r e made f o r July 1 s t of t h e y e a r and a r e u s u a l l y
a v a i l a b l e during t h e s p r i n g o r summer of t h e ' following y e a r . The r e p o r t
published by t h e Census does not d i s a g g r e g a t e t h e population i n t o d i f f e r e n t
e t h n i c o r age/sex groups. I t only c o n t a i n s t o t a l population by county.

Community population estimates f o r 1970 can be derived from a

combi.nation of pub1 ished place data from t h e Census and s p e_..c.i a l t a b u l a t i o n s
by Census Enumeration D i s t r i c t when necessary. S u b t r a c t i o n of t h e sum of
, t h e community e s t i m a t e s from t h e t o t a l f o r t h e county gives an e s t i m a t e
of t h e r u r a l population i n t h e county. More c u r r e n t community population
e s t i m a t e s may be a v a i l a b l e from a Special Census, b u t most 0.f t h e updating
P
187
from 1970 w i l l have t o depend on i n f e r e n c e s drawn from secondary data
sources such as school e n r o l l m e n t s , new housing u n i t s completed, u t i l i t y
hookups, e t c . , and on t h e judgments o f l o c a l planners and community
1eaders .*

A f i n a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f t h e e x i s t i n g environment t h a t ought t o be
noted i s &e l a b o r f o r c e p a r t i c i p a t i o n r a t e . . o f men and women i n t h e study
area. T h i s measures t h e p e r c e n t o'f t h e p o p u l a t i o n t h a t p a r t i c i p a t e ; i n the
l a b o r f o r c e ( t h e sum o f t h e employed p l u s t h e unemployed) and i s o n l y
a v a i l a b l e i n t h e decennial census volumes. I t i,s p a r t i c u l a t e l y i n s t r u c t i v e
t o 'contrast the local participation rates with state o r national rates t o
g e t an i n d i c a t i o n o f t h e p o t e n t i a l w i t h i n t h e e x i s t i n g p o p u l a t i o n t o meeting
h i g h e r demands f o r l a b o r .
..

*. P r o j e c t i o n o f Impacts

Methods o f P r o j e c t i n g P o p u l a t i o n w i t h o u t t h e Presence o f t h e .-

Refinery
,

P r o j e c t i o n s o f p o p u l a t i o n w i t h o u t t h e proposed r e f i n e r y a r e
e x t r e m e l y i m p o r t a n t because t h e y w i l l p r o v i d e data as t o t h e areas o f t h e
community t h a t may o r may n o t be a b l e t o handle i n c r e a s e d p o p u l a t i o n s .
An example of t h i s p o i n t f r e q u e n t l y occurs i n t h e impact a n a l y s i s o f . t h e
school age p o p u l a t i o n . Recent n a t i o n a l t r e n d s .tuwards reduced b i r t h r a t e s
have s t a r t e d t o show up i n t h e form o f d e c l i n i n g school e n r o l l m e n t s . As a
r e s u l t , t h e r e are iildny sch601 systems f o r which an i n f l u x o f school age
c h i l d r e n w i l l a v o i d problems o f cons01 i d a t i o n and s t a f f r e d u c t i o n r a t h e r
t h a n c r e a t e problems.

The methods t h a t can be used t o p r o j e c t p o p u l a t i o n a r e ' o f

several d i f f e r e n t kinds i n c l u d i n g :

General Methods

T r e n d ~ x t r a p o l a t i o nMethods - This i s a sirripl e and f r e q u e n t l y

, used method o f p r o j e c t i n g p o p u l a t i o n t o e x t r a p o l a t e

*A l i s t o f a l l areas for,%which Special Census was made i n 1975 i s i n

u r r e n t Poou-port. -
S e r i e s D 28. "Soecial Census."
188 '
 recent trends i n t o the f u t u r e . The assumption i s t h a t t h e
f o r c e s r e s p o n s i b l e f o r p o p u l a t i o n change i n t h e p a s t w i 11
c o n t i n u e t o behave i n a s i m i l a r way i n t h e f u t u r e .

Step Down Methods - A second general s e t o f p r o j e c t i o n ,

a l t e r n a t i v e s i s t o use p r o j e c t i o n s developed by o t h e r s
and t h e n t o d e r i v e an e s t i m a t e f o r t h e s t u d y area based on
t h e estimate f o r the l a r g e r 'area.

R a t i o t o Employment - Another approach, i f base1 i n e employment

p r o j e c t , i o n s ( p r o j e c t i o n s w i t h o u t t h e r e f i n e r y ) have a1 r e a d y
been made, i s t o assume t h a t t h e r a t i o o f p o p u l a t i o n t o employ-
ment w i l l remain c o n s t a n t and t o p r c j e c t p o p u l a t i o n based on
t h e employment p r o j e c t i o n .

Cohort S u r v i v a l Methods

Cohort s u r v i v a l methods f o l l o w t h e number o f persons i n a

s e t o f agc-scx groups o r c o h o r t s and t h e n a p p l y s u r v i v a l r a t e s , b i r t h r a t e s ,
and m i g r a t i o n assumptions t o t r a c e o u t t h e change i n p o p u l a t i o n o v e r t i m e .
A1 though t h e mechanics of t h e c o h o r t s u r v i v a l models a r e c o m p l i c a t e d , t h e i r
l o g i c i s s t r a i g h t f o r w a r d , and t h e q u e s t i o n s a t i s s u e c e n t e r on d e t e r m i n i n g
migration.

.Some c o h o r t - s u r v i v a l .models assume no m i g r a t i o n , o t h e r s

e x t r a p o l.a t e. p a s t t r e n d s , whi 1 e o t h e r s use employment t o he1 p d e t e r m i ne
migration. I n c r e a s i n g l y , methods a r e b e i n g s t a n d a r d i z e d t h a t pursue t h e
t h i r d o p t i o n o f l e t t i n g employment i n f l u e n c e m i g r a t i o n . The t e c h n i q u e i s
, .
b u i l t around t h r e e a n a l y s e s :

Demographic A n a l y s i s - The demographic a n a l y s i s b e g i ns w i t h

c o u n t y p o p u l a t i o n , d i s a g g r e g a t e d by age and sex. Age and sex
s p e c i f i c s u r v i v a l r a t e s a r e a p p l i e d t o each c o h o r t ( i .e., each
age/sex s p e c i f i c g r o u p ) t o compute t h e e f f e c t o f deaths on
t h e county population. Age s p e c i f i c f e r t i l i t y r a t e s a r e t h e n
a p p l i e d t o t h e females i n each age group t o e s t i m a t e t h e number
 of b i r t h s . T h i s procedure y i e l d s an e s t i m a t e o f what i s r e f e r r e d
t o as t h e " s u r v i v e d " p o p u l a t i o n o f t h e c o u n t y .

F u r t h e r a d j u s t m e n t s a r e made i n t h e demographic submodel i f

t h e r e a r e s p e c i a l s u b p o p u l a t i o n s w i t h d i s t i n c t demographic
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o r i f t h e r e i s m i g r a t i o n i n t o o r o u t o f t h e area
r e l a t e d t o f a c t o r s independent o f l o c a l l a b o r m a r k e t c o n d i t i o n s
(e.g., retirement migration).

Economic A n a l y s i s - The f u n c t i o n o f t h e economic a n a l y s i s i s

t o p r o j e c t empl.oynent on a p l a c e - o f - r e s i d e n c e b a s i s . Frequently,
economic base t e c h n i q u e s o f t h e t y p e d i s c u s s e d i n t h e Economic
element o f S e c t i o n 3.9.3.1 a r e used.

Labor M a r k e t A n a l y s i s - The p o p u l a t i o n c a l c u l a t e d i n t h e
demographic a n a l y s i s and t h e employment e s t i m a t e c a l c u l a t e d i n
t h e economic.analysis a r e the p r i n c i p a l inputs i n t o the labor
f o r c e and m i g r a t i o n process. The l o c a l l y a v a i l a b l e s u p p l y o f
l a b o r i s c a l c u l a t e d b y applying agelsex s p e c i f i c l a b o r f o r c e
p a r t i c i p a t i o n rates t o the population. I f t h e supply o f l a b o r
i s i n balance w i t h p r o j e c t e d employment, no m i g r a t i o n i s assumed
t o occur. I f , however, t h e r e i s an imbalance, i n m i g r a t i o n o r
o u h l g r a t i a n 'is assumed t o o c c u r u n t i l t h e imbalance i s e l i - "
mi n a t e d .

Because o f t h e number of c a l c u l a t i o n s r e q u i r e d , c o h o r t - s u r v i v a l
a n a l y s i s is. i m p r a c t i c a l w i t h o u t t h e a i d o f a computer. A t t h e same time,
if t h e p l a n n e r i s g o i n g t o keep t r a c k o f t h e age and sex s t r u c t u r e o f t h e
p o p u l a t i o n , some f o r m o f c o h o r t - s u r v i v a l a n a l y s i s i s necessary. The o p t i o n
o f u s i n g an e x i s t i n g s t a t e o r r e g i o n a l model f o r t h i s purpose i s , t h e r e f o r e ,
v e r y a t t r a c t i v e i f something more t h a n t r e n d a n a l y s i s i s g o i n g t o be a t t e m p t e d .

Land 'Use o r Dwell ing Uni t Mu1t i p l ie r Methods

Another p o p u l a t i o n p r o j e c t i o n method f r e q u e n t l y u s e d t n c i t y
o r s u b d i v i s i o n p l a n n i n g i s t h e Land Use M u l t i p l i e r Method. Here, t h e problem
i s n o t seen as one o f examining t h e v i a b i l i t y o f a g i v e n s i z e p o ' p u l a t i o n i n a

190
terms of the number of jobs available t o support that population. Rather
i t i s assumed t h a t development potential e x i s t s and t h a t the constraining
factor on growth will be the supply of developable land. The projection.
process moves, therefore, from land a v a i l a b i l i t y to assumptions about the
density and mix of residential development to m u 1 t i p l i e r s f o r population,
based on the number, type, and s i z e of u n i t s .

Methods of Proj.ectinq Population with the Presence of a Refinery.

Projection of the demographic impact in the presence of a proposed

refinery has to be based d i r e c t l y on an estimation of the employment impacts
due to the proposed re.Fi.net4y. This section will be divided, therefore, into
three subsections : The f i r s t deals with construction worker impacts, the
second with operating worker impacts, and the t h i r d wi t h impacts due . t o
nonbasic employment. In each case there a r e good primary data on family
characteri s t i c s of the re1 evant populations of workers. The e s s e n t i a l
issue i s the e x t e n t to which the work' f o r c e will be made u p of e x i s t i n g
residents of the a r e a as opposed to requiring inmigration of workers
into the area. Analysis of t h i s issue f o r the construction worker
population was already examined in the Economic s e c t i o n . Here i t will
be necessary t o examine the demographic imp1 ica tion-s of construction
worker migration and to explore the more d i f f i c u l t case of the operation
and the nonbasic workers.

The e x t e n t to which nonlocal workers will be required depends

principally on t h e s k i l l l e v e l s and a v a i l a b i l i t y of l a b o r . o n the one
hand r e l a t i v e to t h e occupational mix and level of labor demand on ttie
other. What makes the issue more d i f f i c u l t i; t h a t ' t h e time period f o r
which labor market conditions have t o be evaluated i s l i k e l y t o be
several years i n t h e f u t u r e . Without a cohort-surv.iva1 model ' t o keep
track of the s i z e of the projected- labor force and e x p l i c i t employment
projections t o estimate the demand f o r l a b o r , it: i s d i f f i c u l t t o do more
than make an informed conjecture about what the supply/demand balance
,may be a t some f u t u r e time.
 Construction Worker Demoqraphic Impacts

Because t h e l o c a l / n o n l o c a l mix o f t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n workforce

a f f e c t s t h e s i z e o f t h e economic m u l i p l i e r s , the considerations
r e 1 evant t o i t s determi nc t i o n where discussed i n t h e preceding Economic
section. Study area p o p u l a t i o n increases w i l l o n l y occur t o the
e x t e n t t h a t t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n f o r c e i s made up o f nonl'ocals. Various
case s t u d i e s have found t h e t o t a l p o p u l a t i o n i n f l u x p e r 100 n o n l o c a l
workers t o v a r y s i g n i f i c a n t l y by r e g i o n and t y p e o f f a c i l i t y . Therefore,
as t h e p r o j e c t s t a r t u p approaches and as more i n f o r m a t i o n becomes a v a i l a b l e ,
c a r e f u l thought s h o u l d be g i v e n t o t h e reasonableness o f t h e dernograptiic
assumptions u t i l i z e d i n t h e i - n it i a l p r o j e c t i o n s . The major v a r i a t i o n
occ'urs i n t h e s p l i t between married workers w i t h f a m i l y p r e s e n t r e l a t i v e
t o t h o s e w i t h f a m i l y absent. Much o f , t h i s v a r i a t i o n may be a b l e t o be
a n t i c i p a t e d by t h e p l a n n e r based on t h e a v a i l a b i l ' i t y o f housing i n t h e
s t u d y area.

O p e r a t i o n Worker Demographic Impacts

The l o c a l / n o n l o c a l composition o f t h e o p e r a t i n g p e r i o d work-

f o r c e can be d e a l t w i t h i n t h e f o l l o w i n g way.

First, c o n s i d e r .the nature o f t h e jobs. Some p e r c e n t o f t h e

j o b s may be s u f f i c i e n t l y t e c h n i c a l t h a t workers a r e sure n o t t o be
a v a i l a b l e l o c a l 1y. I f so, these workers can be assigned as' n o n l o c a l s.
The remaining j o b s would presu'mably be a c c e s s i b l e t o l o c a l s depending on
,
supply/demand c o n d i t i o n s i n t h e .local l a b o r market.

Second, i f a community has been growing s t e a d i l y and t h e r e i s

no compensating r e d u c t i o n - i n basic employment, then most o f t h e 'remaining
o p e r a t i o n workers would have t o be n o n l o c a l . I f t h e community has n o t
been growing r a p i d l y , then some o f t h e increase w i I 1 come from.new e n t r a n t s
t o t h e l a b o r force, some from the unemployed, ,and some from o t h e r jobs .*
Neverthless, t h e o p e r a t i o n jobs tend t o be ver,y a t t r a c t i v e i n the l o c a l

* To t h e e x t e n t t h a t they do come from o t h e r . jobs, n o n l o c a l workers

may move i n t o t a k e t h e o r i g i n a l j o b so t h e r e may s t i l l be a p o s i t i v e
e f f e c t on p o p u l a t i o n .
192
labor market and a 50 percent local r a t i o for the operation workforce t h a t
i s not too large r e l a t i v e to the area of the a c t i v i t y seems reasonable
(although t h i s percentage i s likely to fluctuate with respect t o the s i z e
and type of communi tylcounty) .
I

Nonbasic Worker Demographic Impacts

-.
..
The local/nonlocal mix of the employment induced by the construc-
t i o n and operating period employment will be influenced by the same
f a c t o r s discussed above i n the context of the local/nonlocal mix of the
operating force. I f the local economy has been growing and i f job
opportunities have been s u f f i c i e n t l y a v a i l a b l e so t h a t 1abor force p a r t i -
c i p a t i o n r a t e s have been increasing, then nonlocals a r e l i k e l y t o be
required t o meet the increase i n nonbasic employment.

In t h e examples worked out f o r the hypothetically proposed

r e f i n e r y i n the Economic subsection' of Section 3 . 9 . 5 . 1 , increases in
nonbasic employment were estimated based on the p r i n c i p l e of s u s t a i nab1 e
nonbasic employment growth. The estimated increase i n the example was
on the order of 958 t o 1150 during the construction period and around
680 nonbasic jobs during the operations period. An adjustment will have
t o be made, however, because a s i g n i f i c a n t percent of these jobs will
end up being held by additional workers in families already present i n '
the area. The suggestion here, therefore, i s t h a t i f local labor market
conditions a r e assumed t o be t i g h t , ( i . e . , the unemployment r a t e i s low
. ,

and employment has been increasing) one nonlocal male may. be assumed to
inmigrate f o r each two nonbasic j o b s - a v a i l a b l e . 5 5 This assumes t h a t the
second nonbasic job wil.1 be taken by other 1abor f o r c e e n t r a n t s already
i n the area o r who have accompanied new inmigrants to the area.

Summary of Demographic Impact ~ e t h o d r

The analysis of demographic impacts of a proposed refinery always

requires three major conceptual s t e p s . F i r s t , i t i s necessary to calculate
the t o t a l employment increase, both basic and nonbasic, associated with the
proposed refinery. Second', assumptions have to be made with respect
t o t h e l o c a l / n o n l o c a l composition o f t h e workers t h a t w i l l f i l l t h e
new j o b s . T h i r d , demographic c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s have t o be a s c r i b e d t o t h e
n o n l o c a l w o r k e r s a n d ' t h e i r f a m i l i e s so t h a t t h e t o t a l change i n t h e s i z e .
and s t r u c t u r e o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n can be c a l c u l a t e d . The purpose o f t h e
d i s c u s s i o n i n the p r e c e d i n g s e c t i o n s has been t o e x p l a i n , s o m e o f t h e
d i f f e r e n t ways i n w h i c h each o f t h e s e c o n c e p t u a l s t e p s can be approached.

As p a r t o f t h e d i s c u s s i o n o f m e t h o d o l o g i c a l a1 t e r n a t i v e s , a
'

framework has been c o n s t r u c t e d which i l l u s t r a t e s how an economic base

t,ype approach c o u l d b e combined w i t h assumptions a b o u t 1o c a l / n o n l o c a l
c o m p o s i t i o n and a b o u t demographic c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s t o s t u d y t h e demographic
i m p l i c a t i o n s o f a proposed r e f i n e r y .
This example should be f i r m l y based
on ( 1 ) e m p i r i c a l data, ( 2 ) judgment of t h e a n a l y s t ( l o c a l government), and
( 3 ) t h e s p e c i f i c c o n d i t i o n s o f t h e p a r t i c u l a t e p l a n n i n g problem; t h e r e f o r e ,
s i n c e t h e r e a r e s u b j e c t i v e d e c i s i o n s t o be made w i t h t h e approach, o n l y t h e
procedure f o r p e r f o r m i n g t h i s process i s presented here. The d i s c u s s i o n
above has made i t c l e a r t h a t t h e e f f e c t s o f a s p e c i f i c p r o j e c t i n a s p e c i f i c
area w i l l be unique t o t h a t s e t o f circumstances. The purpose o f t h i s guide
i s t o focus a t t e n t i o n on t h e key issues t h a t d e t e r m i n e . t h e s i z e o f these . -'

e f f e c t s so t h a t t h e p l a n n e r can a p p l y h i s / h e r own judgment on a case-by-case

basis.

F i g u r e 44 shows t h e conceptual steps f o l l o w e d i n t h e process o f

a n a l y z i n g t h e impacts o f a proposed r e f i n e r y .

I f a c t u a l numbers were u t i l i z e d then they would be based on t h e

f o l lowing considerations :

- amount o f b a s i c income generated,

- s i z e o.f t h e income m u l t i p l i e r ,
- l o c a l / n o n l o c a l composition o f both t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n f o r c e
and t h e o p e r a t i o n s f o r c e ,
- m a r i t a l s t a t u s and f a m i l y s i z e o f t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n ,
o p e r a t i o n and nonbasic workers,
- s u s t a i n a b l e growth i n nonbasic employment, and
- t h e e x t e n t t o which nonbasic j o b s w i l l be assumed by o t h e r
f a m i l y members of c o n s t r u c t i o n , o p e r a t i o n s o r nonbasic employees.
 FIGURE 44 CONCEPTUAL STEPS FOLLOWED I N TRACING THROUGH THE DEMOGRAPHIC
IMPACTS OF A PROPOSED REFINERY

I' I Calculate 1 Calculale Tolal

I
Dellne Proposed I Calculate Nonbas!~ Tolal. I Ropulalion
I Employmenl 1
Acllon I Employmenl Increase
1 1
I
I
I
I I Nonlocal Conslruclio .
Conslruclion I I + Workers and Famihe!
Employment I I
I I
1
I
I
d0
a Employmenl
I
vl
I
operation I
, Employment

I t Basic
and Families
I
Income Income Employmenl Emplcymenl

I
I
Malerials I
I
Equipment Workers and Farnll~cs
Purchases I I Empl~yment
I 1 I

Source: R e f e r e n c e 36
 T,hese cons'iderations t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e assumptions which would
be made i n t h e Economic s e c t i o n , determine t h e t o t a l p o p u l a t i o n i n f l u x
a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n peak y e a r and an o p e r a t i o n p e r i o d . y e a r .
T h i s p o p u l a t i o n i n f l u x can be organized i n t o an i n t e r a c t i n g framework which
.

.
.
..
. . i s shown i n F i g u r e 45.
4
.. .
I t must be emphasized t h a t t h e purpose o f working through
F i g u r e 45 shows t h e v a r i a b l e s t h a t a r e t h e i m p o r t a n t determinants o f t h e
magnitude o f impacts.- The a c t u a l r e s u l t s depend on t h e p a r t i c u l a t e assump-
t i o n s made. Two t h a t a r e p a r t i c u l a t e l y i m p o r t a n t a r e t h e l o c a ~ / n o n l o c a l
breakdown o f t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n f o r c e and t h e amount o f nonbasic employment
t h a t w i l l a c t u a l l y occur' during the construction period.

Other Approaches t o Demographic Impact A n a l y s i s

One inescapable c o n c l u s i o n f r o m working through r e v i e w i n g t h e

l a s t example i s t h a t t h e r e a r e many p a r t s o f t h e economic/demographic assess-
ment process t h a t a r e b o t h complicated and s u b j e c t t o u n c e r t a i n t y .
As a
r e s u l t , i t i s n o t surprising t h a t attempts have been made t o come up w i t h
. s i m p l e r procedures t h a t w i l l g i v e u s a b l e r e s u l t s . Two o f thesemethods
a r e reviewed here. The f i r s t i s summarized I n F i g u r e 46 which was prepared
by Davtd W i l l i a m s f o r HUD i n p a c t guide e n t i t l e d Rapid Growth from Energy
Proj'ects .53 ,

The n o t a b l e assumptions he made a.re:

- a l l c o n s t r u c t i o n and o p e r a t i o n workers nonlocal,

- employment mu1t i p l i e r c o n s t a n t a t 1.6 d u r i n g c o n s t r u c t i o n ,
- employment mu1t i p l i e r c o n s t a n t a t 2.5 d u r i n g o p e r a t i o n ,
- a l l p o t e n t i a l nonbaeic employment occurs w i t h 80 p e r c e n t - '

o f t h e workers coming from i n - m i g r a n t s who o u t - m i g r a t e a f t e r

t h e peak.

( I n the, guide, t h e example i n c l u d e d unemployment and p o p u l a t i o n f i g u r e s f o r

t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n and o p e r a t i o n o f J a 2250 M'rl c o a l - ~ i r e d 'E l e c t r i c Power P l a n t .
For o u r purposes, t h e numbers have been removed. ) _
 F I G U R E 45 SUMMARY CALCULATION FRAMEWORK OF POPULATION I N F L U X DUE TO
PROPOSEDREFINERY

Basic Construclion ' Nonlocal Conslruclion Populalion Influx Due lo

Workers
'

#
Workers
:-
Nonlocal Conslruclion
Workers -
Tolal Populalion lnllux
at Conslruclion Peak
J
*
. .
Inmigration of Nonlocal
Nonbasic Workers
Populalion lnllux Due to
Nonlocal Nonbasic
Workers
A
.
.
.
I

Baslc Operations NonlocalQoeralions Populalion lnllux Due to

Workers and Workers Nonlocal Operalions
c a .Workers
lndlrecl Basic
- Tolal Population Influx
During Operalions
A
4
L

lnmigralion of Populalion lnllux Due 10

.
Nonlocal Nonbasic
Workers b
Nonlocal Nonbasic
Workers -
.

Source: Reference 36
 FIGURE 46 EMPLOYMENTSANDPOPULATION IMPACTS
AS ESTTMATEO TN THE HUD GUIDE

EMPLOYMENT AND POPULATION

ADDED BY CONSTRUCTION
x 3.7 per Fam'ily

20% Local
Rnc;An-*-
n

Total Population Added

EMPLOYMENT AND POPULATION

ADDED BY UPEKA I IONS

Source: Reference 53
 FIGURE 47 EMPLOYMENT AND POPULATION IMPACTS -
AS ESTIMATED I N EPA ACTION HANDBOOK

1.. Peak c o n s t r u c t i o n y e a r p o p u l a t i o n i m p a c t i .

Peak c o n s t r u c t i o n w o r k e r s ti.mes p e r c e n t s i n g l e (..25). I.

x .25 =
Peak c o n s t r u c t i o n w o r k e r s t i m e s p e r c e n t m a r r i e d ( . 7 5 )
times average f a m i l y s i z e ( 3 . 6 )
- x .75 x 3.6 =
.'
Peak c o n s t r u c t i o n w o r k e r s t i m e s c o n s t r u c t i o n
workel- t o s e r v i c e w o r k e r r a t i o ( . . 6 ) t i m e s p e r c e n t .
s i n g l e s e r v i c e workers ( . I S ) .
x .6 x .15 =
Peak c o n s t r u c t i o n w o r k e r s t i m e s c o n s t r u c t i o n w o r k e r
r a t i o (.6) times percent married s e r v i c e workers
c.85) t i m e s a v e r a g e f a m i l y s i z e ( 3 . 6 ) :
x . 6 x .85 x 3.6 =
T o t a l p o p u l a t i o n i n f l u x equals a + b + c + d.

2. O p e r a t i o n s y e a r p o p u l a t i o n impacts'
. O p e r a t i n g and i n d i r e c t b a s i c w o r k f o r c e t i m e s p e r c e n t
s i n g l e (.15).
x .15 =
O p e r a t i n g and i n d i r e c t b a s i c w o r k f o r c e t i m e s p e r c e n t
m a r r i e d ( . 8 5 ) t i m e s average f a m i l y s i z e .
- x .85 x 3.7 .=
O p e r a t i n g and i n d i r e c t b a s i c w o r k f o r c e times. s e r v i c e w o r k e r
t o o p e r a t i n g worker r a t i o (1 .5) times p e r c e n t s i n g l e
s e r v i c e w o r k e r s (0'.15).
x 1 . 5 x .15 =
O p e r a t i n g and i n d i r e c t b a s i c w o r k f o r c e t i m e s s e r v i c e w o r k e r s
t o o p e r a t i n g w o r k e r r a t i o (1.5+) t i m e s p e r c e n t m a r r i e d
s e r v i c e workers (.85) times average f a m i l y s i z e (3.7).
x 1.5 x .85-.x 3.7 =
T o t a l P o p u l a t i o n i n f l u x equals a + b + c + d.
-+ + + - -

Source: R e f e r e n e e 54
 A s i m i l a r approach i s o u t l i n ' e d i n t h e A c t i o n Handbook.: Managing
Growth i n t h e Small Community54 prepared by Briscoe, Maphis, Murray and
Lamont, I n c . f o r t h e U.S. ~ n v i r o n m e n t a l P r o t e c t i o n Agency. They suggest
a fill-in-the-blank approach which r e s u l t s i n t h e c a l c u l a t i o n shown i n
F i g u r e '47 .
The key assumptions on which t h e A c t i o n Handbook recommendations
a r e based i n c l u d e t h e f o l l o w i n g :

- A1 1 c o n s t r u c t i o n and opera t i o n workers a r e n o n l o c a l .

- The employment mu1 t i p l i e r i s c o n s t a n t a t 1.6 d u r i n g t h e
c o n s t r u c t i o n p e r i o d and 2.5 d u r i n g t h e o p e r a t i o n p e r i o d
( d e r i v e d from t h e HUD Guide).

- 7 5 p e r c e n t o f c o n s t r u c t i o n w o r k e r s a r e m a r r i e d and t h e y
a l l b r i n g t h e i r f a m i l i e s w i t h them. (This i s attributed
t o t h e C o n s t r u c t i o n Worker b u t t h i s source
shows t h a t f o r t h e average of 14 p r o j e c t s surveyed
t h e r e were o n l y 48.9 p e r c e n t o f nonlo.ca1 w o r k e r s
married w i t h family present).

- A1 1 p o t e n t i a l nonbasic employment' a c t u a l l y o c c u r s and

100 p e r c e n t o f . t h e r e q u i r e d nonbasic workers a r e n o n l o c a l
and immigrate t o the area.

' Comparison o f t h e assumptions in, t h e A c t i o n Handbook and

t h e HUD Guide w i t h those made by means o f t h e income mu1t i p l i e r w i l l a1 1
generate d i f f e r e n t answers. A range o f peak c o n s t r u c t i o n and o p e r a t i o n .
workforce estimates and p o p u l a t i o n can be c o n s t r u c t e d t o e x h i b i t a
significantly large differential. Consequently, s i n c e each method u t i l i z e s
d i f f e r e n t assumptions and a range o f p r o j e c t i o n r e s u l t s , t h e a p p l i c a t i o n
'of one o f these methods t o a s i t e - s p e c i f i c p l a n n i n g s t u d y should be preceded
by an a n a l y s i s o f t h e r e s p e c t i v e assumptions w i t h regard t o t h e community
and f a c i l i t y c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . From t h i s b a s i s , i t i s p o s s i b l e t o choose 'the
method whfch most c l o s e l y exempl i f i e s t h e l o c a l demographic and economic
p r o f i l e o f t h e workforce, p o p u l a t i o n , and i n t r a s t r u c t u r e .
200
 Impact A n a l y s i s

P o p u l a t i o n p r o j e c t i o n s must be analyzed r e l a t i v e t o t h e f o l l o w i n g
criteria. Such a n a l y s i s w i l l p r o v i d e comprehensive e v a l u a t i o n o f t h e l o c a l
demographic assessment.

Were base1 i n e demographic p r o j e c t i o n . s e s t a b l ished, w i t h o u t t h e

proposed r e f i n e r y ? Were t h e p r o j e c t i o n s r e l a t e d t o a r e a l i: t i c ,

a n a l y s i s o f changes i n t h e economic base o f t h e area?

Wa's t h o u g h t g i v e n t o t h e economic f e a s i b i l it y o f t h e p r o j e c t e d
expansion i n nonbas?c empl oyment?

Was the l o c a l / n o n l o c a l composi t i o n o f t h e r e q u i r e d c o n s t r u c t i o n ,

o p e r a t i o n , and nonbasic w o r k f o r c e a n a l y z e d i n l i g h t o f p r o j e c t e d
c o n d i t i o n s o f s u p p l y and demand i n l o c a l l a b o r m a r k e t s ?

Were a1 1owances made f o r secondary '1abor f o r c e e n t r a n t s accompanyi r

inmi g r a t i ng fami 1ies?

3.9.4.3 F a c i l i t i e s and S e r v i ' c e s

QuestionsjIssues

The purpose o f a n a l y z i n g f a c i l i t i e s and s e r v i c e s demand . i s

t o a n t i c i p a t e t h e demand f o r f a c i l i t i e s and s e r v i c e s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e
proposed r e f i n e r y . Conditions p r o j e c t e d t o accompany t h e proposed
r e f i n e r y compared w i t h t h e s i t u a t i o n t h a t would e x i s t w i t h o u t a t h e proposed '

r e f i n e r y provides. a measure o f t h e impact o f t h e proposed r e f i n e r y on

h .

s e r v i c e s and f a c i l i t i e s . The p r i n c i p a l questions t h a t have ' t o be d e a l t

w i t h are:

What w i l l be t h e d u a l i t y and t h e e x t e n t o f u t i l i z a t i o n o f .
f a c i 1 it i es and . s e r v i c e s i n t h e absence o f t h e proposed r e f i n e r y ?
 What w i l l be t h e changes i n s e r v i c e s , and f a c i l i t i e s de-mands
a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e employment, income, and p o p u l a t i o n g e n e r a t e d
by t h e proposed r e f i n e r y ?
?!
I n l i g h t o f t h e answers t o t h e f i r s t two q u e s t i o n s , what new
f a c i l i t i e s w i l l have t o be b u i l t and what new s e r v i c e s w i l l
have t o be p r o v i d e d ?

I n o r d e r t o answer t h e q u e s t i o n s and issues, d a t a must be c o l -

l e c t e d which addresses b o t h t h e supply o f t h e f a c i l i t i e s and s e r v i c e s
and t h e l'ocal demand f o r these items, b o t h c u r r e n t l y and i n t h e f u t u r e .
U e r i v a t i o n o f t h e supply d a t a i s r e l a t i v e l y s t r a i g h t furawdr.d dnd essen-
t i a l l y i n v o l v e s ~ c o m p i l a t i o no f an i n v e n t o r y o f t h e e x i s t i n g f a c i l i t i e s
and s e r v i c e s and an e v a l u a t i o n o f c u r r e n t p l a n s f o r expansion, p o t e n t i a l
f o r expansion, and p h y s i c a l l i m i t a t i o n s t o expansion.

O b t a i n i n g t h e r z q u i r e d d a t a concerning demand i s somewhat more

involved. The demand d a t a i s d e r i v e d from assessing those v a r i a b l e s
t h a t a r e t h e p r i n c i p a l determinants o f t h e f a c i l i t y o r s e r v i c e demands,
e.g., school age c h i l d r e n i n t h e case o f e d u c a t i o n a l f a c i l i t i e s and
s e r v i c e s , o r households i n t h e case o f housing demand. These v a r i a b l e s ,
sometimes r e f e r r e d t o as " d r i v i n g " v a r i a b l e s , a r e generated i n t h e econo-
m i c and t h e demographic analyses described i n t h e ' p r e c e d i n g two s e c t i o n s .
The t h i r d t y p e o f i n f o r m a t i o n r e q u i r e d i s a s e t o f "standards" t h a t
t r a n s l a t e s the. v a l u e o f t h e d r i v i n g v a r i a b l e s i n t o a l e v e l o f demand
f o r a f a c i l i t y o r service. I t i s i m p o r t a n t ' t o r e c o g n i z e t h a t ' t h e term
"sta'ndards" i s used i n t h e most general sense here t o i n c l u d e l e g i s l a t i v e l y -
imposed c o n d i t i o n s t h a t must be complied w i t h (e.g., wastewater t r e a t m e n t
requirements), h i s t o r i c a l l y observed l e v e l s o f s e r v i c e o r f a c i 1it y pro-
v i s i o n , o r some l o c a l l y d e s i r e d l e v e l o f i n f r a s t r u c t u r e t h a t has n o t
been a t t a i n e d h i s t o r i c a l l y b u t t h a t r e p r e s e n t s t h e community's a s p i r a -
tion. The combination o f t h e d r i v i n g v a r i a b l e s and t h e standards d e t e r -
m i n e ' demand whi t h can t h e n be c o n t r a s t e d t o - s u p p l y t o d e t e r m i n e r e q u i r e -
ments as .shown i n F i g u r e 48.
 FIGURE 48 P R I N C I P A L STEPS I N THE ANALYSIS OF F A C I L I T I E S AND SERVICES REQUIREMENTS

Inventory o f Existing
and Planned Service and ,
Facilities '

Additional Facilities and

--e Services Requiremenls

IU
0
Demand Determining Standards: e.g.. per Service and
Variables: e.g. house-
holds,
+ capita service levels,
studentlteacher ratios
= Facility Needs -
population, income.
A f

Source: R e f e r e n c e 36'
 A c o n s i d e r a b l e amount o f m a t e r i a l i-s a v a i l a b l e on each o f t h e
major s e r v i c e and f a c i l i t y areas.* The purpose here, t h e r e f o r e , i s o n l y
t o p r o v i d e a guide t o t h e a n a l y s i s o f each o f t h e major f u n c t i o n a l s e r v i c e
o r f a c i l i t y areas.
V )

The f o l l o w i n g l i s t o f f a c i l i t i e s and s e r v i c e s i d e n t i f y t h e data

r e q u i r e d t o perform an a n a l y s i s o f t h e e x i s t i n g f a c i l j t i e s and s e r v i c e s and
determine i f they a r e adequate t o s a t i s f y t h e demands o f t h e p r o j e c t e d
f u t u r e p o p u l a t i o n b o t h w i t h and w i t h o u t t h e r e f i n e r y ; I n addition t o
i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f t h e necessary data f o r t h e e v a l u a t i o n , ' t h e t a b l e s a l s o
i n d i c a t e ( 1 ) t h e p o s s i b l e sources o f t h i s i n f o r m a t i o i l ; ( 2 ) t h e .key vdrijables
i n f l u e n c t n g t h e demand f o r t h a t s e r v i c e ; and ( 3 ) t h e standards estab-lished
f o r t h e o p e r a t i o n o f each r e s p e c t i v e component.

Existing F a c i l i t i e s

Type o f I n f o r m a t i o n
number, o f u n i t s by t y p e o f u n i t
vacancy r a t e s by t y p e o f u n i t
conditions o f units
price of units

'Source o f I n f o r m a t i o n

Economic P r a c t i c e s Manual 62 has a u s e f u l chapter

on housing market a n a l y s i s

A d d i t i o n a l i n f o r m a t i o n i s i n FHA Techniques o f Housing

M a r k e t A n a l y s i s , U.S. Dept. o f Housing and Urban Deviilop-
ment, Washington, D.C,

D e c e n n i a l Census

L o c a l mortgage l e n d i n g i n s t i t u t i o n s (Savings and

Loans, .Commercial Banks)

P r i m a r y d a t a survey o r . a e r i a i photography

County A s s e s s o r ' s O f f i c e
 P r o j e c t i o n o f Impact
D r i v i n g Variables
Number o f nonlocal c o n s t r u c t i o n workers -- the best
data on a c t u a l d i s t r i b u t i o n of hou'sing types by non-
l o c a l c o n s t r u c t i o n workers i s from a combination o f
survey data, from Bureau o f Reclamation and Corps o f
Engineers P r o j e c t s . The data a r e summariz,ed i n an
appendix t o : Chi.ef Joseph Dam, Community Impact
Report Update 111, Conditions a t Peak Impact. From
these data, t h e estimated d i s t r i b u t i o n i s 20 p e r c e n t
s i n s l e family,. 1 5 p e r c e n t mu1 t i f a m i l y , 40 p e r c e n t
m o b i l e home and 25 p e r c e n t temporary i n c l u d i n g t r a v e l
t r a i l e r , camper o r s l e e p i n g room.

Number of households 'associated w i t h p o p u l a t i o n i n f l u x

o f n o n l o c a l o p e r a t i o n s workers and nonlocal nonbasic
workers -- can be estimated a s number o f nonlocal male
o p e r a t i o n s workers plus.number o f nonlocal male nonbasic
workers. Estimated d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t y p e o f u n i t i s 50
percent s i n g l e famil 1 5 p e r c e n t mu1 t i f a m i l y , 35
p e r c e n t mobi 1 e home. Ys
HEALTH

Existing F a c i l i t i e s

Type o f I n f o r m a t i o n

s e r v i c e area p o p u l a t i o n

p a t i e n t days p e r year a t h o s p i t a l s

number o f beds and s i z e s of p r o f e s s i o n a l s t a f f a t

hosp i t a1

number o f d o c t o r s , d e n t i s t s and r e g i s t e r e d n u r s e s i n
t h e community

mental. health f a c i l . i t i e s

ambul ance s e r v i c e

n u r s i n g home f a c i l i t i e s

s e r v i c e area p o p u l a t i o n a b l e t o be a d e q u a t e l y served
by e x i s t i n g h e a l t h c a r e p e r s o n n e l and f a c i l i t i e s

p l ans f o r expans i o n
 Source of Informat ion
h o s p i t a l administrator
s t a t e and local government health s e r v i c e administrators

Project ion of Impact

- .
- Driving v a r i a b l e s
population by age and sex '
L

Standards
\ .

4 t o 4.5 beds per 1,000

A recommended minimum' number of health p r a c t i t i o n e r s

i s one doctor f o r every 1,000 persons. In. small com-
munities, general p r a c t i t i o n e r s 'will be most common;
there should be few s p e c i a l i s t s -- a c a r d i o l o g i s t ,
an a n e s t h e s i o l o g i s t , a pathologist, an i n t e r n i s t , and
so f o r t h . - - practicing. a t . t h e a r e a ' s h o s p i t a l .
To c a , l c u l a t e hos i t a l bed needs, t h e following formula
i s widely used. 6 8
A. Current' Use Rate:

P a t i e n t Day-s Per Year =

Current Population - Current use r a t e

8. Average Bed Need:

. Current Use Rate x Projected Population -- average bed

365 need per day

C. Bed Need: J
4

Average Bed Need

- 8 0 , (occupancy r a Pe;
t e Day = bed need ( f o r projection year)
 There should be about 0.5 d e n t i s t s per 1,000 population -- .

about half t h e number of doctors usually recommended.

There should probably be a t le.ast one oral surgeon p r a c t i c -
ing a t t h e a r e a ' s hospital ( t h i s i s common only i n r e l a -
t i v e l y rural areas; in larger c i t i e s , i t i s f e a s i b l e f o r
o r a l surg'eons t o have p r i v a t e o f f i c e s ) .
Registered nurses should average 8 per 1,000 and health
support personnel 2.5 per 1,000.55

EDUCATION
Existing F a c i l i t i e s
Type of Information
s e r v i c e area popul a t ion
c u r r e n t enrollment
number of classrooms (elementary, junior high, senior
high)
number of teachers
number of schools and s i z e s of s i t e s
conditions of buildings
d e s c r i p t i o n of i n s t i t u t i o n s of ,higher' education
school transportation system
'
s e r v i c e area population able t o be served by e x i s t i n g
f a c i l i t i e s and s t a f f .
plans f o r expansion
indebibdness and f i s c a l condition of school d i s t r i c t

Source of Infoqmation
loial. school admin'i s t r a t o r s '

s t ' a t e departments of education

projection o f Impact
Driving Variables
.,- population aged 5-11, 12-14, and 15-17
L

Ecrol lment as a proportion of school age population can

be derived from census data. Usually about .90.

A commonly used maximum student/teacher r a t i o i s 30 t o

1 f o r element'ary schools.- There should be .a classroom
or i t s equivalent f o r each teacher in t h e school.
. .
An elementary school should provide 90 square f e e t per
pt.~pi1, This includes teaching and administrative
space, 1 i b r a r i e s , gymnasiums, .and so forth'. The recom-
mended radius of the s e r v i c e areas f o r elementary schools
i s one-half mi l e . However, in sparsely populated areas,
t h i s i s r a r e l y p r a c t i c a l . Some very small towns have
no schools a t a l l and students must be bused t o towns
with schools. The recommended minimum s i z e f o r elementary
schools i s 250 pupils. H wever, in small, isolated com-
munities, i t i s sometimes necessary t o provide elementary
schools f o r as few as 25 students. The minimum s i z e
f o r an elementary school s i t e i s recommended t o be 6
o r 7 acres. Recreation f a c i l i t i e s , such as p l a y f i e l d s ,
pl ayground equipment, basketball c o u r t s , baseball d i a-
monds, and so f o r t h , should be . .p r o v i d e d a t e1mentai.y
school s.
In l a r g e r elementary schools t h e r e i s an administrative
s t a f f much 1 ike t h a t f o r secondary s ~ l ~ o o l s'Il'~clud
, ir~g
p r i n c i p a l s , l i b r a r i a n s , and counselors. The U.S. Departmenl
of Health, Education and Welfare pub1 ished s t a t i s t i c s
showing t h a t one s t a f f member w i l l be needed f o r every
e i g h t teachers. For small elementary schools, t h e r e
i s usually a 'principal only, and in very small schools,
t h e r e may be only a half-time principal '-- sometimes
c a l l e d a teaching principal. This i s often an adequate
and p r a c t i c a l arrangement.
A frequently used maximum student-teacher r a t i o f o r second-
ary schools i s 27 t o 1. A classroom.,or i t s equivalent
should be provided f o r each teacher. I n secondary schools,
15.0 square f e e t per pupil should be provided. The usual
minimum s i z e recommended f o r secondary school s i t e s is
32 acres; t h e average s i z e i s 40 acres.
 The recommended 'radius o f t h e s e r v i c e area f o r secondary
schools i s about 1-1/2 m i l e s . F o r s p a r s e l y s e t t l e d areas,
such a standard i s u n r e a l i s t i c . H i g h schools a r e u s u a l l y
'

l o c a t e d i n an area's l a r g e r towns and students a r e .bused

from surrounding areas. A minimum recommended s i z e f o r
secondary schools i s 1,000 students, b u t t h e r e a r e cases
when i t i s , n e c e s s a r y o r economically advantageous t o
p r o v i d e secondary schools f o r ' s t u d e n t bqdies of o n l y
a few hundred.

I n secondary schools, one a d m i n i s t r a t i v e s t a f f member

i s needed f o r every e i g h t teachers.

POL ICE

Exf sting Facil i t i e s

~~~e of I n f o r m a t ion.

s e r v i c e area p o p u l a t i o n

number o f p o l icemen

number o f v e h i c l e s

o f f . i c e space (square f e e t )

s e r v i c e area p o p u l a t i o n a b l e t o be adequately serv'ed

b y e x i s t i n g personnel and equipment

Source o f ' . ~ n f o r m aito n

l o c a l p o l i c e c h i e f and county s h e r i f f

P r o j e c t i o n o f Impact

D r i v i n g Variables

popu 1a t ion

T y p i c a l standards f.or small communities i n t h e western

U.S. c a l l f o r between 1.4 t o 3 p o l i c e o f f i c e r s p e r 1,000
population.
 Standards f o r patrol c a r s vary from one f o r each patrolman
t o one f o r every three. The actual number needed will
depend on t h e town's p a r t i c u l a r needs and the number
of s h i f t s operated.

For towns with populations u p t o 30,000, one c e n t r a l

pol i c e s t a t i o n i s general ly adequate. For l a r g e r towns,
branch s t a t i o n s may be necessary. About 2.00 square f e e t
of ~ f f i c espace i s needed f o r each patrolman. Central
dispatcher f a c i l i t i e s a r e needed f o r towns of 5,000 t o
10,000 o r more..
Very small communities (1,000 persons o r l e s s ) and r u r a l
areas a r e .usualiy served by t h e county s h e r i f f ' s depart-
ment. Some small towns, f e e l ing t h e need f o r local police,
h i r e a town marshal..

FIRE'
Existing Facil i t i e s
Type of Information
s e r v i c e area population
type of department (volunteer or permanent and number
of firemen)
r a t i n g of f i r e department
equipment

c a p a c i t . ~n f water system and pumping capacity of

equ i pmen t
f i r e dep.artment bu i l d i ~ l yspace (square f e e t )
s e r v i c e area population able t o be adequately served
by e x i s t i n g personnel and equipment
pl ans f o r . expansion

Source of Informat ion

f i r e chief

projection of Impact
Driving Variables

. '
dwelling u n i t s , preferably by type of construction
 The t a b l e below shows t y p i c a l f i r e flow requirements
f o r var.i'ous 1 eve1 s of population.

The minimum s t a t e s i z e usually recommended i s about

5,000 square feet: Each s t a t i o n should serve an area
within a two-to-six mile radius although t h i s may vary
depending on t h e a r e a ' s needs.
For small towns ( u p t o 30,000 people), two pumpers, a
s t a f f c a r , and an ambulance a r e considered adequate basic
equipment. For very small communities (under 1,000 popu-
l a t i o n ) , one pumper may be adequate. About 20 volunteer
f iremen would be an adequate number t o operate one pumper.
Volunteer f i r e departments a r e usual ly adequate f o r towns
smaller than 10,000 persons, as long as t h e r e a r e enough
volunteers t o r o p e r a t e t h e necessary f i r e equipment.
Two f u l l - t i m e firemen per 1,000 dwelling u n i t s should be
employed in larger communities (10,000 and l a r g e r ) . For
d major c i t i e s . f i v e f ire-men ger 1,000 dwell i nas are recommended

Popul a t ion Duration, hours

1,000 4
'1 ,500 . 5
2,000 6
3,000 7
4,000 8
5,000 9
6,000 10
10,000 10
13,000 10
17,000 10
22,000 10
27,000 10
33,000 10
40,000 10
55,000 10
75,000 10
95,000 10
120,000 10
150,000 10
200,000 10

NCTE: Over 200,000 popul'ation, 12,00Ogpm, with 2,000

a 10-hour duration. . .
t o 8,000 gpm additional f o r a second f i r e , f o r
gem = g a l l o n per ml,nu&e
mgd = mi'lli'ons of gallons per day
TRANSPORTATION

Existing F a c i l i t i e s
Type of Information
e l d e n t s of t h e system: by administrative u n i t , (muni-
c i p a l , county, s t a t e , f e d e r a l ) and by mode ( a i r , r a i l
highways) ,
c u r r e n t level of service: volume, congestion, accident
rates
plans f o r expansion

Source of Informat ion

c i t y engineer or municipal s t r e e t s department
county commissioners
s t a t e and f e d e r a l 'highway departments
a i r p o r t orL special transportation d i s t r i c t administration

Project ion of Impact

Driving Variables
dwelling u n i t s by type

Standards
Transportation plannlng i s a l a r g e and compl,icat,ed subject.
There, a r e . two recently pub1 ished approaches t o t h e estima-
t i o n of road and s t r e e t requirements of development t h a t
would be appl i c a b l e .to some impact analysis'.
Murphy/Will iams suggests a methodology o r i g i n a l l y developed
f o r the Council on Environmental Q u a l i t y in Costs of Sprawl
(1974). The system requires residential-related s t r e e t
system requirements based on number of residental u'nits and
then uses the residential-related requirements to estimate
community s t r e e t system requirements.
 Residential-Related (Linear Requirment)
a r t e r i a l s (100 f t . ROW) = SFU x 6 f t / u n i t + MH x 5.5 f t / u n i t +
MFU x 5 f t / u n i t
c o l l e c t o r s (60 f t ROW) = SFU x 7 f t / u n i t + MH..x 17.25 f t / u n i t +
MFU x 13,5 f t / u n i t
minor s t r e e t s (50 f t ROW) = . SFU x 47 f t / u n i t + MH x 22 f t / u n i t +
MFU x 10 f t / u n i t

Where ROW denotes right-of-way, SFU denotes '

s i n g l e family unit, MH denotes mobile home
and MFU denotes multi-family u n i t .

Cmmmunity (Lineal Requirements)

arterials - r e s i d e n t i a l r e l a t e d a r t e r i a l s x 1.76

col 1 e c t o r s - r e s i d e n t i a l r e l a t e d c o l l e c t o r s x 1.1
Minor S t r e e t s - - r e s i d e n t i a l r e l a t e d minor s t r e e t s x 1.1

NOTE: Action Handbook : Managi ng Growth i n the Smal l ~ommunityS4

(pi 7 1 ) , s u g g e s t , t h a t ..04 1 inear mi l e s 'of s t f e e t s .(60 '

f t ROW) be assumed per acre of 1and developed. This

implies land requirements of . 3 acres f o r s t r e e t s f o r
each 1 acre developed.

standards and planning c r i t e r i a f o r . r a i lroads and a i r p o r t s

a r e in Planning Design ~ r i t e r i a 6 0 ( p . 9 7 ) . This volume
a l s o contains a signi t i c a n t amount, of information on
s t r e e t , roads and parking design and on subdivision planning
requirements.
The ~ a n u d iof HousingPlanning and Design c r i t e r i a 6 I
( p . * 9 7 ) , c o n t a i n s more information on the s t r e e t and parking
imp1 i c a t i o n s of r e s i d e n t i a l development.
WATER
Existing F a c i l i t i e s
Types of Informat ion
s e r v i c e a r e a population
peak and average d a i l y usage: g a l l o n s per day
water supply : a c r e - f e e t /year 'by source
water treatment plant capacity: g a l l o n s per day
water d i s t r i b u t i o n c a p a c i t y : g a l l o n s per day
s t o r a g e capacity.: gal lons'
conditions of f a c i l i t i e s
s e r v i c e a r e a population a b l e t o be adequately served by
e x i s t i n g supply, treatment f a c i l i t i e s , storage f a c i l i t i e s ,
and d i s t r i b u t i o n system
plan f o r expansion
r e l e v a n t s t a t e o r l o c a l s t a n d a r d s f o r supply, t r e a t m e n t ,
storage', and d i s t r i b u t i o n
does water meet U.S. P u b l i c Health S e r v i c e Standards and ,
other relevant s t a t e o r local standards

Sources of Information
c i t y engineer
county ' h e a l t h department
s t a t e h e a l t h dep.artment
-Environmental P r o t e c t i o n Agency

P r o j e c t i o n of Impact
Driving V a r i a b l e s
dwelling.units
popu 1a t i on
 A water supply standard .of- .20 acre f e e t per person per .
year or 150 gallons per day per c a p i t a i s often used.
\

Water supply for small outlying communities usually comes

from s p r i n g s ' or we1 1s. The standard f o r adequate stream
or well flow i s 1,600 gallons per day per connection.
This i s based on an estimate of about. 450 gallons per day
per c a p i t a .peak usage.
When a town's water i s supplied through a r e s e r v o i r , the
supply f i g u r e , normally expressed in acre f e e t , i s based
on average water usage. In t h i s case, the l i m i t i n g f a c t o r
i s the amount of water which can be t r e a t e d in a day.
When a ,townis water i s supplied through wells and springs,
the l i m i t i n g f a c t o r i s the amount of water which can be
provided by these sources in a day. Treatment f o r we1 1
and spring water usual ly c o n s i s t s only of c h l o r i n a t i o n ;
sometimes no treatment i s needed.

NORMAL WATER CONSUMPTION ( g a l lons per day )59

Normal Range Aver aqe

Domestic use 1.5-70 50
Commercial, i n d u s t r i a l - use 10-1 00 60 . .
Public use 5-20 ' 10
Miscellaneous Use 10-40 -
25
TOTAL 40-230 150

HOTE: Water treatment plants should be able t o process enough

water t o meet the service population's peak usage plus
1 5 , p e r c e n t . The s i z e and amount o f pipe needed f o r water
d i s t r i b u t i o n , w i l l depend primarily on housing density.
WASTEWATER

Existina F a c i l i t i e s
Type of Information
service area population
peak and average d a i l,y usage: gallons per day
treatment capacity : gallons per day
col l'ection system capacity : gallons per day
condition of col laction s y , s t . ~ m
service area .population a b l e t o be adequately served by
existing treatment and -coll e c t i o ~systems
p l a n s f o r expansion
relevant federal, state or local standards
,-.
does treatment meet relevant standards

Source40f Information
city engineer
county health department
s t a t e health department
Environmental Protect ion Age'ncy

Driving Variables
dwelling units
popu 1at i on
commercial, industrial or public sector

Most. small' developments in rural'areas do not require waste-

water treatment if the s o i l s are suitable for septic t a n k s
and if the systems are properly maintained.
 Where soi 1s are inadequate o r in more densely populpatfd
a r e a s , a central wastewater treatment system should be
- b u i l t . For small communities, o r groups of small communi-
t i e s , a secondary lagoon o r s e r i e s of lagoons i s generally
considered adequate. This type of system requires 1 i t t l e
maintenance and i s practical where land i s readily available
and inexpensive. I t i s not a s e f f e c t i v e a s some other
secondary treatment sy stems, however. For determining
lagoon s i z e s , about 10 acres per 1,000 people i s considered
aver age.
For 1arger towns, more e f f e c t i v e secondary o r t e r t i ary
treatment may be necessary. A general standard f o r d e t e r -
mining sewage treatment plant capacity i s t h a t a peak of
about 168 gallons per day i s generated per person.

65
NORMAL WATER CONSUMPTION (ga 1 1ons per person per day)

Class Normal Range Aver age

Domestic
Commerci a1 , i n d u s t r i a1
Pub 1i.c
Mi sce 11dr~eous
TOTAL 40-230 . 150
The t a d l e below shows the sewage generation r a t e s f o r commercial
and public establishments.
SEWAGE GENERATION RATES FOR COMMERCIAL AND PUEL I C E S T A B L I S H M E N T S ~ ~
Gal lons P e r s o n /Day
Hote 1 s 50 t o -150
Mote 1s .50 t o 125'
Restaurants ( t o i l e t and kitchen wastes per patron) 7 t o 10
Add4tional f o r bars and cocktail lounges 2
Tourist courts with individual bath u n i t s 5 0 . t o 120.
~ u x u r ycamps 100 t o 150
Camps 25 t o -40
Day Camps (no Meals) 15
Day schools ' ( w i t h c a f e t e r i a s , showers), 15' t o 25
Boarding 5ch00 1s 75 t o 100
Day workers a t schoo.1~o r o f f i c e s 12 t o 35
Hospitals 150 . t o 250 or more
Factory workers (per s h i f t ) .. 15 t o 35 I

Picnic parks (with bathhouses and showers) 10

Swimming pools and bathhouses 10
Drive-in t h e a t e r s (per car space) 5 t o 10
Theaters ( p e r s e a t )
P l aces o f assembly
A i r p o r t s ( p e r passenger)
S e l f - s e r v i c e l a u n d r i e s ( p e r wash)
S t o r e s ( p e r t o i l e t room)
S e r v i c e S t a t i o n s ( p e r v e h i c l e served)

Gal lons/Day
1000 sq. f t

Hotels
Office Buildings
Department S t o r e s .
Apartment H o t e l s

Gal l o n s may /Acre

Light Industry 14,000.

H o t e l s , S t o r e s and O f f i c e B u i l d i n g s 60,000
Markets, Warehouses, Wholesale E s t a b l ishments 15,000
High-Cost R e s i d e n t ia1 7,500
Medium-Cost R e s i d e n t i a l 8,000
Low-Cost R e s i d e n t i a1 16,000

NOTE: A minimum cap.acity f o r most secondary o r t e r t i a r y t r e a t m e n t

p l a n t s i s the d b i l i t y to. t r e a t one i n l l l i o r i g a l lons p e r
d a.y
A minimum number o f employees needed t o o p e r a t e and m a i n t a i n
a .seconddry ur t e r t i a r y t r e a t m e n t p l a n t i n a s m a l l community
i s c o n s i d e r e d t o be 6.5 persons.

The t o t a l l e n g t h o f p i p e f o r t h e sewage c o l l e c t i o n system

depends on housing t y p e and d e n s i t y .
S O L I D WASTE

E x i s t i n g Environment
Type. of Inforrnat ion
s e r v i c e area population
c u r r e n t ;sage
c a p a c i t y of d i sposal s i t e ( a c r e s / y e a r )
adequacy of c o l l e c t i o n equipment
s e r v i c e area population a b l e t o be adequately served by
e x i s t i n g s i t e and col l e c t i o n equipment
p l a n s f o r expansion
relevant federal, s t a t e o r local standards
does s i t e meet r e l e v a n t standards

Source of Information
c i t y engi n e w
county .health department
s t a t e h e a l t h department
Environmental Protection Agency

P r o j e c t i o n o f Impact
b r i v i n g Vari a b l e s
dwelling u n i t s
population l

na,ture of commerci a1 / i n d u s t r i a1 a c t i v i t y

Standards f o r s o l i d waste d i s p o s a l s i t e s vary from s t a t e

t o s t a t e , but most s t a t e s now r e q u i r e s a n i t a r y l a n d f i l l
s i t e s f o r a l l communities. I t may' sometimes be most p r a c t i -
c a l f o r counties w i t h s e v e r a l very , m a 11 communities t o
e s t a b l i s h a system of l a n d f i 11 s i t e s which a r e shared
by s e v e r a l comrnuni t i e s . ,
Assuming t h a t f i v e pounds.of waste per c a p i t a are generated
each day, t h a t the waste i s compacted, t h a t the f i 1 1 depth
i s seven f e e t and t h a t two-thirds of the s i t e i s covered
by s o l i d waste, approximately .21 acres per 1',000 persons
i s needed each year f o r sanitary l a n d f i l l .
\

For s o l i d waste c o l l e c t i o n in small communities, one c o l l e c - .

t16n vehicle serves about 3,000 dwelling u n i t s . So for
each 1,000 u n i t s , 33 percent of one truck and 2,148 person-
hours are needed per y e a r . .
PARKS AND RECREATION
Existina Environment
' .
Types of Information
s e r v i c e a r e a population .
J
c u r r e n t usage
d e s c r i p t i o n of f a c i l i t i e s :

number of s t a f f
s e r v i c e a r e a population a b l e t o be adequately. served
p l a n s f o r expansion

Sources of Information
c i t y and couhty departments of parks and r e c r e a t i o n
s t a t e outdoor r e c r e a t i o n coordination committee..
H e r i t a g e , Conservation and Recreation Service

P r o j e c t i o n . o..f Impact...-
,

population
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of population
s t a t u t o r y requi rements
-
Standards
M u n i c i p a l i t i e s usually provide p u b l i c r e c r e a t i o n f a c i l i t i e s
f o r t h e i r r e s i d e n t s in t h e forms of parks and playgrounds.
The need f o r r e c r e a t i o n and park space 'is r e l a t e d both
t o .community type and d e n s i t y .
For incorporated communi -
t i e s except c e n t r a l c i t i e s and suburbs, playgrounds serve
an a r e a w i t h i n one-half m i l e , and neighborhood parks,
an a r e a w i t h i n one mile. Outlying communities usually
have community parks which should, i d e a l l y , serve an a r e a
w i t h i n two miles. In urban a r e a s with high population
d e n s i t y , t h e same f a c i l i t i e s serve smaller areas: 3.8
mile f o r playgrounds, 3/4 mile f o r neighborhood parks
and 1 - 1 R m i l e s f o r community parks.
The amount of land i n parks in towns of l e s s than 10,000
popul aticn depends on donations of 1and, preferences, of
r e s i d e n t s and the municipal budget.
 RECREATION F A C I L I T Y AND PARK STANDARDS (TOWNS OF 1,000 t o 25,000)

popu 1 at i on No. Acres No. Acres No. Acres. . Recreation Faci 1 ities
Served Pl ay qround Parks Sport Fields Recommended
1 ,000 1 /2 1-1 /2 4 1-1/2 2 basketball courts
4 basketball courts
1 tennis court
3,000 1 - 1 ./2 4-1 /2 4-1 /2 6 basketball courts
1 tennis court
1 softball f l e l d
6 8 basketball courts
2 tennis courts
1 softball field
7-1 /2 10 basketball courts
, 2 tennis courts
1 softball field
1 wading pool
9 12 basketball courts
3 tennis courts
2 softball fields
1 baseball field
1 wading pool
15 20 basketball courts
,5 t e n n i s courts
3 softball fields
1 baseball field
1 25-yd swimming pool
2 wading pools .
28 basketball courts
7 tennis courts
. 5 softball fields
2 baseball .fields
1 25-yd swimming pool
3 wading pools .
40 basketball courts
10 tennis courts
6,softball fields
3 baseball fields
1 50-yd swimming pool
4 wading pools
Population No.Acres No .Acres No .Acres Recreation F a c i l i t i e s
Served ~l aygroundsa Parks-b- Sport F i e l d s Recommended

50 basketball c o u r t s
12 tennis courts
8 softball fields,
4 baseball f i e l d s
1 50-yd poo 1 (indoor /outdoor ]
5 wading pools
1 golf course(9 or 18 hole)
1 football ;field
1. community center
NOTE: a I t i s assumed t h a t some playground equipment, e g . swings, will be
provided.
b1t i s assumed that picnic tables will.-be provided in parks.
' C ~ o larger
r communities, the standards for playgrounds and park sizes
a r e shown below.

PLAYGROUND A N D PARK SIZE sTAN~ARDS(CITIES OF 30,000 OR L A R G E R ) ~ '

P l ay ground Neighborhood Commu.ni ty

Si ze Park Size Park
Type of
Ci ty (per 1000 d . u . ) (per 1000 d.u.1 (per 1000 d . u . ) *

Central City
(30,000 o r more. 2.5 acres
population) 20.0 acres 1.7 a c r e s
Mature Suburb
(30,000-100,000 3.1 acres
popul a t i on) 2.5 acres 2.1 a c r e s

Mature Suburb
(100,000 or more 2.9 acres
population) 2.3 acres 1 .9 aci-es

Subu+b
(30,000-l00,000 -
2.7 acres ,
popu 1a t i on 2.1 acres 1.8 a c r e s

d.u. = dwelling u n i t
The s i z e o f the park maintenance s t a f f depends l a r g e l y
on t h e s i z e o f the area t o be mainta.ined and t h e c l i m a t e
( a r e a s w i t h c o l d w i n t e r s u s u a l l y need l e s s r e c r e a t i o n a l
maintenance s t a f f i n t h e w i n t e r t h a n do areas where t h e
weather i s warm a l l y e a r ) . I n very s m a l l comrnunities w i t h
l i t t l e park land, o n l y p a r t - t i m e maintenance may be
required.

For towns o f 10,000 t o 30,000 p o p u l a t i o n , from 0.3 t o -

0.45 f u l l - t i m e workers p e r 1,OOO'population are needed.
For towns o f 30,000 t o .100,000 r e c r e a t i o n employment
r e q u i r e m e n t s range f r o m 0.5 t o 0 . 6 f u l l - t i m e workers p e r
1,000 popu 1a t i o n and 2.4 p a i t -t ime workers p e r 1,000
p o p u l a t i o n . For c i t i e s l a r g e r t h a n 100,000 p o p u l a t i o n
0.6 t o 1.0' f u l l - t i m e workers p e r 1,000 a r e needed along
w i t h 1.5 p a r t - t i m e w o r k e r s p e r thousand.
LIBRARY
Existing Environment
Types of Informat ion
service area population
current' usage
I

number of buildings and amount of space (square f e e t )

number of vo 1ume s and periodic a1 s
linear feet of shelving
other library services ( f ilm lending, bookmobi l e , e t c . )
service area population able to ,be served adequately
by. existing f a c i l i t i e s and staff

plans for expansion

Sources of Information
Local librarian

Projection o f ' Impact

Driving Variables
Popu 1a t i on

Standards ,

The following table sets forth standards approved. by

the Public Library Association for small libraries:
Population Size of Book C o l l e c t i o n Total Floor Space
Under 2,500 lQ,OOO volumes 2,000 square f e e t
2,500-4,999 1 0 , 0 0 0 v o ' l u m e s p l u s 3 books 2,500 square f e e t o f
per c a p i t a f o r population 0.7 sq f t per c a p i t a ,
-over 3,500 whichever i s g r e a t e r
5',000-9,999 l , 5 , 0 0 0 v o l u ~ e s p l ~ sbooks
2 3,500squarefeetor
per c a p i t a f o r population 0.7. sq f t . per c a p i t a ,
over 5,000- whichever i s g r e a t e r
25,000-49,999 50,000 volumes plus 2 books 15,000 sq f t o r 0.6
per c a p i t a f o r population f t per c a p i t a , which-
, \ over 25,000 ever: i s .greater
G E N E R A L GOVERNMENT

exist in^ Environment

Types of Informat ion,
d e s c r i p t i o n of government organizational s t r u c t u r e
public administration personnel and f a c i l i t i e s other
than those i d e n t i f i e d in the preceding functional categories
s e r v i c e area population able t o be served by e x i s t i n g
f a c i l i t i e s and s t a f f
plans f o r expansion

Source of Information
local government off i c i a1 s

Census of Governments

Pro.iection
- of 'Impact .

'Driving Variables
popu 1 ati' on

Standards
The level of local'governmental service i s determined
by t h e servi ces demanded by the government ' s c o n s t i t u e n t s
' '

and by the authority granted by the s t a t e govhrnment.

In very small towns (1,500 persons or l e s s ) , t h e r e i s
frequently no paid s t a f f a t a l l ; a l l necessary government
work i s don'e by ,volunteers. In towns up t o 5,000, t h e r e
'

may be only a part-time clerk and a part-time mayor.

Standards f o r general government vary widely from s t a t e
t o s t a t e ; therefore, i t i s recommended t h a t the s t a t e
averages f o r services and employment f o r . towns of approxi-
mately the s i z e of the subject town be determined. Compari-
sons can then be made and adequacy assessed.
 3.9.4.4 Land Use

As the impact assessment process continues from economic t o

land use analysis, the assessment process becomes increasingly closely
t i e d t o the planning process and the questions and issues begi'n to change
i n t h e i r emphasis from what will happen to how will ' i t happen. The issues
t h a t a r i s e i n land-use impact analysis a r e of four' basic types:
(.

What a r e the d i r e c t and i n d i r e c t land use requirements of .the

proposed refinery?

What i s the comparibility of the projected requirements w i t h

existing.physica1 conditions - both natural and man-made?

What i s the compatibility of the projected requirements w i t h

the expressed wishes and intentions of the local c i t i z e n s ?

What mechanisms e x i s t by which t o influence or control actual

la'nd development associated with t h e proposed refinery i n a
manner t h a t respects local desires and t h a t takes f u l l account
of existing physical conditions?

General g u i d e l i n e s ' a r e presented below t o help deal w i t h these

issues. In the course of examining ways i n which t o describe the existing
environment and t o project impact,' frequent references are'made t o
c e r t a i n key sources of additional information. 54, 60, 63
/

' Existing Environment '

The f i r s t step i n the land use assessment i s t o define the study

area which i s appropriate for the s i z e of the project and which includes
I
th'e area within which a l l , or the most s i g n i f i c a n t , potential land use
.
impacts will occur. In addltion, mapping requirements of other human
and natural environmental studies should be considered.
 Following t h e delineation of study boundaries, base map(s)' should
be developed. These maps serve as t h e point of reference' f o r a1 1 subse-
quent mapping and overlay m a t e r i a l s . Furthermore, t h e maps should include
basic topographic and man-made.features, such a s roads, s t r u c t u r e s , and
jur.isdictiona1 .
boundaries
.
and be accompanied by a written description of
the a r e a .

I t i s suggested i n t h e Rural and Small Town Planning Manual

t h a t a c1assificati.on system f o r e x i s t i n g a r e a l land uses might include:

residential
cornmerci a1
industrial
pub1 i c
agricultural
recreation
forest
open laird
s u r f a c e water

Urban Planning and Design C r i t e r i a suggests a d d i t i o n a l s u b -

c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s t h a t may be r e l e v a n t f o r more urbanized a r e a s when land
use p a t t e r n s a r e more complex.

The basic requirement 5n developing a land use c l a s s . i f i c a t i o n

scheme i s t h a t i t be a p p r o p r i a t e t o the study a r e a . This means t h a t
\
important l o c a l uses be d i s t i n g u i s h e d , but t h a t . no :more d e t a i l be
i ntroduced than i s necessary.

In. a d d i t i o n t o a r e a l land uses ,' 1i n e a r land uses should a l s o

be mapped. These would include:,
 s t r e e t s and highways
r a i1 r o a d s
canal s
transmission l i n e s
p i p e l ines
u t i l i t y o r muni.c!'pal r i g h t s - o f - w a y

Proj e c f i o n o f Impact

P r o j e c t i o n o f l a n d use impacts, as w i t h t h e o t h e r steps i n t h e

assessment process, r e q u i r e s t h a t p r o j e c t i o n s w i t h o u t t h e proposed r e f i n e r y
be compared t o p r o j e c t i o n s w i t h t h e proposed r e f i n e r y . I n b o t h cases, i n
o r d e r f o r the l a n d use p r o j e c t i o n s t o be p l a u s i b l e , they must be t i e d back
t o t h e economic and demographic p r o j e c t i o n s .

P r o j e c t i o n s Land Use Requirements Without t h e Proposed R e f i n e r y

P r o j e c t i n g l a n d use requirements i n t h e absence o f t h e proposed

r e f i n e r y r e q u i r e s use o f t h e b a s e l i n e economic and demographic and
f a c i l it i e s l s e r v i c e s p r o j e c t i o n s t h a t have a l r e a d y been discussed i n t h e
previous sections. I f e x p l i c i t p o p u l a t i o n and f a c i l i t y s e r v i c e s estimates
have been made, i t w i l l be p o s s i b l e t o make e q u a l l y s p e c i f i c assumptlons
about l a n d r e q u i r e d f o r r e s i d e n t i a l and commercial uses and f o r t h e
s i t e s f o r new f a c i l i t i e s . I f t h e base1 i n e p r o j e c t i o n s a r e b u i l t around
a more general e x t r a p o l a t i o n o f trends, i t may be p o s s i b l e t o deal w i t h
p r o j e c t e d l a n d use i n t h e same general way. I n cases where t h e r e i s
I

. l i t t l e o r no growth i n t h e b a s e l i n e p r o j e c t i o n s , t h i s i s d e f i n i t e l y
t h e case. I n cases where commercial, i n d u s t r i a l , and r e s i d e n t i a l l a n d
uses a r e expanding, t h e s i t u a t i o n w i l l be more compl i c a t e d and s p e c i f i c
c o n s i d e r a t i o n w i l l have t o be gi.ven t o u n d e r l y i n g l a n d requirements, t o
p o t e n t i a l development areas, and t o t h e expressed wishes o f l o c a l r e s i d e n t s .

w i t h respect' t o t h e development 'plan o f t h e commu'ni t y .

The imp1 i c a t i o n o f t h e above i s t h a t t h e l d e a l s i t u a t i o n f o r

t h e c o n s i d e r a t i o n o f t h e i m p a c t o f a proposed r e f i n e r y i s one i n which a '
c a r e f u l l a n d u s e p l a n . h a s a l r e a d y been done which. r e a l i s t i c a l l y r e f l e c t s
..
,230
 the physical conditions t h a t shape the development options of an area
and a l s o r e f l e c t s the desires of the resi.dents regarding which of the
options they wish to pursue. If such a planning e f f o r t has not been
undertaken, the propsect ofupl anning f o r a 1arge proposed refinery may
serve a s the c a t a l y s t t o i n i t i a t e the process.

Projected Land Use Requirements w i th the Proposed Refinery

Projecting land use requirements with the proposed refinery

usually will be accomplished by estimating the d i r e c t and indirect
requirements associated with the proposed refinery and then adding
them to the baseline projections. The f i r s t step will require careful
analysis of the d i r e c t land use requirements,of the proposed refinery
both during construction and operation periods. Consideration will
have. t o be given t o the construction s i t e , t o supply depots and staging
yards, to access roads and parking, and to auxiliary f a c i l i t i e s f o r
power generation, power transmission, water supply o r water treatment.
S i t e development plans will ul timately be available from the developer,
b u t in the early stages of the planning process i t may be d i f f i c u l t t o
g e t we1 1 -defined plans. I n ' t h i s case, d i r e c t interviews with the
archi tect/engi neer, or observation of procedures a t simi l a r s i t e s
elsewhere may be s u f f i c i e n t to establish a s e t of working assumptions.

After the land requirements associated with the s i t e of the

proposed refinery have been analyzed, the next step wi 11 be to estimate
the residential , commercial, and pub1 i c . faci 1 i t i e s requirements neces-
s i t a ted by the population influx associated w'i t h the proposed refinery.
The Action Handbook: Managing Growth in the Small ~ o m m u n i t ypresents ~~
a s e t of estimates of land. requirements t h a t may be useful in establishing
order of maqni tude estimates. Each of these 'estimates (reproduced in
Table 32) requires close scrutiny before physical planning commitments
a r e made. Neverthel ess, f o r 1 ong-range pl anning purposes, they provide
a useful s t a r t i n g point.. As the planning processes associated w i t h
residential ,.. commercial, and public f a c i l i t i e s expansion become more
concrete, i t will be possible to refine the e a r l i e r estimates and to
deaj more s p e c i f i c a l l y with the geogra'phic location of the expansion.
' 231
 Impact Analysis

Land use impact analyses a r e c l o s e l y i n t e r r e l a t e d w i t h c o m u n i t y

planning. Any given proposed r e f i n e r y and i t s associated economic and
demographic consequences r e q u i r e space. Although t h e amount o f space
r e q u i r e d w i l l , be somewhat v a r i a b l e , t h e r e a l f l e x i b i l i t y comes i n
l o c a t i n g t h a t space w i t h i . t s r e s u l t i n g impact on t h e remainder o f t h e
community. Land use i s t h e surface expression o f t h e combination o f
economic, demographic, and s o c i a l ' f o r c e s working t o g e t h e r w i t h i n t h e
framework of a compl ex n a t u r a l environment. Therefore, when e v a l u a t i n g
l a n d use impact analyses,' t h e f o l l o w i n g f a c t o r s shduld be k e p t i n mind.
F i r s t , l a n d use p r o j e c t i o n s w i t h and w i t h o u t t h e proposed r e f i n e r y must
be t i e d l o g i c a l l y t o economic/dernographic analyses. second, l a n d use
p r o j e c t i o n s must be compatible w i t h c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e n a t u r a l
e n v i ronment a s we1 1 as w i t h ex.i s ti ng o r p l anned man-made uses. Third,
l a n d use p r o j e c t i o n s must , r e f l e c t t h e p r i o r i t i e s bf t h e community w i t h
r e s p e c t t o t h e way i n which t h e c i t i z e n s w i s h development t o p r o c e e d
w i t h i n t h e i r community.

TABLE 32
Land Requi,rements Per 100 Persons
Pcrm~nc,ntPopulation I n f l u x
Acres
El ementary school .28
Secondary school ',37
Nater supply .10
Sewage treatment .10
Housing 6.38
Pol i c e .006
Fire .007
Medical .025
General government .003
S o l i d waste .I67
Parks/ Recreation 1 .oo
L i b r a r i es .014
Commercial land .I17
Industrial
Subtotal
S t r e e t s ( .3 .of s u b t o t a l ) 2.92
Total Acreage 12.64
Source: . Reference 54
3.9.4.5 Fiscal
..
Questions/Issues
...
F i s c a l impact a n a l y s i s has h i s t o r i c a . 1 lybeen an i m p o r t a n t
component o f t h e p l a n n i n g process, e s p e c i a l l y w i t h r e s p e c t t o the e v a l u a t i o n
o f urban development proposals. The fundamental question. concerns the
e f f e c t o f a g i v e n r e f i n e r y on the expenditures and the revenues o f l o c a l
..
governmental u n i t s . T.h;s e f f e c t , t h e ' " n e t f i s c a l impact," i s certainly
n o t the o n l y c o n s i d e r a t i o n i n e v a l u a t i n g t h e d e s i r a b i l i t y o f a p a r t i c u l a r
proposal , b u t i s important,. especial l y i n t h e eyes of l o c a l government
planners and e l e c t e d o f f i c i a l s .

The q u e s t i o n s t h a t must be answered a r e t h e f o l l o w i n g :

What w i l l be t h e e f f e c t of a g i v e n proposed r e f i n e r y on the

pub1 i c expenditures o f l o c a l governmental u n i t s ?

What w i l l be t h e e f f e c t o f a given-proposed r e f i n e r y on t a x
revenues that w i 11 accrue t o 1o c a l governmental u n i t s ? What
w i l l be t h e e f f e c t on o t h e r sources o f funds f o r which t h e
governments may be e l i g i b l e ?

I n l i g h t o f the expenditure and revenue e f f e c t s , what i s , t h e

n e t f i s c a l impact o f the proposed r e f i n e r y ?

I n addressing these questions, three refercnccs a r e p a r t i c u l a r l y

u s e f u l . 54,57,62.

E x i s t i n g Environment

D e s c r i p t i o n o f the e x i s t i n g f i s c a l envi ronment r e q u i r e s an

evaluation o f c u r r e n t expenditures, revenues, and indebtedness.

Expenditures

I t i s necessary t o c o l l e c t data on expenditures by f u n c t i o n ,

on both c u r r e n t and c a p i t a l account, f o r each j u r i s d i c t i o n a l u n i t i n the
study area. I t i s useful t o have this data for the fiscal year that
includes the f i r s t half of the l a s t census year ( s o that relationships
can be established between census a n d budget data*) and for the most,
recent f i s c a l year f o r which actual expenditures a r e tabulated. Consol i -
dated budgets will generally be available f o r a l l jurisdictions i n the
s t a t e a u d i t o r ' s o f f i c e , a1 though i t wi 11 sometimes be .necessary to go
d i r e c t l y to the financial o f f i c e r of the jurisdictional u n i t f o r
information.

I n some s t a t e s , and f o r some. u n i t s of government, data will

be available in a secondary source t h a t summarizes the budgets of a l l
school d i s t r i c t s in a s t a t e or of a l l counties o r municipalities.
If these data a r e avai.lable, i t allows comparisons of the following type
to be made. The f i r s t step i s to p u t the data into a . f o r m . t h a t allows
comparisons of the expenditures of d i f f e r e n t local jurisdictions to be
made. This can be accomplished by putting the data into a per capita
( o r per student3 form which can then be p l o t t e d on a graph with expendi-
tures per capita on the vertical axis and population on the horizontal,
axis.

Revenues

As was the case with the expenditure data, i t i s useful t o

collect the revenue data for the fiscal year that includes the most
recent year for which year-end budget documents are available. .The s t a t e
auditor's office will usually be. the most likely location to find a l l
the information in one place. With revenues, however, additional he1 p
can often be found in the p.ubl icatfons of non-profi t organizations d.esi'gned
to represent the' interests of taxpayers. These organizations pub1 ish
annual documents that summarize a large amount of fiscal data for the
s t a t e in which they are located.

Indebtedness and Overall Fiscal Condition

An i n i t i a l task js t o describe the bonding capacity .of each

of the jurisdictional units i n the study area-together with their current
levels of indebtedness. These data arc? a v a i l a b l e i n t . h ~cnllrcPz frnm
which the expenditure and revenue data are obtained and a r e an important
consideration when capital f a c i l i t i e s impacts are studied.

A final task i s to provide perspective on the overall f i s c a l -

condition of the jurisdictional units in the study area. This i's somewhat
more d i f f i c u l t than i t sounds since no conclusions can be drawn by looking
a t the budget i t s e l f . The question a t issue i s whether the local public
sector has been able to afford an appropriate level of public services
and whether they appear to be able to continue to do so in the future.
Thus, the inventory data on pub1 i c f a c i . l i t i e s and services g o a long way
to answering the question of overall f i s c a l condition. Some additional
insights can be gained, however, by completing an analyses of the
revenue and exp,endituke data.

An indication of the pressure on local governmental u n i t s can

be inferred from the level of the mill levy, since i t i s the major tax
r a t e over which local o f f i c i a l s have discretionary control. If the
fol l ~ wng
i symbol s.a r e def i ned,

c = total expenditures on current account

PT = property tax revenues
TV = taxable valuation
m = mill levy
- OT = other taxes 1

GT = intergovernmental transfers
OR = othev revenues

the necessary equality of expenditures and revenues can be expressed a s

E = PT + OT + GT + OR..

h r t h e r , since property tax revenues a r e the product of taxable valuation

times the mill levy, the equation above can be rewritten as

E = m*TV + OT + GT + OR.
 Thus, the local f i s c a l planning process can be characterized
as s t a r t i n g with projections,of non-property tax revenues, intergovern-
mental t r a n s f e r s , and taxabl e valuation and then bal anci ng the benef i.ts
of higher expenditures with the costs of having to r a i s e the mill levy.
I n general, the higher the mill levy (especially i f 'i L i s h i g h compared
to t h a t in similar jurisdictions) the more f i s c a l pressure the local
government i s under.

This information can be presented in two ways. F i r s t , i t i s

useful t o compare the mill levies f o r the units in the local impact area
with average l e v i e s in the s t a t e . Second, i t i s important to know whether
the mill levies have been changing over time, and, if so, to g e t
an indication of why. This can be approached by ta'king the budget
data f o r the most current year ( t ) and comparing the changes and the
r e l a t i v e importance of the d i f f e r e n t revenue sources to data from the
l a s t census ybar ( t c ) ,The information i s even more e a s i l y interpreted
i f .if ..is p u t on a per capita basi,s (POP) for the two years. Thus, the
fo.lloqina information .would be presented:
9 .
,
..
i(

. E - TV GT OR
POP

These data w i 11 show clearly which revenue sources have been

keeping u p with the r a t e of growth'of population; what has been happening
to expenditures per capita; and what the resul ting e f f e c t has been ,on
the mi 11 1 evy. For exampl e , expenditures per capita , taxable valuation
per capital and other tax revenue per capita may a1 1 have been remaining
steady, b u t intergovernmental t r i n s f e r s per capita might have fa1 1en .
causing an increase in the mill levy. Presenting the 'data in ' t h i s format
makes i t r e l a t i v e l y easy t o understand the major f i s c a l forces acting on
each unit.
 projection of Impact

Projection of the future fi'scal environment, 80th with and

without the refinery must be accompl ished for .expenditures and revenues.
The follbwing 1 i s t s possi bl'e projection methods.

Expenditures

The ~ii c a l Impact and boo k5' exami nes six methods of pro jecti ng
expenditures. Each method i s carefully explained, i t s assumptions examtned,
i t s use .demonstrated, and i t s results evaluated. Four 0.f the most
important ace described below:

Per Capita Mu1 t i p l i e r Method - This i s the most commonly

used method of expenditure projection and involves multip1,ying
pupulatfon .increments by current per capi t a cost factors.
The technique i s most appropriate when the projected
growth i s relatively small compared to the s i z e of the
impacted area .'

Case Study Method - The case study method i s frequently

used in impact assessments. I t assumes t h a t municipal
' department heads and school administrators best understand
the c o s t imp1 icitions of additional population o.r new
students. -These results a r e then added to the best
existing projections of costs i n the absence of the
proposed refinery.

Service Standard Method - This 'method uses standard informa-

/
t i o n , 1 i ke t h a t presented in the Facil i ties/Services section,
t o project personnel and f a c i l i t i e s needs f o r each of a .
l a r g e number of municipal functions. The Handbook contains
estimates of manpower r a t i o s f o r four geographic regions
 f o r 11 d i f f e r e n t s i z e c a t e g o r i e s of places. Current s a l a r y
information can then be used t o develop labor c o s t s and
o t h e r operating expenses can be r e l a t e d to the incremental
l a b o r requirements. Fina.lly, c a p i t a l c o s t s a r e r e l a t e d
t o operating c o s t s . I t should be noted t h a t t h i s -app.roach
i s o f t e n combined in p r a c t i c e with ' t h e case study method.

Comparable City Method - This method ' i s p a r t i c u l a r l y we1 1

s u i t e d t o s i t u a t i o n s i n which a proposed. a c t i o n i s going
t o have l a r g e e f f e c t s on a community's s i z e o r r a t e of
growth. The technique r e l i e s on a s e t of t a b l e s t h a t
have been constructed which show how per c a p i t a expendi-
_I.

t u r e s vary .by s i z e of c i t y (from 1,000 t o over 1,000,000

persons) and by r a t e of growth f o r each of f i v e categories
of municipal services and f o r school d i s t r i c t s e r v i c e s .

Revenues

As was the case for the analysis of economic .impacts, revenue

impacts can be divided i n t o d'irect and indirect categories. The d i r e c t
. component i s concerned w i t h the tax revenue t h a t will be generated d i r e c t l y
by the proposed refinery. (For example, a refinery in a .county i l l 1 a d d
to assessed valuation thus increasing the potential property t a x Incus~e.
If a coal mine i s proposed, various, governments could receive increased
severance o r s a l e s tax revenue.) The i n d i r e c t impacts a r e those associated
w i t h the increased level of economic a c t i v i t y and include such things as
s a l e s and use tax receipts or receipts from property taxes on t e s i d e n t i a l
and commercial property.

The d i r e c t revenue impacts can usually be estimated using data

on the proposed refinery and the existing tax s t r u c t u r e . I f the project
will be subject t o property tax, then the assessed valuation of the f a c i l i t y
must be determined. Projected construction cost data and the appl icabl e
assessed valuation r a t e s and current mil 1 1 evy are. usually readily available
from the county tax assessor and the s t a t e department of revenue.
 Severance or sales taxes are us.ual l y collected by- the s t a t e and
then allocated for various purposes. The distribution formula for the
particular s t a t e in which the project i s located must be analyzed and
applied t o the specific jurisdictions. Severance taxes are usually based
. on the value of production a1 though some are on a per unit basis. 1n
estimating both the- direct as well as the indirect revenue flows, particular
care should be taken t o accurately show t h e time lags which are inherent
in many revenue sources. For example, property taxes are usually based
on the previous fiscal or calendar year. I t i s therefore u n l ikely that
construction (and i t s attendant population impacts) will precede the flow
. .
of revenues 'from the impacting faci 1i t y .

Estimation,of the indirect revenue impacts i s less straight-

forward. The 'indirect impacts will be on property tax revenue, sales
tax revenue and income tax receipts. The key to calculating the property

.
tax impact i s the estimated increase in assessed valuation within the
p a r t i c u l a r j u r i s d i c t i o n . Assessed valuation per capita can be used
along with the population impact of the proposed refinery to estimate
the cl-rariye in t o t a l assessed valuation. An average. per capita figure
could be used f o r other types of property 'and the two summed together to
yield the i n d i r e c t impact on assessed valuation.

Estimating the property tax change associated.with the

change in assessed valuation i s complicated by the f a c t t h a t the m i 7 1
levy i s a function of the l e v e l ' o f total expenditures in the jurisdiction
r e l a t i v e to the t o t a l amount of revenue derived from other sources. If
expenditures a r e increasing f a s t e r than r'evenues,' and i f there i s no
substantial increase in assessed valuation,' the revenue deficiency m u s t
be made u p by increasing the property tax rate. On the other hand, i f
t o t a l assessed valuation i s rising rapidly, the mil 1 r a t e may actually
decrease. I n essence the property tax r a t e bridges the gap between
revenue and expenditures.
 Changes i n s t a t e income t a x o r i n sales t a x r e c e i p t s can b e s t
be p r o j e c t e d by e s t i m a t i n g t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p o f p a s t r e c e i p t s t o personal
income. Assuming no change i n t a x r a t e s , p r o j e c t e d r e c e i p t s can then
be t i e d t o personal income p r o j e c t i o n s .

The change i n remaining t a x revenues may be a b l e t o be c a l c u l a t e d

by u s i n g a p e r c a p i t a f i g u r e . The p o p u l a t i o n change a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e
propo'sed r e f i n e r y can t h e n be m u l t i p l i e d by t h e per c a p i t a r a t e and t h e
impact on remaining t a x revenues can be determined.

A f i n a l revenue category i s intergovernmental t r a n s f e r s . These

i n c l u d e income r e c e i v e d a t t h e l o c a l l e v e l from t h e s t a t e government and
f e d e r a l revenue s h a r i n g . I n many instances, s t a t e intergovernmental
t r a n s f e r s a r e t h e j u r i s d i c t i o n ' s p o r t i o n o f t h e sales t a x c o l l e c t e d by
t h e s t a t e on s t a t e p r o p e r t y and highway t a x r e t u r n e d t o t h e l o c d l y o v t r n -
rnent. Other times, however, pass-through g r a n t s from t h e f e d e r a l govern-
ment o r s p e c i a l payments by t h e s t a t e a r e t h e source o f t h i s revenue and
these a r e n o t d i r e c t l y r e l a t e d t o t h e l e v e l o f a c t i v i t y o r growth o f t h e
area.

The second t y p e of t r a , n s f e r i s f e d e r a l revenue s h a r i n g w h i c h

c o m p l i c a t e s t h e h i s t o r i c a l a n a l y s i s because i t d i d n o t b e g i n u n t i l t h e
e a r l y 1970s. The a l l o c a t i o n o f t h i s money i s h a v d nn a f o r m u l a u s i n q
such v a r i a b l e s a s , p o p u l a t i o n , income, and unemployment. The amount o f
money g i v e n t o a p a r t i c u l a r l o c a l government i s dependent n o t o n l y o n , t h e
a l l o c a t i o n formula b u t a l s o on econornlc c o n d i t i u r ~ s i11 o t h e r a r e a s o f t h c
country. I n a d d i t i o n , changes i n t h e a1 l o c a t i o n f o r m u l a a r e d i f f i c u l t ,
i f n o t impossible, t o p r e d i c t . T h i s i s n o t t o say t h a t ' t h i s revenue
\

c a t e g o r y should be i g n o r e d . On t h e c o n t r a r y , revenue s h a r i n g has been

a m a j o r source o f income f o r l o c a l governments and an a t t e m p t must .be
made t o p r o j e c t f u t u r e revenue flows and whether t h e y m i g h t . b e a f f-e c t e d
by t h e proposed refinery'.

The F i s c a l I m p a c t and book" p r e s e n t s methods t o p r o j e c t some

t h i r t y d i f f e r e n $ sources o f revenue. The sources c o n s i s t o f l o c a l
revenues ( p r o p e r t y , sales, and income t a x e s , and charges and fees) and
intergovernmental t r a n s f e r s . For each o f t h e i m p o r t a n t sources of l o c a l
revenues, procedural gui'des and exampl es f o r p r o j e c t i n g source-speci.f i'c
revenues a r e i . n c luded.

Net F i s c a l Impact

When t h e analyses o f expenditures and revenues a r e combtned,

t h e r e s u l t i s an e s t i m a t e o f . n e t f i s c a l impact.. It i s b p o r t a n t t h a t
t h i s be done f o r each juri'sdicti'on i n t h e impact area and t h a t c a r e f u l
c o n s i d e r a t i o n be g i v e n t o t i m i n g .

Impact A n a l y s i s

Assessment o f t h e f o l l o w i n g concerns wi'll p r o v i d e an a n a l y s i s

o f t h e . p r o j e c t e d impacts.

Have t h e changed circumstances under which p u b l i c s e r v i c e s and

f a c i l it y d e l i v e r y systems w i 11 be o p e r a t i n g d u r i n g t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n and
o p e r a t i n g phases o f the' proposed r e f i n e r y been taken f u l l y I n t o account?

Does t h e revenue a n a l y s i s r e f l e c t changes i n economic a.nd

demographic a c t i v i t y expected t o accompany t h e proposed r e f i n e r y ?
f

Social

Questions/Issues
+
s o c i a l resource i n v e s t i g a t i o n s , w h i l e o f t e n neglected i n impact
s t u d i e s , a r e a necessary p a r t o f t h e o v e r a l l environmental impact assessment
process. It. i s w i t h i n the' c o n t e x t ' o f t h e s o c i a l a n a l y s i s t h a t impacts
from t h e remaining elements o f 'the human environment a r e combined and
evaluated.

Major questtons end issues which must be addressed by t h e planner

i'n a' s o c i a l impact assessment i n c l u d e t h e f o l l o w i n g :
 What i s the nature of the exi'stimg social structure?

- How and t o what extent will the proposed refinery change

this social structure?

How will affected persons view these changes?

Description of the Exi'sting Environment

Historical Perspective

In order to understand the existing environment and to assess

potential impacts more adequately, a brief historical sketch o f the study
area should be developed. The followir~y i b d 1 i s t o f basic e a t e g o ~ i ' e s
and issues, outlined by A b t ~ s s o c i a t e s which
, ~ ~ could be considered in a n
historical examination of the area: ,

Early Settlement b f Planning Area

Circumstances under which i n i t i a l settlement occurred
First settlers
Dominant values of early s e t t l e r s
Economics of settlement
Early growth rates
Major events in early settlement
Sources nf general influence from outside cornunities
Emerging economic s t r u c t u r e
Emerging social s t r a t i f i c a t i o n , i . e . , social classes or
groups
sign:ficant s h i f t s i n values
Key elements of community 1i f e

Ge'neral Development of Cornmuni t i e s tb Present Time

Demographic c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
Major significant events
Economic picture
Cultural traditions
Political characteristics
 This tii'sto.rica1 p e r s p e c t i v e may be o b t a i n e d from t h e c u l t u r a l
resource i n v e s t i g a t i ' o n , i'f t h e l e v e l o f . i n f o r m a t i o n i s a p p l i c a b l e . If
t h e data i s c o l l e c t e d as p a r t o f t h e s o c i a l impact study, however, i t
should be noted t h a t ti'me and e f f o r t spent on t h i s p o r t i o n o f t h e s o c i a l
assessment should be k e p t i n p r o p o r t i o n w i t h t h e requirements f o r t h e .

t o t a l study.

I n f o r m a t i o n sources, a s i d e from c u l t u r a l r e s o u r c e in v e s t i g a t i o n s ,
w i l l include:

P u b l i c recurds - census, school and town r e c o r d s , county

a r c h i v e s , s u r v e y o r ' s notes, and o t h e r s t a t e and r e g i o n a l
documents.

P r i vately-owned r e c o r d s - 1 ib r a r y c o l 1e c t i o n s , newspapers,
f a m i l y h i s t o r f e s and bio graphies, d i r e c t o r i e s , maps and
1 o c a l . c h u r c h and f r a t e r n a l r e c o r d s .

I n addition, interviews w i t h local resldents w i l l provide helpful i n f o r -

m a t i o n and i n s i g h t s .

A d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e e x i s t i n g s o c i a l environment f o l l o w s an
examination o f h i s t o r i c a l i n f o r m a t i o n and precedes t h e impact a n a l y s i s .
I n general, i t w i l l be d e s c r i b e d b o t h q u a n t i t a t i v e l y ( s o c i a l p r o f i l e s )
and .qua1 it a t i v e l y (cornmuni t'y 1 i f e d e s c r i p t i o n s ) .

Social P r o f i l e s

Re1 evant s o c i a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s f o r a f f e c t e d communities and

groups should be c o l l e c t e d and compiled as so'cial p r o f i l e s . Social
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s w h i c h may be included a r e : demography, p u b l i c s e r v i c e s ,
s o c i a l we1 1-being, economy, s o c i a l s t r u c t u r e , and comrnuni t y response. 'O

I n g e n e r a l , c o l l e c t e d d a t a w i l l be s t a t i s t i c a l o r q u a n t i t a t i v e i n n a t u r e
( f o r example, a v e r a g e school class room s i z e , number o f t y p e s o f c r i m e
p e r c a p i t a , p e r c e n t a g e o f l a b o r f o r c e employed and number o f o r g a n i z , a t i o n s
making p u b l i c s t a t e m e n t s ) and may be d i s p l a y e d i n t a b u l a r form. This
 process w i 11 p r o v i d e a b a s i s f o r comparison w i t h a p p r o p r i a t e c o u n t y ,
state, regional, o r national s t a t i s t i c s .

D e s c r i p t i o n s o f Community L i fe

T h i s qua1 it a t i v e p o r t i o n o f t h e e x i s t i n g environment descrf p t i o n

should d e s c r i b e general 1 i f e s t y l es, customs ,, a t t i t u d e s , values, and o t h e r
t y p i c a l b e h a v i o r p a t t e r n s which, i n g e n e r a l , c h a r a c t e r i z e an area o r group.
T h i s i n f o r m a t i o n i s generated t o supplement and support t h e more s t a t i s -
t i c a l social . p r o f i l e . The f o l l o w i n g types o f issues, as o u t 1 i n e d by Abt
~ s s o caites6' c o u l d be in c l uded :

Descri'ptions o f v a r i o u s groups makjng up t h e communi,Ly,

The n a t u r e o f work and l e i ' s u r e l i f e
~ m p o r t a n tp a t t e r n s o f s o c i a l l i f e
Changes i n p o l i t i c s and i n s t i t u t i o n s
General r e a c t i o n s t o v a r i o u s plans
Aspirations f o r the future
. Special v a r i a t i o n s i n any o f these p a t t e r n s by group.

"
~ommunity and S o c i a l S t r u c t u r e Data Sources

Data sources call be d i v i d e d i n t o t h r e e p r i n c i p a l c a t e g o r i e s :

( 1 ) primary. d a t a sources; ( 2 ) publi'shed secondary d a t a sources; ( 3 ) l o c a l
secondary data sources, u s u a l l y unpubl ished. Each sourc'e has advantages
, and l i m i t a t i o n s which a f f e c t i t s u t i l i t y . The f o l l o w i n g i s a b r i e f
d i s c u s s i o n ' o f each c a t e g o r y .

Primary data - I n t e r v i e w s w i t h i n f o r m e d respondents, such as

community leaders, o f f i c i a l s , a ~ di n t e r e s t group r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s
a r e i m p o r t a n t sources o f p r i m a r y i n f o r m a t i o n . I n addition,
comrnuni t y . surveys and o t h e r pub1 i c p a r t i c i p a t i o n programs can
provide timely, p r o j e c t s p e c i f i c data.
Published secondary sources - The main advantage of using
publ ished secondary sources i s t h a t . they a r e e a s i l y
accessible, and therefore relatively inexpensive to use.
Most university l'ibraries and many publ i c 1i b r a r i e s contain
census materials and other similar government documents.
Unfortunately, much of the detailed census information
useful f o r social ass.essments i s available only f o r
counties, or c i t i e s of over 50,000 persons. These two
f a c t o r s may present d i f f i c u l t i e s since (1 ) the boundaries
of impact afeas for specific projects seldom coincide with
county o r c i t y boundaries, and ( 2 ) projects may be b u i l t
in rural areas outside of major population centers.
Therefore, these data sometime serve only as rough ap-
' proximations f o r measuring project impact.

Other secondary data sources - Many additional sources of

secondary data e x i s t which a r e collected a t the local
1eve1 from various publ i c o f f i c e s . Considerations which
a f f e c t the usefulness of the informat-ion available from
each o f f i c e include: a c c e s s i b i l i t y and frequency and
accuracy of information recording. Most county records
have guaranteed public access, b u t special permission
must be obtained t o gain access to certain county records,
such as b i l l s of sale, which a r e considered confidential.
Even i f access i s obtained, however, the data may s t i l l
be d i f f i c u l t to use. For example, raw data a r e available
f o r calculating the e f f e c t of a project on average housing
values. However, t h i s would require examining each b i l l
of s a l e during specific time periods and.computing '

averages. This procedure i s obviously extremely time

consuming. Less precise estimates, based on assessed
valuation, a r e easier t o . c o l l e c t . Accessibility also
depends upon the format of the requ'ired information. In
general, data a r e available in the form of printed docu-
ments, reports, maps, computer output, o r books. In
addition, the usefulness of any data depends on the
 time1 iness o f t h e i n f o r m a t i o n . Some s o u r c e s c o l l e c t
i n f o r m a t i o n a n n u a l l y , m o n t h l y , o r as' t h e d a t a o c c u r . A
f i n a l e v a l u a t i o n c o n s i d e r a t i o n i s t h e d a t a ' s a c c u r a c y and
compl e t e n e s s .
A d d i t i o n a l i m p o r t a n t secondary data sources 'for s o c i a l
. i m p a c t a n a l y s e s a r e l o c a l newspapers and r e c o r d s o f meetings,,
h e a r i n g s , and 1 e g a l p r o c e e d i n g s . A1 t h o u g h t h e s e s o u r c e s
a r e n o t w i t h o u t l i m i t a t i o n s , t h e y w i l l o f t e n be t h e m o s t
r e 1 i a b l e source o f i n f o r m a t i o n from which i n f e r e n c e s can
be made f o r a r e a v a l u e s and a t t i t u d e s and how ' t h e y change
o v e r time.

P r o j e c t i o n o f Impact

A f t e r b a s e l i n e s o c i a l r e s o u r c e i n f o r m a t i o n i s compiled, p r o j e c t i o n s
o f t h e s o c i a l environment a r e made b o t h w i t h and w i t h o u t t h e proposed
refinery. The f o l l o w i n g methods can be used t o p r o j e c t b o t h i m p a c t s .

The amount o f impact on an area b y . a r e f i n e r y w i l l depend p r i -

m a r i l y on two c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s :

( 1 ) ~ c t u a 'l r e f i n e r y c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s - What k i n d o f p r o j e c t i s i t ?
W h a t - o t h e r s i m i l a r p r o j e c t s have been c o n s t r u c t e d i n t h e a r e a ? Has t h e
community been a f f e c t e d by o t h e r , i n d u s t r i a l g r o w t h ? What w i l l the s l z e
a n d ' n a t u r e o f t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n and , o p e r a t i o n w o r k f o r c e s be?

(,2)Community ( g r o u p ) c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s - How l > a r g e i s t h e community?

Where i s i t l o c a t e d r e l a t i v e t o t h e r e f i n e r y s i t e ? What a r e t h e community
values?

D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f s o c i a l impacts, b o t h w i t h and w i t h o u t t.he p r o -

posed r e f S n e r y and/or o t h e r a c t i o n s , depends d i r e c t l y on i n p u t f r o m t h e
demographic, economic, and s e r v i c e s / f a c i l i t i e s environmental e l ernents
discussed above. P r o j e c t i b n s o f changes i n community demographic, economic,
a n d s e r v i c e s / f a c i l ~ti i e s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s must be determined and p l a c e d i n
t h e s o c i a l assessment process i n o r d e r t o i d e n t i f y r e s u l t i ng s o c i a l we1 1;
being, s o c i a l s t r u c t u r e , and communi t y response impacts, The in t e r r e l a-
t i o n s h i p s between t h e s e e l bents may be h i g h l y compl ex.

F o l l o w i n g t h e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f p r o j e c t impacts on t h e s t u d y
a r e a ' s s o c i a l environment, an assessment must be made on t h e e f f e c t s o f
t h o s e impacts, t h a t i s , a r e they n e g a t i v e o r p o s i t i v e as p e r c e i v e d by
t h e a f f e c t e d . commoni t i e s / g r o u p s ? For example, i s - i t d e s i r a b l e t o have
new residents i n an area? Will a shopping c e n t e r d i s r u p t o r u n i f y t h e
s u r r o u n d i ng nei'ghborhoods?

Persons c o n d u c t i n g a s o c i a l i m p a c t assessment'must~work c l o s e l y '

w i t h l o c a l r e s i d e n t s , groups and communities. They may o c c u r t h r o u g h

d i r e c t contact-(i.e., p u b l i c p a r t i c i p a t i o n programs) o r t h r o u g h more
i n d i r e c t c o n t a c t , such as r e p r e s e n t a t i v e committee groups and agency
contact o r t h r o u g h a formal e t h n o g r a p h i c s t u d y such as Gold7'
described e a r l i e r i n t h i s section. I t .i s t h r o u g h l o c a i c o n t a c t s and
communication programs. t h a t l o c a l r e s i d e n t s may e v a l u a t e i d e n t i f i e d
impa.cts as p o s i t i v e o r n e g a t i v e . .
Impact A n a l y s i s

Throughout t h e s o c i a l impact assessment process, t h e planner

should ?onsider t h e f o l l o w i n g questions. : These questions' were. developed
t o he1 p t h e planner e v a l u a t e t h e qua1 i t y o f t h e assessment o f t h e s o c i a l
environment .
Were t h e impacts addressed i n t h e f o l l o w i n g terms and s i t u a t i o n s ?
/

- d i r e c t and i n d i r e c t
- l o n g and s h o r t term
- among d i f f e r e n t geographic areas
- among d i f f e r e n t communities/groups
- a t t h e i n d i v i d u a l , neighborhood, community, l o c a l ,
r e g i o n a l , and/or n a t i o n a l 1,evel .
 How large are the issues surrounding the project? The bigger
*
the issue, the more explicit a n d detailed the impact assessment
should be.

Is the magnitude of impacts identified?

Does the report provide decision makers w i t h adequate informa-

tion for weighing a1 ternatives?

Is the impact assessment methodo.logy documented .and replicable?

C
Would other persons, u t i 1 i zi ng the same methodology, develop
similar conclusions? .
,

Cultural ~esources

The cul tural resource investigation i s developed around two

major components : h i story and archaeology. The archaeological component
deals ' w i t h information concerning the 1 i f e and culture of people who 1ived
prior to written history, while .the historical component addresses peopl e
and events within the recorded past.

Cul t u r a l resources a r e one p a r t 'of the t o t a l environment which

must be considered i n .an environmental assessment process. I t i s important
t h a t . t h e s e resources be identified and included in the process, particu-
l a r l y given their non-renewable nature; l . e . , once modified o r destkoyed,
i t i s unlikely t h a t historical and archaeological resources may ever be
restored t o t h e i r original value. . 1 t i s important t h a t both types of
resources be i d e n t i f i e d and t h e i r values be established before project
decisions affecting them' a r e . made.

Historical resource investigations rev01 ve around (1 ) descriptions

of major themes o r periods of development,I . and ( 2 ) the location of areas, .
s i t e s , and s t r u c t u r e s of h .i s t.o r i i a l significance. Archdeological studies
involve the location of s i t e s (through secondary source information,
fieldwork and p r e h i c t i v e model ing) , and the characterization a n d c l a s s i f i -
cation of remains t o determine t h e i r r e l a t i v e s i g n i f i c a n c e . The 1ocation
of archaeological s i t e s incl udes investigating locational v a r i a b l e s - such
a s ecological communities,'physiographic f e a t u r e s , and drainage p a t t e r n s
( a s they presently e x i s t and a s they existed h i s t o r i c a l l y and p r e h i s t o r i c a l l y )

The s i g n i f i c a n c e of both c u l t u r a l resources must be considered

\
a t a l o c a l , r e g i o n a l , s t a t e , and national l e v e l . S t a t e and National
Registers of H i s t o r i c Properties must be contacted t o determine the
l o c a t i o n and s t a t u s of any designated o r nominated a r e a s , s i t e s , o r
building. In a d d i t i o n , i d e n t i f i e d resources must be individual l y eval ua-
ted to detqrmine whether they might be e l i g i b l e f o r protection under
T i t l e 106, National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 and other appro-
p r i a t e federal regulations.

Due t o the technical nature of the resource i d e n t i f i c a t i o n and.

assessment process, local planners should s o l i c i t help from area profes-
s i o n a l s . The b e s t source of local and/or regional h i s t o r i c a l and
archaeological axpertise will be local universities and colleges.
Additional information sources include:

. S t a t e , county, and local museums

s t a t e and local archaeological and h i s t o r i c a l so.c,ieties
S t a t e h i s t o r i c preservation o f f i c e r s
National Register of Historic Properties
Federal agencies: e . g . , BLM, USFS, National Park Service.

3.9.5' Management Techniques for M?ti.gat?ng Soci:oeconomi:c Impact

Precipitated by a ~ e f i n e rDevelopment.
~

Impact management r e f e r s to e f f o r t s taken by both the pub1 i c

and private sectors t o prevent, guide, or remedy the significant social
and economic changes associated w i t h energy or other development re-.
lated projects. The construction and operation of a refinery can provide
significant benefits t o the population and economy of an area in which
i t i s located. There will be expanded employment opportunities, amore
d i v e r s i f i e d economy, development o f p u b l i c f a c i l i t i e s and s e r v i c e s and
t h e s t r e n g t h e n i n g and ~ L a b i l i z a t i o no f t h e t a x base.

The s e v e r i t y of t h e impacts on communities depend on s e v e r a l

f a c t o r s i n c l u d i n g o r i g i n a l p o p u l a t i o n s i z e , r a t e o f growth, l e v e l o f
unemployment, c o n d i t i o n of l o c a l s e r v i c e s and f a c i l i t i e s and q u a l i t y
o f planning. Of a l l t h e s e i n d i c a t o r s , t h e r a t e o f growth ( a t t r i b u t a b l e
t o t h e development) appears t o be t h e p r i m a r y i n d i c a t o r o f t h e l e v e l o f
s e v e r i t y o f the.impacts.

While t h e b e n e f i t s t o t h e community/county/region o f a r e f i n e r y
can be s i g r ~i f i c a n t re1 a t i v e t o t h e c o s t s t h e y accrue overtime, whereas
t h e n e g a t i v e impacts demand immediate a t t e n t i o n and moreover a r e l o c a l l y
confined. The o b j e c t i v e o f t h i s s e c t i o n i s t o p r o v i d e ( 1 ) an overview
o f t h e socioeconomic impact management process; and ( 2 ) a c o n c i s e b u t
comprehensive s e t o f g u i d e l i n e s f o r s t a t e s and l o c a l p l a n n e r s i n e x e r c i s -
i n g t h i s process.

80
3.9.5.1 Components o f t h e Impact Management P r o c e s , ~
*
T t ~ e111djur. C U I I I C ) U I I ~ I I ~ Su f the Impact management process. a r e the
community's e x i s t i n g f u n c t i o n a l c a p a b i l i t i e s , e x i s t i n g p l a n n i n g and
management c a p a b i l i t i e s , gcals, impact a m e l i o r a t i o n requirements, p l a n n i n g
and management needs, p o t e n t i a1 p l anni ng and management resources, and
recommended p l a n n i n g and management s t r a t e g i e s .

E x i s t i n g F u n c t i o n a l Capabil it i e s . To determine a c c u r a t e l y a
community's a b i 1 i ty t o manage expected o r p o t e n t i a l s o c i a l impacts, two
s e t s o f b a s e l i n e i n f o r m a t i o n a r e necessary. One o f these i s ' d a t a on t h e
e x i s t i n g c a p a b i l i t i e s o f l o c a l governments t o p r o v i d e p u b l i c s e r v i c e s
such as sewer and water, road maintenance, schools, e t c . I t i s p a r t i . c u l a r l y
i m p o r t a n t t o determine t h e " c a r r y i n g c a p a c i t y " o f each o f t h e s e r v i c e s o r
f u n c t i o n s t h e l o c a l government i s expected t o p r o v i d e . I f the service i s
p r e s e n t l y o p e r a t i n g c l o s e t o o r a t f u l l c a p a c i t y , expansion may be r e q u i r e d
i f t h e p o p u l a t i o n increases r a p i d l y .
 Existing Planning .and Management Capabil ? t i e s . The second k i n d
of base1 ine information necessary t o a s s e s s a community's a b i l i t y t o manage
impacts i s data on i t s e x i s t i n g planning and management c a p a b i l i t i e s .
,The extent of these c u r r e n t c a p a b i l i t i e s will d i r e c t l y a f f e c t t h e community's
needs f o r additional planning and management programs t o cope w i t h t h e
a n t i c i p a t e d social impacts. Existing c a p a b i l i t i e s include t h e presence
of professional o r experienced planning s t a f f , t h e amount of money a v a i l -
a b l e f o r planning in t h e community, and a demonstrated willingness on t h e
part of t h e community t o take part i n a planning process.

Community Goals. A community's current and f u t u r e goals w i l l

a l s o d i r e c t l y a f f e c t i t s reponses t o a n t i c i p a t e d social impacts. Such
goals as t h e amount and d i r e c t i o n of desired growth and t h e q u a l i t y and
s t y l e of l i f e valued by a community a r e c r i t i c a l parameters f o r impact,
management decisions. I f a community does not.want permanent growth, f o r
example, then an overload on some exfsting public s e r v i c e f o r a s h o r t
period (such as during the construction of a p r o j e c t ) might be a wiser
planning decision than expanding services t o meet t h e demands of a l a r g e
population t h a t t h e community does not want.

Impact Amelioration Requirements. These requirements which -

a r e determined by t h e predicted socioeconomic impacts, t h e community's
e x i s t i n g functional c a p a b i l i t i e s , and i t s goals - specify t h e problems t h e
community will l i k e l y face i n coping w i t h t h e expected impacts. What
additional mitigation o r amelioration measures a r e needed to e f f e c t i v e l y
manage those impacts will then become apparent. These impact amel-ioration
requirements might include expanded employment f e r v i c e s , property re-
evaluation, additional housing , more roads and schools, expanded recreational
f a c i l i t i e s , o r new community organizations. Detailed s p e c i f i c a t i o n of
these f a c i l i t i e s , .or new community organizations. Detailed s p e c i f i c a t i o n
of these probable amel i o r a t i o n requirements f o r a communi t y 'is t h e most
crucial s t e p i n t.he t o t a l impact management process.
 P l a n n i nq and. Management Needs. once i t s .impact amel i o r a t i o n
requirements have been determined, a community can then assess t h e a b i l i t y
o f i t s p l a n n i n g and management capabi 1it i e s t o meet these requirements .
For example, w i l l a d d i t i o n a l p r o f e s s i o n a l s t a f f be r e q u i r e d t o design o r
a d m i n i s t e r programs t o a1 1e v i a t e s o c i a l problems o r s e r v i c e overloads?
Do community o f f i c i a l s have s u f f i c i e n t e x p e r t i s e t o determine how and where
a d d i t i o n a l : revenues may be obtained,. and how and where t e c h n i c a l a s s i s t a n c e
may .be a v a i l a b l e ? A community must e v a l u a t e c a r e f u l l y i t s a b i l i t y t o p l a n
f o r t h e expected s o d i a l impacts i d e n t i f i e d and whatever a d d i t i o n a l p l a n n i n g
and management needs i t w i l l experience as i t seeks :to cope w i t h those
impacts :

P o t e n t i ' a l Pl anninq. and Management Resources. I f t h e community

r e q u i r e s a d d i t i o n a l f i n a n c i a l o r t e c h n i c a l resources t o meet i t s p l anni ng
and management needs, p o t e n t i a l sources f o r these resources must be iden-
tified. This i s accomplished through a c a r e f u l examination o f a l l e x i s t i n g
and p o t e n t i a l programs a v a i l a b l e a t t h e s t a t e and f e d e r a l l e v e l s , as w e l l
as whatever t e c h n i c a l and f i n a n c i a l c o n t r i b u t i o n s may be o b t a i n e d frcm t h e
p r o j e c t developer. The appl i c a b i l i t y o f these programs and t h e i r c o n t r i -
b u t i o n t o t h e l o c a l community must a l s o be c a r e f u l l y evaluated.

Recommended Plannillq-and Management S t r a t e g i e s . All the i n f o r -

mantion gathered i n t h e preceding steps o f t h e impact management process
feeds i n t o t h i s f i n a l component. Based on ( 1 ) an e v a l u a t i o n of t h e need
f o r impact management o r a m e l i o r a t i o n programs, (2) t h e c a p a b i l i t i e s o f t h e
l o c a l government t o meet these needs, and ( 3 ) t h e p o t e n t i a l a v a i l a b i l i t y
o f a d d i t i o n a l p l a n n i n g and management, resources., a community can develop
a p l a n n i n g program t o manage any expected socioeconomic impacts. This
program should i n c l u d e recommendations f o r t h e s p e c i f i c s t r a t e g i e s t o be
used t o manage t h e impacts, as w e l l as p r o v i d e o v e r a l l d i r e c t i o n s f o r . f u t u r e
community development as i t copes w i t h a v a r i e t y o f socioeconomic impacts.
 INVOLVE THE PUBLIC IN THE CMUNITY POLITICAL PROCESS: I f impact management e f f o r t s
a r e to a c c u r a t e l v r e f l e c t the aoa.1~and needs o f a comnrmitv, c i t i z e n s must take
part i n local it i c a l decision-making A comnunity run by a .handful
of people o r one i n t e r e s t group w i l l r e f l e c t o n l y the desires o f t h a t small f r a c -
t i o n of the c o m n i t y . The p u b l i c must be convinced t h a t impacts w i l l occur b u t can
be minimized o r a m 1 i o r a t e d through a planning process t h a t Involves c i t i z e n s i n
i d e n t i f y i n g both problems and t h e i r s o l u t i o n s .

.DEVELOP AND IMPLEMENT A COMPREHENSIVE COMMUNITY PLANNING PROCESS: Comprehensive

planning i s v i t a l f o r coordinated impact management. A comprehensive planning
process-can assure t h a t a1 1 important s o c i a l and economic changes are examined
i n a systematic fashion. This planning should be an I n t e g r a l p a r t o f the o v e r a l l
decision-making process.

DEVELOP AND MAIdTAIN AY I ACCURATE AND CURRENT INFORMATION BASE: Planning and preparing
f o r s o c i a l and economic impacts requires accurate and t i m e l y information. Local .
o f f i c i a l s must be aware o f ' p o t e n t i a l data sources and be wsll i n g and prepared t o
c o l l e c t . whatever data w i l l be r e q u i r e d t o understand the e f f e c t o f a ,proposed
p r o j e c t on the comnunity and t o meet the r e s u l t i n g comnuni t y needs. This p a r t i c u -
l a r l y includes changes i h a t w i l l a f f e c t p u b l i c s e r v i c e and budget decisions.

IIJITIATE A COOPERATIVE WORKING RELATIOIISHIP WITH THE DEVELOPER: Local governments ';
should t r y t o develop a cooperative working r e l a t i o n s h i p w i t h the developer so ,
t h a t they have access t o necessary information. This r e l a t i o n s h i p w i l l a l s o
increase the l i k e l i h o o d t h a t the developer and comnunity w i l l cooperate i n devel-
oping planning s t r a t e g i e s . A regtonal government o r counci 1 of governments (COG)
may be i n the best p o s i t i o n t o f a c i l i t a t e an i n f o r m a t i o n f l o w from developer t o
a f f e c t e d comnunity.
IOE~~TIFY IMPACTS EARLY: Local and regional government must have s u f f i c i e n t timc t o
plan f o r a n t i c i p a t e d s o c i a l and economic impacts. This i k l u d e s time f o r any ,
needed new a p p l i c a t i o n s , time t o w a i t f o r other governments' budgetary and
funding cycles, and time f o r the c o n s t r u c t i o n o f any needed new comnunity f a c i l i -
t i e s . This a c t i v i t y should be performed e a r l y t o ensure t h a t the impact manage-
ment process ' w i l l be I n t e g r a t e d i n t o the o v e r a l l c o m u n i t y planning and decis'ign-'
making processes. I n f a c t , m i t i g a t i o n measures f o r s o c i a l and economic impacts
o f t e n r e q u i r e more 1ead time than m i t l g a t i o n measures f o r etivi ronmental impacts.
Thus i t i s c r u c i a l t h a t the f d e n t i f i c a t i o n process begin e a r l y .

FINO AND OBTAIiJ ADEQUATE RESOURCES: An important aspect o f planning f o r comnunity

impacts i s knowledge o f the resources ( i n c l u d i n g l o c a l l e g a l powers) t h a t e x i s t
a t the . l o c a l l e v e l and how t o o b t a i n necessary a d d i t i o n a l f i n a n c i a l resources
o r technical aid. Local govern1ae;lt should seek t h i s i n f o r m a t i o n as soon as i t
i s aware t h a t p o t e n t i a l impacts may.occur.

ESTABLISH IrITER- AND II.(TRAGOVERf.(MEi.(TALCOOROINATION A110 COMMUi.(ICATIO[.I: It i s v i 4al

t h a t r e a u l a r comnunicatlon occur among a1 1 a f f e c t e d agencies so t h a t a1 1 can
c o n t r i b i t e suggestions and p o s s i b l e s o l u t i o n s t o problems as they a r i s e .
Regional governments may be the most appropriate v e h i c l e f a r assuring t h a t t h i s
communication takes place.

Source: Reference 80
3.9.5.2 Guide1 i n e s f o r Socioeconomic Impact Management*

The key elements necessary f o r s u c c e s s f u l impact management a r e

d e s c r i b e d below. ' The d i s c u s s i o n i s d i v i d e d i n t o two p a r t s : (1) basic
g u i d e l ines e s s e n t i a l t o t h e : e f f e c t i . v e management o f community s o c i a l and
economic impacts; and (-2) t h e i n t e r r e l a t i o n s h i p between t h e p l a n n i n g and
d e c i sion-ma k i ng processes.

I d e n t i f i e d a r e seven g u i d e l i n e s t h a t can be used by l o c a l o f, f. i -

c i a l s and p l a n n e r s t o manage t h e soci'al and economic impacts a s s o c i a t e d w i t h
r e f i n e r y developments. The g u i d e l i n e s a r e summarized i n Table 33 and
d e t a i l e d i n a s t e p - b y - s t e p d i s c u s s i o n below.

U n d e r l y l ng t h e s e g u i d e l i n e s f o r impact management a r e two c r i t i c a l

points. F i r s t , t o implement t h e g u i d e l i n e s , l o c a l governments may have t o
expand t h e i r p l a n n i n g and management c a p a b i l i ' t i e s . A1 though t h e f i r s t
t h r e e g u i d e 1 i n e s . p e r t a i n t o ongoing p l a n n i n g e f f o r t s i n most communities,
t h e l a s t f o u r g u i d e l i n e s a r e p r o j e c t - o r i e n t e d and may r e q u i r e t h a t a
government h i r e a d d i t i o n a l personnel o r c o n t r a c t o u t s i d e c o n s u l t a n t s t o
p e r f o r m needed p r o f e s s i o n a l s e r v i c e s .
Second. l o c a l governments must be a b l e t o cope w i t h t h e uneer-'
t a i n t y t h a t accompanies t h e e a r l y stages o f most - 1a r g e - s c a l e developments .
To meet t h e needs t h a t w i l l a r i s e when r a p i d growth occurs, t h e government
must develop p l a n s , o b t a i n funds,. and p c , s s i b l y bui.ld f a c i l i t i e s o r develop
s e r v i c e s b e f o r e t h e p r o j e c t beings. And because o f t h e l o n g 1 ead t i m e
r e q u i r e d f o r programs t h a t depend 'on f e d e r a l o r s t a t e f u n d i n g , l o c a l
governments must a n t i c i p a t e t h e i r r e q u i r e m e n t s b e f o r e t h e n a t u r e and scope
o f t h e s e needs a r e a t a l l d e f i n i t e . To deal w i t h such u n c e r t a i n t y , commu-
n i t i e s must o f t e n ' d e v e l o p s e v e r a l a1 t e r n a t i v e p l a n s , i d e n t i f y a1 t e r n a t i v e
sources o f f i n a n c i n g , and p r i o r i t i z e a n t i c i p a t e d s o c i a l impacts.

* S i g n i f i c a n t p o r t i o n s o f t h i s s e c t i o n have been e x t r a c t e d from "A

Impact Assessment and Management Methodology Using S o c i a l I n d i c a t o r s
and P l a n n i ng S t r a t e g i e s , " Reference 80.
 Step 1 . Involve the Pub1 i'c in the Community Political Process

In many small communities, p a r t i c u l a r l y in rural areas, the people

desire 1i t t l e governmental 'control over or interference with t h e i r daily
1ives. Hence, local government p,rovides few -services of f a c i l iti'es This
system works well as long as few demands a r e placed on the public sector.
ow ever, when a community i,s 'faced . w i t h a large-scal e energy development
project and an influx of people w i t h d i f f e r e n t values o r iieeds, i t must.
make numerous c r i t i c a l decisions regarding a l l aspects of i t s futu.re
growth and direction. Under these conditions , i t becomes imperative t h a t
more c i t i z e n s be involved in the community decision-makin.9 process. With-
\
out widespread public awareness and involvement, crucial decislons con-
cerning the e n t i r e community will l i k e l y r e f l e c t tt'e i n t e r e s t s of only a
small minority of the population. I f c i t i z e n s a r e not already 7nformed
about and involved in the local p o l i t i c a l process, local government should
take immediate steps to encourage such participation so t h a t the decision-'
makSng process will consider the concerns of the t o t a l community.

Must be Convinced l l l d t I~iipacts lriill Occur. I t i's not uncommon

to find some local o f f i c i a l s and residents who a r e so enthusiastic about a
proposed project t h a t they refuse to acknowledge or discuss potential social
and economic impacts. Indivi.dua1s .and groups .who desi're growth may want
to do nothing . t o discourage project development in t h e i r a r e a , and may
feel t h a t recognition of potential impacts might be interpreted as a nega-
t i v e response .to the project. In addition, they may be convinced t h a t the
benefits outweigh the negative e f f e c t s . However, t o prepare most effectively
for the changes t h a t will take place (eventhbuih they may be welcome changes), ,
local o f f i c i a l s and c i t i z e n s must recognize t h a t there will .be impacts
with which they .must deal'. Planned change can be used to e f f e c t improve-
ments and t o reduce 'some of the costs of growth for a community.

Must Support the Planninq Process. Once the community recognizes

and accepts the f a c t t h a t social and economic changes will r e s u l t from the
project, o f f i c i a l s and residents must be willing to plan f o r these changes.
Such planning should include budget analyses to re-examine priorities',
I

land use planning to b e t t e r control the direction of growth, a ~ dcompre-

h ~ n q i vn l~a n n i n t o svstematicall v ~ r n v i d ecommuni t v servic'es and f a c j l i t i e s
P .
..
.

255
 and t o c o o r d i n a t e v a r i o u s elements o f t h e p u b l i c s e c t o r , Ci:ti.zens and
e l e c t e d o f f i c i a l s should be aware t h a t w h i l e change may be used t o improve
l o c a l s e r v i c e s and f a c i l S t i e s , such tmprovements depend on f o r e s i g h t e d
planning. E l e c t e d o f f i c i a l s must be w i l l i n g t o p a r t i c i p a t e i n p l a n n i n g
e f f o r t s and t o p r o v i d e t h e a p p r o p r i a t e mechanisms f o r implementing suggested
p l a n n i n g approaches and s t r a t e g i e s . I n a d d i t i o n , community r e s i d e n t s
s h o u l d a c t i v e l y s u p p o r t o r even i n i t i a t e e f f o r t s t o p l a n e a r l y f o r t h e
a n t i c i p a t e d impacts. ' ,

Must Develop and Use Communication System i n t h e Community. A

communication network must be e s t a b l i s h e d t o f a c i l i t a t e t h e a v a i l a b i l i t y
and exchange o f i n f o r m a t i o n among c i t i z e n s i n communities and t h e c o u n t i e s
. .
a f f e c t e d by r a p i d grgwth. I n most communities a weekly newspaper can be
. used by t h e developer and by l o c a l ; r e g i o n a l , and s t a t e agencies t o i n f o r m
t h e p u b l i c about t h e n a t u r e and progress o f t h e development and t h e r e l a t e d
community growth impacts. The p u b l i c a l s o may use t h i s v e h i c l e t o express
t h e i r o p i n i o n s and concerns about t h e development.

Step 2 . Develop and Implement a 'Comprehensive Community Plan-

n i n q Process

To use t h e i r resources most e f f e c t i v e l y and t o devalop a p p r o p r i a t e

s t r a t e g i e s f o r c o p i n g w i t h i d e n t i f i e d s o c i a l and economic impacts, a f f e c t e d
'

communities must have comprehensive p l a n n i n g processes. T h i s process

s h o u l d be ongoing and f l e x i b l e enough.to deal w i t h whatever changes t h e
community experiences . Comprehensive p l a n n i ng h.el ps t o guarantee t h e
e f f e c t i v e management o f impacts. T h i s process w i 11 examine a1 1 p o t e n t i a l l y
a f f e c t e d o r changing aspects o f community l i f e , from h e a l t h c a r e and mental
h e a l t h t o t h e p r o v i s i o n of p o l i c e and f i r e s e r v i c e s and water and sewer
facilities. Moreover, a1 1 o f these .separate elements must be i n t e g r a t e d
i n t o a comprehensive p l a n t h a t t r e a t s t h e t o t a l community as a dynamic
i n t e r r e l a t e d system.
 R e l a t e P l a n n i n g t o Land Use. Community p l a n n e r s and p l a n n i n g
cotmnissions a r e u s u a l l y most i n t e r e s t e d i n l a n d use. When communities a r e
faced w i t h r a p i d growth, however, p l a n n e r s and l o c a l o f f i c i a l s must broaden
t h e i r concern t o i n c l u d e many o t h e r p l a n n i n g I s s u e s . By r e l a t i n g t h e s e
o t h e r concerns ( e .g ., p r o j e c t i o n
t
o f p r o j e c t - r e 1 a t e d revenues and expendi -
t u r e s , t h e assessment ' o f s o c i a l and economic impacts, e t c . ) t o l a n d use,
d e c i s i o n makers and p l a n n i n g commissions w i l l understand b e t t e r t h e need
f o r a comprehensive approach t o community p l a n n i n g .

R e l a t e P l a n n i n g t o Decision-Maki nq' Process. Pla.nni'ng p r o v i d e s

a framework f o r inforined decision-making . Tn be u s e f u l ; p l a n n i n g must
r e l a t e t o and i n f l u e n c e c r i t i c a l l o c a l d e c i s i o n s when t h e y a r e bei'ng made.
Thus, e l e c t e d o f f i c i a l s and o t h e r p u b l i c s e r v a n t s must s u p p o r t and under-
-
s t a n d t h e p1,anning process and work toward i t s f u l l i m p l e m e n t a t i o n .

Step 3; Develop and M a i n t a i n an A c c u r a t e and C u r r e n t 1nformati.on

-
Base*

A l o c a l government f a c i n g s i g n i f i c a n t . s o c i a l and economic changes

r e q u i r e s two t y p e s o f i n f o r m a t i o n . One' i s ' d a t a on e x i s t i n g c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , . -

c o n d i t i o n s , and t r e n d s i n t h e community and t h e c o u n t y . The o t h e r i s

p r o j e c t e d d a t a on f u t u r e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , c o n d i t i o n s ,' a n d t r e n d s i n t h a t
area.

An a c c u r a t e i n f o r m a t i o n base i s e s s e n t i a l i f p l a n n i n g e f f o r t s
a r e t o e f f e c t i v e l y i d e n t i f y and implement a p p r o p r i a t e measures t o cope
w i t h s o c i a l and ecoriomic. impacts. .Thus a l o c a l community should b e g i n t o
e s t a b l i s h t h e d a t a base needed t o p l a n f o r and manage a n t i c i p a t e d s o c i a l
and economic impacts a t t h e t i m e a development p r o j e c t i s f i r s t announced.

* T h i s s t e p corresponds t o t h e d e s c r i p t i . o n o f t h e e x i s t i n g environment
w f t h r e s p e c t t o each o f t h e seven human environment components d e s c r i b e d
i n S e c t i o n 3.9.5.
 What t o I n c l u d e i n t h e I n f o r m a t i o n Base. The c a t e g o r i e s o f
i n f o r m a t i o n t o i n c l u d e i n such a d a t a base a r e l i s t e d i n Table 34. This
i n f o r m a t i o n p r o v i d e s a basel ine d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e community b e f o r e t h e
impacts occur, ( i . e . w i t h o u t t h e proposed r e f i n e r y ) . The sources o f d a t a
r e q u i r e d t o s a t i s f y t h i s i n f o r m a t i o n base were d i s c u s s e d i n t h e r e l e v a n t
areas o f S e c t i o n 3.9.5.

' S t e p 4. I n i t i a t e a C o o p e r a t i v e Working R e l a t i o n s h i p . w i t h t h e
Developer

The company i n i tiat-i,*ng a development p r o j e c t i s p o t e n t i a l l y t h e

most a c c u r a t e s o u r c e o f i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t . t h e n a t u r e , scope, and t i m i n g
o f the project. I t i s i m p o r t a n t t h a t t h e developer p r o v i d e t h e community
w i t h a c c u r a t e and t i m e l y i n f o r m a t i o n on t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n schedule, s i z e o f
work f o r c e , m a t e r i a l t r a n s p o r a t i o n needs, t a x i n f c r m a t i o n , and o t h e r
r e l e v a n t i n f o r m a t i o n about t h e p r o j e c t . I t i s also c r i t i c a l t h a t the
developer and t h e l o c a l government e s t a b l i s h and. m a i n t a i n a c l o s e w o r k i n g
r e l a t i o n s h i p t h r o u g h o u t t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n and o p e r a t i o n o f t h e p r o j e c t ,
s i n c e a l l p a r t i e s generate information t h a t i s e s s e n t i a l t o t h e o t h e r s '
efforts.

W h i l e t h e p r o j e c t d e v e l o p e r i s l i k e l y t.n m a l e c o n t a c t w i t h a f f e c t e d
communities t o e s t a b l i s h good p u b l i c r e l a t i o n s : f r e q u e n t l y i t i s s t i l l up
t o t h e l o c a l government t o ask f o r s p e c i f i c i n f o r m a t i o n about t h e c h a r a c t e r -
istics of t h e p r a j e r t t h a t a r e needed t o a n t i c i p a t e and p l d r l f o r commur15ty
impacts. Therefore, t h e a f f e c t e d governments must be prepared t o t a k e t h e
l e a d i n e s t a b l i s h i n g a working r e l a t i o n s h i p w i t h t h e developer. I n some
s i t u a t i o n s a r e g i o n a l c o i i n c i l o f governments can p l a y a u s e f u l c o o r d i n a t i n g
r o l e , a c t i n g as a m e d i a t o r f o r a l l a f f e c t e d l o c a l governments.

The Exchange o f I n f o r m a t i o n . I t i s d e s i r a b l e t h a t t h e . developer

and t h e community share i n f o r m a t i o n and p l a n f o r t h e p r o j e c t t o g e t h e r , as
f a r as p o s s i b l e . L o c a l o f f i c i a l s w i l l need v a r i o u s k i n d s o f i n f o r m a t i o n
from t h e developer, such as p r o j e c t c o n s t r u c t i o n schedules and l a b o r f o r c e
 \ .

TABLE 34 SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC INFORMATION DATABASE REQUIREMENTS~

Population O u r a c t a r l s t i o Education' .
Population slze by sex, apa. raw t o t a l e n m l l n e n t by school
b g m o f urbaniUtion capaci t y by school
F a d l y slze '. number o f school d i s t r i c t s and boundaries
Education a t t a i m n m t average student/teacher r a t i o
bbor force s k i l l s required expenditures per student ( i n c l u d i n g
c a p i t a l 'maintenance)
b m j c Character1 s t i cs Health services
n&r o f h o s p i t a l s and l o c a t i o n
6mss economic income number o f beds/hospl tal
E c o m i c base/dive&i t y , occupancy rates/hospi t a l
~ l o y r e n t / u n e p l o p l e n trates type o f emergency ' s e w i c e s
Job a v a i l a b i l i t y and d i v e r s i t y number o f physicians/1000 p ~ p u l a t i o n
Job t r a i n i n g a v a i l a b i l i t y nuabcr o f c l i n t c s / c o n t a c t s and capacity
Family and personal i n c o m federal o r s t a t e assistance
Cost o f l i v i n g Police and f i r e p r o t e c t i o n
Retail f a c i l i t i e s numbor o f o f f l a c n / 1 0 0 0 ~ p u l a t i o n
Tax bsse (include pibderty, business and f i r e rating
occuprtion. u t i l t t y and sales federal o r s t a t e assistance
expenditures valuation
Coapunf t y Structure Social services--pub1 i c and p r i v a t e
ksociations type o f service
165s m d i a expenditures per capita
existence o f federal o r s t a t e assistance--
&us 1ng type and amunt
Parks, recreation
&an market value n d r I 1braries/museums
Vacancy r a t e acreage. location. type o f parks
&using d i s t r l b u t f o n type u t i Iization rates
Publ l c housing indaor/outdoor recreation type and number
Existence o f federal o r s t a t e assistance-- (pools, b a l l parks, etc.) u t i l i z a t i o n
type and amount rates
Rental scale nunber of comrarnity centers
existence o f recreation plan o r program .
existence o f .federal o r s t a t e assistance
Crime and del inquency expend1 tures oer c a p i t a
.Idlent crIms11OUO population Transportation
property crims/1000 population availability of public t r a n s i t
a r n s t s f o r d i s o r d e r l y conduct. drunkenness existence o f l o c a l plan f o r streets.
h n t a l health mads, and t r a n s i t
number o f c l i n l o and contacts by type p u b l i c parking a v a i l a b i l i t y .
Eaotional d i f f i c u l t i e s s t r e e t s and mads
n-r o f Incidents truancy/student average d a i l y ' t r i p s o r vchicles/day
population expenditures per capita--capital and
nurnkr o f incidents vandal i s m / s t u b m t nnin tenance
PDverty Publ i c w o r k s l u t i l l t i e s
proportion o f families below poverty l i n e Water
proportion o f f a m i l i e s receiving p u b l i c existence o f l o c a l plan f o r water Supply
nlfara developmnt
expendi tures per c a p i t a
Planning and Administrative C a p a b i l i t i e s detmnd
capaci t y
E x l s t m c e o f planning bodies ( l o c a l and nwrber o f d i s t r i c t s and service boundaries
m g i o n a l ) by type existence o f f e d e r a l / s t a t e assistance
m r o f planners/1000 population Sewrlsanltation
fxistence o f federal o r s t a t e assistance existence o f l o c a l plan f o r sewer system
. by type and m u n t development
-
Total m u n t o f m m y allocated f o r planning expcndl tures per capita
dmnd
Publ i c Services capaci t y
Qvemmnt existence o f f e d e r a l l s t a t e assistance
n-r o f .arployets/r&ninistratnrs nwrber o f d i s t r i c t s and service areas
t o t a l local ~ v m u e s
U t a l l o e l expenditurw/cap!ta

--- -

( I ) TO b. m s t useful, i t i s inqortant t o c o l l e c t these data a t several points i n time i n order to

a n i t o r th.e changes resul t i n g f m m p r o j e c t develoPtmnt. (Possible data c o l l e c t i o n periods incluae
One p a i n t before p r o j e c t inception and several points during construction. I t w i l l b. necessary
6 c o l l e c t i o m ,data rmnthly o r q u a r t e r l y once construction @gins.) ,

source: R e f e r e n c e 80
I
requirements. The developer, i n turn, w i l l need t o know about l o c a l zoning
ordinances, tax r a t e s , and o t h e r f a c t o r s t h a t w i l l a f f e c t the p r o j e c t .
The existence o f an ongoing working r e l a t i o n s h i p w i l l f a c t l i t a t e t h e
exchange o f such information.

S t a t e and Local Powet-s. S t a t e and l o c a l g o v e r h e n t s possess

c e r t a i n : powers t h a t can be used t o assure t h a t t h e developer takes s o c i a l
and economic f a c t o r s , i n t o c o n s i d e r a t i o n and compl i e s w i t h a p p l i c a b l e
r e s t r i c t i o n s and requirements. Local governments should be aware o f t h e
n a t u r e and e x t e n t o f leve'rage they can e x e r t through techniques such as
l o c a l z o n i n g ;nd comprehensive planning powers, as w e l l as p a r t i c i p a t i o n
, i n r e l e v a n t s t a t e o r 'federal d e c i s i o n making.

The Developer's Role. The developer's r o l e i n managing community

impacts i s i n a staTe o f e v o l u t i o n . I t i s t h e r e f o r e d i f f i c u l t t o make
g e n e r a l i z a t i o n s about t h e e x t e n t t o which a developer w i l l consider l o c a l
values and how much r e s p o n s i b i l i t y i t wi.11 assume f o r p r o v i d i n g assistance
f o r s o c i a l impacts generated by i t s p r o j e c t . I n the past, developers have
o f t e n f e l t t h a t community impacts were not t h e i r responsi b i l i t y . This
s i tuati,on i s beginning t o change, however, and many developers a r e t a k i n g
some i n i t i a t i v e i n h e l p i n g communities t o manage impacts. On the o t h e r
hand, more l o c a l governments a r e a 1so demanding t h a t developers assume
r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r impacts they generate.' The c u r r e n t t r e n d i s f o r t h e
L'
developer t o make e a r l y contact w i t h af4ected comrnunities and t o n e g o t i a t e
t h e l e v e l and types o f assistance i t i s prepared t o provide t o t h e community.

Step 5 . I d e n t i f y Impacts. E a r l y

Local governments a f f e c t e d by energy development p r o j e c t s a r e

p a r t i c u l a r l y i n need o f e a r l y and accurate i n f o r m a t i o n regarding t h e pro-
I

j e c t so t h a t they can i n i t i a t e planning t o meet the r e s u l t i n g needs. They

a l s o must begin e a r l y t o s e t up a communication proc.ess w i t h a l l a f f e c t e d
p a r t i e s and i n t e r e s t e d observers, i n c l u d i n g a p p r o p r i a t e federal and s t a t e
o f f i c i a l s , as w e l l as t h e p r o j e c t developer.
 Planning Coordination. I t i s essenti.al t h a t small and/or r u r a l ' .
l o c a l governments work i n c o o r d i n a t i o n w i t h o t h e r governmental agencies,
includi'ng r e g i o n a l c o u n c i l s o f government, t h r o u g h o u t t h e durati'on o f t h e
project. The e a r l i e r a l l a f f e c t e d governments a r e i n f o r m e d o f t h e ' p r o j e c t ,
t h e e a s i e r i t i s f o r them t o e s t a b l i s h such c o o r d i n a t i o n . S e r i o u s problems
a l s o can be caused by l a c k o f a p p r o p r i a t e n o t i f i c a t i o n and t d e n t i f i c a t i o n
o f impacts as t h e y o c c u r . T h i s s i t u a t i o n causes l o c a l governments t o l o s e
c r i t i c a l t i m e needed f o r t h e i r own p l a n n i n g and budgetary processes, and
f o r t h e i r f u n d i n g a p p l i c a t i o n s t o o t h e r governmental agencies. The r e g i o n a l
govet-niilerrt can, I n some s i t u a t i o n s , f a c i l i t a t e t h i s coordinati'on and
communication by a c t i n g as a c l e a r i n g house f o r i n f o r m a t i o n .

C o o r d i n a t e w i t h Other Governments' Budget Cycles. S t a t e and

f e d e r a l governmental l e v e l s o f t e n do n o t have t h e same budget c y c l e as a
l o c a l government and t h u s may r e q u i r e e x t e n s i v e l e a d t i m e f o r any new
funding request. I n a d d i t i o n , s t a t e and f e d e r a l agencies may be c o n s t r a i n e d
i n what and who t h e y may fund t h r o u g h p r i o r i t i e s s e t each y e a r by s t a t e and
f e d e r a l p o l i c y makers.

Step 6. F i n d and O b t a i n Adequate Resources

P l a n n i n g f o r and managing t h e s o c i a l and economic impacts

a s s o c i a t e d w i t h a l a r g e development p r o j e c t requi'res massive commftments
o f personnel t i m e and can r e q u i r e a d d i t i s n a l f i n a n c i ' a l resources. Many
communities f a c e d w i t h a l a r g e p r o j e c t have l i t t l e i d e a o f how to' p l a n , f o r
t h e changes a n d , i m p a c t s stich a p r o j e c t w i l l b r i n g , Lacki'ng f a m i l i ' a r i t y
w i t h t h e range o f p o t e n t i a l s o c i a l and econornjc impacts, l o c a l o f f i c i ' a l s a r e
l i k e l y t o have d i f f i c u l t y knowing beforehand what changes t o expect and
what r e s o u r c e s t o seek. T h i s l a c k o f knowledge (and sometimes a p p r e c i a t i o n )
concerning b o t h needs and sources o f a d d i t i o n a l r e s o u r c e s exacerbates t h e
problem o f c o p i n g w i t h t h e impacts. Thus, 'by t h e t i m e community o f f i c i a l s
r e c o g n i z e t h e problems and know what k i n d s o f r e s o u r c e s t h e y need, i't may
be t o o l a t e t o o b t a i n some forms o f a s s i s t n a c e t h a t m i g h t have been a v z i l a b l e
w i t h e a r l ie r p l a n n i n g .
 Adequate S t a f f Time. Most communities faced w i t h t h e p r o s p e c t
o f an i n f l u x o f hundreds o f c o n s t r u c t i o n workers and t h e i r f a m i l i e s w i l , l
spend l a r g e amounts o f s t a f f t i m e . a s s e s s i n g and p l a n n i n g f o r p o t e n t i a l
impacts. For many communities t h i s a d d i t i o n a l s t a f f t i m e i s n o t e a s i l y
made a v a i l a b l e . Other programs must s u f f e r w h i l e people a r e t e m p o r a r i l y
assigned t o t h e impact study.' One a l t e r n a t i v e t o t h i s . procedure i s f o r
t h e community t o o b t a i n a d d i t i o n a l f u n d i n g f o r t h i s p l a n n i n g e f f o r t . Another
more immediate so1,ution i s t o s o l i c i t c i t i z e n v o l u n t e e r s t o h e l p w i t h :

l o c a l data gathering e f f o r t s . Such v o l u n t e e r s can make s i g n i f i c a n t con-

tri b u t i o n s t o t h e community, i f t h e y have p r o f e s s i o n a l s t a f f s u p p o r t .

These v o l u n t e e r s can be o r g a n i z e d i n t o d i s t i n c t t a s k f o r c e s .
The t a s k f o r c e s c o u l d develop a comprehensive p i c t u r e o f t h e community
through. i t s major r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s o f gathering d e t a i l e d information,
assessi'ng impacts i n t h e i r , s p e c i f i c f u n c t i o n a l areas , and translating
f u t u r e needs i n t o p r e l i m i n a r y community g o a l s . An examp1 e o f t h e work
scope undertaken by a . t a s k , f o r c e f o r a s p e c i f i c f u n c t i o n a l human e n v i r o n -
ment component i s e x h i b i t e d i n T a b l e 35. The €PA-Action, Handbook 54
has compiled s i m i l a r t a s k f o r c e s t o e v a l u a t e each p r i m a r y component o f
socioeconomic assessments.

. F i n a n c i a l Resources.
..
2-.--.
I f i t i s o b v i o u s t o , l o c a l p l a n n e r s and
d e c i s . i o n makers t h a t a community's e x i s t i n g f i n a n c i a l a n d . , t e c h n i c a l r e s o u r c e s ,

w i 11 ' n o t be adequate t o cope w i t h t h e p r e d i c t e d s o c i a l and economic

impacts, o u t s i d e a d d j t i o n a l .resources t h e n must be sought. I n some cases
t h e s e r e s o u r c e s may be needed o n l y t e m p o r a r i l y , u n t i l p r o p e r t y t a x e s on
a p r o j e c t b e g i n coming i n t o a community. Various s t a t e and f e d e r a l p r o -
grams a r e s p e c i f i c a l l y designed t o p r o v i d e community impact a s s i s t a n c e .

Most f i n a n c i a l a s s i s t a n c e i s a v a i l a b l e t h r o u g h f e d e r a l programs,
w h i l e s t a t e assistance i s u s u a l l y l i m i t e d t o technical assistance. Major
sources o f such a s s i s t a n c e a r e s e v e r a l ongoing f e d e r a l programs f o r which
impacted comrnuni t i es may be e l ig i b l e. These programs i n c l u d e i m p a c t
a s s i s t a n c e under t h e Coastal Zone Management Act; Economic Development
A d m i n i s t r a t i o n g r a n t s f o r community f a c i 1 it i e s ; Department o f Heal t h y
E d u c a t i o n and We1 f a r e g r a n t s f o r f a m i l y heal t h ' c e n t e r s and emergency
m e d i c a l s e r i v c e s ; and Housing and Urban Development community b l o c k g r a n t s .
CONDUCT AN INVENTORY OF THE CURRENT SITUATION, INCLUDING AT LEAST
THE FOLLOWING ELEMENTS: ,

. Federal, state ,and local roadstin the region, including

size, function, carrying capacity, conditions and hazards.
. .Othermodes of transportation, i.e., railroads, airports,
bus routes,.s~dewalks, 'paths, bike paths, horse trails, etc.
. Future transportation plans of federal government, the state,
regional agencies and counties.
. sources of transportation revenues.
.
\

Number of parking spaces and location..

. Local constructio'n and maintenance programs.

. Have roads been of adequate capacity and condition?

. What changes and trends have occurred relative to transporta-
tion needs?
. What impacts would large scale development have upon transpor-
tation facilities and routes?

EXAE4INE ISSUES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED

TO THE FOLLOWING:
. Are roads in the area capable of serving future demand?
. Are roads in adequate condition?
. Do plans of other agencies conform to local-plans?
.
.
I

Are there traffic hazards, e.g., dangerous intersections, '

railroad crossings, etc.?
. Are there transportation needs for special populations, e.g
elderly, handicapped or youth?
.,
. What public transportation needs'exist?
. What .types and sizes of streets are,desirable for .newly
developing areas?
. How could pedestrian access be encouraged?

DEVELOP MAPS DESCRIBING VARIOUS MODES OF TRANSPORTATION, INCLUDING

CAPACITIFS, TRAFFIC COUNTS, AND LOCATIONS OF PLANNED/NEEDED
IMPROVEMENT
 TABLE 35 TRANSPORTATION AND CIRCULATION TASK FORCE
( CON.TIN.UED)

DEVELOP PRELIMINARY GOALS AND POLICIES, BASED'ON THE INVENTO,RY,

ISSUES'AND COMMUNITY NEEDS WHICH WILL:
. Insure adequate capacity of roads.
. Avoid conflicts among various transportation modes.
. Encourage development of alternative forms of transportation,
e.g., public transportation, bikeways, and pedestrian ways.
. Assure safety and adequate maintenance of roads.
. Serve the needs of all segments of the population.

WRITE A REPORT WHICH DESCRIBES PROBLEMS, ISSUES AND AREAS NEEDING

IMPROVEMENT RELATIVE TO THE GOALS AND POLICIES

RESOURCES
Federal - Department of Transportation
state Agencies
Regional Agencies
County - Transportation and Planning Departments
Local,Govesnments
Local Surveys (Utilize college and high school students)
Universities
Studies
-.Regional planning programs
- Multi-state planning studies

Source: R e f e r e n c e 54
 Awareness o f Community L i m i t a t i o n s . Local governments should
be aware o f any l i m i t a t i o n s i n t h e i r s t a t e r e g a r d i n g l o c a l g e n e r a t i o n o f
new revenue sources. Local o f f i c i a l s must be t h o r o u g h l y f a m i l i a r w i t h t h e i r
bonding l i m i t a t i o n s and c a p a c i t i e s . They a l s o must have knowledge of a l l
o t h e r c a p i t a l p r o j e c t i o n s i n t h e community i n a d d i ' t i o n t o . w h a t e v e r new
f a c i 1 i t i . e ~w i l l be r e q u i r e d by t h e p r o j e c t work f o r c e . hey should be
aware t h a t bonding companies w o n ' t n e c e s s a r i l y s p e c u l a t e w i t t a communi'.ty
s i n c e l a r g e r i s k s a r e i n v o l v e d i n t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f energy f a c i l i t i e s .
F i n a l l y , l o c a l o f f i c i a l s must o p e r a t e under t h e c o n s t r a i n t t h a t general
o b l i g a t i o n bonds depend on v o t e r a p p r o v a l , which i s n o t always e'asy t o
obtain.

Step 7. E s t a b l i s h I n t e r - and I n t r a g o v e r n m e n t a l C o o r d i n a t i o n
.and Communication w i t h a1 1 A f f e c t e d Aqencies

C e r t a i n impacts o f t h e development p r o j e c t may c r e a t e severe

problems f o r a communi t y and are' 1ik e l y t o r a i s e complex and d i f f i c u l t
q u e s t i o n s concerning who w i 11 assume respc n s i b i l it y f o r t h e impacts, '

what a r e t h e b e s t techniques f o r f o r e c a s t i n g them, what a r e t h e most appro-

p r i a t e p l a n n i n g s t r a t e g i e s f o r impacts, and what and where s u i t a b l e sources
o f f i n a n c i a l a i d f o r t h e impacts can be found.

Make Numerous Contacts. The above q c e s t i o n s become complex

p a r t l y because t h e i r s o l u t i o n s i n v o l v e many agencies a t a1 1 l e v e l s o f
government. This makes i t imperativ; t h a t l o c a l governments . i n a f f e c t e d
areas e s t a b l i s h and m a i n t a i n communications w i t h o t h e r l o c a l and r e g i o n a l
as w e l l as s t a t e and f e d e r a l agencies i n v o l v e d i n l o c a l a s s i s t a n c e . With-
o u t such c o n t a c t s , l o c a l governme'nt i s n o t l i k e l y t o know about o r t a k e
advantage o f p o t e n t i a l sources o f t e c h n i c a l - and f i n a n c i a l a s s i s t a n c e , o r .

may n o t be aware o f i t s r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s i n a p p l y i n g f o r such a s s i s t a n c e .

Most s t a t e and f e d e r a l a s s i s t a n c e i s a v a i l a b l e o n l y t o those communities
t h a t a p p l y f o r funds, w i t h t h e e x c e p t i o n o f some revenue-sharing funds.
Presumably, t h e r e f o r e , a s s i s t a n c e goes t o areas where i t i s wanted and
needed. However, t h i s arrangement a l s o p u t s t h e p r i m a r y burden on l o c a l
governments, which may n o t know about p o t e n t i a l sources o f a i d o r a p p l i -
- ? t i o n procedures. Communication w i t h r e 1 evant a ~ e n c i : e sn i l 1 fie1 p l o c a l
governments t o b e s t use a l l p o t e n t i a l r e s o u r c e s . A regional planning
o r g a n i z a t i o n , i f t h e r e i s one, i s a l o g i c a l c l e a r i n g h o u s e f o r such
\
i n f o r m a t i o n ' , and can f a c i 1 it a t e communication among l o c a l governments and
between l o c a l , s t a t e , and f e d e r a l agencies.

Discuss Mutual Problems. I t i s q u i t e important i n large-sca'le

development s i t u a t i o n s t h a t t h e v a r i o u s a f f e c t e d l o c a l and r e g i o n a l agencies
t a l k w i t h each o t h e r r e g a r d i n g mutual problems and p o t e n t i a l s o l u t i o n s . Any.
agency r i v a l r i e s which impede an e f f i c i e n t p r o b l em-sol v i ng o p e r a t i o n need
t o be p u t a s i d e when p l a n n i n g . f o r a p r o j e c t t h a t can substan.tia1 l y a , f f e c t
t h e e n t i r e communi t y . We1 1- c o o r d i n a t e d l o c a l and regio.na1 governments,
w i t h r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s who c o n f e r r e g u l a r l y w i t h o t h e r l o c a l and r e g i o n a l
o f f i c i a l s and a p p r o p r i a t e s t a t e and f e d e r a l o f f i c i a l s , a r e a c r u c , i d l
r e q u i r e m e n t f o r . a d e q u a t e l y managing community impacts. Such o r g a n i z a t i o n
i s i m p o r t a n t when a l o c a l government i s r e q u e s t i n g . funds from new sources
such as f e d e r a l agencies, and when i t i s n e g o t i a t i n g w i t h t h e p r o j e c t
developer. I t a l s o s t r e n g t h e n s t h e government's p o s i t i o n when b a r g a i n i n g
f o r p o l i c i e s and a c t i o n s t h a t can d i r e c t l y b e n e f i t t h e community.

Summary

A1 '1 o f the yu i J e l i ~ ~ ep rs- e s e ~ l t e dRere have a temporal f a c t o r .

I f t h e t i m i n g i s n o t c o r r e c t , i t may be d i f f i c u l t t o i n i t i a t e c e r t a i n
i m p a c t management s t e p s . I t takes time t o formulate plans, f i n d s o l u t i o n s ,
and o b t a i n money t o b u i l d f a c i l i t i e s o r implement programs. Local govern-
ment t h e r e f o r e must e s t i m a t e t i m i n g needs and p l a n t h e i r a c t i o n s a c c o r d i n g l y .

E a r l y c o n t a c t w i t h t h e * p r o j e c t developer i s essential f o r accurate

i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f p o t e n t i a l impacts, which i n t u r n i s v i t a l f o r adequate
planning. E f f e c t i v e p l a n n i n g a1 so , r e q u i r e s substa.ntia1 community i n v o l v e -
ment and commitment , know1 edge o f a1 1 a v a i 1a b l e resources and a1 1 govern-
ment agencies i n v o l v e d . i n t h e impact p l a n n i n g process, and we1 1-prepared
f i n a n c i a l planning. Thus, one can q u i c k l y see t h a t ' a l l t h e impact management
g u i d e l i n e s i n t e r a c t w i t h each o t h e r , and t h a t t h e s e g u i d e l i n e s must be
i n i t i a t e d s u f f i c i e n t l y p r i o r t o t h e b e g i n n i n g o f t h e p r o j e c t if t h e l o c a l
community i s t o p l a n e f f e c t i v e l y f o r and manage t h e r e s u l t i n g s o c i a l and
nrnnnrni r imnar+c
3.9.5.3 Conclusions

I n t h i s d i s c u s s i o n o f s o c i a l and economic impact ;anagement,

guide1 i n e s have been e s t a b l i s h e d t o p r o v i d e l o c a l p l a n n e r s and d e c i s i o n
makers w i t h an o v e r a l l u n d e r s t a n d i n g and a p p r e c i a t i o n o f s e v e r a l key
a c t i o n s , processes, and c a p a b i l i t i e s which l o c a l governments must- demon-
s t r a t e if t h e y a r e t o respond q u i c k l y and e f f e c t i v e l y t o l a r g e s o c i a l and
economic impacts, As one can see i n examining t h e s e g u i d e l i n e s , t h e a b i l i t y
o f l o c a l governments t o cope w i t h r a p i d g r o w t h ' i m p a c t s depands ' l a r g e l y on
thyee i n t e r r e l a t e d f a c t o r s :
1 ) t h e t f m e l y a v a i l a b i l i t y and use o f i n f o r -
m a t i o n w i t h i n 2 ) a comprehensive p l a n n i n g framework which i s 3 ) an i n t e g r a l
p a r t of t h e p o l i c a l process i n which c i t i z e n s a r e a c t i v e l y i n v o l v e d . State
and f e d e r a l l e v e l s o f government a r e n o t l i k e l y t o e f f e c t i v e l y manage s o c i a l
and economic impacts o c c u r r i n g i n a l o c a l a r e a . Rather, l o c a l governments,
as r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s o f l o c a l i n t e r e s t s and values, must be t h e moving f o r c e
i n t h i s whole process o f d e t e r m i n i n g what i s an impact, whether i t i s
b e n e f i c i a l o r adverse, and what, i f a n y t h i n g , needs t o o r w i l l be done t o
respond t o i t .

F i n a l l y , i t i s important t h a t t h e r e s i d e n t s o f t h e l o c a l area
t a k e an a c t i v e i n t e r e s t and r o l e i n t h e l o c a l decision-making process. If
o n l y a small segment o f t h e community's r e s i d e n t s a r e i n v o l v e d i n t h i s p r o -
cess, problems can a r i s e when t h e community i s o f a c e d w i t h r a p i d growth.
A d d i t i o n a l l y , good a d m i n i s t r a t o r s a r e needed t o e f f e c t i v e l y deal w i t h
g r o w t h - r e l a t e d impacts and w i t h t h e range o f c i t i z e n concerns and v a l u e s
t h a t w i l l s u r f a c e when c i t i z e n s become i n v o l v e d i n t h e decision-making
process. The a b i 1 it y o f t h e s e a d m i n i s t r a t o r s - - e l e c t e d o f f i c i a l s i n
small communities o r p r o f e s s i o n a l s t a f f i n l a r g e r communities--is a p r i n c i -
p a l f a c t o r d e t e r m i n i n g a community's c a p a b i l i t y f o r managing s o c i a l impacts.
I n s h o r t , competent and i n v o l v e d people make t h e impact management process
work e f f e c t i v e l y .
4.C REFINERY ~ E G U L A T C x$vIE!J*
~Y
There a r e a number of i e d e r a ? r e g u l a t i o n s which cculd
have an impact upon r e f i n e r y s i t i n g , c o r , z t r u c i i o n , o p a - a r i o n ,
m o d i f i c a t i c n o r expansion planning ana d e c i s i d n s . The regu:atfons
which a r e rel~iewed i n t h i s s e c ~ i o na r e :

?;a.tionzl Environmentai ?ol icy Act

Clcan A i r Act
Fgderal -Watsr Pol 1u t i o n i:~ntrc;l Act
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
Coasral Zoce ~anagemsnt P.ct
Toxi L Substances Controi Act
Other r e g ~ l a t i c t i sccncerrcd !:~i
t h the
env i ronmen t

.Summaries of t h e s e r e g u l a t i s n s and e d e c i s i o n diagram

a r e presented f o r Natianal invironnental Policy Act, Clean Air
P . c t , and t h e Federal !.later Pol 1 tition c a n t r o l Act. Copies o f t h e s e
x g u l a t i o n s and re1 watt r e f e r e n c e materia.1 a r e presented i n t.he
apoendix.

* The following s e c t i o n s a r e ozsed on refergnc2s 82-85 and ?resefltsd

herein a f t e r s u b s t a n t i d i r e v i s f o n , m ~ d i f i z a t i o n ,and a i t e r 2 c i 3 r . of
focus.
4.1 NUTIOPIAL EHV IRONMENTAL POLICY ACT

4.1.1 S uma ry

. . @ Nati 0nal EnvirorImefltal Pol i CY Act (?IEPA) reauirer; a n Environmental

Assessment and general ly an Envi ronmental Impact Statement on
major federal actions s i g n i f i c a n t l y affecting the qua1 i t y of t h e
human environment -- t h i s includes issuance of federal p e m i t s
or approvals f o r industrial p l a n t s , uniess individual s t a t u t e s
provide an exemption.
s Chief Federal Environmental Sia tutes :
Clean Water Act -- NFDES permits subject t o NE?,4 i f issued '

by €PA t o "new s o ~ r c e s ! '

Clean Air Act -- Some actions exempt from NEPA

iuel Use Act -- S.ome.actions. .exempt f r o m SJEPA
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act -- Permits issued by
. EPA f o r hazardous waste management faci 1 i t i e s
will be subject t o 3EPA
Gredge and Fi 1 1 Permi t S -- Corps of Enqineers oermi ts are, s u b j e c t
t o NEPA
. CoaStai Zone Nanagernent Act --
p p r o v a l of s t a t e progrims
subject t o 'SEPA b u t approval of individual
projects not subject t o ?iE?A

e S t a t e E I A Requirements:
Many s t a t e s have adopted EIS rgquirements c~mparablet o federal
requirements under NEPA. As of i978 these s t a t e s a r e :
Cal i forni a New 'Jersey
Connecticut i\lew York
Hawai i North Carol i na
Indiana South Dakota
Mary1 and , Texas
Massachusetts Utah
.Piich i cjan \li rgi ni a
Minnesota Was h i ng ton
Mcniana Visconsi n
r The open-ended nature of the environmental impact statenent
9rocess flakes i t particuiarfy j i c n i f i c a n t t o the pianners of
industrial ?ro:ects. A t a minimum; the detzrsination that an
EIS wi 1 1 be required will entaii an extensive dzta-gathering
e f f o r t aca xi i: subject a ~ r c j ~ ta
c t a. f u l i range 3 f pub;ic
examinatian. i t will open u p 3 1 1 aspects of a n e n t i r o
 b

2 .

project to review and as successive questions are rais2d 2nd

answered may interpose substantial, delzys ; n the schedule f o r
obtain i n g regulatory approvals. I n 3ddi t i o n , i t may provide
numerous grounds for jud'c'al attack. Thus; where an EIS
will be reauired;its 'm?lications upon scaedule and v i a b i l i t y
must b e recognized a t the outset.

To summarize briefly the effect of the National Environmental

Po1;cy hct undzr the industrial s i t i n g process, a decision diagrm has
See0 developed 2nd i s shown i n Figures49 A - G . T ' n e i e figures show t h e
I
3sslssment 2nd i'mpact statement revi.ew proccsscs .
 FIGURE 4 9 A N A T I O N A L ENVIRONMENTAL P O L I C Y ACT DECISION DIAGRAM

DECISION TO nvlin
OR l!OUIrY/EXPnND ENV IRONFIENTCL ASSESS- ENVIROtMENl'AL ASSESS-
REFINERY IfEtIT PERFOWlED BY
FIITTEO BY t P P c I c n t l T STATCI4EIIT SCNT TO IS~I.I~O~.ISOII FIGIJRC 49-0
AGENCY 1501 ( 1 ) APPROPRI ATE ACEIICIES

! IGNIFICAHT IIIPACT) LECAL V P E A L S FIGURE I q - 0

1501 ( 1 )

( 1 ) RKFC115 TO APFROPRlArC SECTIONS 01: Ill€ CCQ G I I I I X I INKS FnUNll I N IIPCtNDlX. ( - 1 .

 ,
FIGURE 49B NATIONAL EVVIRONMENTAL POLICY ACT DECISION DIAGRAM

..
PRELlMlNARV DRMT tIRAFT lHPACT STATE - EPA PUB1 ISltES NOTI'CE
IMPACT SfATEHEfiT llENT PREPARED 8 SENT TO EINIRONHEIITAL OF ORAFT E I S I N GO TO BLOCK t
FOR INICRAGENCY TO APPROPRIATE PROTELTIOH AGENCY rEDERAL REGISTER FIGURE 4 9 - C
--- 1JSE AGENCIES . (€PA) AND PllOLlC NOTICE
1502 (1) 1506 ( 1 )

I N FAVOR OF " F W S I " GO TO OLOCK r

I FlGlJRE 49-0
 .- .- .- . ---
- - -.
>

OL061 E COIDBNTS OV RESPONSIBLE OF'FICIAL

~ R ~ ~ ~ F ~ 49-0-.
C U R E rNrERCSTED . -- DECIDES I F HEARIHG I S IlEARlNG YES NOTICE OF CUD1 lC
IIE~RI~IC
AGENCIES~ IS NEC~SSARY IIEAR:MG GOFIGIIRE
TO RlOCK
19-116
PURLISIIED WELD
- . ... -- - .--- PUOLlC 1506 ( 1 )
1503 ( 1 )

,
-

NO

GO TO OLOCK It
FIGURE 4 9 - 0
( I ) RLrFRS TO APPRnPRlATE SECIlONS I N TllE CEQ UllDELlNES FOUNn I N APPENDIX C-1. . l----.-l
 FIGURE 4 9 D N A T I O N A L EEVIRONMENTAL P O L I C Y ACT D E C I S I O N DIAGRAM

[ --
x q----- 1-9 - C .-.
FILIIRF 1-=I - -.
COPIES TO APPPO-
PR lAT1E5 0ACliNC
2 ( 1 )lE S
.. .-....
.,
. VERDICT

1 NOT I N
rAm

r --1 MAJOR DECISION

CONCERN1NG FUllWE
OF PROJECT
1.: . 2 Introduction

On January 1 , 1970, the National Environmental Policy Act (NE?A)

was signed i n t o law. Under t h i s a c t , environmental considerations must be
included in decision-making processes concerning federal projects and
a c t i v i t i e s . S p e c i f i c a l l y , NE?A requires each federal agency to prepare a
d e t a i l e d statsment of envircnmental impact before proceeding with any
major action t h a t may s i g n i f t c a n t l y a f f e c t the q u a l i t y of the human environ-
ment. The Council of Environtrental Quality has issuid several - s e t s of
cjuiaelines on how t o . p r e p a r e environmental impact statements, the most
recent of which i s e f f e c t i v e July 30, 1979. A copy of NEPA and gu'idel ines
can be found in ~ p p e n d i xC-1 .and C - 2 .

To determine i f t h e action has a s i g n i f i c a n t environmental impact,

a careful e x a m i n a t i ~ nmust ce made of the i n d u s t r i a l prccess and the s i t e
l o c a t i o n . I t i s important t o know the types of m i s s i o n s t h a t will r e s u l c
from the proposed project i n terms of a i r , water o r hazardous waste,
whether the amounts being emitted a r e s i g n i f i c a n t and whether tkey a r e
regulate4 by any f e d e r a l , s t a t e or local standards. The e x i s t i r ~ gcon-
d i t i o n s of the s i r e should be examined t o determine i f t h e r e a r e special
mvironmental c o n s t r a i n t s t h a t will make compliance d i f f i c u l t . i t will a i s c
be useful t o know i f s i t i n g a plant a t t h i s location was proposed by
another firm and the types of obstacles they faced.

4.1 . 3 Environmental Impact S t u d i es

I t i s important to understand the d i s t i n c t i o n betaeen an Environ-

ment Assessment (EA) and an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) . An EA
i s a document describing the environmental impacts of a proposed .action,
and i s prepared to detgrmine whether o r not an EIS i s needsd. The EA nay
be prepared by e i t h e r the agpi icant or the government agency involved.
However, before the government agency accept; the EA, i t must take the
r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r the accuracy of the contents of tne E.4. Some agencies
r e f e r to a docuaent prepared by the applicant which i s called an environ-
mental report ( € 4 ) . Tho ER i s submitted t o the agency and used i n the
p r e p a r a t i o n o f an E A . An EIS i s required under NE?A sn any n a j o r f e d e r a l
a c t i o n s i g n i f i c a n t 1 y a f f e c t i n g the human environment wnen f e d e r a l funding
i s provided ( i n who1 e o r p a r t ) o r f e d e r a l approvais o r permits a r e r o q u i r e d ,
unless t h e individual s t a t u t e s provide f o r an exemption. The federal s t a t u t e s
most l i k e l y t o a f f e c t environmental c o n s i d e r a t i c n s a r e surnmarizod i n
Tab1 e 3 6 .
. .
Furthermore, many s t a t e s ( i n a d d i t i o n t o some local i t i e s ) have
adopted ordinances which are, comparable t o the f e d e r a l NEPA require-
ments. One must be c a r e f u l t o check' i f suc'h r e q u i r g e n t s apply s i n c e
c o n t e n t , timing, and consul f a t i o n r e q u i r e ~ e n t smay vary from t h e f e d e r a l
NEPA process.

4.1 . S Agency Consul t a t i o r 1

\

A t t h i s point i n t h e p r o j e c t development, t h e a p p l i c a n t has

design information concerning t h e new r e f i n e r y o r major nodi f i c a t i o n and
has j e l e c t s d s e v e r a l p o r o n t i a l s i t e s . The appl i c a n t should be aware o f t h e
environmental c c n s t r a i n t s and be a b l e t o j u s t i f y any s i g n i f i c a n t impacts by
m i t i g z t i o n of t h e s e impacts a n d / c r demonstration of a ' need f o r t h i s p r o j e c t
30th on an economic and energy b a s i s . The e a r l y s t a g e s of p r o j e c t develop-
ment .should i n c l u d e a s t u d y of a l t e r n a t i v e i n d u s t r i a l processes and a1 t e r n a -
t i v e s i ' t e s . This will a s s i s t t h e a p p l i c a n t i n t h e f i n a l s e l e c t i o n and .will
a l s o demonstrate t o t h e snvironmental agencies t h a t environmental f a c t o r s
a r e s e r i o u s l y considered i n t h e s e l s c t i o n p r o c e s s . I f t h e s e p r e p a r a t o r y
s n v i r o n m e n i ~ l s t u d i e s a r e not conductsd, t h e appi i c a n t r i s k s t h e time and
qoney spent on p r o j e c t development by hav'ng t h e s e l e c t e d s i t e r e j x t e a .

The f e d e r a l , s t a t e and l o c a l environmental o f f i c i a l s should b e

consulted !o make t h m awaro ~f t h e 9 r j j e c t and a l s ~e s t a b l i s h a l i n e of
communications. These o f f i c i a l s should be a s i e d t o s p e c i f y t h e exact
sermi t requirements and t h e f o r n of ; e r n i t appl ics'li'ons . . I t i s p a r t i c u l a r l y
important t o e s t a b l i s h t h e f i e l d monitoring requirements s i n c e they w i l l
be one of t h e most c o s t l y and time consuming componc:nts of the p r o c e s s .
The appl i c a n t nay be zb! 2 t o g e t jomo i n d i c a t i o n a s to t h e 1 i kel lhood o=
 TABLE 36

PRINCIPAL FEDERAL E!.'\/IRONhEiJTAL STATGTES AiiB

NEPA REQU IREMENTS

Statute EIS Required -

Exmp?

C ? ean Watcr Act For new sourcts A l l other sections

mly o f Act.

Clean Air A c t A l l actions exempt

Coastal Zone S t a t e program Individual projects -

Managment A c t subject to NEPA exempt

Oredge and F i l l COE permits subject

Permi t s to NEPA

Fuel. Use ~ c t Some actions exenpt

Resource Conserva- EPA permits for

tion and 2acovery hazardous w a s t e
Act management f a c i l i -
t i e s are subject t o
NEPA
 an EIS being required. I t would be b e n e f i c i a l t o request the.agencies t o

review t h e government a c t i o n s proposed by t h e a p p l i c a n t so t h a t t h e l e v e l o f

NEPA review may be determined. T h i s w i l l a l l o w t h e agency t i m e t o prepare an

EA o r EIS, i f required.
4.1.5 EIS Guidelines
*
The Counci 1 o f ~ n v i r o n m e n t a lQua1
' it y (CEQ) has e s t a b l i s h e d u n i f o r m

procedures f o r Federal implementation o f t h e p r o v i s i o n s o f NEPA. These new

procedures a r e intended t o reduce paperwork, reduce delays and produce b e t t e r

decisions. The step-by-step p r e p a r a t i o n o f an E I S under these,new g u i d e l i n e s

' i s shown i n Figure 50. One . o f t h e i m p o r t a n t h i g h l i g h t s o f t h e regulat.iur;s is

t h e ''scoping procedure," e s t a b l ished t o a s s i s t agencies i n d e c i d i n g what t h e

;.

c e n t r a l i s s l ~ e sare, how l o n g t h e EIS s h a l l be and 'how t h e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r

t h e E I S wil.1 be a l l o c a t e d among t h e l e a d agency and cuuper.dting agencies. The

scoping process i s t o begin as e a r l y i n t h e NEPA process as p o s s i b l e and i n t e -

'
g r a t e d w i t h o t h e r planning. The g u i d e l i n e s e s t a b l i s h a recommended format f o r

EIS's which a l l o w s a c l e a r p r e s e n t a t i o n o f t h e a1 t e r n a t i v e s o f t h e proposed

, a c t i o n . The standard format i s s'hown i n t h e f o l l o w i n g Table 37 and Appendix C-3

shows an a c t u a l EIS Table o f Contents.

I n those cases where a determination has been made ,thdL s i g n i f i c a n t

fmpacts msy r e . s u l t from the. f e d e r a l s c t i o n an. EA i.s. prepared, Once t h e EA has

6e.e.n prepared, one o f t h e f o l 1owf ng concl usi'ons. can be drawn.

The agency accepts t h e EA as an adequate assessment and determines t h a t
t h e r e a r e no si'gnificant impacts associated w i t h t h e f e d e r a l a c t i o n r e -
l a t e d t o t h e p r o j e c t . The agency then prepares a F i n d i n g o f No S i g n i f i -
c a n t Impact (FONSI) which i s a b r i e f statement s e t t i n g f o r t h t h e agency's
d e c i s i o n and t h e reasons f o r t h e n e g a t i v e determination. The EA i s used as
a support document.
e The agency determines t h a t t h e EA i s inadequate. I t can then make t h e
a p p r o p r i a t e m o d i f i c a t i o n s and review 'the document again.
r The agency determines t h a t t h e r e a r e s i g n i f i c a n t impacts associated w i t h
t h e f e d e r a l a c t i o n r e l a t e d t o t h e p r o j e c t and, t h e r e f o r e , decides t o
prepare a d r a f t EIS ( e i t h e r in-house o r using a c o n s u l t a n t ) .
I
8 .
 FIGURE 50
€ I S PROCESS UNDER THE NEW CEQ GUIDELINES

Note: Numbers r e f e r t o appropriate sections o f the July 30, 1978 CEQ Guide1 ines found
.. i n Appendix C-1.
 TABLE 37
..
TYPICAL E I S OUTLiNE

Sumnary (an e x e c u t i v e summary of t h e € I S ) -

1. Project Description

1.1 General C e s c r i p t i o n

1.2 Need f o r Proposed F a c i l i t y

1.3 D e s c r i p t i o n o f Property A c q u i s i t i o n
1 .J . The Proposed P l a n t
.. 2. Pro.ject A1 t e r n a t i v e s

2 . 1 No~uild

2.2 S i t e A1 t e r n a t i v e s

2.3 Process A1 t e r n a t i v e s

2.3 Treatment A ? t e r n a t i v e s

2.5 S e l e c t i o n of A1 t e r n a t i ves

3. Affected E n v i r ~ n m e n t

3.1 General D e s c r i p t i o n o f L o c a t i o n i n Region

3.2 General D e s c r i p t i o n of s i t e l o c a t i o n
Land Use and Development
Descri p t i 6n o f 2ecei v i ng Gater Body
P u b l i c F a c i l i t i e s and Services '

The C u l t u r. a l .Xesources
Geology and Topography
Demography
Socio-Economic 2 r o f i 1e
C l imatology
A i r Qua1it y
Hydro1ogy
Terres tri a1 B i o t a
Aquatic B i o t a
 ,
TAaLE 37 (Contd)

Environmental I n p a c t o f P r o ~ o s e dA c t i o n

4.1 Construction Impacts

Cons t r u c t i on P l ans
Land Use
!dater Use
Air
Biota
Aesthetics
Erosion
Soci o-Economi c

Operational Impacts
Water I n t a k e
Heat O i s s i p a t i o n System
A i r Quality
S o l i d Waste Disposal
Ecclogi cal Impacts
Vas tewater Discharge
Noise
S'oci o-Economi c

4.3 Adverse Envi ronmental A f f e c t s Xhi ch Cannot Se Avoi ded and

Measures t o Yinimize :arm

Federal , State, Local and Other Sourcts From '.4hich Comments 4ave
Beep Requested

Abbrevi a t i o n s Used

References

L i s t of Prepares

Aopendi ces
 If an EA i s determined to be inadequats, i t i s generally
f o r one o f t!le f u l l owi ng 'reasons. A1 so shcwn a r e possi b ? e ~neasures:vhicn
could be used in the planning stages to assure an adequate EA
Analysis of one o r mor9 issues was inadequate -
by consulting
w i t h the agencies ahead of time t o determine t h e i r requi rements ,
t h i s problen can be minimized,
a -
Analysis of a l t e r n a t i v e s i s i n s u f f i c i e n t by involving a s
many of the potential p a r t i e s as e a r l y as possibly the f u l l
range of a1 t e r n a t i v e s i s more 1 i k s l y t o be considered.
1
o Environmental impacts a r e signi f i c a n t - The measures planned
'to m i t i g a t e environmental impacts' by engineerl'ng c o n s f d e r a t i ~ n s
( p o l l u t i o n c o n t r o i s , selection of process, e t c . ) must be
considered. :I

The d r a f t EIS prepared by the lead federal agency wili be c i r c u l a t e d

f o r review to f e d e r a l , s t a t e , and .locai agencies and t o i n t e r e s t e d individuals
and publ i c groups. A p u b l i c 'hearing usually will be conducted.

After evaluating the comments from the review process, the

agency will address substantive comments, issues and views brought t o the
agency's a t t e n t i o n . These responses will be i n c c r p o r a t ~ di n t o f i n a l EIS.
Copies of the f i n a l EIS, with attached review comnents a r e sent t o a l l
reviewers aho provided co~mentsand to the USEPA.

Typical time periods for the s t e p s of the NE?A process a r e as

follows :
r Preparation of €A -1 . 5 t o 2 years depending on the extent of
f i e l d programs.
Review by federal agency -
3 t o 5 months
@ Preparation of d r a f t EIS by federal agency -
4 t o 5 months
Public ccmment period between 3EIS a ~ dFEiS 3 months -
-
Preparation of f i n a l EIS 3 to 6 months.

However, the r e f i n e r w i t h his p r o j e c t ' s . design in process n u s t

a1 so coordinate t h i s s+ch.e.dulew i t h - . the. pe.rmi~tsdiscussed later. . Th.is
qclrikdul i,!g.of t h e 'CIEPA process, permtts, appl ications and project develop-
,merit i:$ a compl i'ca.ted art and subject to reversals and problems.
4.1.7 Interaction ;~.rit b Pfrnii t Programs and s i e l d Study
3equ i remen t s

Both the length o f , and c o s t s associated ~ t ~ i t hthe , MEPA proc2ss

a r e s i g n i f i c a n t l y a f f e c t e d by other p e r n i t processes t h a t nay apply to
t h e project as well as the extent of f i e l d yograms. These a r e discussed
be1 ow.

a Air Quality

A v a r i e t y n f a i r regulations and permit requirements, discussed

' n Section. 4 . 2 , a r e c u r r e n t l y in e f f e c t which w i i i a f f e c t r e f i n e r y s i t i n g ,
major modification o r expansion. i'nes.2 include Elew Source Performance
standards (NSPS), Prevention of S i g n i f i c a n t Detericration (PSD), and
Emission Offset Pol icy-Nonattainment i?egul ation;. The f i e 1 d program '
associated with these requirements can be extensive, g e ~ e r a l l yon the
order of cne- yea.r. EPA has pub1 ished guide1 i c e s on a i r qua1 i t y monitoring
programs t h a t a r e f a i r l y s p e c i f i c , b u t there i s room f o r negotiation ( e . 3 .
for the number of monitoring s i t s s ) . In addi t i a n , t.he conputer'rnodel ing
compocent of the analysis may vary s i g n i f i c a n t l y . I t i s t h e r e f o r e important
to make e a r l y contact with the EPA (once the s i t e has been e s t a b l i s h e d ) as
t o t h e monitoring and modeling requirenents. These programs can be time
consuming, as one can see frori Table 38 and c o s t i y . .The general goal
of EPA i s to have the monitoring and modeling studies required f o r the a i r
permit complete so the r e s u l t s can be incor7orated i n t o the NEPA procsss.

o biater Quality

Water q u a l i t y sampling programs in connection w i t h t h e National

Pa1 1utant O i scharge El i n i n a t i o n System (NPDES) perrri t program can vary
widely w i t h respect to time and' c o s t . Time and c o s t a r e a Cunctian o f the
number of years 'of sampl ing , number of sampl i ng p o i n t s , number and k i n d of
Ijarameters t o be measilred, s t c . .Typical rnoni t o r i ng progriams can i nclude
several years of pre-constructi0.n moni t o r i ng , construction period monitor-.
i ng, and several years of pos t-construct ion (operational ) moni t o r i fig.
!u'ith respect to the.i\lE?A process, one year of data has genera?'ly been
s u f f i c i e n t i n 3 r d ~to nva!uate the potential environmental impacts o f tbe
project.
283
 TABLE 38
TIME REQUIRED FOR flEW SOURCE REViEW PERMIT ISSUANCE %IT3
,ONE-YEAR MONITORING PROGRAH
\

Time f o r Cumulative
Activity Time
Act'iv iCy (Months) [Months)
-.
Specify m o n i t o r i n g requ.ired

Select vendors and contqactors 0-3 1-5

Procure and iistal 1 equipment

Conduct 1 - y r base1 i n e
monitoring

Complete d a t a analysis, modeling

and permst a p p l i c a t i o n

Request s p e c i a l model ( l:'r neces-

sary) w i t h agency hearing and
review 0-6 15-31

Hearings on appl i c z t i o n and

agency rev i ew

Source: P o l l u t i o n Engineering Yearbook and- Product R i f e r e n c e Guide, 1979

 8iological programs (e.9. 315 a i b studies) can a1s.o be as
lengthy ( prs-, during, 2nd post-construction monitoring) and vary
significantly with locale, species present, number' of samples, etc. Aszin
one year o f monitoring data has generally begn s u f f i c i e n t for NEP.4 purycses.
These actual mcni toring requirements with respect t o ' both water qua1 i t y and
biological programs can vary significantly from one EPA region to another
2nd frog o n e . s t a t e to another.

~ c n s utation
l w i t h the Corps of Engineers about prsjects ifivol v i n g
wetlands' (Section 404) and dredge and f i l l (Section 10) a c t i v i t i e s ' i s also
requirted. The Corps further consuits with the U . S. Fish and Wildlife
Service. Studies in t h i s area are again subject to great variance depending
on local conditions and the agencies involved. One year i s generally
sufficient for NiPA purposes.

a C t h e r F i e i d Programs

-.Ine
gther programs of concern Ere ncise and culturai resource *

analyses. These studies are much less complicated and costly than the fi210
programs described previously. They can s a s i l y be done within the NEPA
timeframe. Wi t h respect t o cultural resources, consul t a t i on wi t h the State
Historic Preservation Officer i s important t o identify resources and
sensitive areas and to scope any f i e l d stydies.

The applicant should establish a public awarenes.s program as a

part of the early stage project development. A t the same time, the applicant
.consults with federal, s t a t e and local agencies, a similar e f f o r t should be
i n i t i a t e d with local government groups and interested or&ci zations. The
publics awareness of the groject i s affected by the demcnstrzted need f o r
the action. and the expected benefits to the local communi t y (economic and
energy). I t i s inpcrtant to secure genera? zcceptance and support f o r the
prcposed action, early on in the NEPA process, bef3re the c s ~ p l e t i o ncf the
f.4 c r d r a f t EIS cccsment.
 Methods t o increase ?ublic partiiigation and accepranc. 5 r . r
p u b l i c hearings; i,niorrnal p u b l i c rneeti ncs , advisory groups of private
c i t i z e n s , public i n t e r e s t grsups and p u b l i c o f f i c i a l s . The beginning of
public awareness i s a presentation that. describes the proposed action,
potential impacts and proposed mi t i g a t i o n and economic and energy benefits .
4.2 THE CLEAN AIR ACT (CM)

e N a t i o n a l Ambient A i r Qua1it y Standards (NAAQS) promulgatsd

by €PA s p e c i f y maximum c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f 901 1 u t a n t s l e g a l l y
p e r m i s s i b i e anywhere i n t h e c o u n t r y . The p o l l u t a n t s o f concern
a r e : ? a r t i c u l a t e s , s u l f u r d i o x i d e , l e a d , photcchemical o x i d a n t s
. (ozone), hydrocarbons, carbon monoxi'de , and n i t r o g e n d i o x i d e .
The p r i n c i p a l NAAQS were s e t i n 1971 .'

0 S t a t e I m p l e m e n t z t i o n Plans (SIPs) developed by t h e s t a t e s and

approved by EPA c o n t a i n t h e a c t u a l abatemect requirements
d e v i s ~ tdn reduce a i r 201 1u t i on as necsssary t o 3 c h i eve conpl i-
ance rri t h t h e NAAQS.

0 R e v i s i o n o f SIPS: The 1977 Amendments o f t h e CAA r e q u i r e each

s t a t e t o r e v i s e t h e SIP f o r a l l nonattainment areas, t i g h t e n i n g
abatement requirements so as t o assure a t t a i n m e n t o f iu1.l c a m p l i -
ance by 1982; a f u r t h e r e x t e n s i o n t o 1987 i s a l l o w e d photochemical
o x i d a n t s and carbon monoxide, under c e r t a i n condi t i o n s ; unless
SIP r e v i s i o n s a r e s u b m i t t s d by s t a t e and approved by EM p r i o r
t o J u l y I , 1979, new sources may n o t be c o n s t r u c t e d .in such
areas a f t e r " t h a t d a t e u n t i i t h e p l a n i s approved. S i n c e many
SIPs a r e c u r r e n t l y b e i n g r e v i s e d , c a r e must be used t o v e r i f y
c u r r e n t a p p l i c a b l e SIP.

6 Indus t'ri es . e m i t t i n g asbestos , b e r y l 1 iurn, mercury, o r v i ny 1

c h l o r i d e a r e s u b j e c t t o s p e c i a1 r e g u l a t i o n s under n a t i o n a l
e m i s s i o n standards f o r hazardous a i r p o l l u t i o n (NESHAPA).

e . New source performance standards vrould a p p l y t o a new r e f i n e r y

and an expansion; t h e r e g u l a t i o n s currently i s s u e d and proposed
s h o u l d be checked.

e P r e v e n t i o n o f S i g n i f i c a n t D e t e r i o r a t i o n (?SC)
A r e g u l a t o r y program r s q u i r i n g p r z c o n s t r u c t i o n a p p r o v a l of new
p l a n t s w i t h s i g n i f i c a n t p o t e n t i a l emissions t o be b u i l t i n c l e a n
a i r areas.

e C h i e f components o f t h e PSC program:

1 Area c l a s s i f i c a t i o n system -- a l l i r e z s i n t h e c o u n t r y mee'ing

a i r q u a l i t y standards c l a s s i f i e d Class 1, Class 11, o r Class
I11 w i t h v a r y i n g l i m i t a t i o n s on g r ~ w t hi n each c l a s s .

2. Increments o f a i r qua: it y -- numerical 1 i:ni t a t i o n s r ' e s t r i c t

increases o f p o l l u t i a n above e x i s t i n a b a s e i i n e c o n c e n t r a t i o n s .
 3. SACT -- a l l l a r g e p l a n t s under PSD must i n s t a l 1
b e s t a v a i l able cdntr01 techn3logy (determined on a
case-by-case basis 1.

4. P r e c o n s t r u c t i o n approval --
d e t a i l e d requirements, data
analyses, and p u b l i c hearings.

r P l a n t s subj.ect t o PSD: new o r expansions l o c a t e d i n any

area where a i r qual it y standards ar? being met and i f pot9nt.i a 1
emissions of any r e g u l a t e d p o l l u t a n t exceed 1.00 ions p e r y e a r f o r
p l a n t s w i t h i n 23 s p e c i f i e d i n d u s t r i a l categories o r if p o t e n t i a l
emissions exceed 250 tons p e r y e a r f o r any o t h e r p l a n t .

Two-tiered PSD review: Sources s u b j e c t t o PSD b u t w i t h ~ c t g a l

emissions n o t exceeding 50: tons p e r yezir, 1000 sunc cis p e r day,
o r 100 pounds p e r hour q u a l i f y f o r a simp: i f i e d review, omi t t i n g
requirements t o demonstrate compliance w i t h increment and to
i n s t a l 1 8ACT-. *

0 NONATTAINMENT: i n any area where any ambient a i r q u a i i t y

standard i s being v i o l a t e d , no major new source, such' as a
r e f i n e r y , can be constructed w i t h o u t a p e r m i t .

a Nonattainnent Sources: Sources s u b j e c t t o nonattainment

requirements i n c l u d e any new p l a n t ( o r zxpansicn) w i t h p o t e n t i a l
emissions equal t o o r g r e a t e r than 100 tons p e r y e a r p i p a r t i -
c u l a t e s , SO2, NO, v o l a t i l e organic compour?ds, o r carbon monoxide.

0 Tdo-Tiered lionattainment Review: Sources s u b j e c t t o n o n a t t a i n -

ment b u t w i t h a c t u a l emission n o t exceeding SO tcns ? e r y e a r ,
1000 pounds p e r day, o r 100 .pounds p e r hour qual i fy f o r a
simp1 if i e d review, o m i t t i n g r e q u i rements of o f f s e t s and LdER.

0 Chi e t Components of Nonattai nment Review:

1. Offsets - Enforceable reductions i n e x i s t i n g sources of

p o l l u t i o n which exceed the g r o j e c t e d emi sri ons from the
proposed f a c i 1 i t j .

2. L'AER,- Lowest achievable emission r a t e .

3. Other sources w i t h i n t h e s t a t e i n compliance.
4. A p p l i c a b l e S I P i s being c a r r i e d o u t .

5. Provide p u b i i c review and hearings.

a PSD-NONATTAINMENT Over1 tip: A new r e f ' n e r y o r 2i t h e r an e x ~ a n son i

o r m o d i f i c a t i o n of an e x i s t i n g r e f i n e r y can be s u b j e c t t o both
PSD and n o n a t t a i firnent revieltr if :
 1. The p r o j e c t i s l o c a t e d i n a 253 f o r m e s e t of p o l l u t a n t s
and nonattainment f o r o t h e r p o l l u t a n t s , or

2. The emissions from a p r o j e c t l o c a t e d i n a'?SD area causes

an impact on a nonattainment a r e a ' o r v i c e versa.

e Civi 1 Suits - Section 304 of the Clean A i r Act provides enforce-

ment by c i v i 1 u n i t s . These s u i t s n,vhich can be f i l e d by any .
person can be a g a i n s t an e m i t t e r , the a d r n i n i s t r 3 t o r , o r any
government agency.
I
J u d i c i a l Review- Because of the importance and sometimes t h e
c o n t r o v e r s i a l n a t u r e of EPA's decisions concerning the Clean
A i r Act, some decisions are chal lenged i n the Court o f Appeals
'

f o p t h e D i s t r i c t - o f Calumbia. The PSD r e g u l a t i o n s (40 CFR 51.24

and 52.21) are undergoing j u d i c i a l review as of t h i s wr?t i n g .
The r e s u l t s a f t h i s case w i l l i n v a l i d a t s major poFtions o f '
t h i s PSD program.
,
To summarize t h e Clean A i r Act upon the s i t i n g process f o r a
new r e f i n e r y , a d e c i s i o n diagram has been deveioped and i s shown i n Figures 51-53
These f i g u r e s Show t h e r e g u l a t o r y c o n s i d e r a t i o n s and impacts faced by a
p o t e n t i a1 new source. Tni.s same. d e c i s i o n process on the r e g u i a t o r y impacts
L

f o r major m o d i f i c a t i o n s o r expansions a r e presented i n Figures 5 4 - 5 6 , These

requirements are discussed i n the n e x t chapter.
 FIGURE 5 1 CLEAN k1R:ACT D E C I S I O N DIAGRAM FOR NEW REFINERY

I %
REVIEH
I FROEl T H I S POINT,
F CAA 5170-178
4 0 CFR 51

r ?
,
I T l l l S DIAGRAM l1UST
BE rOLLOWED FOR . t10 APP-S
RLOCK A FIGURE 52A

-
EACH WLL UTANT
DEC1SIO)F TO BUICO
A NEN REFlt4ERY
HAS BEEN tIAOE
- CllOOSE A S I T E
FOR TllE NEW
REF IIIERY
.
EXNIINE THE EX'STGNG
S I P AWD Tilt.
PROPOSED S I P (1F
NOT ACCEPIEO B I E W ) - OETERHI NE.
POLLUTANTS
lHA' M I L L BE
I
I
.

-
FOR APPLICAELE P W V l jI?.rJS EMITTED 1
I

Ly-l '
FDLLON PSO RCVIEU
CAA 4 1 6 6 - 1 6 9 4
4 0 CrR 52.21
BLOCK A FIQJRE 53n
.
1
1
 FIGURE 52A CLEAN A I R ACT - NON-ATTAINMENT REVIEW DECISION DIPGRAM
FOR NEW REFINERIES

M S T BE 'I.1ET
BEFORE STPRTUP
CAA 517:(3)

1 SOURCES OWUEU I N GO .TO

THE PROPOSED STATE YES BLOCK B
IiAS 1 9 7 9 S I P B E I N S CARRIED
BLOCK A I N COllPLlANCE W I T H C
FIGURE 5 2 8
C0llSlJl.T BEEN APPROVED
FROM ' --c ALL APPLICABLE
€PA
FIGURE 51

IlAS TllE STATE

EFFORT TOWARDS
SUOIIITTIIIG 1 9 7 9 S I P
CAA 5 1 7 6 ( a ) ( 3 )

110 CONSTRUCT ION

OF A tWJOR SOURCE
ALLOWED AFTER,
6 / 3 0 / 7 9 UNTIL
S I P APPROVEll
 FIGURE 528 CLEAN A I R ACT - NON-ATTAINMENT REVIEW DECISION DIAGRAM
FOR NEW REFINERIES

. . MI\THEIlATICAL
I.U)OEL ING MONITORING BLOCK 0
OF S!TE PRCC.RNI FIGURE 52C

APPLY I.MR
1 0 POLLUmNl
FIGURE 5:A < 10001'FD CfA 5 1 7 3 ( B ) ( Z )
<'lGOPPH ICt CFR 5 1 QPP-S

BLOCK F '
FRUI FIGURE 5 2 ~
NO
. .

BLOCK C LOCATE

- r r l
FIcllQE 52C I APPROPRIATE I~ATIIE~ATICRL
1 =- OFFSETS I.IOOEL I N G OF BLOCK E
CM 5 1 7 3 ( 1 ) ( A ) N M O S TEST FIGURE 52C
10 CFR 5 1 AFP-S ,
 FIGURE 52c CLEAN AIR ACT - NON-ATTAINMENT REVIEW DECISION DIAGRAM
FOR NEW REFINERIES

GO TO BLOCK F
FIGURE 52C

BLOCK E

FIGURE 5 2 8

r
NOTIFY TllE
DETERMIHE F I L L OUT PURLIC AND PER1.111 TO PERFORM POSl
FINAL A I R PER11IT IIOLO PVRLlC CONSTRUCT CONSTRLICT ION
N 4 ---c
a QUALITY APPLICATION IlEARl 'VGS GIVEN MONITORING
W VALUES AND PRESEtIT 4 0 CFR 51:18(h)
4
BLOCK C
FROM
FIGURE 5 2 8 .
GO TO
BLOCK F r? J
FIGURE 528
 FIGURE 53A CLEAN A I R ACT - PSD REVIEW D E C I S I O N DIAGRAM
FOR NEW R E F I N E R I E S

GO TO
C BLOCK B
FICllRF. 538
-
BLOCK A [Ill 55.1 ONS
FROM C M 5112 APPLY BACT
FlGllRE 51 4 0 CFR 6 0 <lOOOPPD

4 0 CFR 52.21tK) _ 40 CFR 5 2 . 2 1 I J )

1YES I

DOES €1.11 S S I C N S
IMPACT A
CLASS I A R M
40 C r R 5?.2(K)

II4PACT' RN AFEA

. I VCRE1,lCNT I S I.HOMN
TO RE VIOI.AYE0
40 CFR 52.2- (K)

FIGURE 5 3 C
F I G U R E 53B CLEAN A I R ACT -
PSD R E V I E W D E C I S I O N DIAGRAM
FOR NEW R E F I N E R I E S
 FIGURE 54C CLEAN A I R ACT - PSD REVIEW D E C I S I O N DIAGRAM
FOR NEW REFINERIES

FIGURE 538

t
NOTIFY THE PUBLlC I
e
F I L L OUT AIID HOLD PUBLIC
DETERlllNE CONSTRUCT , PERFORE1 POST
PERMIT IlEARl NGS PERMI: TO
FINAL'AIR __L
-- REFINERY CC~NSTItUCTION
APPLICATION CAA 1 6 5 ( a ) ( 2 ) CONST.ZUCT --L
AND
(JUAL1TY VALUES ,
40 CFR 51.181(H) IWN ITOR ING
N AND PRESENT STARTUP 4 0 CFR 5 2 . ? l ( n ) ( l )
L a 40 CFR ' 5 2 . 2 1 ( r ) ( 2 )
OI
f t I KO

1 BLOCK 0
FRCM
FIGURE S3A
1
 FIGURE 54 CLEAN A I R ACT DECISION. DIAGRAM FOR
EXPANSION~MODI
F I CAT1 ON. OF' A REFINERY

FROM T H I S POINT,
T l l I 5 OlAGWUl MUST
BE -FOLLOMO FOR
EACll POLLUTANT
No
1 1 FOLLOWN

REVIEW
'-
ATTAINIIENT

CAA 9 1 7 0 - 1 7 8
4 0 CFR 5 1 APP-5

H
I BLOCK A, FIGURE 55A

Cs::~l~~l:~:lo
1

DECISION TO EXPAND
EXAIIINE T I E E X I S T I N G
S I P AH0 TltE
S I P AH0 STltE
PROPOSED IP ( I F
OETERllINE
POLLUTANTS
DETERIIINE
I cHoh?:)
AN ATTAINEIENT
OR FlODlFYTO
DECISION EXPAND
REFINERY L PROPOSED S I P ( I F __L MAJOR I ~ O O I F l C A T I O N
TtlAT W I L L BE 10 CFR 52.21 AREA
IIAS BEEN IlAOE NOT ACCEPTED BY €PA) EEIITTEO CAA 5 1 0 7
FOR APPLICABLE PROVISIONS 10 CFR 5 1 APP-S dn TFD qJ
C i

I
PROJECT W I L L
HAVE TO MEET
ANY APPLICABLE

REGULATIONS
I
I
I
FOLLOW PSO REVIEW
CAA 5 1 6 6 - 1 6 9 A
4 0 CFR 5 2 . 2 1
BLOCK A. FIGURE 56A
 FIGURE 5 5 A CLEAN A I R ACT-NON-ATTAINMENT REVIEW D E C I S I O.N DIAGRAM
FOR EXPkNSIONIPfODIFICATION OF .9 REFINERY
THIS 'CONDITION
fWST BE 1.IET
REFOHE STARTUP
C M 9173(3)
40 CFR 5 1 AFP-S
I
NO

v
GO TO
BLOCK A BLOCK B
FROn . COttSULT BEINS CARRIED
--h FIGURE 568
FIGURE 54 EPA OUT FOR S I T E A t 1 APPLICABLE
--Pa

llAS TtlE '5TATE

SUBIllTT l t l t 1979 S I P
C M 5176 [ a ) ( 3 )

NO CONSTWCTION

S I P APPmVED ,

C M 511O(a)(i?)(f)
 FIGURE 55B CLEAN A I R ACT -
NON-ATTAI.NMENT REVIEW D E C I S I O N DIAGRAM
FOR EXPANSION/MODI F I C A T I O N OF A REFINERY

MA1 IIEIIATIC4L
1,IODEL ING BLOCK C
PROGRAEI FIGURE 55C

I YES

APPLY LAEP.
BLOCK 8 lm TO POLLUTANT
FROM MONITORIUG
CAA 5 1 7 3 ( B ) ( 2 )
FIGURE SSA 4 0 CFR 5 1 APP-S BE REQUIRED

--
GO TO DETERHIRE
F I N A L A I R QUALITY LOCATE
FIGIIRE, SSC APPROPRIATE 1IATIlEMAT I C A L GO TO
c OFFSETS MODELING OF ---c BLOCK 0
C M 5173(l)(r\) FIAAQS TEST . FIGURE 55C
4 0 CFR 51 A W - S

+
BLOCK E
FROM FIGURE 55C
 BLOCK C

6jGURE 5 5 8
FIGURE 55C -
CLEAN A I R ACT NON-ATTAINMENT REVIEW DECISION DIAGRAM
FOR EXPANSION/MODI F I C A T I O N OF A REFINERY

I4ONI TORI NG BLOCK A. FIGURE 56A

CAA 5 1 1 0 ( 0 )

BLOCK E
FIGURE 5 5 8

BLOCK 0

FIGURE 5 5 0

W
0
0
OETERFII 14E.
FINAL AIR
QUAL lTY
, VALUES
---c
F i L L OUT
PERIIIT
APPL I CAT1 OK
AND PRESENT
.
'
NOTIFY THE.
PUBLIC AND
HOLD PUBLIC
IIEARIUGS
40 CFR 5 1 . 1 8 [ h )
4

.
PER1111 TO
CONSTRUCT
GIVEN
- PEPJORN POST
CONSTRUCTION
EICNITORING
4 0 CFR APP-S

NO

Go TO
BLOCK E
FIGURE 5 5 0
 FIGURE 56A CLEAN A I R ACT -
PSD REVIEW DECISION DIAGRAM
FOR EXPANSION/MODI F I C A T I O N OF A REFINERY

BLOCK B
FIGURE 5 6 8
YES

JECTEO QLLAIilITIES
OF POLLI:~ANT BE WILL I.WNITOR1 NG
OFFSET WITHIN RE REQUIRE0 #
4 0 CFR 5 2 . 2 1 ( N )

NO

W
0
w -
GO TO
BLOCK C
FIGURE 5 6 0

1 NO . .

IIIPACT AN AREA
UllERE AN APPLICABLE
INCREt.IElI1 I S KNOWN
-
YES

10 BE VIOLATED

BLOC):, D
FIGURE 56C
 FIGURE 56B C-EAR A I R ACT -
PSD REVIEW D E C I S I O N DIAGRAM
FOR EXP9FISIONJMODI F I C A T I O N O F - A REFINERY

MATllEllAT I CAI. 'EIIFO2M l:ONITOR LNG NOttATTAI Nl.lEN I

t1OOELINC S I T I N G F)I( I YEAR
FIGURE 56A 4 0 CFI< 52.21 l o CF? 5:.:I( n ](2) C M 511010) ULOCK A. FlGURE 55A

MATHEMATICAL GO TO
YES BLOCK 0

. INCREMiNT TEST
MODELING TO
TEST NAA'JS
4 0 CFR 52.21
. - FIGURE 56C

1 NO

REEYALUATE

TECHMOLOGY
I YES
( T,O REEVALUATE
CONTPOL T E C H N O I C Y ]
 FIGURE 56C CLEAN A I R ACT -
PSD REVIEW DECISION DIAGFAM
FOR EXPAC1SION/MODIFICATION OF A REFINERY

I BLOCK D
FROM
FIGURE 56ABB
I
t *
NOTIFY THE PUBLIC .
OETERIqINE
FINAL AIR
QUAL I T Y VAl.UcS
.__c
'
F I L L OUT
PERMIT
APPLICATION
AND PRESENT .
4 0 CFR 5 2 . 2 1 ( R ) ( l )
"
AN11 HOLD PUBLIC
HEARINGS
CAA 1 6 5 ( a ) ( 2 )
40 CFR 51.1Rl,(H)
4 0 CFR. 5 2 . 2 1 ( r ) ( 2 )
- '
F.E RI.1 IT TO
DDNSTRUCT 4
CONSTRUCT
REF1 NERY
AND
STARTUP
PERFORM POST
CONSTRUCTION
I4ON ITOR ING
40 CFR 5 2 . ? l ( n ) l l )

t NO
 The f i r s t a c t which addressed a i r p o l l u t i o n was passed i n 1955,
" A i r P o l l u t i o n Control Research and Technical Assistance Act," P u b l i c
Law 84-159. I t was'amended i n 1963 and gave the f e d e r a l government regu-
1 a t o r y . a u t h o r i t y concerning a i r p o l l . u t i o n . The b a s i c s t a t u t o r y framework
now i n e f f e c t was e s t a b l i s h e d by t h e Clean A i r Act of 1970, P u b l i c Law
91-504. Congress amended t h e 1970 Act i n 1974 t o deal w i t h . e n e r g y - r e l a t e d
questions and again i n 1977 (P.L. 95-95) when a number o f amendments were
, adopted w i t h p a r t i c u l a r l y i m p o r t a n t p r o v i s i o n s concerning a.pproval of new
i n d u s t r i a l p l a n t s o r , as i n t h i s rase, a new r e f i n e r y o r expansion of an
existing facility.

A1 though t h e complexity o f t h e Cl'ean A i r Act deserves f u l l d i s -

cussion, i t would be very lengthy, complicated, and s u b j e c t t o change due
t o t h e Alabama Power Company Court d e c i s i o n which i ~ v a l i d a t e dmajor s e c t i o n s
o f t h e amendments. A copy o f the Clean A i r A c t w i t h the 1977 amendments and
t h e Alabama Power Company d e c i s i o n can be fo.und i n Appendix 0-1 and 0-2'.
C e r t a i n e s s 2 n t i a l f e a t u r e s o f t h e s t a t u t o r y framework must be recognized i n
order t o understand t h e manner i n which t h e Clean A i r A c t . a i f f e c t s approval
o f new r e f i n e r i e s o r expansion o f an existing' r e f i n e r y .

4.2.3 N a t i o n a i Ambient Air qua1 it y Standards

The Clear!' A.iri A c t was b u i l t on the concept o f achl:cving s p e c i f i e d

N a t i o n a l Ambient Q u a l i t y Standards (NAAQS). The standards d e f i n e the q u a l -
i t y o f a i r which must be achieved t o p r e v e n t adverse h e a l t h e f i & , t s . Many
c r i t i c a l features o f the program o r i g i n a t e from t h i s foundation - including
t h e b a s i c p o i n t t h a t c o n t r o l requireme'nts depend on adequate data and a n a l y s i s ,
t o determine what t h e a'ir q u a l i t y a c t u a l l y i s , t o i d e n t i f y the sources o f
p o l l u t i o n a f f e c t i n g a i r q u a l i t y and t h e sanner i n wnich p o l l u t a n t s are
dispersed and i n t e r a c t i n the ambient a i r , and t o determine what reductions
and c o n t r o l s a r e needed t o a c h i w e s p e c i f i e d a i r qua1 it y o b j e c t i v e s .
 , The ~b.;nci?ai stsndards z r s c s ? ?etj griirai-y a i r zga: i t y standards.
These a r e based on heal t h , and specify the l e v e l s o f p o i 1u t i on' which ... . . cannot

be exceeded w i t h o u t t h r e a t e n i n g adverse e i f 2 c t s on human h e a l t h . Another

s e t of standards, t h e secondary a i r qual it y standards,:. s e t 1i m i t s on
concsntrations o f p o l l u t i o n t h a t cannot be exceeded w i t h o u t adverse effects
on pub1 ic we1 f a r e ( v e g e t a t i o n , p r o n e r t y damage, scenic value; etc. ) ..

A b a s i c f e a t u r e of the c l e a n a i r program. i s t h a t a i r .qua1it y

standards a r e issued f o r in d i v i dual p o l l u t a n t s , and t h e r e g u l a t o r y c o n t r o l s
t h e r e f o r e a r e t i e d t o t h e i n d i v i d u a l p o l l u t a n t s . I n a sense, the Clean
A i r A c t e s t a b l i s h e s n o t one r e g u l a t o r y program b u t severa'l , a separate
program f o r each p o l 1u t a n t ' f o r whi ch standards have been e s i a b l ished.

Another s i g n i f i c a n t f a c t o r a r i s e s o u t - o f t h e c d n c e p t t h a t t h e
a i r qual it y standards a r e designed t o prevent adverse e f f e c t s . Sci e n t i f ic
observations have . i n d i c a t e d t h a t i n some cases adverse effects occur i n
response t o b r i e f excoswes t o h i g h l e v e l s o f p c l l u f i o n , whereas o t h e r
types of damage may r e s u l t from long-term exposures t o lower l e v e l s .of
pollution. For t h i s reason, most of t h e a i r . ity standards s p e c i f y
two types of l i m i t a t i o n s -- long-term standards which cannot be exceeded
on an annual average, and s h o r t - t e r m standards which cannot be exceeded
f o r periods such as 3 hours o r 24 hours.

4 EPA promulgated the b a s i c s e t o f c u r r e n t standards i n A p r i l 1971.

..
, These covered t h e f o l l o w i n g p o l l u t a n t s : particulates, s u l f u r dioxide,
photochemi c a l ox: dants (ozone) , hydrocarbons (a p r e c u r s o r t o photochemi c a l
o x i d a n t s ) , carbon mcnoxide, and n i t r o g e n oxides. ' I n ' 1978,~€PA promulgated
NAAQS f o r lead, and i n 1979 r e v i s e d the standard f o r ozone. See ~ a b l e s
33 and 4 0 . . ,. -.

The basic ambient a i r qual it y standards upon wnicn ' t h e c u r r e n t

s t a t e implementation p.lans were based on a r e shown i n Tables 39 and 40. Th2
annual standard i s a p p l i e d as, a mean (.though f r e q u e n t l y r e f e r r e d t o as an
annual average"), w h i l e the snort-term standards a r e a p p l i e d as maximum
. concentrations, over t h e p e r i o d i n d i c a t e d , n o t t o be exceeded more than
- once per y e a r . For a d d i t i o n a l i n f o r m a t i o n , r e f e r t o 40 CFi? 50 i n Appendix 8-3.
 TABLE 39
NATIONAL AMBIENT A I R QUALITY STANDARDS

Pol utant Annual Standard Short-Term Standard

....

S u l f u r Ui6xlde 80 365 (24 hrs , )

Particulates 75 260 ( 2 4 hrs.)
Carbon i4onxi de -- 10,000 ( 8 hrs. )
40,000 (1 hr.)
Ozone -- 235 ( 1 hr.)
iiydrocarbons -- 160 ( 3 hrs. -
6-9 a.m.)
N i trogcr! D i s x i do 100 --
Lead 1 . S ( 3 months) --

* Micro-grzms f o r cubic meter.

 TABLE 40

F!ATIOliAL K.1SIE?lT A I R QUALITY ST,4F!nARDS

Secondary Standards

Pol 1u t a n t Annual Standard Short-Term Standard

Sul f u r D i o x i d e -- 1 3 (3 hrs)
Particulates 150 (24 hrs ) .
Carbon Monoxide 10,000 (8 h r s . )
40,000 (1 h r . )
Ozone 235 (1 hr.)

Hydrocarbons 160 ( 3 hrs.

6-9 a.m..)
-
Ni t r o g e n O i o x i de 130

Lead 1.5 ( 3 months) --

* Micro-grams pe,r c u b i c meter.

 ~ u r l g r e s s , i n r e v i s i n g t h e Clean Air A c t , o r d e r e d t ? A .zo .review
' and, i f n e c e s s a r y , r e v i s e ' ambient a i r qua1 i t y s t a n d a r d s by t h e 2nd o f
1980 and every f i v e y e a r s a f t e r t h a t . EPA i s i n t h e process o i reviewing
and a r e c o n s i d e r i n g combining t h e c r i ' t e r i a documents f o r s t i l f u r o x i d e s and
p ' a r t i c u l a t e s . A copy of t h e review may be a v a i l a b l e a f t e r A p r i l , 1980.

3.2.4 . S t a t e Implementation Plans

Following e s t a b l i s h m e n t by EPA o f t h e a i r q u a l i t y s t a n d a r d s , t h e
Clean Air Act d i r e c t e d s t a t e a g e n c i e s and l o c a l sovernment t o develop and
adopt s t a t e implementation plans ( S I P S ) s e t t i n g f o r t h a l l of t h e necessary
c o n t r o l e f f o r t s t o a c h i e v e compliance w i t h t h e NAAQS. The EPA s e t up
guide1 i n e s t o a s s i s t t h e s t a t e s -in developing t h e i r S I P program. The
f r o n t page o f t h e s e guidelines, 40 CFR 51, can be found i n Appendix 0-4.

The s t a t u t e s e t s a s t r i c t time s c h e d u l e f o r both a d o p t i o n and

implementation of t h e p l a n s . S t a t c s were r s q u i r e d t o submit p l a n s t o €PA
w i t h i n n i n e months a f t e r promulgation o f t h e a i r q u a l i t y s t a n d a r d s , and
f i n a l p l a n s had t o be approved o'r promulgated by EPA w i t h i n . s i x mcnths
t h e r e a f t e r , o r n o t l a t e r than J u l y 31 , 1972. The law r e q u i r e d t h a t t h e
p l a n s a s s u r e a t t a i n m e n t of t h e a i r q u a l i t y s t a n d a r d s w i t h i n t h r e e y e a r s ,.
s u b j e c t ' t o a twc-year e x t e n s i o n under c e r t a i n condi t i o n , t h e r e b y
e s t a b l i s h i n g an u l t i m a t e s t a t u t o r y deadllne for dchievemei7tn of the a i r
qual i t y s t a n d a r d s by J u l y 31 , 1977.

S e c t i o n i 1 0 o f t h e Act r e q u i r e d t h a t the s t a t 2 plan i n c l u d e a

c o n s t r u c t i o n permi't program f o r any major e m i t t i n g f a c i ; i t y t o a s s u r e t h a t
t h e n a t i o n a l a m b i e n t a i r .qua1 i t y s t a n d a r d s a r e a c h i e v e d a n d mai n t a i n e d .
The p e r m i t program i s d i s c u s s e d i n d e t a i l i n a n o t h e r s e c t i o n of t h i s
report.

To provide b a s i c geographic units f o r t h e a t r p o l l u t i o n c c n t r o l

program, t h e c o u n t r y ' was d i v i d e d i n t o 247 a i r qual ? t y c o n t r o l r e g i o n s iAQC?.s).
The a i r q u a l i t y i n each r e g i o n can be found i n 40 CFR 81 l o c a t e d i n Appendix
0-5. Decisians a s t o t h e amount of c o n t r o l r e q u i r e d i n i n d i v i d u a l s AQCRs were
based on a v a i l a b l g a i r q u a l i t y d a t a , o f t e n u t i l i z i n g an o v e r s i m p l i f i e d approach
o f making a s i n g l e computation f o r an e n t i r e r e g i o n . Under a s t a n d a r d roll.back
approach, t h e t o t a l q u a n t i t y of p o l l u t i o n i n a r e g i o n was estimated', t h e q u a n t i t y
of 901 lut4ur1 w n l c n cou I d be t o 1 s r a ~ r dx i t h o u t zxceedjng standards was then
amount of c o n t r o l r e q u i r e d i n i n d i v i d u a l ACC8s were based on a v a i l a b l e
a i r q u a l i t y data, o f t e n u t i l i z i n g an o v e r s i m p l i f i e d approach o f making a
s i n g l e computazion f o r an e n t i r e r e g i o n . Under a standard r o i l b a c k approach,
t h e t o t a l q u a n t i t y of p o l l u t i o n i n a r e g i o n was estimatzd, t h e q u a n t i r y of
p o l l u t i o n which c o u l d be t ~ l e r a t e dw i t h o u t exceeding standards was then
c a l c u l a t e d , and a d e t e r m i n a t i o n based on t h e d i f f e r e n c i a l 3s t o t h e degree
o f reduction required. The imglementation p l a n was then d r a f t e d t o produce
a ccmbination o f c o n t r o l e f f o r t s which would y i e l d an o v e r a l l r e d u c t i o n
s u f f i c i e n t t o cover t h a t need. I n e v i t a b l y t h i s approach meant t h a t i n
some p a r t s w i t h i n an PQC9 oxcessive c o n t r z l s m i s h t be r e q u i r e d w h i l e i n
o t h e r p a r t s t h e r e q u i rements m i g h t be inzdequate. F u r t h e r d e f i c i e n c i es
c r e p t i n i f t h e o r i g i n a l data base was unsound, i f t h e I n v e n t o r y o f e x i s t i n g
sources was incomplete, o r if o t h e r mistakes were made i n t h e t e c h n i c a l
determinations .
. .
As b e t t e r i n f o r m a t i o n has been c o l l e c t e d and more experience
acquired, t h e need t o r e v i s e t h e o r i g i n a l s t a t e implementation plans became
appa?ent. Consequently, Congress i n i t s 1977 Amendments imposed more
demanding p r o v i s i o n s i n t h e S I P program.

I n t h e 1977 Amendments, t h e o r ' i g i n a l requirements were r e t a i n e d

and several o t h e r s added. 6y August 7, 1978, each s t a t e must submit a SIP
r e v i s i o n . t h a t r e q u i r e d each major source t o pay fees t o cover t h e s t a t e ' s
costs of h a n d l i n g any c o n s t r u c t i o n o r o p e r a t i n g p e r n i t f o r t h e source,
r e q u i r e s t a t e permi t and enforcements boards t o r e s t r u c t u r e t h e i r member-
ships and ,make pub1 i c d i s c l o s u r e s t o prevent c o n f l i c t s of i n t e r e s t , p r o v i d e
f o r p r e v e n t i o n of i n t e r f e r e n c e w i t h o t h e r s t a t e ' s a i r qua1 i t y , r e q u i r e
'
c o n s u l t a t i o n w i t h l o c a l governments and f e d e r a l l a n d managers i n c a r r y i n g
o u t major SIP f u n c t i o n s , and p r o v i d e f o r n o t i f i c a t i o n t o t h e p u b l i c of
areas n c t meeting t h e NAAQS.

The most s i g n i f i c a n t a d d i t i o n t o t h e SIP process adopted by t h t

1977 Amendments r e l a t e s ' t o areas t h a t d i d n o t achieve t h e NAAQS w i t h i n
the s t a t u t o r y deadlines, so c a l l e d "non a t t a i n m e n t areas." Although much
a t t e n t i o n has been d i r e c t e d toward t h e p r o v i s i o n s a p p l i c a b l e t o new sources
, ,, , l u n - a ~ ~~nment
a ar2as1', discussed below, along x i t h t h e S I P p r o v i s i o n s
a p p l i c a b l e t o review new sources i n clean a i r areas t o "prevent s i g n i f i c a n t
d e t e r i a r a t i o n " o f , a i r qua1 it y , a l s o discussed below, t h e 1977 Amendments
a1 so imposed a d d i t i o n a l SI? requirements on z x i s t i ng sources.

I n a d d i t i o n t o t h e s i g n i iicant new source review p r o v i s i o n s ,

" a l l " . e x i s t i n g sources must be 'required t o i n s t a l l , a t a minimum, "reason-
a b l y a v a i l a b i e c o n t r o l technology." States must a i s s show "reasonable
f u r t h e r progress" toward achievement o f t h e NAAQS, which i s d e f i n e d i n
S e c t i o n 171 o f t h e A c t as .the a~complishmento f 'annual incremental
r e d u c t i o n s i.n e m i s s i o i ; ~ . " As an " i n c e n t i v e " t o States t o adopt these more
s t r i n g e n t p r o v i s i ons , Congress provided t h a t if r e v i s e d S I P p r o v i s i ons a r e
n o t adopted and approved by EQA by June 30, 1 9 7 9 , there can bo no c o n s t r v c -
t i o n i n t h e s t a t e o f new o r m o d i f i e d sources o f t h e a i r p o i l u t a n t s f o r
which NAAQS are exceeded.

c u r r e n t l y , 41 s t a t s s have submitted SIos t o the EPA and o n l y

two plans have been "completefy" approved. Cne problem t h a t has caused
a l o t o f t h e . plans n o t being approved b u t should n o t have , e f f e c t 06 new
r e f i n i n g o r expansion, i s t h e ' v e h i c l e i n s p e c t i o n and maintenance c o n t r o l
grogram which must be i n c l u d e d i n t h e SIP program. F c r t h e s t a t u s of each
s t a t e implementation p l a n as of January 28, 1980, see Table 41.

I n t h e meantime, the e x i s t i n g implementation plans remain i r ~

effect. They c o n t a i n a v a r i e t y o f c o n t r 3 l r e q u l rements, wlsich apply
g e n ? ~ a i l yt o n e a r l y any source o f p o l l u t i o n , b o t h those i n existence a t .
th.e time of t h e i r adoption and those t h e r e a f t e r constrtlcted. Therefore,
t h e f i r s t s t e p i n a n a l y s i s o f t h e requirements which a new r e f i n e r y c r
expansion must comply w i t h w i 11 be t o examine e i t h e r the r e v i s e d and approved
implementation p l a n o r t h e e x i s t i n g and the j r o p o s r d implementation p l a n
and d e t e n i n e which o f i t s p r d v i s i o n s may be a p p l i c a b l e .

The Clean A i r Act and the s t a t e implementation plans c o n t a i n

numerous. o t h e r elements which a r e enornousiy i m p o r t a n t b u t n o t s u f f i c i e n t l y
p e r t i n e n t t o new r e f i n e r i e s o r expansions t o be described i n thi's r e p o r t .
 TABLE 41 STATUS OF STATE IMPLEMENTATION PLAN PROGRAM
. JAIWAHY 2 8 , 1980

SIP SIP Complete

State Subrni t t e d t o ETA
i Accep.tance by ED!?

A1 abama X
A1 as ka X
Arizona
Arkansas X
California
Co.1orado X
\

Connecticut X
Del aware X
D i s t r i c t of Columbia X
. .
Fl orida X
Georgi a X '.
Hawai i X
Idaho
Illinois X
Indiana
Iowa X
Kansas
Kentucky X
Louisiana X
Maine X
Mary1 and X
Massachusetts X
Mi.chi.gan X "

Mi nnesoia
, Mississippi X , . X
. .
Missouri
Montana I X
i
 TABLE 4 f STATUS OF STATE IMPLEMENTATION PLAN PROGRAM
' JANUARY 28, 1980 (Continued)

11 SIP
Submitted t o %PA
i SIP Csmplete
Acce~tance b.v €PA
State I
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hamps h i r e
New Jersey
New Yexico
New 'lark
North Carol ina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma X
Oregon
Pennsy 1vani a'
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennesses
Texas
Utah
Vermont
\li rginia
I X
I
Washington I X
I
West Vi rgi n i a
Wisconsin
I . X
X
i
lrlyomi ng X' X
 These include, for exampl e., rne auto standards and the transportatiori
control 'plans .. special standards, known as national emission standards
for hazardous a i r pollutants (NESHAPS), a p p l y to a l l plants, new or old,
- which emit hazardous pollutants such as asbestos, Seryilium, mercury or
vinyl chloride. Arsenic and benzene a r $ currently under consideration
for regulation under IVESHAPS. Hore d.etail s about NESHAPS. can. be found i n
40 CFR 61. The f i r s t couple pages o f 40 CFR 61 can be found i n Appendi.x D - 6 . .

4.2.5 New source Performance Standards

One 'component of the program whi ch bears speci f i cal ly on new

plants, however, i s the directive to EPA t o s e t New Source Performance
Standards (NSPS) for individual industrial categories in which petroleum
refineries are considered,. requiring new plants to u t i l i z e the best system
of emission reduction.which the Administrator determines has been adequately
demonstrated.

€PA has gradual ly issued .a series of these standards, which now

cover a number of basic industrial categories. The 1977 Amendments directed
€PA t o accelerate t h i s program, so that within the next, few years' standards
should be issued for most other significant industrial categories. Existing.
industrial categories which. have standards and industrial categories f o r whi.ch
NSPS will be developed are shown i n Table 42 and 43 respectively.

There are two New Source Performance Standards which can a f f e c t

a new refinery o r expansion. These are NSPS f o r petroleum refineries
(40 CFR 60, Subpart J ) and the .NSPS . f c r storagje vessels for petroleum 1 i q ~Csi
(40 CFR 60, Subpart K).

The New Source Performance Standards for petroleum refineries

are applicable t o f l u i d c a t a l y t i c cracking ( F C C ) unit catalyst regenerztors ,
flue gas combustion devices, and a1 1 Claus sulfur recovery piants except
Claus plants of 20 long tons per day c r less associated w i t h a sinall petro-
leum refinery . These standards regulate the fol lowing pol l utants :
 TABLE 1 2 INDUSTRIES WHICH HAVE DEVELOPED
NEW SOURCE PERFORMANCE STANDARDS
(40 CFR 60)
Subpart Industrial Cateqorv
0 Fuel fired steam generators for which
construction is commenced after August 7 7 , 1971
0a Electric uti 1 i ty steam generating units for which
construction is commenced after September 18, 1978
E Inci nerators
F Port 1 and cement p l ants
G Nitric acid plants
Sulfuric acid plants
I I
Asphalt Concrete Plants
J 'Petroieum' refineries
I< Storage vessels for petroleur 1 iquids
Secondary 1ead smel ters
Secondary brass and bronze ingot production plants
Iron and steel plants
Sewage treatment plants
Primary copper smelters
Primary zinc smel ters
Primary 1ead smelters
Primary a l u m i n u m reduction ~ l a n t s
Phosphate ferti 1i zer industry : wet process
phosphoric acid plants
Phosphate f e r t i 1 izer industry: supe.rphosphoric
acid plants
 T.4BLE 42 INOUSTRIES WH iCh' HAVE DEVELOPED
NEW SOURCE PERFORMANCE STANDARDS
(40 CFR 60) Continued

Subpart I n d u s t r i a1 Cateyory

Phosphate f e r t i l i z e r i n d u s t r y : Diammonium phosphate

plants

Phosphate f e r t i 1 iz e r i n d u s t r y : triplb superphosphate

plants

Phosphate f e r t i 1iz e r i n d u s t r y : gfanul a r t r i p l e

superphosphate storzge f a c i i it i e s

Y Coal p r e p a r a t i o n p l a n t s

Z A l l o y production f a c i l i t i e s

AA Steel p l a n t s : e l e c t r i c a r c furnaces

88 K r a f t pulp m i l l s

00 Grain e l e v a t o r s

GG S t a t i o n a r y gas t u r b i nes

HH Lime i n a n ~ f a c t u r i n p~l a n t s
 TABLE 43 NEW SOURCE PE~FORMANCESTANDAROS TO BE D E Y E L O P E D ~
(40 CFR 60.16)

Priority ~umberl Source Categories

1 S y n t h e t i c Organic Chemical Manufacturing
( a ) Unit processes
( b ) S t o r a g e and hand1 ing equipment
. ( c ) F u g i t i v e emission sources
( d ) Secondary sources
2 , I n d u s t r i a l Surface Coating: Cans
3 Petroleum R e f i n e r i e s : Fugi t i v e Sources
-4 I n d u s t r i a l * Surface Coating: Paper
5 . Dry Cleaning
( a ) perch1 oroethyl'ene
(b) Petroleum s o l vent
6 Graphic Arts
7 Polymers and Resins: A c r y l i c Resins
8 Mineral Wool
9 S t a t i o n a r y I n t e r n a l Combustion Engines
10 I n d u s t r i a l Surface Coating: Fabric
11 Fossi 1-Fuel -Fi red Steam Generators : I n d u s t r i a l 6oi 1ers
12 Incineration.; Non-Municipal
13 Non-Metal 1i c Mineral Processing
14 Metal 1 i c Mineral Processing .
15 Secondary Copper
16 Phosphate Rock ~ r e p a i a t i o n
17 Foundries: S t e e l and Gray I r c n
18 Polymers an? R.esjns : Polyethylene
19 Charcoal Production
20 S y n t h e t i c Rubber
(,a) T i r e manufacture
(b) SBR production
21 Vegetabie Oil
22 I n d u s t r i a l Surface Coating: P e t a l Coil
23 Petroleum T r a n s p o r t a t i o n and Marketing
24 By-?roduct Coke. Ovens
25 S y n t h e t i c Fibers
26 Plywood Manufacture
27 . I n d u s t r i a 1 Surface Coating: Automobi 1es
28 I n d u s t r i a l Surface Coating: Large Appliances
29 Crude O i 1 and Natural Ga's P.roduction
30 Secondary A1 umi num
31 Potash
32 S i n t e r i n g : Clay and Fly Ash
33 Glass
34 Gypsum
35 Sodi um Carbonate
36 Secondary Z i nc'
 TABLE 43 NEW SOURCE PERFOmANC': STANDARDS TO BE DEYELOPE3
(40 CFR 60; 16) Continued

Pri o r i t v ~ u m b e r l Source Categories

37 Polymers and Resins: Phenolic
38 Polymers and Resins: Urea--Helamine
39 Ammoni a
40 Polymers and Resins: Polystyrene
41 Polymers and Resi ns : ABS-$AN Resins
42 Fiberglass
43 Polymers and Resins : Pol ypropyl ene
44 T e x t i l e Processing
45 Asphalt Roofing P l a n t s
46 Brick and Related Clay Products
47 Ceramic Cl ay Manufacturing
48 m o n i urn N i t r a t e F e r t i 1i z e r
49 Castable R e f r a c t o r i e s
50 Borax and Boric Acid
51 Polymers and Resins: P o i y e s t ~ rResins
52 Ammoni urn S u l f a t e
53 Starch
54 Per1 i t e
55 P h ~ s g h o rci Acid: Thermal Prncess
56 Urani um Refi ni ng
57 - Animal Feed Defl uori n a t i on
58 Urea ( f o r f e r t i 1i z e r and polymers )
59 Detergent
Other Source Catego.ries
Lead a c i d b a t t e r y m a n u f a c t u r g
Organic s o l v e n t c l e a n i n g 2
I n d u s t r i a l s u r f a c e c o a t i n g : metal f u r n i t u r e 2
S t a t i o n a r y gas t u r b i n e s . .

1Low numbers have h i g h e s t p r i o r i t y ; e . g . , No. 1 i s high p r i o r i t y ,

No. 59 i s low p r i o r i t y .
2 Minor source c a t e g o r y , but included an l i s t s i n c e an HSPS i s being
developed f o r t h a t source category.
3 Not p r i o r i t i z e d , s i n c e an NSPS f o r t h i s major source category has.
a l r e a d y been proposed.
4 Thi s 1 i s t was i ssued under 8 31 1 of t h e Clean lir Act by EPA on
flovember 9 , 1973 (dC CFR 60.16).
 a particulate matter from FCC unit catalyst regenerator or
FCC u n i t regenerator incinerator-waste heat boilers
(lb/1000 1 b of coke burn-off) .
r carbon monoxide from FCC. u n i t catalyst regenerators
(percent).
@ sulfur dioxide from fuel gas combustion. devices (1b/dscf)
and Claus s u l f u r recovery plants (percent)
a opacity from the FCC unit catalyst regenerator or from the
FCC uni'$ regenerator i nci nerator-waste heat boi 1 e r
(percent).

Continuous monitoring i s requi red f o r opacity , and sulfur dioxide.

Ccntinuous monitoring w i 11 be requi red f o r carbon monoxide and hydrogen sulfide
as soon as She instrument specification are promulgated by the EPA. Any
periods where the emission of po'llutant(s) i s i n excess of the standards,
a report shall be f i l l & d l w i t h the EPA. The complete standards and the amount
of e x h poi 1utant vrhi ch can be emi t t e d , detai 1s on moni t o r i ng , and reports
o f excess emf sf i ins can be found i n 40 CFR 60, SUBPART J , whi ch i s i n
Appendix 0-7. A summary of these standards are shown -in Table 4 4 ,
. . !

These standards are currently being reviewed by the €PA and major
changes in the standards f o r sulfur dioxids emiss'ions especial ly around the
FCC unit regenerator. The ETA has made ,only recomnendations and these
recommendations are as fol 1ows :

Particulate Matter

'
e Do not, change the present standard of 1.0 ;b/1,000 I b coka
burn-off and 30 p e r c a t opacity.
a Reevaluate the Refer~nceMethod S ' f o r particulate matter.
a Require t h a t cpaci ty be measured when mass loading t e s t s are
made.
Carbon Nonoxide I
@ Collect data . t o ascertain the level of carbon monoxide
emissions from high tenperature ( i n s i t u ) regenerators with
and wi.thout the use of CO 3x7 datio'n catalysts and additives .
0 Reevaluate the carbon rnonoxide standard i n Light
. . of the
findings from the above research.
 TABLE 44 NEW SOURCE ?E!?FORMANCE STANDARDS
FGR PETROLEUM REFINER1ES .
(40 CFR 60, SUBPART J )

AFFECTED MONITORING
FACILITY POLLUTANT &%lISSIONLEVEL REQUIREMENT

Fluid catalytic Particulate 1 1 .O lb/1000 15 No requirement

cracking u n i t o f coke burn-off
c a t a l y s t regenerator
Opacity 30% ( 6 min exemption) Continuous

C0 0.05% Conti nuous

Fuel gas combustion 502 0.10 g r / d s c i Conti nuous

devi ces
230 mg/dscm Continuous

Claus S u l f u r SO 0.025% ( a t 0% Con t i nuous

recovery p l a n t s oxygen
Reduced s u l f u r 0.030% ( a t 0% Conti nuous
compounds oxygen 1
plus
H2S . 0.0010% ( a t 0% Continuous
oxygen)

I ~ h e r et h e gases a r e discharged through an i n c i n e r a t o r o r waste heat

b o i l e r i n which an a u x i l i a r y f u e l , l i q u i d o r s o l i d f o s s i l , i s used, '

. p a r t i c u l a t e m a t t e r i n 'excess of 1.0 lb/1000 lb o f coke b u r n - o f f may

be e m i t t e d a t a r a t e o f 0.1 l b / m i l l i o n BTU o f heat i n p u t o r l e s s .
2 Continuous monitors a r e used t o determine excess mi s s ~ o n so n l y .
 Sulfur. Dioxide
c Change the definition of a fuel gas ccmbustion device t o
include the regenerator incinerator-waste heat boiler by
deleting the exemption.
o Oevelop a continuous monitoring method f o r hydrogen
sulfide.
o Reevaluate the present standard i n l i g h t of the e f f e c t of
an increased sulfur content of fzedstock on.the concentra-
tion of hydrogen sulfide i'n- fuel gas and of current ccmpli-
ance t e s t data on achievable levels of hydrogen sulfide
' in fuel gas.
Investigate FCC unit regenerator s u l f u r oxide control
technology, including cost, perfdrmance, applicability,
e f f e c t of feed stock, etc. Subject to the findings of such
an investigation, develop a standard for sulfur dioxide
emissions from FCC uni t regenerators.

Hydrocarbons
a Eva1 uate the e f f e c t of: con'ventional regenerati on, CO
boi lers , h i g h temperature regeneration, and regeneration
w i t h CO cambustion catalysts and additives on the emission of
hydrocarbons from FCC u n i t regenerators.
o Assess the n2ed f c r the regulation of hydrocarbon emissions
from FCC unit regenerators based'on results from the above
research.

A complete copy o f the review can be obtained from t h e EPA by order-

ing EPA-450/3-79-008 while a copy of the Table o f Contents and the executive
summary can be f o u n d in the Appendix D-8.

The New Source Performa~ceStandard for Storage V?ssefs f o r

Petroleum Liquids are applicable t o storage vessels which have a storage
capacity of greater than 40,000 gallons. This subpart does not apply to
storage vessels f o r petroleum or condensate stored, processed, and/or
treated a t a d r i l l i n g and production f a c i l i t y . This standard regulates
the hydrocarbon emissions from these tanks by the use.of floating roofs
and/or a vapor recovery system, and i s based upon the. trlre vapor pressure
of the f l u i d beinq ; t ~ r e C . The standards are as follows:
 a I f the true vapor pressure of t h e petroleum iiquid, as
stored, i s equal to or greater than 73 mm Hg (1.5 psia)
b u t not greater than 570 rnm Hg (11.1 p s i a ) , the storage
vessel shall be equipped with a floating roof, a vapor
recovqry system, or t h e i r equivalent.
o If the true vapor pressure of the petroleum 1 iquid as
stored i s greater than 570 mm Hg (11.1 p s i a ) , the
storage vessel s'hall be equipped with a vapor recovery
system or i t s equivalent.

Details of t h i s standard can be found in 40 CFR '60, Subpart K,

\
Iacated i n the Appendix 'D-5.

The standards discussed above 3rs the federal standards. Each

s t a t e in t h e i r S I P program have standards for Petroleum Refineries and
Storage of Petroleum Liquids which cannot exceed, b u t may be more s t r i n g e n t .
than, the federal standards. Also, local standards within the s t a t e can be
more stringent than the s t a t e or federal standards. I t i s very important
for a company planning e i t h e r a new refinery o r an expansion and for the
local government and citizens of the area being considered to f u l l y under-
stand and failow these standards.

These basic requirements established under the s t a t e implementation

plans and any appi i cable new source performance standard' alone snould not
a f f e c t the decision of whether or not t o c o n s t r ~ c ta new refinefy or expand an
existing refinery a t a particular s i t e and s t a t e . However, tile Clean Air 4ct
created two additional complex regu'l atory frameworks which must be considered
in reference t o any new refinery or expansion and they do affect the decision
3f the s i t e and s t a t e . These are the requirements t o przvent significant
deterioration (PSD) of a i r quality in areas of the country currently cleaner
than the a i r qua1 ity standards and the non-attainment requirements which apply
in areas continuing to violate the a i r quality standards. The i n t r i c a c i s s
of these req"i rements w i 11 require detai led explanation.

4.2.6 . Prgvention of Significant Dei2ricration

O f a l l the federal lzws ?!acicg envi'ronmenta'l contro;s on a zew

refinery or an expansion, ijernaos the inost complex and a1 so rnost r e s t r i c t i v e
a r e t h e l i m i t s imposed by t h e Clean A i r Act t o prevent s i g n i f i c a n t d e t e r i o r a -
tion of air quai i t y . These l i m i t s , commonly r e f e r r e d t o as PSD, apply i n
areas o f the c o u n t r y which a r e already cleaner than r e q u i red t o meet. t h e
ambient a i r q u a l i t y standards ( P a r t C o f t h e Clean A i r A c t ) . I t should be
noted t h a t t h e PSD framework i s being contested i n c o u r t and the f i n a l
outcome wf 11 effect major s e c t i o n s . This i s discussed i n Section 4.5.10.

e Background,

This: r e g u l a t o r y framework evolved o u t o f j u d i cia.1 and admi n i s t r s t i ve

a c t i o n under t h e 1970 Clean A i r . Act, and subsequently was given a f u l l
s t a t u t o r y foundation by t h e 1977 Clean A i r A c t Amendments. It i s therefore
p a r t i c u l a r l y u s e f u l t o examine t h a t background and the b a s i c concepts as they
gvolved. As enacted i n '1970, t h e Clean A i r Act contained no p r o v i s i o n s
dealing explicitl:! w i t h p r o t e c t i o n of a i r qual'i=y i n clean a i r regions.
The e n t i r e s t r u c t u r e of r e g u l a t o r y c o n t r o l s e s t a b l i s h e d through t h e s t a t e
implementation plans focused on reducing e x i s t i n g l e v e l s o f p o l l u t i o n i n
areas where the a i r q u a l i t y standards were being v i o l a t e d . The Act d i d
. r e q u i r e €PA t o promulgate new source performance standards t o r e q u i r e new
p l a n t s wherever 1ocated t o i n s t a l l t h e b e s t systems of emission r e d u c t i o n
found by t h e A d m i n f s t r a t o r t o have been adequately demonstrated. Some people
feared, however, t h a t the t i g h t c o n t r o l s i n the implementation plans would
f o r c e new i n d u s t r i a l growth i n t o areas o f t h e country where l i t t l e o r no
previ.ous in d u s t r f a1 i ' z a t i on had occurred, w i t h a. r i s k o f downgradi ng t h e
e x i s t i n g h i g h a i r q u a l i t y of such areas. Thfs- f e a r 2 p p l i e d p a r t i c u l a r l y t6
the a n t i c i p a t e d c o n t r u c t i o n of huge c o a l - f i r e d powerplants . i n portions of
t h e Southwest h i s t o r i ca1 l y known f o r t h e i r p r i s t i n e a i r permi tti no v i s i -
b i l i t y f o r distances as h i g h as 80 m i l e s .

The i d e a of e s t a b l i s h i n g some c o n t r o l s t o prevent the d e t e r i o r a -

t i o n of good a i r q u a l i t y had' been considered i n ';he l e g i s l a t i v e h i s t o r y of
t h e 1970 Act, and an e a r l y d r a f t of EPA guide1 i n e s under the Act would have
encouraged s t a t e s t o develop such c o n t r o l s . The r e g u l a t i o n s f i n a l l y
promulgated by €PA t o s p e c i f y r e q u i r e d elements i n the s t a t e i m p l m e p t a t i o n
plans, however, ~ a d eno mentian of such c o n t r o l s . T h a t omission was
c h a l l e n g e d i n a l a w s u i t brought by t h e S i e r r a C l u b . The s u i t u l t i m a t e l y
r e s u l t e d i n a d e c i s i b n , S i e r r a Club vs. T r a i n , by t h e U . S . Supreme c o u r t , ..
which by a f o u r - t o - f o u r . t i e v o t e l e f t i n e f f e c t a lower c o u r t d e c i s i o n i n
f a v o r of the S i e r r a Club. This r e q u i r e d EPA t o develop some forin of
r e g u l a t o r y program t o p r e v e n t s i g n i f i c a n t d e t e r i o r a t i o n .

Having no guidance a t a1 1 from e i t h e r Congress o r the c o u r t s a s

t o t h e n a t u r e of t h e c o n t r o l s i t was r e q u i r e d t o e s t a b l i s h , EPA was ob1 iged
t o come up w i t h the program on i t s own. The Agency's approach r e f 1 e c t e d a
judgment. t h a t t h e amount of d e t e r i o r a t i o n o f 2 i . r q u a l i t y which should be
p e r m i t t e d a s a consequence of i n d u s t r i a l developmrint shoul d r e t a i n scrne
f l e x i b i l i t y t o respond t o judgments made through t h e l o c a l p o l i t i c a l p r o c e s s
on t h e e x t e n t of i n d u s t r i a . 1 growth d e s i + e d . in a g i ven . region.. Accordingly ,
EPA e s t a b l i s h e d an a r e a c l a s s i f i i a t i o n scheme t o b e a p p l i e d in a l l c l e a n
a i r r e g i o n s . The b a s i c i d e a was t h a t a moderate amount o f . i n d u s t r i a l .
development silould be ' r o u t i n e l y p e r m i t t e d i n a l l a r e a s b u t t h a t i n d u s t r i a l i - .
z a t i o n should n o t be allowed t o degrade a i r q u a l i t y t o t h e p o i n t t h a t i t
b a r e l y c o m p l i e d w i t h a i r q u a l i t y s t a n d a r d s , i n t h e absence o f t h e conscious
p u b l i c d e c i s i o n i n f a v o r of such growth. In a d d i t i o n , an o p p o r t u n i t y should
be provided f o r s t a t e s t o d e s i g n a t e c e r t a i n a r e a s where p r i s t i n z a i r
q u a l i t y was e s p e c i a l l y valued and any growth g e n e r a t i n g s i g n i f i c a n t emissions
of p o l l u t a n t s ' s h o u l d be t i g h t l y c u r t a i l e d . Thus, t h e system f o r c l a s s i f y i n g
a1 1 a r e a s a s C l a s s I ; C l a s s I I , o r Class I I I , was developed.

The C l a s s I c a t e g o r y was t o i n c l u d e the p r i s t i n e a r e a s s u b j e c t t o

t i g h t e s t c o n t r o l . Class I 1 covered a r e a s of moderate growth. Class 111
was f o r a r e a s o f major i n d u s t r i a l ' i z a t i o n . Under the EPA r e g u l a t i o n s ;
i n Deccmber 1974, - a l l a r e a s were i n i t i a l l y c l a s s i f i e d a s
C l a s s I I . S t a t e s were a u t h o r i z e d t o r e c l a s s i f y speci'f i e d a r e a s t o be e i t h e r
Class I o r Class I I I .

The EPA r e g u l a t i o n s a l s o . e s t a b i i s n e d a n o t h e r concept known a s

t h e i n c r m e . n t . This. i s t h e numerical d e f i n i t i o n o f t h e amount of. a d d i t i o n a l
p o l l u t i o n which may be allowed through t h e combined e f f e c t s of. a l l new
srowth i n a ? a r t i c u . l a r . l o c a l i t y .
 The increment systsrn may be i1 l u s t r a t e d by t h e annual average
1i m i t a t i o n s e s t a b l i s h e d f o r ' p a r t i c u l a t e m a t t e r .
For Class I 1 areas t h e
inaximum i n c r e a s e i n p a r t i c u l a t e c o n c e n t r a t i o n was i n i t i a l l y s e t by EPA a t
10 micrograms p e r c u b i c meter, whereas i n Class I are?s t h e i n c r e a s e a l l c w e d
was o n l y h a l f as g r e a t , namely 4 micrograms p e r c u b i c meter. For reference,
t h e annual ambient a i r q u a l i t y standards f o r p a r t i c u l a t e m a t t e r had been
e s t a b l i s h e d a t 75 micrograms p e r c u b i c n e t e r as a p r i m a r y s t a n d a r d and 60
micrograms per' c u b i c meter as a secondary s t a n d a r d (See Table 39 and 40 i n .
Section 4 . 2 . 3 ) .

T h i s meant t h a t if t h e l e v e l of e x i s t i n g p o i i u t i o n ( t h e " b a s e l i n e " )

was a t an annual average o f 30 micrograms p e r c u b i c meter, new sources
would be .allowed t o i n c r e a s e t h a t i e v e l t o 40 micrograms p e r c u b i c meter i n
b
a Class II area., b u t o n l y t o a l e v e l of 35 m i crograrns per c u b i c rr~eter*i f
t h e area was r e c l a s s i f i e d 6s Class I. I f t h e area were changed t o Class 111,
u n l i m i t e d growth would be p e r m i t t e d so l o n g as i t d i d n o t t h r e a t e n t o push
p o l l u t i o n l e v e l s above t h e a i r q u a l i t y s t a n d a r d o f 50 micrograms ,per c u b i c
meter.

L i m i t s were s e t for s h o r t - t e h c o n c e n t r a t i o n s as w e l l as t h e
long- term annual standards. Moreover, t h e PSD' r e q u i remen t s appi ied t o
s u l f g r d i o x i d e i n addi t i o n t o p a r t i c u l a t e m a t t e r . Thus s e v e r a l s e p a r a t e
analyses were c a l l e d f o r t o v e r i f y t h a t none of t h e PSD increments m i g h t be'
v i o l a t e d by a m a j o r new p l a n t .

Since t h e ?SO scheme does contemplate t h a t c e r t a i n 1 , i r n i t a t i o n s

would be F l a c e d on t h e 'amount of growth permi t t e d i n any g i v e n area, an
imp1 i c i t q u e s t i o n was whether a system would be devised , t o s e l e c t which
i n d u s t r i a l p r o j e c t s would be p e r m i t t e d t o use up t h e a v a i l a b l e increment
o r whether t h a t would s i m p l y be r e s o l v e d on a f i r s t - c o m e , f i r s t - s e r v e d .
basis. . €PA d i d n o t undertake t o r e s o l v e t h a t q u e s t i o n . I t s i n i t i a1 ,

a n a l y s i s i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e numerical l i m i t s s e l e c t e d would be s u f f i c i e n t
t o a l l o w s u b s t a n t i a l i n d u s t r i a l development i n any Class I 1 area. Hence t h e
Frogram would n o t be a p t t o p i n c h new p r o j e c t s , a t l e a s t i n i t s e a r l y y e a r s .
 €?A d i d impose one major additional requirement t o assure that
the increments would not be used up hastily. I t specified that each majir
new plant must i n s t a l l the best available control technolog? (BACT) to limit
i t s emissions. This reinforced the same policy underlying the new sourci?
performance standards, and indeed €PA declared that where new source
performance standards had been promulgated they would control determinations
of BACT. Where such standards had not been promulgated, an ad hoc 'determina-
tion was cal led f o r in each case.

To implement these controls, EP4 imposed a requirement that each

new source undergo a preconstruction review and as part of t h i s review,
public notice should be given and an opportunity provided for a public
hearing on any disputed questions of fact. The regulation prohibits a
company from commencing construction on a new source until this review has
been completed.

A fundamental feature of the PSD r e g u i a t i ~ nadopted by EP,4 was

the limited nature of the program. I t exciuded the automobile pollutants
.(hydrocarbons, photochemical rjxi dan ts , caiXbur:lrriuriux i dt? , drld r l i truyen
oxide) from the program a1 together. I t. also excluded numerous miscel laneous
a c t i v i t i e s which might cause pollution, as well as the construction of new
small sourcss. Also, the new controls applied only t o large new plants
w i t h i n 19 specific industrial categories, such as ~owerplants, steel mi 1 1s ,
refineries, etc.

e 1977 Amendments to the Clean Air Act

The current significance of the PSD program established by EPA

in 1974 i s when Congress in 1977 provided the f i r s t statutory foundation
f ~ PSDr and adopted i t into the basic conce7ts of the EPA program. Congress
made many changes in c r i t i c a l elements, however, and. in virtual ly every
case the e f f e c t of those changes was t o broaden the program and tighten
i t s requirements. Congress s t a t u t o r i ly placed many areas i n the gri s t i n e
a i r Cf ass I category, and made i t quite d i f f i c u l t for s t a t e s to redesignate
areas t o be Class 111. ,It a l s o t i g h t e n e d some of t h e increments. Congress
expanded the number o f i n d u s t r i a l p l a n t s s u b j e c t t o t h e PSD review and
t i g h t e n e d the r e q u i r e ~ e n t so f BACT. Congress a l s o d i r e c t e d €PA t o extend
t h e PSD framework t o o t h e r p o l l u t a n t s i n a d d i t i o n t o s u l f u r oxides and
p a r t i c u l a t e s , r e q u i r e d more m o n i t o r i n g t o be done, and added o t h e r new
data requirements. F i n a l l y , they expanded t h e procedures f o r government
and p u b l i c review o f PSD a p p l i c a t i o n s . Ths combined e f f e c t of a l l these
changes c o n v e r t t h e PSD,review i n t o a complex r e g u l a t o r y process c o n f r o n t -
ing a refinery project.

Congress f z i l e d t o p r e s c r i b e the time schedule by which these new

requirements would 'go i n t o e f f e c t . This u n c e r t a i n t y spawned 1it i s a t i o n .
which r e s u l t e d i n a b r i e f delay i n March 1978 i n EPAis approval o f a
number of l a r g e p r o j e c t s .Under t h e r u l e s f i n a l l y s e t by EPA on June 19,
1978, t h e p r i n c i p a l "ew requirements were made e f f e c t i v e f o r a l l new r e f i n -
e r i e s o r , expansions unless they had obtained a1 1 a i r qua1 it y p e n i t s and
epproval s b e f o r e f.!arch 1 , 1978, and a l s o cornmenc2d c ~ n s t r u c t i o nnc:t l a t e r
than k a r c h 19, 1979.
\

Area C l a s s i f i c a t i o n and Increnents

I n 1977, Cuny ress curl t l nued 111 e F Fec L Lht! Lil rze-cl a s s sy 5 k ~ i l
e s t a b l i s h e d by EPA, b u t w i t h s e v e r a l changes. One, change was t o d i r e c t
by s t a t u t e t h a t c e r t a i n ' areas a r e permanently designated Class I. These
are: ( 1 ) i r i t e r n a t i o n a l parks ,' (-2) n a t i o n a l w f 1 d e r n . e ~areas
~ .and memorial
parks exceeding 5,000 acres, and (3) n a t i o n a l parks e x c ~ e d i n g6,COG acres.
A1 though the - n a t u r e o f t h e s e areas i s such t h a t i n d u s t r i a l p & j e c t s slrocld
n o t be l o c a t e d w i t h i n them, t h e i r Class I s t a t u s w i l l a f f e c t p r d j e c t s i n
neighboring areas if t h e winds m i g h t c a r r y t h e i r emissions i n t o t h e w
areas. For many p r o j e c t s , p a r t i c u l a r l y i n . t h e 'IJest, t h i s may be a sub-
s t s n t f a l constraint.

I The s t a t u t e provides t h a t , except f o r areas s p e c i f i c a l l y placed

i n Class I, a1 1 o t h e r areas i n the country s u b j e c t t o PSD s h a l l .be i n i t i a l l y
designated Class I!. States a r e tnen a u t h o r i z e d t o redesignate areas
e i t h e r as Class I o r ' z s Class 111. Befors doing so, 2 s t a t s must h o l d a
 , -
pub1 i c hearing in the a f f e c t e d area and prior t o the hearing must prepare
a detailed analysis, similar in nature to an environmental impact statement,
describing the effects of the proposed redesignation. \

I f the proposal i s to redesignate an area as Class 111, additional

requirements apply. The redesi gnati on must be speci f i cal ly approved by
:he governor of the s t a t e , a f t e r consultation w i t h the s t a t e l e g i s l a t u r e ,
and general purpose u n i t s of 1ocal government representing a majority of
the residents of the area must enact legislation approving the change. I n
view of these requirements, i t i s likely that redesignations to Class I11
will be few and f a r between. The s t a t u t e also s t a t e s that certain areas,
including w i ldl i f e .refuges and sceni.c rivers , may never be designated
Class 111.

The 1977 Amendments made various changes in, the numerical 1 imita-
tions comprising the increnents of pollution increase allowed in Class I1
and Class 111 areas. The numbers of Class TI were senerally loosened
s l i.ghtly, except f o r the short-term sulfur dioxide 1imitations. which were
tightened. For Class 111, the s t a t u t e established increment limitations,
instead of allowing unlimited growth subject only to cofipliance w i t h the
a i r qua1 i ty standards themselves. The increment 1 imi taticns and the
national primary, ambient a i r quality standards are shbwn in Table 45.

The. 1977 amendments require EPA t o conduct a study on the following

pcl lutants:

0 hydrocarbons
.a carbon monoxide
0 photochemicals .
a nitrogen oxides .

The EPA shall promulgate regulations by August of 1979 to prevent the

significant deterioration of a i r qua1 i ty by the emission of these pollutants.
Such regulations would.become effective one year l a t e r . E?A shall 3is0 pro-
vide an increment for each as done for sulfur dioxide and particulate.
 TABLE 35 PSD A I R QUALITY' INCRENEHTS
(DECEYBER 1979)

CLASS I AREA

Pol l u t a n t
P a r t i c u l a t e matter:
Annual geometric mean
Maximum A l 'I owah 1 e
Increase (gg/m3 13
5
Qualit y Standard
75
-
P . r lmary Amb ien t A,i r-

Twen ty-four-hour maximum 10 260

S u l f u r dioxide:
Annual a r i t h m e t i c mean
Twenty-four-hour maximum
Three-hour maximum

CLASS I 1 AREA

Po1l u t a n t Maximum A1 1owabl e Primary Ambient A i r

P a r t i c u l a t e matter: Increase (ug/m3 Qualit y .Standard
Annual geometric mean 19 75 '

Twenty-fcur-hour maximum 37 ,260

Sulfur dioxide:
Annual A r i t h m e t i c mean
Twenty- four-hour maximum
Three-hour maximum

Pol 1u t a n t Maximum A1 1owabl e Primary Ambient A i r

P a r t i cul a t e matter: increase (pg/n2 ) Quali t y Standard
Annua 1 gsometri c 'ritean 17
75
Twenty-four-hour maximum 260
S u l f u r dioxide:.
Annual a r i t h m e t i c nean
Twenty-four-hour maximum
Three-hour maximum

l ~ h e s ef i g u r e s are t h e N a t i o n a l Ambient A i r qua1 it y 5tandar.d~. '

2 ~ h ethree-hour maximum f i a u r e f o r SOZ re?resents t h e seccndary standard
,rather than a primary standard.
J
Micro-gram per c ~ b i cmeter. 1
 As of December o f 1979, t h e EPA has n o t promulgated any r e g u l a t i o n s
p e r t a i n i n g t o t h e above p o l l u t a n t s . A new r e f i n e r y o r expansion. shouid
f o l l o w t h e e x i s t i n g PSD a i r q u a l i t y increments f o r s u l f u r d i o x i d e and
p a r t i c u l a t e s b u t should f,ollow any development o f m y f u t u r e r e g u l a t i o n on
. .
t h e p o l 1u t a n t s c i t e d above.
-,

@ Sources Subject t o PSD -.

A c r i t i c a l t h r e s h o l d question f o r any company p l a n n i n g a new

p r o j e c t i s whether i t r e q u i r e s p r e c o n s t r u c t i o n approval under PSD'. The
1977 Amendments increased frcm 19 t o 25 the number of i n d u s t r i a l c a t o g o r i k
s p e c i f i c a l l y i d e n t i f i e d i n which any new p l a n t w i t h p o t e n t i a l emissions
exceeding 100 tons p e r y e a r would be covered. I n a d d i t i o n , a new p l a n t
i n any o t h e r category i s a l s o covered if i t s p o t e n t i a l emissions of any
p o l i u t a n t would exceed 250 tons p e r year.

I n determining whether an area i s s u b j e c t o; PSD requirements, e e i k .

i n d i v i d u a l p o l l u t a n t s must be considered. Since most areas o f the country
are i n compliance w i t h t h e s u l f u r d i o x i d e standards ( w i t h the n o t a b l e exception
of major i n d u s t r i a l i z e d ' r e g i o n s ) , most areas l i k e w i s s are s u b j e c t t o PSD.
If2n area f a l l s under PSD on the basis of i t s l e v e l s of s u l f u r dioxides, a
source w i t h i n t h a t area w i l l become s u b j e c t t o t h e PSD r e q u i r e v e n t s if i t s
emissions o f any p o l l u t a n t r e g u l a t e d by the Clean A i r Act exceed t h e s i z e c u t -
off. As of December 1978 these p o l ?u t a n t s i n c l u d e ? a r t i c u l a t e s , s u l f u r d i o x i d e s ,
photochemi c a l oxidants , carbon monoxide , n i trogen a i o x i de , hydrocarbons, 1eaa,
b e r y l 1 ium, mercury, v i n y l c h l o r i d e , asbestos, f l o u r i de and s u l f u r i c a c i d m i s t .
A source may a l s o become s u b j e c t t o t h e PSD requirements even though l o c a t e d
o u t s i d e t h e PSD areas, i f i t s emissions, f o r example p a r t i c u l a t e , would
impact a PSD area.

M o d i f i c a t i o n s o f e x i s t i n g p l a n t s are s u b j e c t t o -the PSD r e q u i r e -

ments i n t h e same way as a r e new p l a n t s , i f t h e m o d i f i c a t i o n would increase
p o t e n t i a l emissions by amounts exceeding the s i z e c u t o f f , w i t h a s p e c i a l
exemption from the increment a n a l y s i s f o r Class T I areas t o f a c i l i t i e s i n
"existence" on August 7, 1977, whose a l l c w a b l e e m i s s i m s w i t h c o n t r o l s w i l l
k
I
be l e s s than 50 tons ' p e r y e a r . EPA r e g u l a t i o n s p r o v i d e the 2 x e r p t i o n from
8ACT and impact a n a i y s i s i f t h e m c d i i i c a t i o n by which emissions a r e increased
i s accompanied by o t h e r changes w i t h i n an o v e r a l l p l a n t w i t h the r e s u l t of a
zero n e t increase i n t o t a l emissions.

The k i c k e r i n t h e Amendments was the i n c l u s i o n of the word " p o t e n t i a l "

i n t h e d e s c r i p t i o n of sources s u b j e c t t o PSD. That wording apparently was
i n t e n d e d by Congress and has been i n t e r p r e t e d by EPA as r e q u i r i n g t h a t t h e
s i z e of p l a n t s must be t e s t e d by determining t h e q u a n t i t y o f emissions they
would generate if.operated a t f u l l c a p a c i t y b u t w i t h o u t b e n e f i t zf t h e p o l l u -
t i o n c o n t r o l systems which i n ?act would be required. This mu1 t i p 1 i e s t h e
number o f . p l a n t s exceeding t h e 100 and 250 ton-per-yea.r l e v e l s , b r i n g i n g i n
many small p l a n t s whose a ~ t u a lemissions would o n l y be a f r s c t i o n of t h e .

c u t o f f number a f t e r p o l l u t i o n c o n t r o l s have been appiied.

I t should be noted t h a t t h i s i s one area which i s being contestzd

i n t h e Alabama vs. EPA case. The r e s u l t s o f t h i s case may d e f i n e t h e l i m i t s
(100 tons o r 250 t o n s ) a f t e r c o n t r o l s have been a p p l i e d . This i s discussed
i n Section 4.2.10.

I n an e f f o r t t o meet t h i s ' situati;on, t h e EPA r e g u l a t i o n s o f June .l9,,

19-78, esta.hlIshed a t w o - t i e r system, i n which t h e l a r g e r plants. are made
s l b j e c t t o t h e f u l l PSD review p r e s c r i b e d by the s t a t u t e , whereas t h e nrore
numerous s m a l l e r p l a n t s a r e exempted from f u l l PSD review. Those s m a l l e r
-?-,nts s a b j e c t t o f i e fg!: review would i n c l u d e any new source , ( o r ; ~ a j o r
..ntificatior,) which, a f t e r a p p l y i n g i t s p o l l u t i o n c o n t r o i system, would have
a lowable emissions sxceedi ng 50 tons p e r y e a r o r 1,000 pounds p e r day, o r
,$

Im pol~ndsper hour. That f u l i review includes ' ( 1 ) a case-by-case determina-

t i o n of the c o n t r o i s r e q u i r e d by SACT, ( 2 ) 3n anibiefit impact a n a l y s i s t o
d e t e m i ne r h e t h e r e source m i ~ h tv i o l a t e app:iccble increiments 0.6 air
l u a l ' t y standards, ( 3 ) an assessment of e f f e c t s on v i s i b i l i t y , s o i l s , and
' i e g e t a t f ~ n , ( 4 ) submission i f noni t o r i r g data, and ( 5 ) f u l l j u b l i c review.'
 The EPA r e g u l a t i c n s exempt the s m a l l e r sources from the n a j o r 212-
ments o f the PSD -review, and i n p a r t i c u l a r . r e 1 i e v e those sources of t h e need
t o comply w i t h BACT (though they must s t i l l comply w i t h any a p p l i c a b l e new
source performance standards, as.-we1i .as requirements under the s t a t e imp1 e-
mentation p l a n s ) and t h e need t o 'conduct an ambient impact a n a l y s i s o r submit
data s u p p o r t i n g an ambient a i r q u a l i t y a n a l y s t s . Nonetheless, t h e small
sources ar'e n o t exempted from t h e program a l t o g e t h e r . They remain s u b j e c t
t o t h e s t a t u t o r y requirement t o apply f o r and. o b t a i n a p r e c o n s t r u c t i o n approval,
includi.ng procedures f o r pub1 i c review, and the) may be r e q u i r e d t o submit
data supporting t h e i r a p p l i c a t i o n a t t h e request o f the Agency. i n a d d i t i o n ,
i f t h e eqissions from a small source would a f f e c t a Class I area o r an i r e a
where t h e a p p l i c a b l e increment i s n o t being v i o l a t e d , t h e f u l l PSD requirements
f o r ambient impact a n a l y s i s w i l l apply. A b r i e f summary of what p l a n t s a r e
s u b j e c t t o PSD i s shown on Table 46.

e Best Avai 1a b l e Control Techno1 ogy (BACT)

The c r i t i c a l fe.ature o f BACT i s t h a t i t must be d e t e r n i n e d . f o r

each p l a n t on a case-by-case basis. The s t a t u t e s p e c i f i e s t h a t "energy,
environmental, and economic. impacts and o t h e r c o s t s " must be. taken i n t o
account. I t also' s t a t e s t h a t i n no case can SACT be more l e n i e n t than any
a p p l i c a b l e new source performance standard, i m p l y i n g t h a t wherever p o s s i b l e
i t w i 11 be more s t r i n g e n t . A1 though t h e s t a t u t e provides t h a t BACT s h a l l be
r e q u i r e d " f o r each p o l l u t a n t s u b j e c t t9 r e g u l a t i o n under t h i s Act," the E?A
. r e g u l a t i o n s s t a t e t h a t BACT need b.e met o n l y f o r those p o l l u t a n t s which t h e
p a r t i c u l a r source has t h e p o t e n t i a l t o emit i n q u a n t i t i e s exceeding t h e
s i z e c u t g f f 1eve1s .
e PSD Permit

As s t a t e d e a r l i e r , f o r a new source t 3 s t a r t c o n s t r u c t i o n , a
p e r m i t would be r e q u i r s d . For the source t o be l o c a t o d i n a PSD area, t h e
f o l l o w i n g c r i t e r i a must be met:

0 emissions from t n e source must n o t exceed t h e PSD

increment f a r the area,
 TABLE 46 'AHAT PLANTS ARE SUBJECT TO PSD
(DECEMBER 1979)

A p p l i c a t i o n of PSD requirements degends on t d o f a c t o r s :

( 1 ) l o c a t i o n o f plant., and ( 2 ) n a t u r e o f p l a n t and q u a n t i t y
of p o t e n t i a l emissions.

(1) L o c a t i o n -- PSD r u l e s a p p l y i f a t l o c a t i o n of p l a n t
no v i o l a t i o n s e x i s t o f a i r q u a l i t y standards f o r any
NAAQS p o l l u t a n t , based on l a t e s t a i r q u a l i t y data;
PSD a l s o a p p l i e s i f emissions from new p l a n t w i l l be
t r a n s p o r t e d i n t h e atmosphere and a d v e r s e l y impact any
such area.

(2) P o t e n t i a l emissions -- PSD a p p l i e s t o emissions o f any

r e g u l a t e d p o l l u t a n t exceed 100 tons p e r y e a r and p l a n t
f a l l s w i t h i n one of t h e f o i l o w i n g 28 i n d u s t r i a l
categories :

Fossi 1 Fuel - F i r e d Steam E l e c t r i c P l atits of Coke Oven B a t t e r i e s

More t h a n 250 M i l l i o n Btu/Hr Heat I n p u t S u l f u r Recovery P l a n t s
Coal Cleaning P l a n t s (Thermal Dryers ) Carbon Black P l a n t s (Furnace P.rccess)
Kraft Pulp M i l l s Primary Lead Smel te,rs
P o r t l a n d Cement P l a n t s Fuel Conversion P l a n t s
P r i m a r y Z i n c Smel t e r s Sintering Plants
I r o n and S t e e l M i l l P l a n t s Secondary Metal P r o d u c t i o n Faci 1it i es
Primary A1 umi num Ore Reduction P l a n t s Chemical Process P l a n t s
Prirnary Cupper. Smel tc1-s Fossi 1-Fuel B o i l e r s of N n r ~Than
Muni c i pa1 I n c i n e r a t o r s Capable o f Charging 250 M i l l i o n Btu/Hr Heat I n p u t
More than 250 Tons Zefuse/Day Petroleum Storage and Transfer' Fac.
H y d r o i l u o r i c, S u l f u r i c , N i t r i c A c i d P l a n t s w/Capaci t y Exceeding 300,000 Barre'
PETROLEUM REFI~IERIES Taconite Ore Process 1ng Faci 1it i e s
Lime P l a n t s Glass F i b e r Processi ng P l a n t s
Phosphate Rock Processing P l a n t s Charcoal Pr3d.uction Faci 1 i t i e s

F a r a1 1 o t h e r i n d u s t r i a i c z t e g o r i e s , new p l a n t s w i 11 be s u b j e c t t o PSD i f
p o t e n t i a l 2missions exceed 250 tons p e r y e a r .

-
Not2: " P o t e n t i a l emissions" r e f e r t o r a w . e n i s s i o n l e v e l s , measured before
appl icati-on of c o n t r o l devices such as' d u s t c o l l e c t o r s , p r e c i p i t a t o r s ,
scrubbers, e t c . T h i s i n c l u d e s f u g i t i v e emiss'ions .
 e t h e source must conduct a i r q u a l i t y m o n i t o r i n g t o
determine i i any stznaard cir i n c r e ~ e n tw i 7 l be
violated,

a the s o u r c e n u s t i n c l u d e i n i t s a i r q u a l i t y a n a l y s i s
emissions from any Growth associated ,,vi t h t h e f a c i 1 it y ,

e t h e source must be designed according t o S t a t e Standards

o f Performanc2 f o r new f a c i 1 iti es ,

a t h e source must use "Best A v a i l a b l e Control Technology"

i n c o n t r o l l i n g i t s emissions,

e the source must detzrmine if t h e r e w i l l be any adverse

impact cn any area c l a s s i f i e d 6s " p r i s t i n e , " and

a must p r o v i d e o p p o r t u n i t y f o r a p u b l i c hearing p r i o r
t o i s s u i n g a f t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n permit.

The time r e q u i r e d f o r approval of t h e p e r m i t under t h e PSD p r o -

gram i s n e x t t o impossible t o p r e d i c t . I t w i l l vary g r e a t l y depending on
the cornplexi ty and c o n t r o v e r s i a l i t y cf the p r o j e c t , and t h i s w i 11 be d i s -
cussed i n the p e r m i t s e c t i o n of t h i s r e p o r t .

The PSD program discussed above i s c u r r e n t l y being contested . i n

c o u r t (Alabama Power Ccmpany vs. EPA). The f i n a l d e c i s i o n of t h i s case
w i l l i n v a l i d a t e major sections of t h e ?SO program. This cace is d i s c ~ s s e d
i n Section 4.2.10 and a copy of t h e d e c i s i o n can be found i n Appendix 0-2.

4.2.7 N o n a t t a i nment

The country can be d i v i d e d i n t o "clean" a i r areas and " d i r t y "

a i r areas. PSD s e t s the requirements t o be met by new r c f i n e r y p r g j e c t s
i n clean areas. A p a r a l l e l s e t o f requirements must be met by new r e f i n e r y
p r o j e c t s i n the d i r t y areas. ~ h e s ea r e e s t a b l i s h e d by t h e "nonattainment"
p r o v i s i o n s o f t h e Clean A i r Act, so l a b e l e d because these areas nave f a i l e d
t o "attai'n" compliance w i t h the ambient a i r q u a l i t y standards (:?art D of
the Clean A i r ' Act:!. Where they apply, the n o n a t t a i nment p r o v i s i o n s a r e
a p t t o be more r s s t r i c t i v e and complex than t h e requirements cnder PSD.
 a Background

Ln developing s t a t e implementation plans t o achieve .compl i ance

wi t h 'the ambient a i r qual i ty 'standards, s t a t e agencies concentrated on
,
1

. cleaning up'pollution from existing sources. The EPA regulation d i d also

require, however, t h a t each. s t a t e implementati on plan s e t forth
enforceable grocedure by. which a s t a t e could deternine whether new sourc2s
would in.terfere w i t h the attainment or - maintenance of a national a i r
quality stindard and' could prevent the construction of new sources where
i t would cause s'uch.adverse effects' on the ambient a i r . I n the early '

years fo1 lowing adoption of these s t a t e implementation plans in 1972,

l i t t l e attention focused on the preconstruction review of new sources f o r
t h i s purpose, a1 though commonly s t a t e agencies d i d r e v i e w rlew sources t o
assure compl iance w i t h other, . requirements in the implementation plans and
any applicable new source performance standards. I t was generally assumed
t h a t the a i r qual i t y standards would be' achieved and t h a t new sourcss would
not .be expected t o cause significant problems. Moreover, the e f f o r t s of
regulatory agencies were consumed i n establishing controls on existing
sources.

By 1975 a different picture .began to appear. 'With the passage

of the i.nitf a1 dead1 ine f o r achieving the a i r quai 1ty stmdards , i t
gradual ly became. clear t h a t continuing vi 01 a t i ons. wou 1 d . be widespread. The
accumulation of a i r ,quality data converted a theoretical concern into a prac-
t i c a l concern. This concern i s whether or not the Clean Air Act intended t o
'

4 stop new industrial construction throughout substantial portions of the

country.

After long debate, EPA attempted t o reconcile the conflicting

national concerns f o r clean a i r and economic growth. I t issued i t s
Offsets Pol icy as an 1nterpi.etative Ruling in .the' Federal Register on
Decmber 21 , 1976. ,The r u l ing stated that new plants could be constructed
in nonattainment arsas, b u t only i f stringent conditions were net. These
required that emissions must be controlled to the greatest degree possible
and 'that more than equivalent o f i s e t t i ng emissicn reductions must be
obtained from o t h e r sources t o assure progress toward t h e achievement o f
clean a i r .

More s p e c i f i c a l l y , the r u l i n g e s t a b l i s h e a t h e f o l l owing c r i t e r i a

f o r approval of a new source i n a nonattainment area: ( 1 ) t h e new source
must be equipped w i t h p o l l u t i o n c o n t r o l s t o assure the lowest achievement
emission r a t e (LAER), which i n no case c o u l d be l e s s s t r i n g e n t than any
a p p l i c a b l e new source performance standard; ( 2 ) a1 1 e x i s t i n g sources owned
by an a p p l i c a n t i n t h e same r e g i o n must be i n compliance w i t h a p p l i c a b l e
implementation p l a n requirements o r under an approved schedule c r an enforce-
ment o r d e r t o achieve such compl iance; ( 3 ) t h e a p p l i c a n t must demonstrate
s u f f i c i e n t "offsets" --
reductions i n emissions from o t h e r e x i s t i n g sources--
t o more than make up f o r t h e emissions t o be generated by t h e new source
[ a f t e r a p p l i c a t i o n o f LAER); and ( 4 ) t h e emission o f f s e t s .must p r o v i d e a
p o s i t i v e n e t a i r q u a l . i t y b e n e f i t i n t h e a f f e c t e d region.

The f o r m u l a t i o n of t h i s EPA p o l i c y occurred simultaneously w i t h

Congressional review o f t h e Clean A i r Act, and the nonattainment problem
became one o f t h e c h i e f c o n t r o v e r s i e s addressed by Congress i n t h e 19'77
Amendments. As i n t h e case.of.PS0, Congress w r o t e . i n t o t h e law p r o v i s i o n s
p a t t e r n e d c i o s e l y . a f t e r the approach adopted by EPA. I n t h i s case, Con-
gress took t h e unusual s t e p of p r o v i d i n g by s t a t u t e t h a t EPA's p r i o r
I n t e r p r e t a t i v e R u l i n g should remain i n e f f e c t u n t i l J u l y 1, 1979, unless .
modified by another EPA r u l e . F o l l o w i n g t h a t date revi.sed s t a t e impiemen-
t a t i o n plans a r e intended t o p r o v i d e the b a s i c framework f o r review o f new
sources i n nonattainment areas. I n general the same approach w i l l continue
t o apply, b u t s u b j e c t t o a number o f s p e c i f i c m o d i f i c a t i o n s , which t i g h t e n s
t h e r e s t r i c t i o n s on c o n s t r u c t i o n s o f new p l a n t s . The most i m p o r t a n t o f
these p r o v i s i o n s 1i n k s t h e approval o f i n d i v i d u a l new sources t o the ccm- ,
\

p l e t i o n o f a process o f r e v i s i n g the e n t i r e s t a t e implementation plans

\. \.
wherever necessary t o e l i m i n a t e v i o l a t i o n s o f t h e a i r q u a l i t y standards
by J u l y 1, 1079. This p r o v i s i o n w i l l p r o h i b i t c o n s t r u c t i o n o f new p l a n t s
i n a number o f nonattainment areas unless t h e S I P r e v i s i o n process moves
forward i n accordance w i t h t i g h t time schedules.

On. January 16, 1979, EPA issued new r e g u l a t i o n s r e v i s i n g the

o r i g i n a l I n t e r p r e t a t i v e Ruling. These r e v i s i o n s t c t h e I n t e r p r e t a t i v e
R u l i n g i n c o r p o r a t e a number o i s i g n i f i c a n t changes prompted by t h e 1977
Amendments b u t preserve t h e b a s i c f r m e w o r k o f the e a r l i e r r u l i n g . A
copy o f these r e v i s i o n s by t h e January 16, '1979, r u l i n g can be found i n
Appendix 0 - 1 0 ,

Offsets
,
he premise u n d e r l y i n g the o f f s e t s p o l i c y i s tha,t even where
severe 3batement measures have already been r e q u i r e d , untapped oppor-
t u n i t i e s may e x i s t f o r f u r t h e r emission r e d u c t i o n s . Thus if a d d i t i o n a l
new commitments a r e made t o c o n t r o l p o l l u t i o n . , t h e n e t e f f e c t of approval
o f a ,new source w i 11 n o t increase p o l l u t i o n and t h e r e f o r e w i l l n o t aggra-
vate a v i o l a t i o n of t h e a i r q u a l i t y standards.. T h i s , r a t i o n a l e expiains
one fundamental c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f o f f s e t s t h a t they must represent emission
r e d u c t i o n s t h a t otherwise would n o t be r e q u i r ~ d .

The o f f s e t r u l e s a r e Q p l l G d 6A a p o l l u t a n t - s p e c i f i c b a s i s ,
w i t h o f f s e t s r e a u i r e d Only w f t h respect t o t h e p o l l u t a n t ,for which t h e
standards v i o l a t i o n e x i s t s . :f t h e l o c a l i t y of ' t h e new p l a n t i s a non-
a t t a i n m e n t area f o r two o r more p o l l u t a n t s , then o f f s e t s would be r e q u i r e d
f o r each.

Considerable f l . e x i b i 1it y e x i s t s as t o t h e . t y p e of offsets which

may be acceptable. The f i r s t p o s s i b i l i t y whene,ver t h e new source r e p r e -
sents an expansion of an e x i s t i n g r e f i n e r y . i s f o r the owner t o i n s t a l l
t i g h t e r c o n t r o i s on e x i s t i n g operations,. This might i n c l u d e use of new
and i n n o v a t i v e techn610gy o r c o n t r o l s t h a t would n o t normally be r e q u i r e d
even i n t h e r e v i s i o n o f SIPS t o r e s o l v e nonattainment problems.
 Where such o f f s e t s are unavai Table, i n c l u d i n g by d e f i n i t i o n
any case where an e n t i r e l y new r e f i n e r y i s proposed, t h e a p p l i c a n t must
explore other a l t e r n a t i v e s . The a p p l i c a n t may be ab;? t o deal w i t h another
l a r g e i n d u s t r . i a 1 p l a n t i n t h e area t o apply e x t r a p o l l u t i o n c o n t r o l
ineasures , w i t h a sum o f money changing hands i n t h e process. This method
would be very expensive and t h e 1egal aspects (ownershi p, maintenance,
e t c . ) c o u l d be very .complex. I n some cases, an a p p l i c a n t may 'be a b l e t o
purchase an e x i s t i n g f a c i l i t y i n o r d e r t o c l e a n i t up o r c l o s e .it down,
p a r t i c u l - a t e l y an o l d , obsolete p l a n t w i t h l a r g e p o l l u t a n t emission. As
t h i s r e g u l a t o r y program develops, a 'market f o r p o l l u t i o n r i g h t s may
develop i n severe nonattainment areas.

The search f o r offsets o c c a s i o n a l l y may i n c l u d e government

officials. Where a l a r g e i n d u s t r i a l p r o j e c t promising jobs t o a l o c a l
economy hangs i n the balance, p u b l i c support and government assistance may
be r a l l i e d . Regulatory o f f i c i a l s m i g h t c l e a r th= path f o r a new p r o j e c t
by p u t t i n g pressure on e x i s t i n g sources t o meet more s t r i n g e n t p o l l u t i o n
c o n t r o l requirements. The government mighr: even prndllce t h e o f f s e t s
itself. For exampie, i n a case i n v o l v i n g a prcposed new Volkswagen
p l a n t i n Pennsylvania, the s t a t e modified i t s plans f o r r e s u r f a c i n g roads
( s w i t c h i n g t o a m a t e r i a l t h a t would generate fewer hydrocarbon emissions )
t o p r o v i d e t h e needed offsets. Other a c t i o n s a l o c a l government c o u l d t a k e
m i g h t i n c l u d e paving roads t o reduce p a r t i c u l a t e emissions. T h r o u ~ nsuch
cechanisms the element o f l o c a l p o l i t i c a l s u p p o r t . f o r a p r o j e c t can be
very c r i t i c a l .

Whatever t h e o f f s e t s nay be, they must be " n ? i l e d down" as

l e g a l l y b i n d i n g components of t h e s t a t e ' s a i r p o l l u t i o n c o n t r o l program.
This includes a requirement t h a t t h e commitments be enforcgabie by
. ..
EPA .as
w e l l as by the s t a t e . I n many cases the method t o g i v e t h i s 12ga! a u t h o r i t y
t o t h e o f f s e t s w i i i be an a c t u a l r e v i s i o n o f t h e s t a t e ' s implementation
~ 1an, a1 though a1 t e r n a t i v e methods can be used under c e r t a i n c o n d i t i o n s .
 The q u a n t i t y o f o f f s e t s must match emissions from t h e new source
-
o r t h e expansion on a "more than one-to-one" basis. he exact amount o f
o f f s e t s over new emissions r e q u i r e d i s d e t e m i n e d by the reviewing agency
of t h e p r o j e c t .

A f a c t o r t h a t might bear' upon the qudrili ty o f offsets r c q u i r e d

r e l a t e s t o the l o c a t i o n o f t h e o f f s e t s i n reference t o the proposed new
plant. Under EPA's I n t e r p r e t a t i v e Rul i n g ( o r i g i n a l and r e v i s e d ) a s p e c i f i c
c o n d i t i o n f o r approval o f a new source r e q u i r e s t h e demonstration of a
n e t a i r qua l I t y benefl t t o r e s u l L from the new p r o j c c t 01 us o f f s e t s . Thiq
requirement can be n e t where the o f f s e t s are obtained by reductions a r
t h e same p l a n t as t h e new source, since any s e t o f reductions more
than o f f s e t t i n g t h e added emissior~bwould i n f a c t produce a n e t a i r
auality benefit. Likewise, i n d e a l i n g w i t h p o l l u t a n t s o f a reglorla1
a i r n a t u r e such 'as p h o i c c h e ~ i c a loxidarlts, r e d u c t i o n s o f p o l l u t a n t s i n
the same general arsa would produce an a i r q u a l i t y b e n e f i t .

With p o l l u t a n t s such as p a r t i c u l a t e s , however, r e d u c t i o n s a t one

spot w i t h i n a nonattainment area would n o t n e c e s s a r i l y compensate f o r an
increase o f emissions some d i s t a n c e away. The n e t a i r quai i t y b e n e f i t
r u l e has been g e n e r a l l y understood to. r e q u i r e t h a t there be nu ser.ir;!us
d e t r i m e n t anywhere due t o t h e new source. This therefore may present an'
a d d i t i o n a l requirement.

o Sankir~gof Offsets

I n i t s o r i g i n a l I n t e r p r e t a t i v e Rul ing, €PA e .~ .p l i c i ' t l r, e~j e c t e d

the concept' o f banking o f f s e t s . . I t d e c l a r e d ' t h a t no o i ' f i e t c r e d i t c o u l d
be claimed f o r any r e d u c t i o n o r e l i m i n a t i o n o f emissions o c c u r r i n g more
than o n e y e a r b e f o r e a p p l i c a t i o n f o r approval 0 f . a new source, though i t
a i d a l l o w the p o s s i b i l i t y o f a p p l y i n g a l a r g e o f f s e t a g a i n s t subsequent
stages of a mu1 t i -phase expansion program. One impact of t h i s r u l e i s
t h a t i t discourages any r e d u c t i o n i n 2missions beyond what i s sgeci f i c a l l y .
required. An i n c e n t i v e e x i s t s f o r a company t o continue maximum p e r m i t t e d
emissions f o r f u t u r e use as o f f s e t s . This incentisle may a l s o enccurage t h e
continued o p e r a t i o n o f obsolete f a c i 1it i e s beyond t h e i r normal useful 1i f e
f o r f u t u r e offsets;

I n t h e January '16, 1979, r e v i s i ' o n o f t h e I n t e r p r g t a t i v e R u l i n g

€PA m o d i f i e d t h e p r o h i b i t i o n on banking o f o f f s e t s b y p r o v i d i n g t h a t
s t a t e s , as p a r t o f a r e v i s e d S I P meeting the requirements o f t h e Act, may
a j l o w banking s u b j s c t t o c e r t a i n c o n d i t i o n s . aanked emissions must be
I .

i d e n t i f i e d and accounted f o r i n the s t a t e ' s S I P c o n t r o l s t r a t e g y . States

xay a1 low c r e d i t f o r source shutdowns, provided they have occurred a f t e r
d u i y 7, 1977. A company p l a n n i n g t o c o n s t r u c t ' a new r e f i n e r y o r expand
an' . e x i s t i n g f a c i 1it y should c a r e f u l l y review t h e appl i c a b l e S I P w i t h
\
regards t o t h e banking of offsets.

a Sources Covered

As w i t h PSD, t h e nonattainment requirements do n o t apply t o every

fiew source b u t o n l y t o t h ~ s ed e f i n e d as a "major" new source ( o r major
.I

modification). Under t h e r e v i s e d I n t e r p r e t a t i ve Rul ing t h e t e s t i s whether.

p o t e n t i a l emissions from t h e new f a c i l i t y w i l l exceed 100 tons p e r y e a r o f
any one of t h e f o l iowing p o l l u t a n t s : p a r t i c u l a t e m a t t e r , s u l f u r oxides,
n i trogen o x i des , v o l at: 1e organi c compounds, o r carbon monoxi de. By con-
t r a s t , t h e 250 program can be t r i g g e r e d by any p o l l u t a n t r e g u l a t e d under t h e
Act if emissions exceed t h e 100-ton t e s t f o r p l a n t s w i t h i n a l i s t of 28
i n d u s t r i a l categories o r the 250-ton cutoff f3r a l l o t h e r sources.

I n t h e 1977 Amendments Congress made a fundamental chancje,

v a s t l y ex;anding t h e coverage of t h e program by a p p l y i n p the numerical
c u t o f f t o " p o t e n t i a l " emissions r a t h e r than a l l o w a b l e emissions. I n im-
plementing t h i s change €PA has sought t o narrow i t s impact by e s t a b l i s h i n g
a a o - t i e r system s i m i l a r t o t h a t e s t a b l i s h e i under t h e PS'D program.
A1 though a l l n a j o r new r e f i n e r i e s o r expansions must be reviewed t o ' a s s u r ~
csmpliance w i t h p r o v i s i o n s of the s t a t e implementation p l a n 2nd any new
source performance standards , the f u l l n o n a t t a i nment i-equi rements apply
o n l y t o those f a c i l i t i e s w i t h a c t u a l emissions excesding 50 tons p e r y e a r ,
1000 pounds p e r day o r 100 pounds p e r hcur. Thus t h e LAER, o f f s e t s , and
re:ated ccndi t i d n s do n o t apply t o the sinal I e r ' p l a n t s .
 The appl ication of these ,requi rements to refinery expansions or
, modifications must be closely examined. Under the EPA Interpretative
Ruling a modification i s subject t o the requirements i f i t would increase
emissions from the source by the amounts specified discussed above. Con-
fusion .may e x i s t as f o what i s the "source." Often a large industria.1
plant may include numerous sources. I f certain equipment i n an existing
plant i s replaced, the new equipment may be subject to the monattainment
requirements (including the obligation to instal 1 LAER) even though there
i s a net reduction in total emissions from the overall plant. This r e s u l t
will occur i f the new equipment constitutes a separate source, as d i s t i n -
gufshe'd from the f a c i l i t i e s where the reductions are made.

Certain 1 imi tcd cxcmptions from the nonattai nment requirements

are provided f o r fuel 'switching in response to national energy requirements.
The 1376 Interpretative Ruling allowed an exemption f o r conversions to coal
only where f a c i l i t i e s t o use coal were in existence on December 2 1 , 1976.
The 1977 Aniendments and the revised Interpretative A u l i n g expand the
L

exemption t o other cases where fuel switching cccurs under.force of federal

law.

e Revision of Existing Stzte Implementation Plans

Approval of new refineries in nonattainment areas ' a f t e r July I.,

1979, i s tied directly t o the development and approval of revisions in s t a t e
implementation plans. As discussed e a r l i e r , the s t a t u t e prohibits the
construction of major new sources, such as a new refinery, in a nonattsinment
area it' a f t e r July ' 1 , 1979 the s t a t e implementation plan, meeting the
requirements of the 1977 Amendments, has n o t been f i n a l l y approved by the
EPA. '

Permit Requirements

.One change affected by the 1977 Amendments was to convert previ'ous

requirements f o r precons t r u c t i on review into a d i r e c t permit program. The
s t a t u t e specifies that each s t a t e must, prior to ~ u l y1 , 1979, amend i t s
implementation plan t o require permits for the construction and 'operation
of new or modified major stationary sources in any nonattainxent area. The
principal conditions for issuance of such. a permi t (which closely resemble
'

those applied under the original EPA Interpretative Ruling) are as follows:

0 net reductions in emissions,

lowest achievabl'e emission r a t e , ( L A E R )
r other sources within the -state in compliance;
0 applicable SIP i s being carried o u t .

The permit program and procedures for nonattainment areas are

discussed in the following section of t h i s r2port.

4.2.8 PSD -- Nonattainment Overla3

Since the PSC and nonattainment programs each impose complex b u t

different nequi rements f o r issuance of a preconstruction permit, .the f i r s t
question for a major project i s to determine whjch requirements apply.

The basic rule i s that PSD requirements apply in the areas where
standards zre being met, whi l e nonattainment requirements apply where
violations of the standards s t i l l continue. For t h i s purpose every area
must be treated as a subject t o e i t h e r the PSD or t h e nonattai nment
requirements -- there i s no middle ground which i s exempt from both s e t s
of requirements .

To determine whether a part'icular location should be classified

as attainment (and therefore under PSD) o r nonattainment, the f i r s t
reference should be to EPA's o f f i c i a l l i s t i n g of designations f o r 211 areas
of the country i n i t i a l l y published in the Federal Register on March 3 , 1978.
This resulted from an exanination of a i r quality monitoring data and a
survey of a1 1 areas conducted by the s t a t e s and then reviewed and pub1 ished
by EPA pursuant t o a specific directive of the 1977 Amendments. The 1 isting
therefore should indicate how every area i s t o be treated. A copy of t h i s
l i s t i n g (40 CFR 81') can be found in Appendix D - 5 .
 I n t h e J i s t i n g , areas may be shown as "Does Mot Meet Primary
S t a n d a r d s " , ' " ~ o e s.Not Meet Secondary Standards", "Cannot be. C l a s s i f i e d " ,
o r " B e t t e r Than N a t i o n a l Standards". The nonattainment r u l e s apply i f an
area i s v i o l a t i n g e i t h e r primary o r secondary standards , fir s t two c a t e g o r i e s .
The PSD r u l e s apply if an area i s w i t h i n the n a t i o n a l standards o r i f a i r
q u a l i t y data i s i n s u f f i c i e n t t o c l a s s i f y an arca, the, l a s t two c a t z g o r i e s .

U n f o r t u n a t e l y t h e March 3, 1978, 1 i s t i n g and amendments t h e r e t o

cannot be taken as d e f i n i t i v e , s i n c e t h e data u n d e r l y i n g such c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s
upon which t h a t 1i s t i n g was prepared i n many cases were inadequate. Subse-
quent m o n i t o r i n g may i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e s t a t u s o f a s p e c i f i c area should be
changed. I n p a r t i c u l a r , the requirements under PSD c a l l f o r continuous
m o n i t o r i n g data as p a r t of a p e r m i t a p 2 l i c a t f o n , sucn data may show
m a t an area p r e y i o u s l y c l a s s i f i e d as PSD should be r e c l a s s i f i e d n o n a t t a i n -
ment, i n which case t h e nonattainment requirements w i l l i
x appiied.

Another s i g n i f i c a n t c o m p l i c a t i o n a r i s e s from "cross-boundary"

effects. A new r e f i n e r y l o c a t e d i n a clean area (PSD area) may Senerate
emissions t h a t disperse i n t o a nonattainment area, and i f any such effects
would be s i g n i f i c a n t the r e f i n e r y w i 11 have t o comply w i t h o f f s e t s . r e a u i r e -
r e n t s t o assure t h a t i t w i l l n o t aggravate t h e v i o l a t i o n o f standards w i t h i n
t h e no.nattainment area. S i m i l a r l y , a new' source l o c a t e d i n a n o n a t t a i n -
ment area might generate emissions t h a t would adversely a f f e c t a clean a i r
area, p a r t i c u l a r l y i f l o c a t c d near a Class I area. Though t h i s possi b i iit y
i s more remote s i n c e compliance w i t h the o f f s e t s 1i m i t a t i o n s w i 11 mean t h a t '
t h e new r e f i n e r y w i 11.. cause no n e t i n c r e a s e . i n t o t a l emissions, t h e possi -
b i 1it y cannot be a1 t o g e t h e r dismissed unts 1 an, examination .is mhae of t h e
d i s p e r s i o n o f p o l l u t a n t s from t h e s p e c i f i c l o c a t i o n s where the o f f s e t s
w i l l be achieved and where the new r e f i n e r y w i l l be b u i l t . EPA o f f i c i a l s
on a number o f occasions have s t a t e d t h a t these cross-boundary e f f e c t s
w i l l f r e q u e n t l y r e q u i r e new sources t o be reviewed .under both the PSD
and t h e nonattainmetit r e q u i r e ~ e n t s .
 Another important consideration i s that both PSD and nonattainment
requirements are applied on the basis of individual pollutants. There wil?
be many cases where a new piant i s t o be located in an area that i s nonattain-
ment f o r one pol 1 utant, such a s oxidants or particulates, b u t
i s attainment f o r other pollutants, such as sulfur dioxide. In any such
case, the plant must run the ordeal to' s a t i s f y both the procedural and the
substantive requirements under both programs.

The prospects for a new refinery being subject t o both PSD and
nonattainment are increased by the s t r i king differences in the patterns of
standards attainment f o r the various poliutants. Violations of the photo-
chemi c'al oxi dants standard are wi despread', covering 1arge regi ons i n the
country, partic'ulately in the Northeast. Vi 01ations of the particulate
standard are more limited b u t s t i l l common, occurring chiefly i n densely
indus,trial'ized areas. Violations of the carbon monoxide and nitrogen dioxide
standards, by contrast, are aui t e rare. T h u s , i t will normally happen that
a refinery t o be located i.n an area subject t o nonattainment for certain
pollutants will also be subject to PSD f o r other pollutants.

In sorting out which requirements apply, care must be taken as to

which pollutants should be considered w i t h respect to determining ( a )
whether emissions from the plant a r e sufficiently large f o r the plant to ,
be classified as a major source ,and therefore subject to e i t h e r the PSD
or nonattainment review process, ( b ) whether the increment requirements
under PSD or the o f f s e t requi rements under nonattai-nment have Seen s a t i s f i e d , (

2nd ( c ) whether SACT o r LAER i s s a t i s f i e d .

For example, note t h a t a 'refinery wi 11 be subject to the PSD

review i f i t generates .emissions exceeding the s i z e cutoff f o r any poilutant e

regulated by the, Act, whereas a source w i 11 come under nonattainment review

only i f i t s emissions exceed the s i z e cutoff for the particular pollutant
f o r which v i o l a t i o n s of t h e standards e x i s t . 9nce w i t h i n the review p r o - .
C~SS, a l a r g e p l a n t must s a t i s f y an increment o r a i r q u a : i t y a n a i y s i s under
PSD f o r any p o l l u t a n t s f o r which i t exceeds the s i z e c u t o f f ; under non-
attainment, again t h e o f f s e t s w i 11 be r e q u i r e d o n l y f o r the p o l l u t a n t f o r
which the v i o l a t i o n e x i s t s . I n t h e appl i c a t i o n of c o n t r o l technology t e s t s ,
t h e s t a t u t e s t a t e s t h a t under 250 the 8ACT standard must be met f o r every
? o l l u t a n t r e g u l a t e d under the Act, b u t €PA has r u i e d t h a t such standard
must be met o n l y f o r those p o l l u t a n t s exceeding the s i z e cutoff; the statu-
t o r y p r o v i s i o n s concerning nonattainment do n o t s p e c i f y whether LAER should
apply t o a l l p o l l u t a n t s , . and i t presumably w i l l be a p p l i e d o n l y t o those
f o r which a v i o l a t i o n e x i s t s .

One consequence of t h e f a c t t h a t a new p l a n t may be s u b j e c t t o

both PSD and nonattainment review requirements i s t h a t i n any such case i t
i s l f k e l y t h a t i t w i l l have t o o b t a i n i t s a i r q u a l i t y permits from t.40

d i f f e r e p t r e ~ u l a t i n gagencies, one s t a t e and'one federal. I n most cases t?le

nonattainment review ' i s c u r r e n t l y administered by the s t a t e agencies,
whereas t h e PSD. review i s g e n e r a l l y administered by €PA. The PS3 regu-
l a t i o n s of EFA p r o v i d e t h a t where dual permits a r e required, EPA. w i 11 w a i t
t o a c t u n t i l t h e state, praceeding has been completed. Dual review s i t u a t i o n s
pose s u b s t a n t i a l l y g r e a t e r prospects f o r delay .

4.2.9 C i t i z e n Sui t s

Section 304 of the A c t provides . i n c e n t i v e f o r enforcement of the

Act's provisions. The A c t authorizes any p e r s o n i s ) t o ccmrnence c i v i 1
actions against:

0 any person ( i n c l u d i n g the U n i t e d S t a t s and any o t h e r

governmental agency) who i s a l l e g e d t o be i n v i o l a t i o n
of an emission standard o r l i m i t a t i o n under the CAA o r an
o r d e r issaed by .the:EPA o r a s t a t e w i t h respect t o a standard
or limitation,

a any person who proposes t o c o n s t r u c t o r c o n s t r u c t s any

new o r modified major e m i t t i n g f a c i l i t y w i t h o u t a p e r n i t
r e q u i r s d by e i t h e r PSD o r nonattainment glans o r who i s
 a:leged t o be w i r h i n v i o l a t i a n o f any c o n d ' t i c n o f such
permit, c r

3 the a d m i n i s t r a t o r (EPA) where t h e r e i s a1 leged a f a i l u r e

of t h e a d m i n i s t r a t o r t o perform any a c t . o r duty under
t h i s A c t which i s n o t d i s t r e t i o n a r y w i t h the a d m i n i s t r a t o r .

The d i s t r i c t c o u r t s s h a l l hav,e j u r i s d i c t i o n t o enforce such an

emis.sion standard o r l i m i t a t i o n , o r such an o r d e r , o r t o o r d e r t h e adminis-
t r a t o r t o perform such a c t o r duty as the case may be. The c o u r t , i n
i s s u i n g any f i n a l o r d e r , may award the c o s t of l i t i g a t i o n t o any p a r t y
whenever'the c o u r t determir?os such award i s e p p r o p r i a t e . More d e t a i l .is,
found i n Section 304 o f the Clean A i r Act l o c a t e d i n Appendix 0-1 .

.
Because o f t h e importance and t h e c o n t r o v e r s i a l n a t u r e of some
of t h e EPA's r e g u l a t o r y decisions implementing t h e Clean' A i r Act, mcst
decisions a r e chal lensed. i n c o u r t by e n v i r o n m e n t a l i s t s , by inaustry o r '

both. Court decisions have'played a c r u c i a l r o l e i n determining the d i r e c -

t i o n of EPA'r imp1,ementation o f the Act as w e l l as i n s u r i n g t h a t an
adequate t e c h n i c a l case has been made by EPA f o r r e g u l a t i o n ' .

The 1970 Act r e q u i r e d gersons who wished t o challenge an Agency

a c t i o n t o f i l e a p e t i t i o n f o r review i n t h e a p p r o p r i a t e Court of-Appeals
w i t h i n 30 days a f t e r t h e a c t i o n was taken. The c o u r t s have upheld t h i s
time l i m i t on j u d i c i a l review by disinissing l a t e p e t i t i o n s . I n the 1977
Amendments, Congress lengthened t h e deadline t o 60 days. Congress a l s o
eccorsed t h e absol u t e ' cutoff t h a t bars a t t a c k s on a r e g u i a t i o n , ,as a defense ,

i n an enforcement a c t i o n if t h e i s s u e c o u l d have. been r a i s e d i n t h e Court

of Appeals. The 1977 A c t a l s o r a t i f i e d a c o u r t ' s d e c i s i o n ' t h a t , i n o r d e r t o
g e t j u d i c i a l r e v i e w a f t e r t h e dead1 ine, a perssn must p e t i t i o n t h e Agency
showing new information n o t a v a i l a b l e when. t h e EPA a c t i o n was being developed.

Congress provided i n t h e i 9 7 7 Amendments t h a t E ~ aA c t i o n s o f

n a t i o n a l a p p l i c a b i l i t y and e f f e c t a r e t c be reviewed i n the Csurt of Appeals
f o r t h e D i s t r i c t of Columbia C i r c u i t . . This provis.ion c l a s s i f i e d a growing
8 '.
body of judicial decisions and i s important to EPA because issues often
cannot be settled. for years i f petitioners may obtain review in a number
of the eleven Courts of Appeals. Differences among the c j r c ~ i t sare not
unusual, and the only sol.ution i s U.S. Supreme Court review, which i s a
1engthy process.

There i s a case which i s proceeding during this writing that will

a f f e c t the building of a new refinery or expansion of an existing refinery.
.
This case, Alabama Power Company, e t a1 , Petitioners, vs. Douglas M . Costle,
as Administrator, Envi ronmental Protection Agency, e t a1 . , Respondents,
concerns the validity of the fina'l regulations, 40 CFR 51..24, 52.21 (.1976),
promulgated by the' Envi ronmental Protection. Agency on Jurre 19, 1978, ernbracing
the prevention of signifiqant deterioration (PSD) of a i r quality in the
nation's "clean ai rlareas." These regulations are being reviewed by the
€?A due to the Court decision on June.18, 1979.

Some of the major changes that can be expected due t o this

decislon are as follows:

.r Fewer new pollution sources are likely t o be affected by

the rules. Curront regulations apply t o ?SO sources
tldv irlg ltle pulerilidl Lu erlli 1 equdl iu ur- lllurt! Lhdfl 109 ur
250 tons per year of a pollutant (depending on the source),
before instal lation of pollution controls. Simi i a r l y ,
current regulations affecting new source review in non-
attainment areas apply to new sou\-ccs with the potenrial to
emit 100 tons per year o r more before application of
control equipment. The Court ruled this invalid, saying
the rules should apply only to sources exceeding the
appliczble tonnage a f t e r installa,ticn of controls.
8 Cue t o a new definition of "modification," some existing
sources making changes may not have t a undergo PSD review
as currently required. Presently, decreases in emissions
are not allowed to offset concurrent increases in deter-
. mining whether a sourc2 i s subject to the rules. The Court
s a i d , in e f f e c t , that a modificstion of an existing source
will be subject' t o review only i f there i s a net increase
in emissions frcm that source. A source obtaining sufficient
emission reductions within the source i t s e l f could therefore
avoid the modification reqlji rements ,
 a Coverage of different types of poilutants i s expanded f o r
PSD purposes. Air quality monitoring wouid now be required
of a l l ' p o l l u t a n t s regulated under the Federal Clean Air
Act, not j u s t those pollutants covered by a i r quality
standards under Section 109 of the Act, as i s the case ncw.
Pollutants presently covered by Section 109 a r e s u l f u r dioxide,
parti cul ates , carbon monoxide. n i trogen di oxide, ozone (smog )
and lead. In addition, the requirement to instal 1 best
available control technology ( B A C T ) would apply t o a l l pol-
lutants reaulated under the Act for which the new or modified
source would have a significant net increase. The existing
regulations r e s t r i c t BACT applicability only t o pollutants
for which the source i s major.

a The Court said that PSD regulations can apply t o socrces i n

nonattainrnent areas only i f thei? emissions impact a clean
area in another State. EPA believes that t h i s r e s t r i c t i o n '
on applicability will not afford proper protection f o r arEas
whose a i r must remain virtually p r i s t i n e under Federal law,
many of which are located in or adjacent to nonattainment
areas. Although the proposal conforms to the Ccurt ruling,
EPA has petitioned for reconsideration of t h i s issue.
a EPA i s proposing to con:i nue applying i t s existing PSD and
nonattainment regulations until today's amended rules become
effective. Sources with PSD permits that might no longer
be required under the new regulations may apply t o have them
rescinded a f t e r the new regulations become f i n a l . a

~ o u q l a sCostle, EPA ~ d m i n i s t r a t o r ,stated that "a majoi- impact of

the proposed changes i s that a fewer new sources will be sub.ject t o our
( E P A ) regulations. On the other hand, the proposed rules increase the
number of pollutants that must be monitored'and for which best available
control technology must be applied. Tire proposals also make i t harder
for existing sources i n d i r t y areas t o avoid regulatory review when changes
are made t o t h e i r plant. These comprehensive changes wi 1 1 continue to
insure the protection of national a i r pollution standards f o r .pub1i c health
and we1 f a r e . " A copy of t h ~ de,cision
. can be found i n Appendix 0-2.
4.3 FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CCNTROL ACT

4.3.1. Sumary

e Basic Requirements --
Federal law prohibits any discharge to
pub1 i c waters without a permit , and imposes stringent pol 1 ution
control requirements on a1 1 d i scfiarges , whether exi s t i ng .or.
new. Requirements on new plants are generally quit^ similzr
to requirements on existing plant.
9 New Source Performanze Standards --
EPA has issued such standzrds
for numerous industrial categories, in which refineries ar2
included, defi hing the levels of pol lution con$rol required f o r
new plants. The NSPS apply t o plants i f construction comences
a f t e r the standards have 6een promulgated (or in some cases
proposed). A new plant. b u i 1 t in compl iance w i t h HSPS i s enti tl.ed
t o ten years protection against tightening of requirements
specified i n 'its permit.
e Expansions --
Expansions are considered a new source and are
subject t o New Source Performance Standards f o r Refineries.'
These new standards a r e general ly q u i te simi 1a r to existing
. standards.
e Oischarges to Municigal Systems --
Plants discharging wastes
into municipal systems do not require permits, b u t are subject
to pretreatment requirements and also user charges.
D Water Quality Requirements -- I n locations where the water quality
standards are being violated, new barriers may a r i s e agzi nst
further industrial growth. Also in locations where the water
quality i s of h i g h purity, barriers may also arise.
e C i v i l Suits --
Section 505 of the Clean !dater Act provides
additional enforcement by c i v i l s u i t s . These suits can be aaainst
e i t h e r a discharger or against the EPA.
e Oil Spill Prevention 3nd Liabiliti'es -- The Clean Water Act
requires a new refinery to submit a "Spill Prevention Control and
countermeasure Plan" w i t h i n s i x months a f t e r the date of beginning
of operation. The owner or operator of any source which an o i l
s p i l l originates must report the s p i l l and e i t h e r contzin and
clean up the s p i l l or pay the cost of the clean up e f f o r t s by
the responsi 5 l e government agencies .
e Proposed New Source Performancz Standards -- 1% Oecmber 21 , 1973,
the E?A proposed new source performanc? standards for petroleum
r e f i n e r i e s . These p r ~ p o s asl may have significant impact upon the
industry, especi?:ly new f a c i l i t i e s .
 To sammarize t h e Federal Water P o l l u t i o n C o n t r o l A c t upon t h e
s i t i n g process f o r a new r e f i n e r y , a d e c i s i o n diagram has been developed
and i s shown i n F i g u r e 57 A-F. This f i g u r e shows t h e r e g u l a t o r y c o n s i d -
e r a t i o n s and impacts faced by a p o t e n t i a l new source. The p e r m i t r e q u i r e -
ments a r e discussed i n t h e n e x t c h a p t e r . T h i s same d e c i s i o n process on
t h e r e g u l a t o r y impacts f o r major m o d i f i c a t i o n s o r expansions i s p r e s e n t e d
i n F i g u r e 58 A-F.
 FIGURE 5 7 A FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ACT D E C I S I O N DIAGRAM
FOR A NEW REFINERY

r T

DECISION TO B U I L D Cl-OOSE A S I T E WILL THE TREATED

A IdEW REFINERY FOR THE NEW
PLAN FIEUHOO DF
IJASTE.dP.TER , WASTEWATER BE
DISCHARGED INTO
HAS BEEl4 MADE REFINERY OISCIl7RGE P R I VATE TREATIdENT
-. PrJRLlC WATERS

WILL BE REQVIREO NPOES PE.RMIT NEEDED

CWA 5 301, 318,.402 4 0 CFR 1 2 2 . 3 R . 4
4 0 CFR 1 2 4

I S THE STATE I N
CONTACT THE i W l C H THE REFINERY I S GO TO B L K K 8
REGIONAL EPA PROPOSED TO BE B U I L T FIGURE 57 8
APPROVED STATE

I .I
GO TO BLOCK C
FIGURE 57 B
 FIGURE 57B FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ACT D E C I S I O N DIAGRAM
FOE A NEW REFINERY

PRETREATMENT OF WASTEWATER
REQUIRED. REVIEW
PRETREATMtNT STANDARDS
L AND NSPS GO TO BLOCK D
FROEl FIGURE 5 7 A CWA 5 3 0 7 ( b ) FIGURE 57C
4 0 CFR 4 0 3
4 0 CFR 4 1 9
PROPOSED 4 0 CFR 4 1 9
-

,4
WASTEWATER'DISCHARGE
WILL BE REQUIRED OR
CllOOSE A NEW S I T E

FH
FROIl FIGUKE 57A
CHECK TO SEE I F THE
STATE REQUIRES AN E I S
,
O F POLLUTANTS THAT WILL

4 0 CFR 4 1 9
PROPOSED 4 0 CFR 4 i 9
/ { ~ ~ E : 1
~ ~ k ESOURCES
~ ~BOARD^~ ~ ~ ~ y

BLOCK. C All E I S WlLL BE REQUIRED

FRO41 FIGURE 57A T H I S WILL REQUIRE
APPROXlllATELY TWO YEARS
 FIGURE 57c FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ACT DECISION DIAGRAM
FOR A NEW REFINERY

FROll FIGURE 57 PRETREATMENT AIlD COIITRKT AG~ED 4 0 CFR 1 2 2

SURCIIARGES SUBPART A-1 2 2 . 4
CWA 4 204

L
!.GREECIENT
JiNOTHER METllOD OF
WAjTEWATER OISCWRGE
\!ILL BE REQUIRED OR
I CHOOSE A NEW S I T E
I
b

,...

BLOCK E .IS TllE STREAIt APPLY BPT AND.

FROM F IGURE 57 B W l T l l l N Tllli STATE BT4P ( T r L L 1984)
QUALITY L I I ~ I I T S GO TO BLOCK F
I I J POLLUTANTS CMA 5 3 0 1 ( a ) ' FIGURE 57 D
CWA 5 3 0 4 ( e )

TALL TO THE A IQDES ARI.1IT . CAN THE WASTEllATER

REGJOIIAL EPA WILL .CIOT BE ISSUED BE TREATED ECONOMICALLY
FEDERAL ACEl4CY 43 CFR 1 2 2 TO A LEVEL UHlCH
SUBIWRT El2 2 . 1 3

WASTEWATER OISCWCGE
WILL RE REQlllRED OR
CMCOSF A NECl S I T E
 .. . :.
FIGURE 57D FEDERAL WATER POLLUTIOH CONTROL ACT D E C I S I O N DIAGRAM
FOE A NEW REFINERY

- . .- .
. .. .-, .- .- --
APPL,Y : I S TIIE APPLICATION
IICT-CONVENTIOIIAL 'POLLUTANTS
OETERI4IHE FINAL L GO TO $LOCK 6
BI.OCK F DAT-TOXIC POLLUTANTS FIGURE 57 E
DIIP-RUNOFF OlSCllARGE OUALITW PRESENT
FOR 1084 REGUUTIONS -I
. . . . . . 1
 F I G U R E 5 7 ~ FEDERAL M I T E R POLLUTION CONTROL ACT D E C I S I O N DIAGRAM
FOR A .NEW REFINERY

\-x
-/-

lWD I I E 7 R I N t C . PERFlll ISSUED GO TO BLOCK I1

4 0 C r R 12C IlEEN ACCEPTED
All E I S I F REOIIIRED.) 40 CFR 1 Z 9 40 C T R 1 2 4 FIGIIRE 5 7 F
I n CFR 124 S!IBMRT E - l SllIIPAR? 6

--
SIIRPART D
_I.--_..
______

I S S l I E n U l l T l L A1 LEAST
3 n nnrs AFTER THE
OATE 01: I SSI!ANCE 01' A
FINAL t l S
4n c ~ r !12.1
.-..- ---- -
 FIGURE:57F FEDERAL WATER PCLLUTION CONTROL ACT D E C I S I O N DIAGRAM
FGR A NEW REFINERY

A S P I L L PREVENTION PLAN
( S P P ) W I L L BE REQUIRED
6 1-IOIITHS AFTER OPERATIOI4
CONSTRUCT REF I NERY
FROM TIGURE 57E AND STARTUP AND IFlPLEMENTED NO LATER
1 TllAN OtJE YEAR AFTER OPERATION
 FIGURE 5 8 A FEDERAL W.qTER POLLUTION W N T R O L ACT D E C I S I O N DIAGRAM
FOF: EXP4NSIOFi/MODI F I C A T I O N OF .9 REFINERY

HAS BEEN WADE

~~~~~
lrlF~E~~N~~~s~l~~ ;l:~t:KIE
1-{
1 jRE"~~H~~1~3-<
REFINERY
1-A
, UASTEfIIATER
DlSCltARGE
DiSCHARGED I N T O
PUDL I C GNTERS

YES
> E I TO A
BE ROUTED
PRIVATE TREATMENT
PLANT

s
GO r0 BLOCK A
FtGURE 5 8 B

WILL BE R E W I R E D NPDES PERMIT NEEDED

cwn 5 301, 318, 4 0 2 40 CFR 122.3 8 . 4

1 CONTACT THE
REGIONAL EPA
b( I S THE
lJ"ICl4 STATE I N Y
THE REFIRERY
PROPOSED TO RE B U I L T
A NPDES API'ROVED STATE
E 1 GO TO BLOCK.
FEGURE 5 8 B
I
 FIGURE 58B FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ACT DECISION DIAGRAM
FOR EXPANSION/~ODIFICATION OF A REFINERY

- FURTHER PRETREATMENT OF
WASTEWATER MAV BE REQUIRED.
REVIEW PRETREATMENT STANDARDS
BLOCK A ' AND NSPS- GO TO BLOCK 0
FROEl FIGURE 58 A BE ROUTED TO R POTU CWA 5 3 0 7 ( b )
4 0 CFR 4 0 3
4 0 CFR 4 1 9
PROPOSEO 4 0 CFR 4 1 9

NIOTHER 1IETHOD OF
WASTEWATER* 01;CHARGE
WILL BE REQUIRED OR
CllOOSE A NEW S I T E

ESTIFIATE THE ADDI.TICNAL

QUANTITY OF POLLUTAFilS

4 0 CFR 4 1 9 ESOURCES BOARD

PROPOSEO 4 0 CFR 4 1 9

A l l E I S W1I.L 'OF REQUIRED

F1:CW.I FlGllRE 58 h
APPROX IHATELY TWO YEAI(S
 FIGURE 58c FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ACT DECISION DIAGRAM --
FOR EXFANSIONIMODI F I CAT1 ON OF A REF1NERY ..

REVIEW E X I S T I N G
P0TI.I CONTRACTUAL

,)-I
.DISCUSS THESE CHANGE
BLOCK D N;REEEIEN'I RCGARDING
PRE1REATI.lENT AND AGREEREN- CHANGE NEW CONTRACTUAL CONTRACT AGREED , 4 0 CFR 122
SURCtIARGES AGREEMENT UPON SUBPART A-122.4

I \,JILL BE REQUIRED OR
C1100SE A N N S I l E

I S T l l E STI!EAbl
RI.OCK E GO TO BLOCK F
FROIl FIGIJRE 5 8 0
QUALITY L l I ~ l l T S FIGURE 5 R D

TALK TO THE '

REG1 OIIAL EPA

F t D E R A L AGENCY
 FIGURE 5 8 ~ 'FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ACT D E C I S I O N DIAGRAM
FOR EXPANSION/MODI F I CATIOPi OF A R E F I N E R V

W ,..- .- - .- .. . -. - - - .- -
ArPLY:
I IIC1 -CONVF.NIICIlIAL POI.LIITAEITS I I S THE APPLICA'llON
F I L L OUT PERMIT
JI.OCK r RAI- I'OXIC POI.LUTANTS
FR(II.1 F IGllRE UIIP-RIINOFF
IFOR 1984 REGUI-AT IOI4S SIJBPART 0- 1 2 4 . 1 1
L - - - .- - -. - - - .- .. . J

----.---. .- - .--
 FIGURE 58E FEDERLL W.4TER POLLUTION CONTROL ACT DECI S ON DIAGRAM
FOR EXP4NSION/MODIFICATION OF A REFINERf

r lRI.OCK G
FROll FIGURE

.
- *
A DRAFT COPY OF TllE
PEREIIT I S ISSUED.
( T H I S U0UI.D COINCIDE
WITH A DRAFT cDPy
AN € I S I F EFQUIRED.)
' 4 0 CFR 1 2 4
SUDPART.D
' * D
WI
PURLOC REdIEW
HEAF!14Gs-
4 0 CFR 8 2 4
SUBPART' E- l
-(
-
yd-1 4 7 1
( I REEN

>
HAS THE F l N A L E I S
F ONE ACCEPTED
RrNJIQED)

4 0 CFR 1 2 4
SUBPART 6

NO
F 1HAL llPDES
10 CFR 1 2 4
SUBPART G
GO TO BLOCK H
FII;URE 58F

ISStlED I I H T I L AT I.EAST
3 0 DAYS A F l E R [HE
DATE OF ISSUANCC OF A
FlNfiL E I S
10 CI'R 1 2 4
 FIGURE 5 8 F FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ACT D E C I S I O N DIAGRAM
FOR EXPANSIONIMODI F I C A T I O N O F A REFINERY

0 '

cn
C,

CONSTRUCT REFINERY
FRO11 FIGURE AND STARTUP
4.3.2 I n t r o d u c t i on

The l e a a l requirements e s t a b l ished under t h e Federai Water

P o l l u t i o n Control Act, now more p o p u l a r l y c a l l e d t h e Clean !dater Act, do
n o t present the same degree o f r e g u l a t o r y complexi t i e s t o the construc-
t i o n of new r e f i n e r i e s o r expansion o f an e x i s t i n g r e f i n e r y as do t h e
corresponding p r o v i s i o n s under t h e Clean A i r Act. Ncnethel ess , the
water p o l l u t i o n l e g i s l a t i c n does re?resent one o f t h e major components
c f environmental . l a w which must be s a t i s f i e d i n connection w i t h any
r e f i nery cons t r u c t i on.

Where t h e r e i i nery meets the s t a t u t o r y d e f i n i t i o n of being a

'

"new source ," i t s p o l 1u t i on c o n t r o l systems must comply w i t h s p e c i a l l y

e s t a b l i s h e d "new source performance standards" (3SPS). I n some s t a t e s ,
t h i s new r e f i n e r y may a l s o be s u b j e c t t o the r e q u i r e p e n t of p r e p a r i n g
an envi.ronmenta1 impact statement. Nhere the pew source performance
standards a r e met, a p l a n t may q u a l i f y f o r a ten-year p r o t e c t i o n a g a i n s t
any t i g h t e n i n g of t h e requirements, a t l e a s t on those p o l l u t a n t s s p e c i f -
i c a l l y covered by t h e p e r m i t . I n expansion cases t h e p r i n c i p a l
water p o l l u t i o n con.cerns i n connection w i t h constru.ction of a r e f i ? e ? y
w i 11 be simply t o assure compl i z n c e w i t h the same requirements which
apply t o e x i s c i n g . r e f i n e r i e s .

Some r e i i n e r i es d i s c h a r g e wastewaters i n t o a munici pa? sewage

treatment system. I n new p r o j e c t s where t h i s method i's tc; be used, con-
t r a c t u a l arrangements must be developed w i t h t h e l o c z l n u n i c i p a l i t y , and
tire p i a n t must comply w i t h any appl i c a b l e r e g u l a t i o n s requ'i r i ng pre-
treatment o f wastes, i n addi t i o n t o .the t r e a . t m e ~ tr e q u i r e d by t h e
i n ~ n i c i p a lsystem. Also, t h e inunicipal i t y must l o o k a t t h e design of t h e
wastewater treatrnent p l a n t t o sse if i t ' can handle t h e increased c a p a c i t y of
water, p o l l u t a n t s , e t c . , and sti.11 meet discharge r e g u l a t i o n s s e t on
them. R e f i n e r i e s , however, a r e more a p t t o discharge t h e i r wastes a f t e r
treatment d i r e c t l y i n t o a pub: i c waterway, and thus are known as a
d i r e c t discharger. I n t h i s case, a discharge p e r m i t must be obtained,
and t h e discharge i s s u b j e c t to' e x t e n s i v e r e g u l a t i o n s .
 Water p o l l u t i o n c o n t r o l requirements i n t h e p a s t have seldom
presented any o b s t a c l e which m i g h t p r e v e n t c o n s t r u c t i o n of a new r e -
f i n e r y o r expansion o f an e x i s t i n g r e f i n e r y a t a s e i e c t e d s i t e . Ois-
charge requirements f o r p o l l u t i o n c o n t r o l were i n c o r p o r a t e d i n t o t h e
design and c o n s t r u c t i o n of t h e f a c i l i t y . I n the future t h a t prac-
t i c e may o r may n o t c o n t i n u e t o a p p l y . Some elements i n . t h e e x i s t i n g
re.gu1ations c o u i d be a p p l i e d i n a manner wh.ich.would b l o c k c o n s t r l ~ c t i o n
of a f a c i i i t y i n c e r t a i n l o c a t i o n s .

The 1972 Water A c t

The o b j e c t i v e s of t h p A c t ' a r e t o " r e s t o r e and m a i n t a i n t h e

chemical, p h y s i c a l and b i o l o g i c a l i n t e g r i t y of t h e N a t i o n ' s w a t e r . "
The 1972 A c t e s t a b l i s h e d standards of p o l l u t i o n c o n t r o i t o be met by
1977 by a11 d i s c h a r g e r s , whether e x i s t i n g o r new. It also established
more s t r i n g e n t standards of c o n t r o l to' b e met by 1983. 80th s e t s of.
standards i n c l u d e d a combination o f "technology standards" and "water
qual ity stacdards. " The technology standards r e q u i r e every d i s c h a r g e r
t o i n s t a l l by J u l y 1, 1377, t h e " b e s t practicab1,e c o n t r o l technology"
(SPT) and t o i n s t a l l a d d i t i o n a l c o n t r o l equipment by J u l y 1, 1983,
r e p r e s e n t i n g t h e " b e s t a v a i l a b l e technology e c o n c m i c a l l y a c h i e v a b l e "
(BAT). The 1972 A c t a l s o r e q u i r e d t h a t by t h e 1977 d e a d i i ne each d i s -
charger must be i n compl i a n c e w i t h a p p l i c a b l e w a t e r q u a l it y standards,
which imposed a requirement f o r c o n t r o l s t i g h t e r than BPT i n those
l o c a l iti es where r e c e i v i ng waters were s e v e r e l y p o l 1uted. The A c t
t i g h t e n e d t h i s r e c e i v i n g w z t e r reouirement f o r t h e J u l y 1, 1983, dead-
7 i n e by s p e c i f y i n g t h a t no d i s c h a r g e should i n t e r f e r e w i t h t h e use of
any waterway f o r swimming o r t h e p r o t e c t i o n of f i s h l i f e , except i n
cases o f extreme economic h a r d s h i p . Another s i g n i f i c a n t r e g u l a t i o n u n -
der t h e 1972 A c t r e q u i r e s many l a r g e i n d u s t r i a l p l a n t s t o adopt s p e c i a l
plans f o r t h e p r e v e n t i o n of o i l s p i l l s , and EPA has p r ~ p o s e da s i n i l a r
progrzm t o p r e v e n t s p i 1 1s of hazardous substances .
I n 1977 amendments t o t h e Clean Water A c t a1 t z r e d t h e 1983
requirements. Congress postponed t h e d e a d l i n e t o J u l y 1, 1984, b u t
 no l a t e r than J u l y 1, 1987, and reglaced the s i n g l e BAT 1i m i t a t i o n w i t h
a more complicated formula, a p p l y i n g a b e s t conventional technology

- 1i m i t a t i o n (BCT) t o c e r t a i n conventional p o l l u t a n t s , a b e s t a v a i l a b l e
- . - .technology standard t o Toxic p o l l u t a n t s , and a best, a v a i l a b l e technology
--
l i m i t a t i o n . t o certain other pollutants. The amendments a l s o authorized,
- and EPA has proposed, a d d i t i o n a l r z g u l a t i o n t o r e q u i r e "best manage-
ment p r a c t i c e s " (BMP) t o reduce runoff from p l a n t operations. ' A copy of
t h e Water Act c a n 5e found i n Appendix E-1.

The framework f o r c o n t r o l o f watsr p o l l u t i o n was t o p r o h i b i t

any discharge of p o l 1u t a n t s i n t o any pub1 i c waterway unless a.uthor1zed
by a permit, w i t h c o n d i t i o n s t o be s e t f o r t h i n the p e m i t r e q u i r i n g
adequate p o l l u t i o n contro'l . The perrnlr program was oP.Ficiel l y designated
t h e N a t i o n a l P ~ lu tl a n t Discharge E l i m i n a t i o n System (NPDES) ."
, Eech s t a t e was given t h e o p t i o n o f developjng i t s cwn NPDES
program. U n t i l a s t a t e has i t s own EPA-approved program, EPA grants
t h e permits. A f t e r approval , the s t a t e s g r a n t t h e permi t s , w i t h a
review by EPA. So f a r , . t h i r t y - t w o of the s t a t e s have developed t h e i r
own irograms . See Tab1 e 4 7 ,

The s t a t u t o r y standards are a p p l i e d t n i n d i v i d u a l p l a n t s through

a two-step process. First, EPA has conducted an extensive program o f
i s s u i n g efi'l uent guide1 ines , whlch d e f i n e the technology standard; for
the r e f i n e r y category and s e t numerical 1 i m i t s on the q u a n t i t i e s o f sach
p o l l u t a n t which may be discharged by, r g f i n e r i e s per 1000 b a r r e l s o f
feed. Second, the l i m i t s s e t by these g u i d e l i n e s are p i n p o i n t e d i n ,
reference t o s p e c i f i c p l a n t s as t h e i n d i v i d u a l permits a r e issued, s i n c e
t h e HPDES permi t s c o n t a i n t h e u! t i m a t e d e f i n i t i o n of t h e res.ponsi b i 1it i e s
of each discharger. I t should be noted t h a t these p e m i t s a l s o cus-
t o m a r i l y i n c l u d e requirements t h a t the o p e r a t o r o f any p l a n t r e g u l a r l y
moni t o r it s discharges r e c o r d i n g t h e a c t u a l q u a n t i t i es of p o l 1u t i o n
discharged from t h e p l a n t and submit r e p o r t s t o t h e agency.

Since these b a s i c p e r m i t requirements apply t o a1 1 dischargers,

both e x i s t i . n g and new, they are w i d e l y tinderstood and a r e n o t a p t t o
 TABLE 47
NATIONAL POLLUTANT DISCaARGE ELI+lINAT:ON SYSTEM

PERMIT STATES

The f o l l o w i n g s t a t e s have r e c e i v e d approval o f t h e i r

p e r m i t programs by €PA and have assumed r e s p o n s i b i l i t y
f o r t h e issuance o f NPDES p e m i t s :

Alabd~~~d :4ontana
Cal if o r n i a Nebraska
i Calorado Nevada
Connecticdt New York
Delaware N o r t h Carol ina
Georsia N o r t h Dakota
)Rawa i i
Illinois
Indiana
0 h io
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Iowa South C a r o l i n a
Kansas Tennessge
Maryland Vermont
Michigan Virginia
Minnesota Washington
Mississippi W i sconsi n
Missouri Wyomi ng

' A p p l i c a b l e Date: February, 1980

 p r e s e n t m a j o r problems f o r a new r e f i n e r y o r 'expansion p r o j e c t , a1 though
new r e f i n e r i e s o r exgansions do r a i s e a f2w special complexities i n
- t h e t i m i n g and p r o c e s s i n g o f p e r m i t a p p l i c a t i o n s . T h i s w i l l be d i s -
cussed i n d e t a i l i n t h e n e x t .n:hapter.

4.3.4 New Source Perfdrmance Star1ddr.d~

The f i r s t s e t o f requirements under the Clean Water A c t t h a t

, a p p l y s p e c i f i c a l l y t o a new r e f i n e . r y o r expansion i s t h e new source p e r -
formance standards ( N S P S ) . ' S e c t i o n 3CG o f t h e Clcan blater A c t d i r e c t -
sd EPA t o i s s u e NSPS f o r t h e p r i n c i p a l c a t e g o r i e s o f i n d u s t r y , which
petroleum r e f i n i n g i s i n c l u d e d ( T a b l e 48 ) and a'lso d e f i n i n g t h e term
" s t a n d a r d o f performance." E?A has d e f i n e d t i r i s meaning a s t a n d a r d
f o r t h e c o n t r o l o f t h e d i s c h a r g e o f p o l l u t a n t s which r e f l e c t s t h e
~ r e a t e ts degree o f e ' f f l u e n t r e d u c t i o n whi ch t h e Admi n i s t r a t o r
d e t e m i nes t o . be a c h i e v a b l e through appl ic a t i on o f . t h e b e s t a v a i 1a b l e
demcnstratsd c o n t r o l technology, p r o c 2 s s 2 s Y c p e r a t i ng methods, o r o t h e r
a1 t e r n a t i ves , in c l udinq, where p r a c t i cab1 2, a s t a n d a r d p e r m i t t i n g ' no
d i s c h a r g e of p o l l u t a n t s . These standards must be met by t h e new
r e f i n e r y o r t h e p e r m i t w i 11 be t e r m i n a t e d .

The standards have ~ u b d vf l ded t h e p i ~ ~ r o l e u imn d u s t r y in t o

f i v e r e f i n e r y subcategories:
0 topping
e cracklng
0 petrochemi c a l
0 lube
0 in t e r g r a t e d

The €PA has e s t a b l i s n e d ' s e p a r a t e s f f l u e n t 1 i m i t a t i o n s f o r each sub-

category: A l s o under each subcategory, t h e r e a r e two s e t s of e f f l u e n t ,
limitations. One s e t of l i m i t a t i o n s i s f o r r e f i n e r i e s t h a t a r e d i s -
chargi.ng i n t o publ i c waterways.. The o t h e r s e t o f 1 i m i t a t i c n s . ( p r e -
t r e a t m e n t j i a n d a r d s ) i s f o r r e f i n e r i e s t h a t d j s c h a r g e i n t o the muni cipa7
'

sewer system and t h e p u b l i c a l ' y o<ned t r e a t m e n t works p l a n t t r e a t s t h e

wastewater. The d i s c u s s i o n i n t h i s s e c t i o n w i l l be concerned w i t h
r e f i n e r i e s t h a t d i s c h a r g e i n t o publ i c wat2rways.
 TABLE 48
I

I NEY SOURCE PERFORMANCE STANDARDS ISSUED UNDER CLEAN \!ATER ACT

I
( I n d u s t r i a l Catecjories )**

AS3EST3S INORGANIC CHEMICALS (CONTINUED)

BUILfiERS PAPER AN9 BOARD MILLS Boric Acid Production
CANNED AND PRESERVED FRUITS AND VEGETABLES Chrome Pigment P r o c u c t i oni
CANNED,AND PRESERVED SEAFOOD PROCESSING Copper S u l f a t e P r o d u c t i o n
CEMENT MANUFACTURING Hydrogen Cyanide P r o d u c t i on*
DAIRY PRODUCTS PROCESSI>4G Iodine Production
FEEDLOTS Lead M o n o x i d e P r o d u c t i o n
FERROALLOYS S i l v e r N i t r a t e Production
Open E l e c t r i c Furnaces w/Net A i r Zinc Sulfate Production
Pol 1u t i o n C o n t r o l Devices NEAT PRODUCTS
Converted E l e c t r i c Furnaces & Other MINERAL MINING
Smel t i ng U p e r a t i ons w/Wet A i r NONFERROUSMETALS
P o l l u t i o n C o n t r o l Devices ORGANIC CHEMICALS
Slag Processing PAVING AND ROOFING MATERIALS
Covered Cal c i um ~ a r bde' i Furnaces w/Wet PETROLEUM REFINING
A i r Pol l u t i o n C o n t r o l Devices Topping
Other Cal c i ~m Carbide Furnaces Cracking
- E l e c t r a l y t i c Nanganese Froducts . . Petrochemi ca 1
E 1 e c t r o l y t i . c Chromi urn Lube
FERTILIZER MANUFACTURING Integrated
Phosphate PHOSPHATE MANUFACTURING
Arrtrnon ia PRINTING,INK FORMULATING
Urea PULP PAPER AND PAPERBOARD MANUFACTURI~~
Ammoni um N i t r a t e (PARTIAL LISTING)
N i t r i c Acid Unbleached K r a f t
Arnmoni urn Sul'fate P r o d u c t i o n Ammonia Base ' N e u t r a l Sul fit e
M i xed and Blend F e r t i 1 iz e r P r o d u c t i o n Semi -Chemi c a l
GLASS MANUFACTURING Unbieached K r a i t - N e u t r a l Sul fi.te
GRAIN MILLS Semi -Chemi c a l .
HOSPITAL INDUSTRY Paperboard from Waste Paper
INORGAIY1.C CHEMICALS (PARTIAL LISTING ) Dei nk
A1 uminum C h l o r i d e N I F i n e Papers
Czl c i um Ch 1o r i de Papergrade Sul fit e Market 2 u l p
Hydrochl or; c A c i d P r o d u c t i o n RUBBER MANUFACTURI f4G
Hydrofl u o r i c A c i d P r o d u c t i o n SOAPS AND DETERGENTS
N i t r i c Acid Production SUGAR PROCESSING
P o t a s s i um Metal TEXTILE INDUSTRY
P o t a s i i u m Dichromate TIMBER PRODUCTS PROCESSING
Soai urn D i chromate and Sodi urn
S u l f a t e Production
Sodi um ideta1 Production*
S u l f u r i c A c i d P r o d u c t i oni
T i t a n i um O i o x i de P r o d u c t i o n *
Appl i c a b l e Date: Decenber, 1979

*Prcposed o n i y
"*Partial i i'sting .
 The p o l l u t a n t s which the standards r e g u l a t e a t t h i i time
are:
8005
COD
TSS
O i l and grease
Phenolic compounas
Ammoni a expressed as n i trogen
T o t a l chromium
Hexavalent chromium
Sulfides
PH
The standards g i v e t h e l i m i t a t i o n f o r each o f t h e at5ove p o f l g t a n t except
pH under each subcategory. i n terms of pounds p e r 1000 o-arrels o f crude
feedstock. The r e g u l a t i o n s c o n t a i n both a d a i l y maximm value as w e l l
as a 30-day running average maximum. The complete copy of these
r e g u l a t i o n s can be found i n t h e appendi,~. The amount of any one
p o l l u t a n t which can be discharged i n one day f o r a subcztegory can be
determined by a p p l y i n g t h e f o l l o w i n g formula:

Mass P o l l u t a n t L i m i t = U n i t Flow x P o l l u t a n t L i m i t
x U n i t Size F a c t o r x Process C o n f i g u r a t i o n Factor
where :
9 Mass P o l l u t a n t L i m i t . i s i n terms of pounds p e r day
s U n i t Flow i s i n terms o f 1000 b a r r e l s p e r day-of
feedstock t o t h e r e f i n e r y
0 P o l l u t a n t L i m i t i s i n terms o f pounds p e r 1000' b a r r e l s
o f feedstock f o r a subcat2gory such as c r a c k i n g
e U n i t Size and Process Configura,tion Factor can be
found i n 40 CFR 419.

A d e t a i l e d example o f t h i s method i s described i n 40 CFR 419 subpart D

which can be found i n Appendix E - 2 . '

An NPgES permi t w i 11 , a t minimum, r e q u i r e a f a c i 1it y t o meet

feeera1 e f f l u e n t standards as discussed above, b u t may impose more
s t r i n g e n t 1i m i t s , depending on t h e water qua1.i t y standards t h a t must be
maintained i n t h e receiving body o f water {CWA 202). This i s discussed
i n SectScn 4.3.5.
 On December 21 , 1979, the Environmental Protection Agency pub1 isied
in the Federal Reg.ister proposea Petrol sum Refining Poinr Source Category
Effluent Limi tation Guide1 i nes . These proposed regulations, i f ' adopted and
promulgated, will have significant impact upon the petroleum industry,
. .
especial i new faci 1 i t i e s . A1 1 governmentai and i naus t r i a l groups must be
famil i a r wi tn the impiementation s t a t ~ sand timing for these proposed changes
so as' to determine applicable aischarge.1imi t s and impacts upon the design.
Status of. proposed regulations can normally be obtained from the s t a f f of
the Effluent Guidelines Division of the EPA in bldshington, 0. C . A copy-
CT the proposed effluent 1 imitations can be found - i n Appendix E-3.

.Tho Ten-Year Protection Clause

I

One ben,efi t to a refinery, available because of the language

of the .new source performance standards., i s the ten-year protection
clause. This provides, in general terms, that a new plant b u i l t in
compliance with th,e current NSPS i s t o be protected aga.ins't any tight-
ening of the standards f c r a peyiod of ten years' a f t e r i t commefices
operaticn, or f o r the period of depreciation or amortization under
Sections 167 o r 189 of the Internal Revenue Code, whichever i s 1ess .

A limitation on t h i s ten-year protection i s that i t applies.

only to the pollutants .specifically covered by the permit i ini tations and
precludes only a tightening of those limitations through changes i n the
basic technology standards. A refinery could therefore find ' t s e l f
compel led to meet further limitations especial ly *on toxic substances
even d u r i n g the period of protection.

An environmentai iinpact statement wou'ld be required for a

new refinery and possibiy.for,an expansion or major modification.
The jcope o f t h e environmental impact s t a t a n e n t and the jrocedures f o r i t s
p r e p a r a t i o n f o l l o w the general p a t t e r n e s t a 6 l ished i n connection w i tn the
p r e p a r a t i o n o f environmental impact statements by o t h e r f e d e r a l agencies.
The i n t r i c a c i e s of t h i s process, and the o t h e r f e d e r a l s t a t u t e s o f t 2 n
brought i n t o p l a y through the envi ronmental impact statement requirements
a r e d i rcclssed i n S e c t i o n 4'.1 .

4.3.6 ~ x p a ni; on o f Exi s t i ng Sourc2s

A q u e s t i o n nay a r i s e i n cases when a company i s 2xpanding

an e x i s z i n g p l a n t whether t h e change w i 11 cause the p r o j e c t t o be
t r e a t g d as e q u i v a l e n t t o c o n s t r u c t i o n of a new source and t h e r e f o r e sub-
j e c t t~ the l e g a l requirements Chat apply t o a new source. Current EPA
r e g u l a t i o n s leave c o n s i d e r i b l e u n c e r t a i n t y on t h i s p o i r i t , i n d i c a t i n g
o n l y t h a t t h e term "new source" includes any b u i l d i n g , s t r u c t u r e ,
f a c i 1i t y o r i n s t a l i a t i o n t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n of which i s commenced a f t e r
p e r t i n e n t new source performance standards have been promulgated o r
proposed. Also, persons c u r r e n t l y d i s c h a r g i n g who have e x i s t i n g p e r -
m i t s s h a l l submit a new a p p l i c a t i o n where f a c i l i t y expansion, p r o d u c t i o n
increases, o r process c o d i f i c a t i o n w i l l ('40 CFR 122.1 (b), Subpart 0 ) :
..
o R e s u l t i n new ur. s u b s t a n t i a l l y i n c r ~ a z e ddischarges
o f . p o l l , u t a n t s o r a change i n t h e . n a t u r e of t h e d i s -
charge' o t p a l l u t a n t s , or

a V i o l a t e the t e r n s and c o n d i t i o n s of the e x i s t i n g p e r m i t .

A r e f i n e r y which I s p l a n r i i t ~ gan expans.ion shnuld t a l k t o t h e s t a t e

agency o r the €PA f o r c l a r i f i c a t i o n between a new source and expansion.
The above two p o i n t s would imply t h a t an expansion of an ext'sting r e f i n e r y
would be t r e a t e d as, a new source-. See,'40 CF2 122 l o c a t e d i n Appendtx € 4 ,

I t may be advantageous f o r a r e f i n e r y t o contend t h a t an

expansion should be t r e a t e d as a new source. Although one wculd anti-
c i p a t e t h a t new source performance standards would impose f a r more
c o s t l y c o n t r o l requirements than standards a p p l i e d t o e x i s t i n g sources,
i n a c t u a l p r a c t i c e the new source performance standards f r e q u e n t l y are
. .
no more severe. Thus, i f i t i s c l e a r t h a t no EIS requirements .wii 1
a p p l y , and if the new source performance standards would n o t impose
s i g n i f i c a n t l y g r e a t e r c o s t s , c l a s s i f i c a t i o n of a p r o j e c t as a new
source would g i v e t h e r e f i n e r y t h e b e n e f i t o f t h e ten-yezr p r o t e c t i o n
c l a u s e a g a i n s t t i g h t e n i n g of the c o n t r o l requirements. The a c t u a l
advantages o r disadvantages Gay vary c o n s i d e r a b 1 y . f r o m case t o case, and
a c c o r d i n g l y t h e r e i i n e r y s h o u l d make an in d i v i d u a l a n a l y s i s in referencg
t o each expansion p r o j e c t .

I n d u s t r i a l Use of M u n i c i p a l Treatment Faci 1 it i e s

. An
.
i m p o r t a n t c n o i ce t o be made i n connection w i t h a new pro-
j e c t i s whsther t h e wastewaters w i l l be t r e a t e d e n t i r e l y a t t h e p l a n t
and discharged d i r e c t l y i n t o a p u b l i c waterway o r whether t h e waste-
waters w i i l i n s t e a d be discharged i n t o a m u n i c i p a l sewage t r e a t m e n t p l a n t
system. The o p p o r t u n i t y t o us2 a m u n i c i p a l s y s t e n and t h e i m p i i c a t i o n s
of d e c i d i n g t o do so may be a major f a c t o r i n c o r p o r a t e s i t i n g d e c i s i o n s .
'

The c o n s i d e r a t i o n s b e a r i n g on t h a t f a c t o r can be d i f f i c u l t t o evaluate,': ..

p a r t i c u l a r l y as t h e Costs of p o l l u t i o n c o n t r o l c o c t i n u e t o r i s e and t h e
reauirements d p p l i c a b l e t o users of m u n i c i p a l systems undergo s i s n i f i c a n t
cnange.

R e f i n e r i e s d i s c h a r g i n g i n t o m u n i c i p a l systems (pub1 i c owned)

a r e exempt from t h e Federal p e r m i t requirements b u t a r e covered by t h e
NPDES p e r m i t f o r f h e p u b l i c owned t r e a t n e n t w o r t . Far l e s s p r e s s u r e has
been e x e r t e d on these r e f i n e r i e s t o r e q u i r e c o s t l y c o n t r o l s over' t h e i r
discharges compared t o r e f i n e r i s s t h a t a r e r e q u i r e d a NPDES p e r m i t .
T h e 1972 Act, however, c o n t a i n s two types of a u t h o r i t y which i n f u t q r e -
y e a r s may s i g n i f i c a n t l y change t h e balance o f advantage f o r a r e f i n e r y
u s i n g a m u n i c i p a l system. F i r s t , t h e law r e q u i r e d m u n i c i p a l it i e s r e c e i v i n g
f e d e r a l g r a n t s f o r t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e i r t r e a t m e n t p l a n t s t o impcss
s ; ~ b s t a n t i a l charges on t h e i r i n d u s t r i a l users. Second, t h e law a l s o
r e q u i r e d such ccmpani es t o meet " p r e t r e a t m e n t " standards w i t h r e s p e c t
t o any p o l l u t a n t s which m i g h t i n t e r f e r e w i t h , pass t h r w g h , o r be incorn-
p a t i b l e w i t h t h e m u n i c i p a l t r e a t m e n t works.
 EPA has moved s l o w l y i n the promulgation o f pretreatment
programs by municipal systems t o effec.tively enforce the p r e t r e a t K e n t
standards which have been issued. Not u n t i l June 26,.1978, d i d EPA
f i n a l l y promulgate ii s b a s i c r e g u l a t i o n s t o s p e c i f y the type o f pre-
treatment programs municipal systems should adopt. I n future years,
however, t h e appl ic a t i on o f pretreatment r e q u i rements may profoundly
change t h e comparative cus 1;s f o r i n d u s t r y o f dischargi'ng wastes i n t o a
r u n i c i p a l system.
. .- .

The u n d e r l y i n g p r i n c i p l e upon which the pretreatment standards

are being developed i s t o assure t h a t the discharges from a municipal
system accepting wastes, from dn i ~ d u s t r i a lp l a n t w i l l be t r e a t e d t o
t h e same degree as i f t h e i n d u s t r i a l iiastes were t r e a t z d a t t h e s i t e t o
r e g u l a t o r y 1im4 t s and .discharged d i 1-cctly i n t o pub1 i c waters. T h i s
i s accompi'i shed by s e t t i n g the pretreatment standards a t l e v e l s corn-
parable td the l i m i t a t i o n s on d i r e c t dischargers, s u b j e c t t o a c r e d i t
f o r the e x t e n t o f removal o f s p e c i f i c p o l l u t a n t s a c t u a l l y achizved by
t h e municipal treatment p l a n t r e c e i v i n g wastewaters frgm an' i n d u s t r i a l
user. The impact o f t h i s approach i s t h a t where c r i t i c a l p o l 1utants'
from an j n d u s t r i a l p l a n t r e c e i v e l i t t l e o r no e f f e c t i v e treatment once
they s n t e r t h e municipal system, the i n d u s t r i a l p l a n t must p r o v i d e t h e
f u l l treatment i t s e l f , imposing the same f i n a n c i a l burden on It.as
though i t Nere a d l rec-l: d i schargcr. I n a d d i t i o n s i nse t h s wastes do
pass through t h e municipal system, t h e company w i 11 b e r e q u i r e d t o pay
user charges r e p r e s e n t i n g i t s p r o p o r t i o n a l share o f the costs o f o p e r a t i n g
and m a i n t a i n i n g the municipal system (CNA 204 (b). See Appendix E-6.

R e f i n e r i e s t h a t are d i s c h a r g i n g i n t o a p r i v a t e l y owned, o r
a CO-OP owned treatment p l a n t a r e exempt from t h e federal p e r m i t r e q u i r e -
nents. The privati o r CO-OP treatment p l a n t has t o apply and r e c e i v e
a NPDES p e r m i t f o r o p e r a t i o n .
This o n l y a p p l i e s i f t h e r e f i n e r y '
discharges through pipes, sewer, o r o t h e r conveyances t h a t l e a d t o t h e
treatment p l a n t . For more d e t a i 1, see 40 CFR i 2 2 and' 125 . i n ~ o p e n d i xE-4
and E - 7 .
 4.3.8 P r o h i b i t i o n o f New Slants

Beyond questi0n.s as t o the type and c o s t o f p o l l u t i o n c o n t r o l s

r e q u i r e d i n the design o f a new p l a n t , t h e more fundamental q u e s t i o n
i s whether t h e water q u a i i t y r e g u l a t i o n s m i g h t a c t u a l l y prevent con-
s t r u c t i o n o f a p l a n t a t a proposed s i t e . I t i s c l e a r t h a t these regu-
l a t i o n s -do n o t present anywhere near the same type of p o t e n t i a l obstacles
as a r e presented by the Clean A i r Act. Nowhere i n t h e f i e l d of water
p o l l u t i o n c o n t r o l i s t h e r e a system of p r e c o n s t r u c t i o n approval t o
match the PSD and .nonattaiqment procsdures of review. Except i n a few
cases, t h e working assumption of water p o l l u t i o n : c o n t r o l s has Seer! t h a t
w h i l e they w i l l a f f e c t matters of ,how a new p l a n t i s b u i l t , they w i l l
n o t impact questions of whether o r where a new p l a n t i s b u i l t . This
p a t t e r n of p a s t p r a c t i c e can be r e l i e d upon as a general guide t o t h e ,-

f u t u r e , b u t w i t h ' i m p o r t a n t exceptions.

The most s i g n i f i c a n t s i t u a t i o n i n which water p o l l u t i o n ' r e -

q u i rements may t h r e a t e n t o prevent- c o n s t r u c t i o n of new p l a n t s concerns
a r o s s l y p o l l u t e d ' water bodies where t h e water q u a l i t y standards a r e
currently violated. I t should be noted t h a t since t h e p e r m i t r e q u i r e -
ments were f i r s t e s t a b l i s h e d i n t h e 1972 A c t , t h e law has r e q u i r e d any
a p p l i c a n t f o r a p e r m i t from EPA t o p r o v i d e a c e r t i f i c a t i o n by t h e s t a t e
water p o l l u t i o n c o n t r o l agency t h a t .the discharge w i 11 n o t v i o l a t e water
q u a l i t y standards,. and i n a s i m i l a r .manner the EPA r e g u l a t i o n s have
r z q u i r e d s t a t e agencies i n i s s u i n g permits t o assure t h a t any d i s -
charge allowed w i l l comply w i t h water q u a l i t y s t a n d a r d s . ' . This l.ega1
framework would appear t o l a y t h e same type o f foundation upon which the
nonattainment p r e c o n s t r u c t i o n rev.iew program kas developed f o r new
sources of a i r p o l l u t i o n , although t o date no such system has evolved
under t h e water p o l 1u t i on s t a t u t e ,

The p o t e n t i a l f o r e v o l u t i o n of t h e water p o l l u t i o n r e q u i r e -
ments toward p r o h i b i t i o n of c e r t a i n new p l a n t s i s accentuated by the
r e v i s e d NPOES r e g u l a t i o n s . I n the section e n t i t l e d "Prohibitions" i s a
- p r o . v i s i o n s t a t i n g t h a t no p e r m i t s h a l l be 'issued t o a new source o r
new discharger (exgansion) i f i t w i l l cause o r c o n t r i b u t e t o t h e v i o i a -
t i o n o f water q u a l i t y standards. Noreover, t h e r e g u l a t i o n would p u t
a burden of proof upon a permit applicant t o demonstrate that the new
piant will not r e s u l t i n a violation of water.quaiity standards, and i n
any case where a new,plant would be loczted cn a "water quality limited
segment," the applicant would also have to denonstrate that there are
sufficient remaining pol 1 utant lead a1 locations to cover the new discharge.

This l a s t new reaui rement could rev01 titioni ze the grocedures

f o r issuance of NP'DES permits t o new sburces. The referer~cet o ,'any water
qual i ty 1 irni ted segment wcul d embrace 1 arge portions of waterways
throughout the country J wherever ex: s t i ng pol 1 ut i on sources (whether
i n d u s t r i a l , rnunici?al, agricultural , or natural ) cause a viol a t i c ? of
water q.uali t y standards requiring more s t r i ngent controls than rerely
a p ~ication
l of the BPT ( o r perhaps BAT) technology standards. I n these
areas, typical l y waste load a1 locations have been made requiring extra
controls by dischargers s u f f i c i e n t t o achieve the water qual i ty standards ,
b u t not necessarily providing any margin for additional growth. Thus.,
the stage would be s e t for application of the same type of offsets
pol icy as developed in the nonattaicment .program under the Clean Air
Act.

The other s i t u a t i o n in which water qua l i t y consideratlans

might block -approval ot a new p l a n r would invulve w a t e r bodies of k i a n
water qual i t y . This situation immediately invites comparison to the areas
of p r i s t i n e a i r quality, Class 'I Areas, for whose protection the PSD program
has been developed. .Information concern'ing watw qua: i ty can be f o u n d i n
the appendix.

Planninq

The poss ibi 1i ty that enforcement of the watsr qua'l i ty s tandaras

might evolve in the directicn o f prohibiting new plants i s further in-
creased by work currently in progress t o prepare areawide waste treatment
management p i a m under Section 208 of the Clean Water Act. Under. this
program hundreds of millions of dollars of federal money have been grantsd .
to local planning agencies a r t o s t a t e agencies to conduct extensive pro-
gram ..for water quality p:anni"g. The nature of individual planning
e f f o r t s has v a r i e d from one l o c a l i t y t o a n o t h e r , b u t i n nany areas n a j o r
e f f o r t s have been funded t o c o l l e c t data on t h e e x i s t i n g c o n d i t i o n of
water q u a l i t y . I n some cases wasteload a l l o c a t i o n s a r e b e i n g a d ~ p t e d
which may a l l o c a t e t h e e n t i r e a s s i m i l a t i v e cacaci t y of a p a r t i c u l a r w a t e r
body l e a v i n g l i t t l e o r no margin f c r f u t u r e growth,. Elsewhere these
p l a n s may d e t e m i n e " t h a t t h e p r i s t i n e c h a r a c t e r ~f c e r t a i n streams o r
l a k e s s h o u l d be permanently preserved and p r o h i b i t m a j o r i n d u s t r i a l i -
z a t i on . i n such areas.
,

C i titen Suits

S e c t i o n 505 o f t h e A c t p r o v i d e s an i n c e n t i v e f o r s n f o r c e -
ment o f t h e A c t ' s p r o v i s i o n s . The A c t a u t h o r i z e s any.person(s)
h a v i n g an i n t e r e s t which i s o r . may be a d v e r s e l y a f f e c t e d . t o commence
c i v i l a c t i o n s e i t h e r a g a i n s t 2 d i s c h a r g e r , f o r v i o l a t i o n o f any e f f l u e n t
s t a n d a r d o r 1 i m i t a t i o n under t h i s A c t , o r a g a i n s t t h e EPA, f c r f a i 1u r e
t o enforce the A c t ' s 'provisions. Experience under t h e Refuse A c t p r o - '
gram i n d i c a t e s t h a t c i v i 1 s u i t p r o v i s i o n s a r e e f f e c t i v e i n enforcenent
o f the Act's provisions .

.The d i s t r i c t c o u r t s s h a l l have j u r i s d i c t i o n t o . e n f o r c e such an

e f f l u e n t s t a n d a r d o r l i m i t a t i o n , o r such an o r d e r , o r t o o r d e r t h e EFA
.
t o perform such A c t c r d u t y and t o apply any a p p r o p r i a t e c i v i l p e n a l t i ' e s
under S e c t i o n 309(d) o f t h i s Act. .The c o u r t , i n i s s u i n g any f i n a l o r d e r ,
may award c o s t o f 1 it i g a t i o n t o any p a r t y whenever t h e c o u r t determines .-

such award i s a p p r o p r i a t e .

4.3.11 O i l S p i l l P r e v e n t i o n and L i a b i l i t y

S e c t i o n 31 1 o f t h e A c t r e q u i r e s .a new r e f i n e r y t o submit a Spi 11

P r e v e n t i o n C o n t r o l and Counterneasure ??an . (SPCC Pl'an) . This plan shdl i
be prepared w i t h i n s i x months a f t e r t h e d a t e o f b e g i n n i n g o p e r a t i o n and
s h a l l ' b e . f u l l y . implemented as soon as p o s s i b i e , b u t n o t l a t e r than one
y e a r a f t e r o p e r a t i on'commeflCES.
 The f a c i l i t y s h a l l c z n t a i n a p p r o p r i a t e containment and/or
d i v e r s i o n s t r u c t u r e s o r equipment t o prevent o i l from reaching any n a v i -
gable water. Some of the p o s s i b l e systems'wouid be:

a Dikes, berms, o r r e t a i n i n g w a l l s s u f f i c i e n t l y i m -
pervious t o c o n t a i n any s p i 1l e d o i 1

a Curbing

i . Cul v e r t i ng , gutters, o r o t h e r drainage systems

a Weirs, booms, o r o t h e r b a r r i e r s

e Spi 1 i D i v e r s i o n ponds

o Retention gonds

e Sorbent m a t e r i a1 s
.
The p l a n a l s o addresses the f a c i 1it y drain3ge system, and 6u1 k storage
tanks. Fai 1u r e . t o prepare and m a i n t a i n a p l a n i n accordance w i t h t h e
r e g u l a t i o n s s u b j e c t s t h e v i o l a t o r t o c i v i l p e n a l t i e s o f up t o $5,000 f o r
each day of v i o l a t i o n . S i m i l a r , b u t more s t r i n g e n t , p l a n n i n g and accident
avoidance roquirenents are appl i c a b l e under Coast Guard r e g u l a t i o n s
governing vessels and o i l t r a n s f e r oserations associated therewith..

If,d e s p i t e compliance w i t h the s p i l l avoidance procedures

discussed 3bove, a s a i l 1 does occur, addTtiona1 o b l f g a t i o n s a r i s e .

The owner o r o p e r a t o r o f the so.urce from which t h e 'dis-

charge o r i g i n a t e s must immediately r e p o r t the discharge t o the Coast
Guard and/or €PA. Fai 1u r e t o comply w i t h t h i s requirement r e s u l t s , upon
c o n v i c t i o n , i n a ' f i n e o f up t c j10,000 and/or i m p r i s ~ n m e n tf' o r n o t n o r e
than one year. I t should be k e p t i n mind t h a t t h i s r e p o r t i n g requirement
i s b r o a d l y construed and may apply t o o i l s p i l l s which o r i g i n a t e several
m i l e s i n l a n d e.3., if t h o s p i l l goes i n t o a s t o m sewer which o u t l e t s t o
navigable waters.

I n a d d i t i c n t o g i v i n g n o t i c e , the discharger must e i t h e r c m -

t a i n and c l e a n up t h e s p i 11 o r pay the cost. of clean' up e f f o r t s by the
r e s p o n s i b l e governmental agencies. Section 31 1 (,f) 1imi.ts t h e d i s c h a r g e r ' s
l i a b i l i t y f o r t h e governsent's a c t a a l removal c a s t s t c 450 m i l l i o n unl2ss
t h e r e i s w i 1 l f u l peg1 i g e n t e o r w i ? l f g l miscond'uct i n which case t h e r e i s
no l i m i t on i i a b i l i t y . EPA i s a u t h o r i z e d t o e s t a b l i ' s h lower l i m i t s of
1 i a b i 1i t y f o r . f a c i ? it i ss having small j t o r d g e c a p a c i t y (1000 b a r r e l s o r
less). l , e f f e c t i v e p r i v ? . t s c l e a n up measures are l e s s c s s t l y
~ e n e r aly
than s i m i l a r e f f o r t s by t h e gover:iment and, i n a d d i t i o n , those e f f o r t s
are cf considerable p r a c t i c a l iaportance i n m i t i g a t i o n c f . t h e c i v i l
oeoal t i e s discussed below.

The d i s c h a r g e r ' s f i n a l o b l i g a t i o n i s t o pay a c i v i l p e n a l t y

of n o t more than S5 ,C30 t o y each s p i i 1. A1 though t h e Coast Guard (which
1s t h e agency a & i c l s t e r l n g t h e p e n a l t j e s s e c t i o n ) must assess a p e n a l t y ,
i t has considekakie. d i s c r e t i o n t o reduce t h e amount o'f t h e p e n a l t y based
on t h e si'ze or' t h e business of t h e d i s c h a r g e r , t h e e f f e c t o f t h e p e n a i t y
on h i s z b i l i t y t o conttnue i n bus.iness, and t h e g r a v i t y of t h e . v i o l a t i o n .
The Act provides' t h e r i g h t t o n o t i c e and a h.earing
. . i n connection w i t h
civS 1 p e n a l t y .assessments, and t h e r e had been case law t o t h e e f f e c t
t h a t t h e n o t i c e g i v e n by t h e d i s c h a r g e r must n o t be u t i l i z e d as a means
o f o b t a i n i n g i n f o r m e t i a n t o serve as t h e b a s i s f o r assessing a c i i i l
p e n a l t y . More i n f o r m a t i o n on 011 s p i l l s can be found i n 40 CFR 112
l o c a t e d i n Appendix E-6.
4.4 REXURCE CONSE2'lATION AND RECOVE2Y A,CT

4.4.1 Introduction

The disposal of s o l i d wastes i n the p a s t has t y p i c a l l y presented

no r e g u l a t o r y obstacles t o tile s t t i n g and c o n s t r u c t i o n of a new r e f i n e r y .
That day could be over.

I n 1976 Congress passed t h e Resource Conservation and 2ecovery

b

Act (RCRA). Under t h a t law EPA i s c u r r e n t l y e s t a b l i s h i n g a new r e g u l a t o r y

framework. This w i l l i n c l u d e c e r t a i n c o n t r o l s on t h e disposal o f , v i r t u a l l y
any form o f s o l i d waste, and i t w i l l concentrate s p e c i i i c a l l y on the disposal
of a hazardous waste.

Controls on the disposal o f hazardous wastes w i l l be among t h e

most i m p o r t a n t f u t u r e developments ' i n t h e f i e l d o f environmental r e g u l atioris .
Because these c o n t r o l s a r e s t i l l i n an e a r l y stage i n t h e i r formation, they
cannot be described i n detai.1. I t . w i 11 be c r i t i c a l t o t h e p l a n n i n g of any
new r e f i n e r y , however, t o t r y t o a n t i c i p a t e t h e new requirements which may :

be confronted. A b r i e f review o f t h e p r i n c i p a l features s e t by t h e s t a t u t e

and by EPA's d r a f t and propossd r e g u l a t i o n s w i l l p r o v i d e s m e h e l p f u l c l u e s .
A c ~ p yof t h e Resourcs Conservation and Recovery Act can be found i n
Appendix F-1 .
The b a s i c approach of the s t a t u t e i s t o d i v i d e the r e y u l a t i u n of
s o l iu wastes i n t o two .categori.es -- hazarc!cus wastes and o t h e r so1 1 d wastes.
41 tnougn t h e r g g u l a t i o n o f hazardous wastes i s more i t r p o r t a n t , i t w i 11 be
e a s i e s t t o discuss t h e non-hazardo'us wastes f i r s t . The approach t o these
o t h e r s o l i d wastes i s t o focus on the d i s p c s a l s i t e s , e s t a b l i s h i n s a l e g a l
d i s t i n c t i o n between -a s a n i t a r y l a n d f i 11 and an open dump. Tne A c t d i r e c t s
E?A t o promulgate c r i t e r i a f o r c l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f a n approved disposal f a c i l i t y
as a s a n i t a r y l a n d f i l l . Meeting c l a s s i f i c a t i o n c r i t e r i a w i : 1 assure t h a t
t h e r e w i l l be no reasonable p r o b a b i l i t y o f adverse e f f e c t s on h e a l t h o r the
environment. A l tnough €PA has n o t y e t promulgated such c r i t e r i a , they
probably w i l l be designatsd t o prevent leaching, r u n o f f o f ground water,
cpen b u r n i n g , i n d ' o t h e r p c t e n t i a1 envi ronmenti? p r ~ bems.
l
 Every s i t e for .the disposal of solid wast2 which does not qualify
as meeting the EPA definition of a sanitary landfi 1 1 i s automatical Iy
defined'by the s t a t u t e as an open dump. The s t a t u t e directs EPA t o prepare
an inventory 1 isting of every open dump i-n the United States, and i t furtner
directs that within five years thereafter every open dump must e i t h e r be
closed or upgraded t o meet the sanitary landfif 1 c r i t e r i a . 'Each s t a t e i s
called upon to develop a plan t o carry out this program, and the s t a t e
agencies w i 11 bear sol2 responsi bi 1 i ty for enforc2ment of these requirements .,

For hazardous wastss the s t a t u t e establishes a f a r nore anbiticcs

requlatory prcgram. 4 central featare wi 1 1 be i mani f e s t system through
which every load of hazardous waste material can be tracked from i t s o r i -
gination a t the plant of a generator through the hands of each transpcrter
t o i t s uitirriate disposition a t a disgosal s i t e . The s t a t u t e also creates
a new permit program t o cover every hazardous waste disposal s i t e , under
which Cetai led requirements for handling and control cf s ~ c hwastes w i 1 1
be irpcsed cn the aperators of such f a c i ; i t i e s .

The purpose of t h i s cradle-to-grave system of manif2sts and

permit program !s t o carry accountabi 1 i ty for the final disposal of hazardous
back t o the industry which created then. This will transform the
previous situation i n which some industries have been able t o hir? an
ir,c!eper,dent csntractor to haul away t h e i r wastes and then forget about i t .

4.4.2 Cefini ticn 3f Yazardous das tes

The extensive controls to be established over'the handling of

hazardous wastes place great irnportanc? on the deiinit'on of t h z t t?rrn, 3
n a t t e r of extreme complexity. The s t a t u t e i t s e l f defines the tern "hazardous
waste" as "a solid waste, or combination of sol id wastes, which because of
i t s quantity, concentration, or physical , chemical , or infectious charac-
t e r i s t i c s , may . . . . p ose a substantial present or 2otential hazard to human
health or the environment when improperly t r e i t e d , stored, transported, or
disposed q f , or otherwisa managed." I t i s important t o note that the s t a t u t e
also defines " sol id waste.. . .including so.lid, 1 iquid, semisol i d , n r contai?er'
gzseous inatsrial resl~iting frcm i n d u s t r i a l , c~mrnercial, mining, 'acd agri -
379)
 .
cu i tural operations . . . " a1 though the s t a t u t e does specifically exclude from
I

the definition xastewatsr discharges subject t o NPDES wastes pollution

permi t s . The effect i s to cover, as one example, liquid wastes permanently
stored in lagoons.

The s t a t u t e requi res P A t o prcmulgzte c r i t e r i a f o r identifying

hazardous waste and. t o promulgate regulztiorls identifying the character-'
i s t i c s of kazirdcus waste and l i s t i n g particular hazardous wastes. in
apgroaching t h i s t a s k , €PA has been influenced by the f a c t t h a t the risk
'presented by a particular waste i s a function of the combinations and con-
centrations of i t s hazardous constl tuents . I t therefore has developed a
s e r i e s of t e s t s to be applisd t o each,waste s t r e x i rather than relying
solely on an identification and quantification of individual hazardous
substances contai ned i n the wastes .

On December 18, 1978, EPA proposed regulations establ ishing the

following four basic c r i t e r i a f o r identification of a hazardous waste:

e ignitability,
0. corrosi veness ,
0 r e a c t i v i t y , and
0 toxicity .

Under t h i s approach, d waste streal11 wuuld be declared hazardous under the

i g n i t a b i l i t y t e s t i f , while in a liquid s t a t e , i t has a .flash point of less
than 60' Centigrade, i s an ignitable compressed Gas, or i s an oxidizer.
I t uould be covered by t h e corrosivenesi t e s t i f i i i s aqueous and has a
pti of less than or equal to three or .more than o r equal to 12 or has a
corrosion rate of more than one-quarter inch ?er year on steel 2 t a t e s t
tsaperature . of . l?oO Fahrenheit. Simi l a r t e s t s wouid be applied under the
reactivity criteria.

Toxicity i s apt t o be the most significant c r i t e r i a . This would

classify as hazardous a waste containing any substance 'for which an EPA
Primary Drinking Water Standard has been estzblished i f i t s concentrzticn,,
when measured by a speciffed toxicant extraction .procedure, i s ten times
greater than the drinking water standard. Those standards. s e t extremely low
1 i m i t s ' and cover many substances ( a r s e n i c , b a r i um, cadmi urn, chromi um, lead,
m e r c ~ r ,y s e l e n i urn, s i 1v e r y e n d r i n , 1 indane, methoxychlor, toxaphene, 2,
4-0, and 2, 4, 5-TP ~ i l v e x ) . These l i m i t a t i o n s a r e shown i n Table 4s. The
reach of t h i s c r i t e r i o n t h e r e f o r e would extend t o many types of i n d u s t r i a l
waste .
The proposed r e g u l a t i o n s would a l s o e s t a b l i s h a second p a r a i l e l
systerr: 'for c l a s s i f y i n g wastes as hazardous. T h i s covers t h e waste streams
from a l o n g l i s t c f s p e c i f i e d i n d u s t r i a l a c t i v i t i e s . EPA propssed a l i s t of
158 s p e c i f i c wastes which a r e 9resum.ed t o be hazardcus and w i l l be r e i u l a t e d ,
55 unless t h e g e n e r a t o r can demonstrate t h a t Such waste does n o t meet t n e
criteria. Thus a f i r s t s t e p f o r any company concerned w i t h these r e g u l a t i o n s
would be t o check t h e l i s t of wastes presumed t o be hazardous t o see whether
i t covers o p e r a t i o n s i o w n d ' i n a r e f i n e r y . T h i s l i s t can be found i n t h e
proposed r e g u i a t i o n s l o c a t e d i n Appendix F-2.

The t o t a l cgverage of wastes which would be c l a s s i f i s d as hazardous

under t h e proposed regulations i s v a s t . EPA e s t i m a t e s t h a t a p p r o x i m a t e l y
35 m i l l i o n tons ? e r y e a r would be r e g u l a t e d , o r i g i n a t i n g from a p p r o x i m a t e l y
270,000 generators and i n v o l v i n g a p p r o x i m a t e l y 10,000 t r z n s p o r t e r s .

4.4.3 Permits

R e g u l a t i o n s w i l l a l s o e s t a b l i s h a new p e r m i t program. This

program k i 11 focus on i n d u s t r i a1 p l a n t s which produczs a hazardous waste.
I f t h e proposed r e f i n e r y does n o t produce a'hazardous waste, then. i t w i l l be
exempt from t h e p e r m i t process.
 TABLE- 49

NATIONAL INTERIM PRIMARY ORIAKiNG UATER STANDARDS

AT TOXIC LEVELS-

E x t r a c t Level,
Contaminant M i 11iqrams. per L i t e r
Arsenic
B a r i urn
Cadmi urn
Chrorni um
Lead
Mercury
Sel e n i urn
S i 1v e r
E n d r i n (1, 2, 3, 4, 10, 1 0 - h e x a c h l o r ~ - 6 ,
7-epoxy-1, 4, 4a, 5 , 6, 7, 8, 8a)
octahydro-: , 4-endo, endo-5,8 di
methano naphthalene'
Lindane (1, 2,. 3, 4, 5 , 6-hexachlorocycio
hexane gamma isomer
Meth9xychl.or (1, 1, 1 - t r i c h l o r o e t h a n e ) .
2, 2,-bis b-rnethoxyphenyl;
Toxaphene .(C!, H i , C i 9 - t e c h n i c a l ch 1 o r i nated
carnphene , 67-69% c h l or4 n,e)
2, 4-dichlorophenoxyaceti c a c i d (2,4-0)
2, 4, 5-TP S i - l vex

h he e x t r a c t l e v e l s s p e c i f i e d f o r t h e above substances a r i
e q u i v a l e n t t o 10 times the :!ational I o t 2 r i s Fririlary
D r i n k i ng Water Standard.
 4.5 -WETLANOS AFIO COASTAL. ZONE

4.5.1 Introduction

Many r e f i n e r i e s a r e l o c a t e d b e s i d e m a j o r . w a t e r bodies, e i t h e r
f o r t r a n s p o r t a t i o n purposes o r t o o b t a i n a s u p p l y , o f process w a t e r , and .
from an economic v i e w p o i n t i t w i l l o i t m be advantageous f o r a r c f i n e r y
e i t h e r t o expand f a c i l i t i e s a t such a p l a n t o r b u i l d a new p l a n t i n a
similar location. '
.
'In
. such cases, t h e new r e f i n e r y may be s u b j e c t t o
speci'al r e g u l a t i o n s designed t o p r o t e c t wet1 ands s r t o c o n t r o l devel cp-
ment w i t h i n t h e c o a s t a l zone.

A , p e r m i t must be o b t a i n e d f r o m t h e Corps of Engineers f o r any

p r o j e c t which w i l l i n v o l v e any d r e d g i n g o r f i l l i n g of wetlands. The two
p r i n c i p a i reasons a company m i g h t w i s h t o use wetlands are. ( 1 ) t o o b t a i n
spac2 f o r t h e l o c a t i o n o f new f a c i l i t i e s , c r ( 2 ) t o i n s t a l i docks o r o t h e r
w a t e r f r o n t s t r u c t u r e s needed f o r t r a n s p o r t a t i o n o r o t h e r water-dependent
uses. O e t a i l s on t h e p e r m i t s can be found i n a n o t h e r s e c t i o n of t h i s r e p o r t

The second i m p o r t a n t f e d e r a l program concerning l a n d which nay

a f f e c t a new r e f i n e r y f s t h e Coascal Zone Management (CZN) A c t . - I l n d s r , t h i s law,
s t a t e s a r e d e v e l o p i n g p l a n s t o r e g u l h t e g r o w t h w i t h i n t h e c o a s t a l zone
(whi ch i n c l u d e s areas b o r d e r i n g on t h e ~ r k a Lakes).
t Where such p l ans have
been adopted, they may impose a v a r i e t y o f new r e c u i r e m e n t s on a r e f i n e r v
project. . .

4.5.2 Coastzl Zon2 Manaaement A c t

I n 1972 Congress enacted t h e Coastal Zone Management A c t t o

s t i m u l a t e l a n d use p l a n n i n g and c o n t r o l s i n c o a s t a l areas. Although i m p l e -
, m e n t a t i o n o f t h i s program has e v o l v e d s l o w l y and i t s impact has seldom
been f e l t t o d a t e , i t p~romises t o become a f a c t o r a f f e c t i n g any f u t u r e r e -
f i n e r y development i n a c o a s t a l l o c a t i c n .
 The s t a t u t e was enacted i n . r e s p o n s e t o s t u d i e s o f t h e d e s t r u c t i o n
o f e s t ~ a r i n eand o t h e r s h o r e l i n e a r e a s . I t r e f l e c t e d a Congressional r e -
c o g n i t i o n t h a t i n t e n s e c o m p e t i t i o n f o r use o f c o a s t a l areas was p r o d u c i n g
a t a n g i e o f c o n f l i c t s t h a t were n o t b e i n g r e s o l v e d s a t S s f a c t o r i l y t h r o u g h
e x i s t i n g mechanisms. A g a j o r purpose o f t h e l e g i s l a t i o n was t o p r o v i d e
Srea:zr p r o t e c t i o n f o r inarine , r e s o u r c e s and re: a t e d e c o l o g i c a l v a l u e s .
Th? approach adopted was t o p r o v i d e f e d e r a l g r z n t s as z ' v o l u n t a r y i n d i l c z -
ment t o t h e development and a d o p t i o n o f s t a t e management programs. Federal
r e s p o n s i b i ' l it y was v e s t e d i n t h e S e c r e t a r y o f Commerce ,-who d e l e g a t e d i t
t o t h e O f f i c e o f Coastal Zone .Management i n t h e N a t i o n a l Oceanic Adminis-
trztior?.

To qua1 i f y f o r f e d e r a l g r a n t s (up t o 80 p e r c e n t of t h e c o s t s o f
b o t h d e v e l q p i n g and a d m i n i s t e r i n g t h e . c o a s t a 1 zone manzgement program) a
s t a t s Frogram must be apprcved as m e e t i n g s p e c i f i e d f e d e r a i c r i t e r i a . The
pragram must i n c l qde t h e f o l 1owing e lements :

e An i d e n t i f i c j t i o n of t h e b o u n d a r i e s of t h e c c a s t a l
zone ;

B A d e f i n i t i o n of whzt sha:l constitute permissible

l a n d and w a t e r uses;

e An i n v e n t o r y o f a r c a s o f p s r t i c a l a r coneern;

e An i d e n t i f i c a t i o n of t h e means by w h i c n t h e , s t a t e proposes
t o s x e r t c o n t r o l o v e r t h e l a n d and w a t s r uses;

e Broad guide1 i n e s on p r i o r i t y o f uses i n p a r t i c u l a r

areas; and

a A d e s c r i p t i o n o f the o r g a n i z a t i o n a l s t r u c t u r e p r o -
posed t o implement t h e management program.

When t h e c o a s t a l - zone managment p r o g r m s a r e p u t i n t o e f f e c t ;

t h e y r a p r e s e n t a new component of t h e r e g u l a t o r y fr3rnework t o be faced by
any company p l a n n i n g rtf i n e r y p r o j e c t near the c ~ a s t a larea. They may, o r may
n o t , ad3 a d d ' t i o n a l p e r m i t requirements. They i n v a r i a b l y w i 11 s t r e n g t h e n ' t h e
I:nvolvement of s t a t e and l o c a l gcvernmentai u n i t s i n t h e r e v i e w o f c o n s t r u c t i o n
p r ~ p o s a l s . They normal l y w i i1 t i 1 t t h a t r e v i e w i n t h e d i r e c t i o n of s t r o n g e r '
environmental p r o t e c t i o n . F i n a l l y , no r e q u i r e d f e d e r a l perm'i t o r approval
of a p r o j e c t can, be g r a n t e d i f i t would v i o l a t e requirements under an
approved s t a t e c o a s t a l zone management program. A C O P Y of t h e CmA can be
found i n Appendix S-1 .

4.5.2.1 . O e f i n i t i o n o f t h e Coastal Zone

The c 3 a s t a l ' z o n e w i l l n o t i n c l u d e e x t e n s i v e areas o f l a n d even i n

the coastal states. I t i s g e q e r a l l y l i m i t e d t o a narrow band of l a n d
w i x h i n t h e immediate v i c i n i t y o f t h e c o a s t l i n e . The s c a t u t e defines "coasca:
zone" as i n c i u d i ng "che c o a s t a l waters . . . .and t h e adjacenc shorelands.. .
s t r o n g l y i n f l u e n c e d by each o t h e r and i n p r o x i m i t y t o t h e s h o r e l i n e s of t h e
s e v e r a l c o a s t a l s t a t e s , and i n c l u d e s t h e t r a n s i t i c n a l and i n t e r t i d a l
areas, s a l t marshes; wetlands, and beaches. "

A p r e c i s e d e f i n i t i o n of t h e c o a s t a l zone i n any s p e c i f i c l o c a l i t y
can be o b t a i n e d by c o n s u l t i n g t h e p l a n adopted f o r t h a t s t a t e . i n this
r e g a r d t h e p l a n s f o r v a r i o u s s t a t e s d l f f e r m a r g i n a l l y from each o t h e r .
A b a s i c ' a p p r o a c h taken
.-
by many s t a t e plans i s t o d e f i n e t h e landward edge
o f t h e zone as a , s ? e c i f i e d d i s t a n c ? ( f o r example, 100 ft, 300 ft, o r 1000 f t )
from t h e Dean h i g h w a t e r mark. Another commcn technique has been t o d e f i n e
t h e zone as i n c l u d i n g t h e area between t h e s h o r e l i n e and t h e n e a r e s t m a j o r
road, r a i l r o a d , o r p u b l i c u t i l i t y l i n e . The boundary i s u s u a l l y a d j u s t e d
t o i n c l u d e i n t h e c o a s t a l zone any c o a s t a l marshes, c o a s t a l f l o o d ? l a i n s ,
t i d a l r i v s r s , o r o t h e r areas where vegetati.on i s a f f e c t e d by sa! i n e w a t g r .

The c o a s t a l zone extends seaward (by s t a t u t e ) t o the. o u t e r boundary

of ' t h e t e r r i t o r i a l sea, n o r m a l l y t h r e e m i l e s from t h e z h c r e l i n e . M a j o r
i s l a n d s o r p e n i n s u l a s may be i n c l u d e d i n t h e i r e n t i r e t y , i n c l u d i n g f o r example
a1 1 of Cape Cod i n Fassachusetts. The c o a s t a l zone program i n c l u d e s a1 1 s t s t e s
border: ng t h e A t l a n t i c and P a c i f i c Oceans, t h e G u l f of Mexico and t h e
Great Lakes. I n t h e Great Lakes s t a t e s t h e c o a s t a l zone extends t o t h e
i n t e r n a t i o n a l boundary between t h e U n i t e d States and Canada.
4.5.2.2 Status of implementation

Progress i'n implementing the Coastal Zone Nanagenent Act i n i -

t i a l l y was slow. As of ~ ~ n u a r1 y, 79.78, over f i ~ years
e a f t e r passage
of the Act, f u l l management programs had been approved for only three
s t a t e s : Washington, Oregon and Ca?i fornia. Washington s t a t e was the f i r s t
s t a t e t o have the required plan approved by the Secretary of Commerce
A copy o f the plan i s located in Appendix 6 - 2 . There has been 1 5
programs that have been apprcved as of January i , 1380. The status of
a l l coastal s t a t e s and t h e i r plans can ,be fouild i n Table 50.

Prior t o the passage of the federal act, the State ,of Delaware
passed. the Delaware Coastal Zone Act of 1971. This act requires special
d f f irmat've $ I ti n g legis lation for any major industrial fac.il i t y w i t h i n
a two mile s t r i p of land along i t s e n t i r e coastline. This act should b e
carefully reviewed
. . by any refiner cons'dering a project within'the S t a t e
of Delawar?.

4.5.2.3 Principal Features of State Programs

The dominant feature ~i stat.^ management programs i that they

do not contain final determination$ o f the uses of land t o be p u r r s i t t e d
in designated areas. Instead they merely establ ish the mechanisms for
future government decisions on proposals f o r devei opmenr on a case-by-case
basis. The s t a t e programs are a1 1 quite precise in d e f i n i n ~the boundaries
of the coastal zone i t s e l f , and many of the plans provide for the designa-
tion .of certain areas having special envi ronmental importance where
industrial development would be prohibited. I n most parts of the coastal
zone, hcwever, questions as to what type of development should be allcwed
are l e f t for future decision.
 STATUS OF STATE' COASTAL ZONE NANAGEMEN?
PLANS AS OF JANUARY 1, i980

State Approved P l an

A1 abama X
A1 as ka X
Czl i f o r n i a X
Corinecti c u t
Oel aware
Fl o r i da
Georgia
Hawai i
I'llirlois
i n d i ana
Louis iana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
M i c h i gan
Ninnesota
Mississippi
New Hampshir e
Flew Jersey.
New York
North Carol i na
O.hio
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode i'sland
Scuth C a r o l i n a
Texas
V i r g inia
Washington
!di sconsin

i . Plan expected t o be approved sometime i n i980.

2. Only p o r t i o n s o f t h e f u l l p l a n a o p r ~ v e d .
3. F l a n expected t o be approved some time i n 1981.
 The CZM A c t does r e q u i r e t h a t each s t a t e adopt a s c a l e o f
p r i o r i t i e s f o r use of c o a s t a l areas. These p r i o r i t i e s a r e a p t t o d i s c o u r j g e
i n d u s t r i a l development. I n some s t a t e programs a t o p p r i o r i t y i s placed
on 2 r o t e c t i n g n a t u r a l resources w i t h mini'mum i n t e r f e r e n c e from human a c t i v i t y .
To t h e e x t e n t t h a t r e f i n e r y development may be permi t t e d , s t a t e programs
a r e a p t t o rank development propos,als on the basis of whether they present
a need f o r coast.al l o c a t i o n . The Washington program e s t a b l i s h e d a s t r o n g
'proferenco f3r water degendent uses, thus p r w i d i n g more opportunit:/
f o r z c p r 3 j ~ a l o f an i n d t i s t r i a l aeve'lopment which. cannot e x i s t i n any l c c a t i c n .
o t h e r than a t t h e shore1 ine, (such 'as a marina), w h i l e p r a c t i c a l ly
s h u t t i n g the door a g a i n s t approval of p r o j e c t s which c o u l d l o c a t e e q u a l l y
~ e : laway from the shoreline.'

4.5.2.4 General Effect

Whenever a company proposes t o b i r i l d a : new r e f i , n e r y wi:thin zn

area covered 6y an approved c o a s t a l zone management program o r i n v o l v e s the
t i i e of wetlands, i't should cjive a t o p p r i o r i t y t o discussing i t s plans
w i t n t h e s t a f f of t h e s t a t e agency and e x p l o r i n g a l l requirements which
w i 11 apply under t h a t program. Moreover, unless the r e f i n e r y prssents an
apparent need f o r a c o a s t l i n e l o c a t i o n o r need f o r use o f "wetlands" i.t
~ c u l , dgeneral l y 6e S e t t e r t a sei e c t a s i t e o u t s i d e t h e c o a s t a i zone. -
4.5 TOXIC SUBSTANCES CONTROL ACT

4.6.1 . Introduction

P r i o r t o the o f t h e Toxic Substances Control A c t CTSCAI-

i n 1976, s i g n i f i c a n t gaps e x i s t e d i n t h e federal government's a u t h o r i t y
t o t e s t and r e g u l a t e problem chemicals. The Clean A i r Act ( S e c t i o n 172)
and t h e Federal Water P o l l u t i o n C o n t r o l Act '(Section 307), deals w i t h
chemical substances when they e n t e r t h e environment as wastes (emissions t o
t h e a i r o r discharges t o the d a t e r ) . I n many cases c o n t r o l s c o u l d n o t be
zasi l y fashioned o r r e q u i r e d w i t h o u t severe economic consequences. Toxic
substances l e g i s i a t i o n , which provides t e s t i n g w e l l b e f o r e a chemical reaches
the p r o d u c t i o n phas.e, overcomes t h i s d i f f i c u l t y . .

Other s t a t u e s , such. as t h e Occupational Safety and Health A c t

and Consumer Prqduct Safety Act, deal' .only w i t h one phase o f t h e chemical's
e x i s t e n c e ( w o r k i r exposure c r d i r e c t consumer exposure) and c a n t a i n no
a u t h o r i t y t o address envircnmental hazards. While both..of these r t z t u t e s
a r e c l e a r l y needed, t h e l i f e c y c l e o f a chemical, from p r o d u c t i o n t o u l t i m a t e
disposal , provides many o p p o r t u n i t i e s f o r i t s escape, i n t o t h e environment
and f o r human exposure, and federal a u t h o r i t y t o deal w i t h t h a t o v e r a l l
'
c y c l e i s fragmentad. The Toxic Substances C o n t r o l A c t i s designed t o f i l l
these gaps, b o t h i n r e g u l a t o r y powers and a u t h o r i t y t o r e q u i r e t h a t t e s t s
be conducted b e f o r e t h e environmental o r human exposure occurs.

The Toxic Substances Control Act has two main r e g u l a t o r y ie.atures:

e a c q u i s i t i o n of s u f f i c i e n t i n f o r m a t i o n by EPA t o i d e n t i f y and
e v a l u a t e p o t e n t i a l hazards from chemical substances, and

e r e g u l a t e t h e p r o d u c t i o n , use, d i s t r i b u t i o n , and disposal of'

such substances where necessary.

The important p r o v i s i o n s o f TSCA which could a f f e c t a new r e f i n e r y o r expznsion

of an e x i s t i n g r e f i n e r y are b r i e f l y described below. A copy of t h e A c t can
be found i n Appendix H- 1 .
 4.6.2 Premarket N o t i f i c a t i o n

The h e a r t o f TSCA i s t h e requirement f o r o r m a r k e t n o t i f i c a t i o n

(PMN). Under S e c t i o n 5 , a manufacturer must n o t i f y EPA a t . l e a s t n i n e t y
days b e f o r e producing a new chemical substance, defined as any chemical
n o t i i s t e d on a s p e c i a l l y compiled i n v e n t c r y l i s t (discussed l a t e r ) . This
n o t i f i c a t i o n i s a l s o necessary even f o r o l d e r c.hemicals, a l r e a d y on t h e
i n v e n t o r y l i s t , i f t h e a d m i n i s t r a t o r concludes t h a t t h e r e i s a s i g n i f i c a n t new
use which' increases environmental o r human exposure. I n e i t h e r case, EPA may
extend t h e n o t i f i c a t i o n processing p e r i c d by an a d d i t i o n a l n i n e t y days, b u t
t h e reasons f o r r e q u i r i n g l o n g e r c o n s i d e r z t i a n s nay be challenged i n c o u r t .

4.6.3 lnvento,ry L i s t

Because t h e n o t i f i c a t i o n r u l e s apply p r i m a r i l y t o new chemical

substances, t h e r e must be a l i s t a v a i l a b l e of p r e - e x i s t i r i g chemicals. Under
S e c t i o n . S ( b ) , €PA i s r e q u i r e d t o compile an i n v e n t o r y of chemicals nanufactured
o r processed i n t h e U n i t e d States. This does n o t cover every chemical ever
?reduced b u t i s l i m i t e d t o these substances produced w i t h i n t h e t h r e e y e a r
p e r i o d precedi ns the p r c ~ u l g a t i o nof appl i c a b l e r e g u l a t i o n s , namely s i n c e
January 1, 1975.

€PA i n t e n d s t o update the i n v e n t o r y l i s t p e r l o d i c a l i y t o i n c l u d e

: products f o r which n o t i f i c a t i o n forms have been submitted: A company p l a n n i n g
t o c o n s t r u c t a pew r e f i n e r y c o u l d c o n s u l t t h e r e v i s e d l i s t and know i f
oremarket n o t i f i c a t i o n would be required.

This l i s t i s a v a i l a b l e ' from t h e EPA and c u r r e n t l y contains a p p r o x i -

s a t e l y 50,000 chemicals. Because of t h e s i z e of t h e l i s t , .contailled i n
-
s:'x volumes, i t has c o t been i.ncluded i n the Appendix. This l i s t i s a\/.ailable
by o r d e r i n g Document Number GPO-055-007-00004-7 and GPO-055-007-0003-9 for
v o l u i e s 1-4 and 5 and 6,. r e s p e c t i v e l y . The address i s as f o l lcws :

Superintendent of Documents
Government P r i n t i ng Company
Washington , D. C . 20402.
 4.6'. 4 ~ r i o r ' tL~i s t i n g

Section 4 ( e ) of t h e Act provides f o r a p r i o r i t y l i s t of chemicals

f o r . t e s t i n g and d i r e c t e d t h a t t h e 1 i s t "may,n'ot, a t any time, exceed SO."
The e c t allows f o r expansion of t h i s l i s t within t h i s 30 by allowing sub-
s t a n c e s and mixtures. A S of December 7, 1979, t h e r e were 31 chemical s
on t h i s 1 i s t . These a r e 1 i s t e d i n Table 51 and can be found in Appendix H - 2 .

The chemicals on t h e p r i o r i t y 1 i s t a r e then t e s t e d according t o

Section 4 ( a ) and j b ) of t h e Act. From t h e s e t e s t resu,l:s, i f t h e r e may 2 2 .
any reasonable b a s i s t o conclude t h a t t h e s e chemicals could cause harm,
a p p r o p r i a t e action w i l l be taken t o reduce any p o s s i b l e h a m .

These a p p r o p r i a t e act,ions may include 1 imiting t h e amount t h a t

can . b e produced, p r o h i b i t i n g o r 1 imiting s p e c i f i c uses c ~ n s i d e r e dmost
hazardous,: r e q u i r i n g l a b e l s and warnings, mandat ing extensive manufactur-
ing and monitoring records, c o n t r o l l i n g d i s p o s a l , "or otherwise r e g u l a t i n g
. .
any manner o r method of cormercjal irse of each substance o r mixture."
R e s t r i c t i o n may even be applied t o some g e ~ ~ ~ a p h i careas a l and not o t h e r s .
Q u a l i t y contro: on n a n u f a c t u r i n g . o r processing may be applied for, a highly
t o x i c compounds.

TSCA should have l i t t l e impact on t h e s i t i n g const,ruction, or

operation of a r e f i n e r y . S t i l l , a company planning t o build a new r e f i n -
ery should check t h e p r i o r i t y l i s t of chemicals t o be reviewed. If any
. of t h e c h m i c i l , s ) t h a t a r e planned t3 be used, or produced, a r e on t h ' s
l i s t , 'the compcny can expect standards o r l i m i t a t i o n s s c t f o r t h a t
chmical .
I

. .
 TABLE 51 TEE TSCA SECTION 4 (2) PRIORIT'! LIST
Gesignated f o r
a c t i o n by

Acetoni t r i .:! 2 ..............................................A p r i ! 1980

Acrylamide .............................................. A p r i l . 1979*%
A l k y l egoxides .......................................... October 1978*
Alkyl phthzlates ......................................... October 1978*
A n i l i n e and b r ~ m o . c h l o r o , and/or n i t r o a n i l i n e s .......... A p r i l 1980
Antimony (metal ) ............................... . .... .... A p r i 1 1980
........................................
Antimony s u l f i d e A p r i l 1980
.......................................
Antimony t r i o x i d e A p r i l 1980
A r y l Phosphates .......................................... A p r i l 197.9**
Benzidine-based Dyes .................................... November 1980
.....................
C h i o r i n a t e d benzenes. mono- and d i - October 1978*
C h l o r i n a t e d benzenes. t r i - , t e t r a - and penta- ............ October 1979
................................
C h l o r i n a t e d naphthalenes A p r i l 1979**
Chlorinated Yaraffins ................................... October 1975"
Chloromethane ........................................ October 1978*
Ct%esols .................................................. October 1378'
.................................
~ D i a n i s i d i n e - b a s e d Dyes November 1980
Dichloromethane ......................................... A p r i l 1979**
1 , 2-Dichloropropane .................................... October 1979
Cyclohexanone .......................................... A p r i l 1980
............................
G l y c i d o l and it s d e r i v a t i v e s October 1979
Halcgenated. a l k y l epoxides .............................. A p r i l 1979**
Hexachloro-1, 3-butadiene ................................ October 1 9 7 P
kexacholorocyclopentadiene .............................. A p r i l 1980
Yydroquinone ............................................. November 1980
Isophorone .............................................. A p r i l 1980
...................................
N e s i t y l oxide ....... 1 A p r i l 1380
................................
4,3 ' - M e t h y l e n e d i a n i l i a e April,.l9EO
Methyl e t h y l ketone ...................................... A p r i l 1980
...................................
Methyl i s o b u t y l ketone A p r i l 1980
hitrobenzene ............................. . . . . . . . . . . ; . October 1978*
............................. ......
~ T o l i d i n e - b a s e d Dyes ; 3ovember 1980
Polychlorinated terphenyls .............................. A p r i l 1979**
Pyridine ................................................ A p r i l ' 1379**
Ouifione ................................................ November 1980
Toluene ................................................. October 1978*
...................................
1.1. 1 - T r i c h i o r o e t h a n e A p r i l 1979**
Xylene ................................................... October 1978*

*Designated by the Committee i n i t s F i r s t Report ( 2 ) and

respcnded t o by t h e A d m i n i s t r a t o r i n 43 FR 50134.50138 .
**Oesignated by t h e Committee i n i t s Second Report ( 3 )
and responded t o by t h e A d m i n i s t r a t o r i n 44 FR 28095.28097 .
4.7.1 General

The r e g u l a t i o n s t h a t have been discussed i n d e t a i l above,

namely: N a t i o n a l Environmental P o l i c y Act, Clean A i r Act, Clean Water
Act, Resource .Conservation and Recovery Act, Wetlands and Coastal
Zone Act, and t h e Toxic Substances C o n t r o l Act are a f2w o f th2 regula-
t o r y programs t h a t would a f f e c t a company planning a new r e f i n e r y
o r an expansion of an e x i s t i n g r e f i n e r y . A p a r t i a l 1i s t o f o t h e r
r e g u l a t o r y p r o g r m s and t h e i r main concerns a r e as f o l lows:
.
-
\

8 port's and Waterways Safety Act of 1972 concerned

w i t h the 2revention of damages t o vessels, bridges, o r
any o t h e r ' s t r u c t u r e on navigable watcrs o r any i a n d
s t r u c t u r e s adjacent t o those waters.

a Marine P r o t e c t i o n Research, and Sanctuaries Act o f

-
1972 concerned w i t h the t r a n s p o r a t i n n f o r dumping
and t h e dumping of m a t e r i a l i n t o ocean waters.

o Safe D r i n k i n q Watcr Act -

concerned w i t h the q u a l i t y
of water f o r domestic use.

o Deepwater P o r t Act of 1974 - concerned w i t h t h e pro-

cedures f o r t h e l o c a t i o n , c o n s t r u c t i o n , and o p e r a t i o n
o f deepwater p o r t s . \

a 'Noise C o n t r o l A c t of 1972 -
ccncerned w i t h sources o f
n o i s e and t h e c o n t r o l o f no?se from these sources.

e Marine Mama1 P r o t e c t i o n Act -

coricsrned w i t h c e r t a i n
species and p o p u l a t i o n stocks o f marine mammals t h a t
a r e endangered due t o man's a c t i v i t i e s .

0 Endanqered Soecies Act o f 1373 -

concerned w i t h various
species . o f f i s h , w i l d l i f e , and p l a n t s t h a t are i n danger
of e x t i n c t i o n . A p a r t i a l l i s t o f these species has been
included i n A o ~ e n d i x I .
0 W i l d and Scenic Rivers Act -
concerned w i t h c e r t a i n r i v e r s
t h a t possess o u t s t a n d i n g l y remarkable scenic, r e c r e a t i cnal ,
geologic, f i s h and w i l d l if?, h i s t o r i c , cultural , o r other
s i m i l a r values. A l i s t of these r i v e r s are presented w i t h i n
t h e A c t which can be fcund i n Appendix I.
t
 e Occupational S ~ f e t yand Yealth .Act (OSZA) - concerned
, with the safety and Aeai t h of ?eopl e.

The f i r s t page of these acts can 'be f o u n d in Appendix i .of t h i s report

In the next section of t h i s handbook, the permits required by these
regulations and the procedures f o r obtaining these permits are presented.
5.0 PE9MITTING ACTIVITY

5.1 FEDERAL PEXMITS. '

The Federal r e g u l a t i o n s t h a t apply t o 2 ne2i r e f i n e r y and an

e x p a n s i ~ no r m a j c r mcdi iic a t i c n 3P an e x i s t i n g r e i i nery a r e complex as
xay be . d ~ s c r i b e di n S e c t i c n 4. These r e g u l a t i o n s d e s c r i B e . p r c l i m i n a r y
procedures and environmental documents, wnat a company can d i s c h a r g e i n t o
a r e c e i v i n g stream o r e m i t t o t h e atmosphere, hcw t h e y can dispgse of
s o l i d wastes, and i ~ p l i c a t i o n sabout t h e d i f f i c u l t y of s i t e j s l e c t i o n or
growth p o t e n t i a i .
One , t h i n g t h a t t h e r e g u l a t i o n s have i n cammon i s they
r e q u i r e an approval o r before c o n s t r u c t i o n car, s t a r t c r o ~ e r a t i o n
can begi n .

These approvals o r p e r m i t s can be c a t e g o r i z e d i n t o f i v e 8reas,

namely,
a -
+ l a t e r concerned w i t h discharges, - o i 1 s p i 1 1s , n a v i g a t i o n
a i d s , and impacts upon n a v i gab1 e waters.
0 d i r - concerned w i t h emissions i n c l e a n and nonattainment
a i r r e g i o n s , the q u a r i k i ty of eaiissiaris, and t h e n e t qua: l t y
of t h e a i r a f t e r c o n s t r u c t i o n .

land -
concerned ~ i t dhi s p o s a l of s o l i d s (hazardous 'aild
ncn-hazardous) ; uses cf c o a s t a l land, wet!ands , acd f l o o d
plains.

a h e a l t h . ~ n ds a f e t y . - c ~ n c c r n e dw i t h such areas 3s 3nciergro.u-n$

i n j e c t i o n qua1 i t y , n o i s e , and a i r q u a l i t y and c o n d i t i o n s of
w o r k i n g zreas .

a miscellaneous - concerned w i t h such areas as c a n s t r u c t i o n i n

n a v i g a b l e water, a r c h e o l o g i c a l f i n d i n g s , erdangered species
( p l a n t s o r animals j , r i g h t - o f - w a y s , e i z c t r o n i c i r a n s m i t t i n g
equipment, a i r n a v i g a t i o n a i d s , and w i l d and s c s n i c r i v e r s .

One o f t h e most i m p o r t e n t questions r e ~ a r d i n gp e r m i t s i s ,,. the

i e n g t h o f t i m e t o secErz a l l o f t h e r e c u i r e c p e r m i t s . i f a company n a i t s
t o o l o n g t o a c p l y f ~ trh e p e r m i t s , a c o s t l y de! ay i n c o n s t r ~ c t i o no r
o p e r 2 t i o n . c o u l d occgr. However, if they apply t g c e a r i y , t h e r e i s a chance
sf a p e r m i t e x p i r i n g n e c e s s i t a t i c g r e a p p l i c a t j o n under new condifions";'"~'~;~:
company can s s t i m a t s the p e r m i t t i n g process l a s t i n g 3 t o 3 years i n c l u d i n g
m o n i t o r i n g , the p r e p a r a t i o n o f both an environmental assessnient and t h e
1ead ag;ncies environmental impact statement and pubi i c hearings .' ? * " The
degree o f controversy i s a d i f f i c u l t and i n t a n g i b l e f a c t o r t o i n c l u d e i n the
g r o j e c t plannina.

The p o s s i b l e permits and the i s s u i n g agency t h a t a company

p l a n n i n g a new r e f i n e r y , major m o d i f i c a t i o n o r expansion would be r e q u i r e d
t o o b t a i n a r e l i s t e d i n Table 52. The addresses and te?ephone numbers of the
i s s u i n g agencies a r e l i s t e d i n Table 5 3 . ? "

company should review t h i s l i s t o f p o s s i b l e permits t o determine

the applicable permits for t h e i r project. A f t e r t h a t , the i s s u i n g agencies
should be contacted a t t h e very beginning o f the p e r m i t process. This
i n i t i a l c o n t a c t can be used t o determine i f the p e m i t i s a p p l i c a b l e and,
what i n f o r m a t i o n i s r e q u i r e d t o o b t a i n the permit. Once t h i s r e q u i r e d
i n f o r m a t i o n has been gathered by s t u d i e s o r engineering design, the company
i s pre?ared t o apply f c r the p e r m i t the p r o j e c t schedule suggests t h i s
zcticn. 99-92

While a l l of. t h e permits l i s t e d are important, there a r e t h r e e

which need s p e c i a l note. These a r s th2 N a t i o n a l P o l l u t i o n Discharge
E l i m i n a t i o n Systsm (PIPDES) p e r m i t , r e q u i r e d under the Clean Water Act and
t h e Prevention. o f S i gni f icant D e t e r i o r a t i o n (253) and t h e n o n a t t a i nment
permits r e q u i r e d under the Clean A i r Act. Y i t h o u t applicab.le p e r m i t s , a
company cannot s t a r t c o n s t r u c t i o n o r o p e r a t i on of t h e proposed f a c i 1it y
Irrforrnation regarding the o t h e r perrni t s can be foiind ir! Appendix J and
by c o n t a c t i n g the i s s u i n g agency.
 TABLE 52

WATER !?ELATED ?ER!?ITS

, Issuing
Agency Comments
1. National Pcl l u t a n t Discharge EPA a . l ~ u s thave- befor? constrclction i f
E l imination System (NPDES) EIS r e q u i r e d , o r
b . Islust a p p l y f o r at, l e a s t 18C days
b e f o r e opera t i c n s . Includes
. time r e q u i r e d f o V p e r m i t p r e p a r a -
t i o n and a p p r o v a l .
c . Copy o f permi t l o c a t e d i n Appendix
2. S p i l l Prever~tl'u'r~
Control and EPA a . Not an a c t u a l permit b u t a r e -
Counter ideasure Plzn quirement o f t h e CYA.
b . Should n o t be r e q u i r e d f o r an
expansion
c . Plan must be submitted no more
than 6 months a f t e r o p e r a t i o n s
begin.
d . . Ske 40CFR 11 2 i n ~ p ~ e n d iEx- 6 .
3. Permit f o r Cischarge o f O r e d ~ e d ?.COE
o r F i l l Material i n t o N a v i g a t l e
!.la t e r s
1. Permit f o r T r a n s p o r t a t i o n o f ACOE
Oredged Material f o r Dumpting
i n t o Ocean Waters
5 . Aid t o Navigation Agreement Coast a. Must hav2 before c o n s t r u c t i o n .
Guard 5. I n s t a l l bu3ys, markers, e t c .
6. Perni t f o r P r i v a t e P r o j e c t s t o ACOE
Improve Flavigabl e Waters

AIR EMISSIONS PERMITS

1. Pr2vention o f S i g n i f i c a n t E.P.s a. Permit Requirements:
D e t e r i o r a t i o n Permits 1 y e a r o f monitoring
Will not v i o l a t e incremefl't o r
a i r quality standard
I n s t a l l a t i o n o f GACT
? o s t c o n s t r u c t i c n noni t o r i n g
P ~ b ilc review
2. Flonattainment Perni t E PA a. Permit Requ i rements ;
( i s s u e d by * Offsets
S t a t 2 Agency LAE.3
Usually) Other sources i n compliance
ZIP bei'ng c a r r i e d out'
P u b l i c rgview
 LAND 'USE PERMITS

Issuing
Permi t Agency Comments
1. C o a s t a l Zone Ranagemen: (OSH) NOAA a. Handled by t h e s t a t e .
2. O n - S i t e T r e a t m e n t , S t o r a g e , and EPA b. Must be i n ' compl i a n c e w i t h RCRA
D i s p o s a l o f Sol i d Waste ( RCRA ) and propossd r u l e s .
3. A p p r o v a l t o C o n s t r u c t Meteoro- FAA
1o g i c a l Tower
4. To C o n s t r u c t a B r i d g e ove r Coast
Navigab1.e !daters ( p i p e l i n e s ) Guard
5. ?ermit. f o r C o n s t r u c t i o n o r Coast
O p e r a t i a n o f a Deep Water P o r t Guard
5. P e r m i t f o r A c t i v i t i e s i n Desig- NOAA
nated Marine Sanctuaries
7. P e r m i t f o r Causeways Coast
G~lard

i. O c c ~ p z t i o nS a f s t y and H e a l t h DOL a. M u s t . h a v e b e f o r e s t a r t o f con-

A ' d r n i n i s t r a t i o n (OSHA) struction.
b. S e t s l i m i t s on:
Noise
A i r Q u a l i t y i n w o r k area
Working C o n d i t i o n s
2. Underground I n j e c t i o n EPA a. See S a f e D r i n k i n g \dater A c t
o f 1974
 Issuing
Permi t Agency Comment;
1. Permit t o C o n s t r u c t o r Work i n ACOE Must. have befo,re s t a r t gf con-
Nav i ga bl e Waters struction.
A copy o f t h e p e r n i t can be
found i n Appendix J .
2. An A r c h e o l c g i c a l Survey o f t h e N PS Nust have b e f o r e s t a r t o f con-
P r ~ p o s e dS i t e s t r u c t i o n (The National Park
S e r v i c e ailmini s t e r s the arcneo-
l o g i c 2 1 71-esej-vatian k t . o r
1974 and t h e H i s t o r i c P r e s e r v a -
t i o n Act o f 1366.
3. A Survey o f t h e Proposed S i t e and PAS The U.S. Fish and W i l d l i f e S e r v i c e
s u r r o u n d i n g s f o r any p l a n t s and (FWS) (Department o f I n t e r i o r ' )
a n i m a l s on. t h e Endangered' S p e c i e s a d m i n i s t e r s t h e Endangered S p e c i e s
1i s t . Act o f 1373.
4. Provide an Ana!ysi; o f Need f o r DOE Needed f o r Env i ronrnental Impact
a New R e f i n e r y Statement
5. C ~ n s t r u c t i o no f F i p s l i n e a c r c s s ACOi Xust have b e f o r e s t a r t o f con-
Flav i ga bl e Ma t e r s struction. .
6. C e r t i f i c a t i o n o f t h c Oil Re- DOT .DOT - Custom S e r v i c e
c e i v ing Faci 1 i t y Required j f r e c e i v i n g f o r e i ~ n~ i l
Required b e f o r e r g c e i v i n g f o r e i g n
c i ? skf?ments
7. A i r Navigation Approval FAA Must f i l e on a l l c o n s t r u c t i o n i n
e x c e s s o f 2CO f t a d j a c e n t t o an
airport or fl ight corridor.
F u s t have b e f o r e c o n s t r u c t i o n .
. Licznse t o O p e r a t e i l s c t r a n i c FCC a. Required i f u s i n g any t r a n s i n i t t i f i g
T r a n s m i t t i n g i q u i pment equipment such a s ViiF paging
equ i pnent
DEP.GTZE?4i CF AG2ICULTURE DE?ARThIE?iT OF DEFENSE ( c o n t ' d

independence Avenue Army Corps o f i n a i n e o r s

between 1 2 t h and 1 4 t h S t . , S. W .
Washington, 0. C. 20250 Department o f t h e Army,
( 2 0 2 ) 555-400 F o r r e s t a l Sui 1d i ng
Washington, D. C . 20314
A a r i c u l t u r a l S t a b i l f z a t i o n and ( 2 0 2 ) 693-6456
, .
Conservation Service

A d m i n i s t r a t i o n Sui l d i n g , J e f f e r s o n D r .
oetween 1 2 t h and 1 4 t h S t s . , S . W . ,
Wasninaton, D. C . 20250
3EPARTMENT OF ENERGY ---
1
( 202 447- 346 7 F o r r e s t a l S u i l d i ng

F o r e s t S e r v i ce V a s h i n g t o n , 0 . C . 20545
( 2 0 2 ) 252-5000.
South B u i l d i n g
1 2 t h S t . and Independence Ave. ,. S . W .,
Washington, D. C . 20013
( 202) 447-6661
ENVIROMME?JTAL PROTECTION AGE8C
Soi: Conservation Service
waterside Mall
S o u t h E u i 1d i n g 401 M S t . , S . W .
1 2 t h S t . and Independence Ave. , S . W. Washington, 8 . C . 20460
V a s h i n g t o n , 0. C . 20250 ( 2 0 2 ) 755-2673
( 2 0 2 ) 447-3531

DEPARTME8T OF COMMERCE

Commerce B u i 1d i n g 200 Independence Ave., S . !J.

1 4 t b S t . between . c o n s t i t u t i o n Ave. Washington, D. C . 2U201
and E S t . , N. W . , ( 2 0 2 ) 245-6297
Washington, 3. C . 20230
( 202) 377- 2660 H e a l t h S e r v i c e s Aami n i s t r a t i l

Nation;? Gceanic and Atmosgheric 5660 F i s h s r s Lane

.4dminis%ration R o c k v i l l e , ND 20857
(301) 443-2216
11400 R o c k v i l l e Pike
R o c k v i l l e , MD 20852
(301) 443-8910
DEPARTMENT OF INTE4IOR

i n t e r i a r B u i I d i ng
aEFARTME?4T OF DEFENSE Washington, D. C . 20240
( 202) 343- 1 100
The Pentagon
'dashington, 0. C . 20301
12C2) LIS-67CO
 (cont Id) OF LABOR (con t ' d )
~EPARTMEN~
F i s h and Y i l d l i i e S e r v i c e Occupational Safety and Healt
Administrati0.n.
I " . t e r i o r Bui ? d i n g
Washington, D. C. 20240 New L a b ~ r8 u i 1d i n g
(202) 343-4717. 200 C o n s t i t u t i o n Avenue, !,I. !ai

:dashington, 0. C. 20210
Bureau o f Land hlanasement

I n t e r i o r Bui l d i n g
Washingtan, 13. C. 20240 DEPARTMENT OF STATE
(202) 343-5101
2201 C S t r e e t , N.W.
N a t i o n a l Park Service Washington, 0. C. 20520
( 2 0 2 ) 655-4000
I n t e r i o r Guilding
Washington, 9. C. 20240'

(202) 343-8067
DEPARTNENf OF TREASURY
H e r i t a g e Conservation and
Recreation. S e r v i c e Cus tcms S s r v i co
1301 C o n s t i t u t i c n Ave., ?I. W.
440 CI S t . , N. 3. Washington, 0. C. 20229.
Washington, 0. C. 20243
(202) 343-5741

Bureau o f Rectamation

I n t e r i o r Bui i d i n g 400 7 t h S t r e e t , S. W.. ,

Washington, 0. C. 20240 !.lashington, 0. C. 20590
(202) 343-4157 (202) 426-4000
Bureau of Nines U. S. Coast Guard
Coi umbi a Plaza
2401 E. S t . , 4. W. 400 7th S t r e e t , S. W .
Washington, 0. C. 20241 Washington, 0. C. 20590
(20'2 ) 634- 1004 (202) 426-2390
Office of Water Rese'arch and Federa? A v i a t i o n Adminis t r a t i c
Technology
'800 Indeqendence Ave., S. W .
I n t e r i o r Bui 1d i n g Washington, 0. C. 20590
Washington, 0. C. 20240 (202) 426-8058
(202) 343-5975

WATER RESOURCES COUNCIL

DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
2120 L S t . , N . 'ti.
Ne!d Labor 8 u i l d i n g Uashington, 3. C. 20337
200 C o n s t i t u t i o n Ave., ?I. W . (292) 254-6303
Xashington, 3. C. 2G210
 . .
S p e c i a l mention i s necessary t o r e f e r e n c e new a e t i ! * i t y a t t h e
f e d e r a l - i e v e l t o consoi ' d a t e t h e p e r m i t t i n g procedur2s. Hearings
were sponsored b y t h e EPA t o r e v i e w p e r m i t consol !dation during
1,979. These i d e a s were f a v o r a b l y r e c e i v e d and i f p r o p e r l y imp1 emented
m i g h t a s s i s t b o t h t h e new r e f i n e r y o r t h e n a j o r i n o d i f i c a t i o n o f t h e
existing f a c j l i t y . F u r t h e r a s s i s t a n c e !n r n e areas of t i m i n g and
r e v i e w may a l s o be o f f e r e d by t h e Energy M o b i l i z a t i o n Board, 2n adm'n-
i s t r a t i v e a t t e m p t t o " f a s t t r a c k " i m p o r t a n t energy p r o j e c t s . Both
t h e s e drogrzms may grove b e n e f i c i a l b u t t h e i r impact ) w i t h i n t h e f e d e r a l
? e m i t t i n g grocess i s f a r t o o u n c e r t a ' n 2t t h i s time.

5.1.1 N a t i o n a l P o l l u t a n t D i s c h a r g e E l i m ' n a t i o n System P e r m i t

The framework f o r c o n t r o l o f water p o i l u t i o n was e s t a b l i s h e d

by t h e F e d e r a l Water P o l l u t i o n C o n t r o l A c t . The n a i n t h r u s t o f t h a t
l e g i s l a t i o n was t o p r o h i b i t any d i s c h a r g e o f p o l l u t a n t s i n t o any
p u b l i c w a t e r s u n i e s s a p e r m f t has been issued. T h i s p e r m i t program
was d e s i g n a t e d as t h e N a t i o n a l P o l i u t a n t isc charge E l i m i n a t i o n System
(NPDES).

The NPDES p e r m i t c o n t a i n s t h e f i n a l d e f i n i t i o n of t h e wat er

q u a l i t y 1 i m i t a t i o n s t h a t a new r e f i n e r y o r expafisfoi? o f an e x i s t l r ~ g
r e f i n e r y can d i s c h a r g e . These d i s c h a r g e ~ ! m l r a t ! o n s ar'e tldseil 011

t h e new source performance s t a n d a r d (NSPS) f o r r e f i n e r i e s and t h e

wat2r q u a l i t y standards o f t h e r e c e i v i n g streams. These s t s n d a r d s
a r c d i s c u s s e d i n S e c t i o n 4.3 o f t h i s document and c i n be found i n
Appendix E.

One o f t h e m a j o r c o n s i d e r a t i o n s o f s ccgpany p l a n n i n g t o
c o n s t r u c t e i t h e r a new r e f i n e r y o r expand an e x i s t i n g r e f i n e r y i s
t h e t i m i n g and p r o c e s s i n g o f t h e p e r m i t ~ p p l i c a t ! o n . The e x a c t t'ime
af when t o submit t h e N P ~ Sp e r m i t a o p l i c a t i c n i s dependent upon.
t h e need f o r an environmental impact statement ( E ' l S ) .
 Nhen an E I S i s r e q u i r e d , t h e p e r m i t , a p p l i c a t i o n must be 3ppl i e d
f o r and r e c e i v e d b e f a r e the s t a r t e o f c o n s t r u c t i o n . The normal t i m e t o
ccnipletc t h e EIS prccess i s a p p r o x i m a t e l y t:vo y e a r s . . A company s h o u l d
apply f o r the NPDES permit c o n c u r r e n t l y w i t h t h e E I S process.
b

-
I f an EIS i s n o t r e q u i r e d , t h e ?IP3ES p e r n l i t prcgram s t a t e s t h a t a
company ? r c ? o s i n g a new.discharge s h a l l submit an a p p l i c a t i o n a t l e a s t
169 days i n a d ~ a n c e . ' ~This p e r i o d i s designed t o a; low adequate t i m e f o r
d e t e r m i n i n g t h e 1i m i t a t i o n s and p r o c e s s i n g t h e p e r m i t . The optimum t i m i n g
f o r t h i s a p p l . i c a t i o n would be determined on a case-by-case b a s i s a f t e r
d i s c u s s i o n s w i t h the i n v o l v e d agency and r e v i e w i n g ?reject schedule concerns.
C ~ p i e so f t h e r e q u i r 2 d p e r m i t s and an i n s t r u c t i o n manual a r e foucd i n
~ p ~ e n d iJ x.

-.I n e r e a r e two Federal a i r permi t s t h a t a company c o n s i d e r i n g a

new p r c j e c t must be aware of and t a k e i n t a f u l l account. These a r e t h e .

"evention and S i g n i f i c a n t D e t e r i o r a t i o n (PSD) p e r n i t and t h e Nonattainment

permit. Of a1 1 t h e p o s s i b l e Fegeral p e r m i t s r e q u i r e d f o r a new r e f i n e r y
o r e x ~ a n s i o n3 f an e x i s t i n g r e f i n e r y , these two p e r m i t s can be most c o r n ~ l e x ,
t'me consuming, and c c s t l y . The r e g u l a t i o n s l e z d i n g up t o t h e p e r n i t t i n g
process were discussed i n d e t a i l i n S e c t i o n 3.2.
 A company p l a n n i n g t o c o n s t r u c t a new r e f i n e r y o r expand an
e x i s t i n g r e i i n e r y i n an area where the ambient a i r qua.1it y i s as good o r
S e t t e r than t h e N a t i o n a l Ambient A i r Q u a l i t y Standards must f o l l o w 2

s p e c i f i c f e d e r a l r e g u l a t a r y program c a l l e d Prevention o f S i g n i f i c a n t
D e t e r i o r a t i o n (PSD j . t

PSD r e q u i r e s prc!construction approval o f any new r e f i n e ~ yo r *

major m o d i f i c a t i o n o r expansion o f an e x i s t i n g r e f i n e r y t o be b u i 1 t i n an - 1

attainment area. The r e q u i rements o f t h i s precons t r u c t i on approval a r e

as f o l l o w s ( C A A 165):
'

e moni t o r i ng a t t h e proposed s i t e f o r approximately one' year

(may n o t be r e q u i r e d )

m submission o f a i r q u a l i t y and o t h e r p e r t i n e n t d a t a

o demonstrzte t h a t the r e f i n e r y w i l l n o t v i o . l a t e any a p p l i c a b l e

increment o r a i r qua1 it y standards

o i n s t a l l a t i o n o f Best A v a i l a b l e Control Technology w i t h i n t h e

design of the r e f i n e r y

e p u b l i c review and hesrings concerning t h e p r o j e c t

e commitment t o conduct postc0,nstruction a i r m o n i t o r i n g

Ugon t h e campletion of these requirements, a c o n s t r u c t i o n p e r m i t i s issued

f o r the p r o j e c t .

P r o j e c t i n g t h e time r e q u i r e d f o r approval under PSD i s , a t best,

complicated. I t w i l l vary g r e a t l y depending upon such f a c t o r s as t h e time
t o t u r n i n a "complete" a p p l i c a t i o n , whether one year of m o n i t o r i n g i s
r e q u i red, and t h e amount o f pub1 i c 'comments, h e a r i ngs , and controversy.
. . For
a p r o j e c t where m o n i t o r i n g i s n o t r e q u i r e d and very few publ i c comment a r e
received, t h e process can take approximately twelve months. I f the p r o j e c t
does r e q u i r e m o n i t o r i n g and e x t e n s i v e publ ic hearings , t h e ' process time w i 11
take a minimum o f 24 months w i t h no p r o j e c t e d upper

.For EPA, Region I X , a copy o f a PSD a p p l i c a t i o n , general procedures

and time r o q u i r m e n t s can be found i n Appendix J.
 !dhi l e . the PS3 program deals w i t h p r o j e c t s l o c a t e d i n attainment
areas ,. there i s a l s o a r e g u l a t o r y program which deals w i t h p r o j e c t s planning
t o l o c a t e i n areas n o t meeting the N a t i o n a i Ambient A i r Q u a l i t y Standards.
This regul a i o r y program i s the nonattainment program which i s administered
by the s t a t e under i t s -implementation p l a n .

L i k e the PSD program, the nonattainment ?rcgram r e q u i r e s a

company t o o b t a i n a p r o j e c t p e r m i t before c o n s t r u c t i o n can s t a r t . Before
o b t a i n i n g t h i s permit, the cjmpany must s a t i s f y f i v e p r e c o n s t r u c t i c n
requirements. These r e q u i r ~ m e n t sare as f o i lows (CAA 173) :

e t h e a n t i c i p a t ~ deqissions must be o f f s e t w i t h an a001 i c a b l e

amount as t o p r o v i d e a n e t a i r q u a l i t y b e n e f i t - offsets

0 each source must use c c n t r o l s t o o b t a i n t h e lowest achievable .

emission r a t e LAER -
o a1 1 o t h e r sources owned by the company i n th,e p r o p o s s d . s t a t e
a r e i n compl iance w i t h t h @ r. e g u l a t i o n s

e t h e a p p l i c a b l e S I P i s being c a r r i e d o u t

0 t h e 1979 S I P has been approved 'by the €PA

o p u b l i c review and hear'ings a r e complete

The t i m e r e q u i r e d f o r approval. of t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n p e r m i t i s
based upon how long i t takes t o s a t i s f y the p r e c o n s t r u c t i o n requirements.
For a , r e f i n e r y , major modi f i c a t i ' o n , o r expansion which would n o t r e q u i r e
a s i g n i f i c a n t amount o f o f f s e t s o r the o f f s e t s a r e e a s i l y o b t a i n a b l ~2nd
the p u b l i c comments and hearings were ininimal , t h e time r e q u i r e d would be
approximately 12 months. However, i n t h e more l i k e l y example f o r a r e f i n e r y
o r expansion which would r e q u i r e . a s i g n i f i c a n t amount of o f f s e t s which
a r e n o t e a s i l y o b t a i n a b l e and the p r o j e c t receives numerccs p u b l i c c o m e n t s ,
the time r e q u i r e d c o u l d ranGe upwards from twelve months t o several years,
??
-
?'r

€PA Region I X nonattainmeni a p p l i c a t i o n requireflents, procedures

and time requirements can be found i n Appendix J .
3.z STATE P E R M I T S

The i d e n t i f i c a t i o n of s t a t 2 g e r m i t s r e q u i r e d f o r t h e s i t t i n g
o f an o i i r e f i n e r y o r n a j o r m o d i f i c a t i o n has Secoce b e t t e r o r g a n i z e d
because o f t h e number o f s i m i l a r envir=nmegtal p r o t e c t i o n laws t h a t
apply t o a l l o f the states. The workbook ?ittempts t o define several
b a s i c types of p e r m i t s . Each s t a t e has Seen s e t a s i d e w i t h a s p e c i f i c
m o l e which i d e n t i f i e s t n e g o v e r n o r ' s name, t h e address, and t h e p e r -
sonal c o n t a c t s t h a t s h o u l d be made. Each s t a t e ' s t a b l e i s c a t e g o r i z e d
under f i v e b a s i c headings:

a Water
e Air
0 Health dnd S a f e t y
e Land
a M i s c e l iansous

F o r w a t e r p e r f i i t s , many o f t h e s t a t e s a r e covered b y the

N a t i o n a l P o l l u t a n t Discharge E l i m i n 3 t i o n System (YPDES) o f t h e G.S.
Environmental P r o t e c t i o n Agency. A t t h i s t i m e , 32 o f che s t a t e r a r e
i n t h i s c a t e g o r y . ,' Water p e r m i t s arp t h e most u n i f o r m p e n i t p r o -
cedtires ir! the country. Those sLr Les t9sr do I I W L ! ' i ~ v pPIP3ES ~ e r c i t ?
a r e n o v i ng toward g e l ! i;ig ZP.4 appro\ral. 9 ~ ~ ~j tjil'i
c n ts y f o r a i r p e r m i t s
i s d i v i d e d between t h e EPA and t h e s t a t e degending upon ambient a i r
q b a l i t y f o r t h e s i t e under , c o n s i d e r a t i o n f o r t n e r e f i n e r y p r o j e c t .
I n t h e a t t a i n r c e n t r e g i o n s , t h e perm4 ts a r e aciministcred by the f e d e r a l
agencies. i n t h e nonatta.inment ar2as, t n e s'cat2s r e t a i n t h 2 p e r m i t
authcri t y .
Under h e a l t h and s a f e t y , t h e p e r m i t s a r e g e n e r a i l y e s -
tab1 ished b y t h e i n d i v i d u a l . . s t a t e r e g u l a t i o n s . Tne workbook 21 so
i d e n t i f j e s t h e Occupational S a f e t y and He21 t h A c t (OSHA) c o n t a c t p c i n t
f o r each s t a t e so t h a t any..requirements under t h i s s t a t e a d m i n i s t e r e d
r e g u l a t i o n can be understood.
The f o u r t h p e r m i t area o f l a n d use elas found t o be q u i t e
variable i n application. The D e g a r t s e n t gf t h e I n t e r i o r does n o t have
a l i s t i n g o f c o n t a c t p o i n t s f o r each s t a t ? . The G o v e r n o r ' s O f f i c e
 could be contacted early .in a project t o determi ce speci f i c require-
ments. Under miscellaneous permits, the workbook has grouped together
a l l of the additional permits that s t a t e s have identified.
?.
Under each permit category, additional .i niormati on 1 i sted
includes the address of the issuing agency that.would have respon-
sibi 1 i ty for the 7emi t review, the type 'of appi ication under the gen-
eral heading, and the name address, and the t i t l e , i f available, of
the s t a t e officer responsible for that permit.
I t i s d i f f i c u l t under the procedures used 'for t h i s survey,
t o obtain from each. s t a t e complete identification of a l l t h e i r permit.
requirements. I n develop: ng these requirements, ,a thorough research
format was sent to each individual s t a t e asking them t o completely de-
fine a1 1 of the permits that might come under these categories when
reviewing a major refinery project. After selecting the s t a t e s of in-
t e r e s t , the refiner should be able t o identify some of the permit require-
ments, be abie t o contact the Governor's Office and, i f necessary, the
individual s t a t e offices that have responsi bi 1 i ty for these perni t s .
In A,ppendix L , selected information from the s t a t e survey
responses have been. tabulated t o show the scope of the permitti.ng process.
Each s i t e must be carefully considered f o r these energy projects
I
to determine the compl exi ty of tne permit procedures and identi fy possi 01 e
roadblocks t o acceptable environmentally sound development.
The permit areas that are presented i n the i t a t e tables re-
p r e s e n t the most significant reSui rementi for the s i t i ng of new refineries
and major expansions. There are additional s t a t e organizations t h z t do
a f f e c t the potenti'al for the project development, These might be referred
t o as 'passive areas because they deal 1,vit h such tnings 2s econcmic develop-
ment, bonding procedures, tax wri te-ofis , e t c . Their- support often pi ays .
3 major role in project. acceptance'.
In many instances, local governnents have very l i t t l e kncw-
ledge of what s t a t e attitudes are on industrial permitting and environmental
control. The s i t i n g of these major f a c i l i t i e s i s no't a common occurence.
The Hayor of a community should be able t o review the s t a t e fcrnat and go.
directly to the agency and seek the requirements with which they would
have t o deal. The Mayor would have easy reference t o the key people i n the
s t a t e who have the requirements for the key permitting requir$ments. They
would be a b l e t o c o n t a c t t h e D i r e c t o r o f s p e c i f i c s t a t e agencies, and
i n i t i a t e i n f o r m a t i o n exchange. Too o f t e n o u r i n d i v i d u a l l o c a l commun-
i t i e s have d i f f i c u l t y a t t h e s t a r t o f an i n d u s t r i a l i n q u i r y because
t h e y j u s t d o n ' t know who t o 'go t o . f o r i n f o r m a t i o n . The a b i l i t y t o l o o k
t h r o u g h t h e workbook and cover t h e r e g u l a t f o n s and p e r m i t s o f t h e
f e d e r a l government as w e l l as t h e p e r m i t s t h a t a r e administered by t h e s t a t e
government should make t h e s t a r t o f t h e l o c a l r e v i e w t h a t much e a s i e r .
I n summary, t h e s t a t e p e r m i t table^^^'"^ i d e n t i f i e s t h e governor,
t h e i s s u i n g agencies f o r t h e key p e r m i t areas, t h e t y p e o f p e r m i t r e q u i r e -
ments and t h e name and address o f t h e person r e s p o n s i b l e f o r these permits.
This whole s e r i e s o f c h a r t s w i l l p r o v i d e t h e k i n d o f q u i c k resource f o r t h e
individual. planning a r e f i n e r y project. Communication can q u i c k l y esta-
b l i s h c r e d i b i l i t y so import'ant t o support f o r a major energ; project.
5.3 LOCAL PERMITS

Local governments a r e having c o n t i n u t n g problems i n d e a l i n g

w i t h energy re1 atgd programs. The s i t i n g of. new i n d u s t r i a l p l a n t s , 1ike
new p.etroleum r e f i n e r i e s , i s a complex i s s u e because o f the i n c r e a s i n g
amount of r e g u l a t ~ r yand permi tti ng a c t i v i t i e s t h a t must be considered.
Without question, i t i s much more d i f f i c u l t t o i d e n t i f y the
permits t h a t are r e q u i r e d a t the i o c a l l e v e l . Since t h e r e are few areas
i n t h e thousands of l o c a l j u r i s d i c t i o n s across t h e c o u n t r y t h a t have
d e a l t ~i
t h p e r m i t t i n g o f chem'ical processes; t h e r e i s n o t a g r e a t deal of
organized requirements. I t i s d i f f i c g i t t o g e t p e r n i t t i n g i n f o r m a t i o n on
a: 1 o f the v a r y i n g types o f l o c a l government. The workbock i s developed
so t h s t any e l e c t s d o f f i c i a l o r i n d u s t r y r e p r e s e n t a t i v e can use i t as a
means t o determi ne ,permi tti ng r e q u i r m e n t s and t o develop gui d e l ines f o r
the s i t i n g of a new r e f i n e r y o r the e x p a n s i o n of an e x i s t i n g r e f i n e r y .: I

The h i s t o r y o f l o c a l government i s s u b s t a n t i a l l y d i f f e r e n t than

t h a t of s t a t e governkent. The u n i f o m i t y t h a t e x i s t s a t the. s t a t e l e v e l
does n o t e x i s t i n the area o f l o c a l j u r i s d i c t i o n s . The l o c a l govsrnment
can take on several forms such as:.

e Strong Mayor - i n which the appointaents and inanagement of

the c i t y j u r i s d i c t i o n i s under t h e d i r e c t i o n o f t h e c h i e f
elected o f f i c i a l . . .
Weak Mayor. - c o u n c i l form o f government i n which .the man-
agement and l e a d e r s h i p r o l e s a r e - d i v e r s i f i e d ;
0 C i t y Manager - Town Manaqer '- forin which c o n s i s t s o f h i r e d
p r o f e s s i c n a l managenent teams.
o There a r e a l s o several forms o f government which a r e unique'
t o c e r t a i n s e c t i o n s o f t h e c o u n t r y due p r i m a r i l y t o h i s t o r - '

i c a l reasons. Such as t h e town meeting i n New England, t h e Par-

r i s h s t y l e o f Louisiana, t h e county government i n t h e West l

and o t h e r s maker i t impossible t o have a systematic approach t o

deal ing w i t h pormi tti ng r e q u i rernents.

As evidence, r o v.. .i e ~of the rssesrch f c r n a t s t h a t were c i r c u l a t e d

t o a1 1 of the c i t i e s w i t h 'a':'~opulatior. c f 100,00C, 2nd t o a1 1 c i t i e s o r
j u r i s d i c t i o n s w i t h r e f i n e r y experience snow t h i s gr2at d i v e r s i t y . The
returns showed t h a t there were no s e t format o r permitting requirements.
There a r e no s e t s o f rules established by e'ach s t a t e f o r such occurrences
as a potential s i t i n s of a refinery project. I n s p e c i f i c , there i s no way
of c l e a r l y identifying permit r e q u i r m e n t s for local governments. The spotty
s e t s o f permits i s usually a s e r i e s o f adjustments to e x i s t i r g local 'laws
2 n d not a 2lan or united format. Examples of City permit information
returned lrri t h the s'urvey forms a r e included in Appendix M .

There a r e two a l t e r n a t i v e s f o r both the private s e c t o r and the

local executive to use in looking a t permitting requirements. F i r s t , the
key i s f o r them to make use of the d e t a i l requirements of both. the fed-
e r a l permits and. the s t a t e permits. They can g e t d e t a i l guidelines from
those two very s p e c i f i c areas. Second, the workbook has established as
much detai 1 as possible in a sample of each area so t h a t the local chief
execut've o r private s e c t o r developer will have a sample o f local govern-
xents t o contact who may have local s i n i l a r i t i e s . L

The wor~book has s2veral t a b l e s which should be. any easy r e f s r -

ence form. Each t a b l e has taken samples o f d e t a i l s returned by fndfvidual
communi t i e s . A1 7 of the sample permits have been 1 i s t e d under the same'
breakdown as the s t a t e and federal permits, namely:

w Wd ter Permi t s
s Air Permits
a Health and Safety Permits
e Land iJs2 Permits
0 Mi s c e l l aneous

In order t o make i t as ezsy as possible to i d e n t l f y those ci t i c s

from the samples which might apply t o a s p e c i f i c location, the workbook has
divided the responsed i n t o c a t e ~ o r i e s . The i o l lowing cateaories wlll Fro-
vide ready reference t o anyone trying to i d e n t i f y similar appl ications or
experiences as t h e i r c i t i e s under consideration.

e Strong Mayor
9 Weak Mayor - Strong Council
 a City Nanager
e Ref i nery Experi ence
a Zoning Change Requ; renents
e Requires Council Approval
4 Requires Pub1 i c Hearing
e Requires Planning Approval

The c i t y permit table^!^^''^? also l i s t tke resoonsib12 1 n c a ? nffjc?

and reference person for individual contact. The workbook has included
in the Appendix revelent samp1.e~of sophisticated permits that have been
provided w i t h the survey response.
The user o f ' the tabies should identj fy tnei r particul a r form
~f government from the columns and then note the various permits that
have been required by local jurisdi.ctions with similar circumstances.
They should then contact the person identified and attempt to obtain any
d e t a i l s or experience which should prove valuable.

All of the samples l i s t e d are d i h c t l y related t o a pot2ntial

prcblem t h a t a lacal ccmrnunity will d e a l with in the s i t i n g of s refinery.
No attempt has been made t g deal with a l l local ordinances and c i t y charters
that hav2 been establ isned since the Segi nning of locai jurisdictionst
Those would be much t o o man) and of 1 i t t l e help in an o v e r v i e ~of~ local
permits .
 TABLE 54
ALAaMiX STATE PERXITS

G o v e r n o r ~ a m e sF o b , J r .
E x e c u t i v e D e g a r :men t
X o n t g o m e r y , Alabama 36130

Type of
Pernit I s s u i n g Agency Application Responsible Person
Xa t e r A l a b a ~ aW a t e r Water P e r m i t s James W . Xarr
Improvement hie? Adm. O f z i c e r
Co.mniss i o n S t a t e Off i c e Bldq.
- X o n t g o m e r y , A L 36130 '

NPDES ( 2 0 5 ) 832-3370
.... .
.z
.. ,..... .. .

-4i z Alabana A i r A i r Pernits J a n e s c?.. C o o p e r , Dir.

Pollution 6 4 5 S . YcDonough St.
Commiss ior! H o n t g o m e r y , AL 36104
( 3 0 5 ) 832-6770 .
?SD ..

Health & Xlabazz D e ~ t . Health.&

Safzty of P u b l i c Safety Pernits D r . I r a L. X y e r s
Beal t h S t a t e S e a l th O f f iser
3 t n t ~3 f f i a e B B u q .
Moiltgamcry, AL 35130
( 2 0 5 ) 032 ,3113
 TABLE 5 5
ALASKA STATE P E a Y i T S

Goverzor J a y 3amond
, - Pouch A
State Capitol
Juneau, Alaska 99811

Type o f
Ternit s I s s u i n g Agency Application ~ e s p o n s h l eP e r s o n
\
De?t. o f Environ- E r n s t V7. ? l u e l l e r , Corn
mental Conserva- Pouch 0
t i o n . (DEC) J u n e a u , AK 9 9 8 0 1
i 9 0 7 ) 455-2600
Water DEC, ~ i v .o f Wastewater aob Nartin, Chief
Enviropmental Discharge Pouch 0
Q u a l i t y X q t . (DEQY) Zuneau, AK 99801
- Watsr Q u a 1i t y ( 9 0 7 ) 465-2600
~ecticn
D e p t . of N a t u r a l Water Use W e n t ? e t r i e , Chief
R e s o u r c e s (DNP.) 3 2 3 E . 4 t h Ave.
Div. o f F o r e s t , Anchorage, AK 99501
Land & Water N g t . ( 3 0 7 ) 279-85577
(DFLFiM), W a t e r
Section /

Air DEC, DEQM, A i r & A i r Q u a 1i t y Tom H a n n a , C h i e f

S o l i d Waste Mgt. Pouch 0
Section J u n e a u , AK 9 9 8 0 1
( 9 0 7 ) 465-2656

Health & Dept. o f Labor OSHA E . O r b e c k , Ccmm.

Safety D e p t . of L a b o r
P. 0 . BOX 1 1 1 9
J u n e a u , AK 9 9 8 0 1
( 9 0 7 ) 465-2700
L

Land N/ A

see f o l l o w i n g page
 ALAS XA Continued

R E F I N E 2 Y S I T I N G PERMITTING PZOCESS
Alaska S t a t u t e 4 6 - 3 5 r e q u i r e s t h e DEC to e s t a b l i s h a "one-sts!
shopping" p r o c e s s f o r environmental p e r m i t s f s r i n d u s t r i a l s i t i n c j
a p r e - a p p l i c + t i o n conference may b e hosted b y t h e DEC f o r a p p l i c z n i
.
and a . n a s t e r a p p l i c a t i o n ( e s s e n t i a l l y a r e q u e s t f o r permit p r o c e s s :
s h a l l b e f i l e d , s o t h a t t h e a p p l i c q n t w i l l b e advised a s t o a l l thc
n e c e s s a r y ? e r n i t s and a p p l i c a t i o n procgdures.

Contact: hood Ang.st, Permit ~ o o r idn a t o r

Div., of Znvironmental Q u a l i t y Planagemen t
.
Dept o f Environmental Conserva.tion
Pouch 0
Juneau, 4 K 9 9 8 0 1
'

( 9 0 7 ) 465-2670 .
 TABLE 36
3 R I ZONA STATE ?SAY ITS

Governor Bruce Z. S a b b i t t
C a p i t o l West' X i n g
9th Floor
P h o e n i x , A r i z o n a 85007

Type o f
Permit I s s u i n g Agency Apglicat ion Responsible Person
Water S u r e a u o f Water Water Q u a l i t y D r . R o n a l d Xillsr, C1
Quality Control "Dreau o f N a t o r Q u a l .
Con t r o 1
1 7 4 0 West A d a n s S t .
P h o e n i x , .qZ. 8 5 0 0 7

Bureau o f S a n i t a - Industrial John:X. Beck, Chief

tion waste Bureau o f S a n i t a t i o n
1 7 4 0 West Ad.ams S t .
p h o e n i x , XZ 8 3 0 0 7
( 6 C 2 ) .255-1156

X ' ir A r i z o n a Dept . Installation C a r l H . B i l l i n g s , 2391

of S e a l t h , B u r e a u 2er'mit i 7 4 0 W . Adams S t .
of A i r Quality ( 3 e q u i r e s 21s) P h o e n i x , .kZ 8 5 3 0 7
C o n t r o l , Eng i n e e r i n g . ( 6 0 2 ) 255-1144
Services Section

FJealth & Arizona Dept. o f Construction Lyndon H a m o n

Safety H e a l t h , ~ u r e a uo f Agproval 1 7 4 0 W. Adams S t .
Water Q u a l i t y Con- (Submit Facil P h o e n i x , AZ 8 5 0 0 7
trol', Technical ity Pla~s) ( 6 0 2 ) 255-1175
. 2.eview S e c t i o n
O p e r a t i o n Ap-
proval (State
R e g i o n a l Off i c e
Inspection )

WATER USZ ( APPRCPRIATION) PERYITTI?JG

. A r i z o n a i s c u r r e n t l y r e v i s i n g i t s water s u p p l y u s e r e g u l a t i c r n s
For i n f o r m a t i o n , e o n t a c t : S Late W a t e r C o r r m i s s i o n
222 N. C e n t r a l
P h o e n i x , AZ 8 5 0 0 7
( 6 0 2 ) 255-1550 ,
 TABLE 57
ARKANSAS STATE PERYITS

Governor 3i1l C l i n t o n
250 S t a t e C a p i t o l B u i l d i n g
L i t t l e ROC!<, Ark&?sas 7 2 2 0 1

~ y p eo f
Permit I s s u i n g Agency Ap~lication Responsible Person
Xa t a r Dept. o f P o l l u t i o n ;later P e r x i t s J a r r e l l E, Southali
C o n t r o l & Ecology Director
8001 Yationai D r .
P . 0 . Box 9 5 8 3
L i t t l e Rock, A r k .
72219
(5011 371-1701

Air Dept. of P o l l u t i o n A i r Pernits j a r r e l l E. S o u t h a l l

C c n t r o l & Ecology Director
8001 N a t i o n a l D r .
P . 0 . Box 9 5 8 3
L i t t l e R O C X I RR
72219
( 5 0 1 ) 371-1701

Health & D e p t . of H e a l t h Dr. R o b e r t Young

3af e Ly Uirector '
3 8 1 5 X. 31arkham S t .
L i t t l e Z o c k , AX
72205
( 5 0 1 ) 661-2003
Dept. o f Labor
Director
C a p i t o l ;ill Bldg .
L i t t l e Rock, A 2
7 2.20 1
( 5 0 1 ) 371-1401
 CABLE 38
CALIlORNIX STATE ?ER!IITS.

G o v e r n o r Edmund G. Brown, Jr
State Capitol
' .
Sacramento, C a l i f o r n i a 95811

Type o f
Permit I s s u i n g Agency application Responsible Person
The Resourced Huey J o h n s o n
Agency .Sec. f o r Resources
1416 Ninth S t .
S a c r a m e n t o , CA 95814
( 9 1 6 ) 415-5656

Water S t a t e Kater Permit for Walt P e t t i t , c h i e f

~ e s o u r c e sCon- Diversion & P . 0 . Box i O O -
t r o l ( (SWRCB), Use o f Water S a c r a m e n t o ,' CA 9 5 8 0 1 . .
Div: o f w a t e r (Surface ( 9 1 6 ) 920-6301
Rights Water)
SWRCB Water Q u a l i t y C l i n t N h i t n e y , Ex. D i r
(NPDES P e r m i t s 2 . 0 . Eox 1 0 0
are d i r e c t l y S a c r a m e n t o , CA 9 5 8 0 1
i s s u e d by t h e ( 9 1 6 ) 445-3085
9 Reg Fo.nal
NPDES Offices. )

Air A i r Resources A i r .Quality Tom Q u i n n , Chrm.

Board 1102 Q S t .
. S a c r a m e n t o , CA 958l.2
(916,) 322-5840

Bealth & D e p t . o f Labor OSHA Conald V i a l , D i r .

Safety Dept.. o f I n d u s t r i a l
. Relations
1 3 5 G o l d e n ' G a t 2 Ave.
San F r a n c i s c o , CA
94102
( 4 1 5 ) 557-3356
 TABLE 59
COLORADO STATE PEhYITS

G o v e r n o r R i c h a r d 3. Lamm
Room 1 3 6
State Captiol
Denver, Colorado 80203

Type o f
Permit I s s u i n g Agency Application Responsible Person

Dept. o f E e a l t h Robert Arnott

(DE) O f f i c e o f A s s t . Dir.
'Health Pro t e c - 4210 E . 1 1 t h Ave.
t i o n (OHP) D e n v e r , CO 80220
( 3 0 3 ) 320-8333 ~ 6 3 ' 5 4
Water D E , OHP, Water W a t e r iJse
Quality Control ( A p p r o p r i a t i o n ) Arden Walium
Div. P e r m i t s . A c t i n g S e c t i o n Chief
S e c tion 3210 E . 1 1 t h Ave.
D e n v e r , CO 80220
NPDES ( 3 0 3 ) 320-8333

Air D E , O H P , A i r Pol'- A i r Quality 4. C . 3 i s h a r d , P.E.

l u t a o n Control S e c t i o n Chief
Div., Stationary 4.210 E . 1 1 t h A v e .
' Sources Section Ccnvcr, CO 00220
( 3 0 3 ) 320-8333 X4136
 I A t l L t SU

CONNECTICUT STATE FZX4,lITS

G o v e r n o r 2 1 1 g T . Grasso
S t a t e o f Connecticut
E x e c u t i v e Chambers
d a r t f o r d , C o n n e c t i c u t 06113

Type o f
Pzrmit I s s u i n g Agency Application Responsible ?erson

Dept. o f Environ- S t a n l e y J. Pac, C i r .

mental Protection S t a t e O f f i c e 31dg.
(DEP ) 1 6 5 C a p i t o l Ave.
H a r t f o r d , CT 0 6 1 1 5
( 203 ) 566-2110

Xater DE?, X a t e r ~ o k q l i - Water Q u a l i t y R o b e r t E . :4oore, D i r .

ance Ynit 122 Washington S t .
H a r t f o r d , C t 06115
( 2 0 3 ) 566-3245

CT Dept. o f Water S u ? p l y X i c h a r d . S . Woodhu.11

Health, Kater .Chief
S u p g l y Section 79 E l m S t .
X a r t f o r d , CT 0 6 1 1 5
( 2 0 3 ) 566-3130

D E ? , Water Com- Industrial Xerxin E. Hupfer

pliance Vnit Waste 122 Washington S t . .
H a r t f o r d , CT 0 6 1 1 5
( 203 ) 566-5599

Air DEP, Air C o m p l i - . A i r Q u a 1i t y Leonard Bruckman, D i r

ance Unit 1 6 5 C a 2 i t o l Ave.
X a r t f o r d , CT 0 6 1 1 5
( 2 0 3 ) 566-4030

Heaith b De2t. o f L a b o r OS BA D e p a r t m e n t of L a b o r
S.af e t y 5 5 5 Main S t .
H a r t f o r d , CT 0 6 1 9 3
 DELAWAAE STATE P E W I T S

' G c v e r n o r P i c r r e S.. d u ? o n t IV
Leg i s l a t i v e B a l l
D o v e r , Delawars 1 9 0 0 1

Type o f
Permit . I s s u i n g Agency Application Responsible Person

Dept. o f N a t u r a l
R e s o u r c e s and ' T a t n a i l Bldg .
.
A u s t i n P. O l n e y ,. ~ e c

Environmental . b v e r , . DE . i 9 9 0 1
C o n t r o l (DNXEC ) ( 3 0 2 ' ) 678-4103 J
'

Water DNREC, D i v . o f Water Q u a l i t y Tom E i c h l e r

Environmental
Control . .
T a t n a i l Bldg
P, 0 , ,sox 1 4 0 1
.
cover, De 1 9 9 0 1
NPDES ( 3 0 2 ) 678-4763
. .

Dept. o f Eiealth Water S u p p l y Donald K . Xarmeson

and S o c i a l Chief
. S e r v i c e s , Div. Jesse S . C o o p e r S l d s .
o f Pub. H e a l t h C a p i to1 S q u a r e
Bureau of Environ- D o v e r , DE 1 9 9 0 1
mental Health , ( 3 0 2 ) 678-4731

Air DNREC, D i v . o f I Air ' ~ u a l i t ~ Robert 2 . F r e n c h , N g r .

Environmen f a 1 R., 0. Box' 1 0 0 1
Control, . A i r Cove.r, D'E 1 9 9 0 1
R e s o u r c e s Sect .' ( 3i)z ) 6'78-q'lgp

health & N/A' -

S a i e ty
 . ...
FLORIDA STATE PSRYITS , . . ,

Governor Robert 5raha.m..

The C a p i t o l
T a l l a h a s s e e 32304 .

Type or'
Termit I s s u i n g Agency Application R e s ~ n s i S l ePerson
Water Dept. of Environ- Water Q u a l i t y Jacob D. V a n , Sec.
mental &gulat,ion Twin Towers Bldg. '

2600 B l a i r Stone Rd,,

T a l l a h a s s e e , FL 323(
(904) 488-4807

Air Dept. of Environ- A i r Quality Jacob D. Varn, Sec.

mental Xegulation T w i n Towers b l d g
2600 B l a i r Stone Xd.
.
T a l l a h a s s e e , FL 3230
( 9 0 4 ) 488-4807

Health c Dept. of Labor OSHA B e p t . of Labor

Safety A r t Husecm Plaza
Suite 4
2809 A r t Nuseum Dr. .
J a c k s o n v i l l e , F t 322
( 9 0 4 ) 791-2895 a,
 G E O R G I A STATE PEWITS

G o v e r n o r Z e o r g e Busbee
State Capitol
A t l a n t a , G e o r g i a 30334

Type o f
Permit .. I s s u i n g Agency Application Responsible Person
Water Georg i a Dept. o f water Permits J. Leonard L e d b e t t e r
Natural Resources . Director
Environmental Pro- 270 i q a s h i n g t o n S t . S.W
. tection Division A t l a n t a , GX 30334 -
( 4 0 4 ) 656-4713
.NPDES

Air G eo rg i a Dept. o f ~ i Pre r m i t s J . Leonard Ledbe t t e r

Natural 3esources, director
Znvironnan t a l Pro- 270 W a s h i n g t o n S t . S.W
tection Division A t l a n t a , GA 30334
( 4 0 4 ) 656-4713
PSD I

Yeaith & Dept. o f L a h r OSHA Dept. o f Labor

Safety 1 5 2 New S t .
?lacon, GA 3 1 2 0 1
( 9 1 2 ) 746-5133

Land N/A

, A.N.I.: 2 E Z I N E R Y SITING 2EQUEST PROCESS

D e p a r t n e n t o f I n d u s t r y and T r a d e would c o o r , d i n a t s ' t h e
p r o p o s a l w i t h t h e Znvironmen t a l P r o t e c t i o n D i v i s i o n . T h e . E n v i r o n -
m e n t a l P r o t e c t i o n D i v i s i o n h a s been d e l e g a t s d t h e F e d e r a l Z n v i r o n -
m e n t a l p e r m i t t i n g a q e n c y (PSD, NPDES) and would p r o c e s s a i r and
water permit applications.
 TABLE 64
SAKAII STATE ?EiL'.!ITS

. -
Governor. ~ e o r ~ 3 .e A r y o s h i . .. -.
E x e c u t i v e Chambers
State Capitol
Honolulu, .Hawaii 96813

< . Type o'f

Permit . I s s u i n g Agency Application ~ e s ~ n s i b Pl eer s o n

Water Hawaii S t a t e Dept. W a t s r P e r n i t s G e o r g e Yuen

of H e a l t h , Environ- Director. o f Z e a l t h
n e n tal Heal t h Di. v i - 1 2 5 0 Punch D o w l 5 c .
sion H o n o l u l u , HI.' 96800
( 8 0 8 ) 548-550'5

NPDES

Air Hawaii S t a t e D e ~ t . A i r P e r m i t s G e o r g e Yuen ,

o f H e a l t h , Environ- %
Director o f Bealth
mental Eealth Divi- 1 2 5 0 Punch B o w l S . t .
sion H o n o l u l u , H I 96800
( 8 0 8 ) 548-5505

Health & Bawaii State OSHA .Xayne Nount', D i r e c t o r

Safety Dept. o f Labor- 835 X i l i l a n i S t .
H o n o l u l u , H I 96800,'
( 8 0 8 ) 548-7510

Hawaii S t a t e D e F t . H i d e t o Kono, D i r e c t a r
o f P l a n n i n g & Economic 250 S o u t h Ring S t .
D e ve 10,pmen t i-Ionolulu, 9 1 96800
( 8 0 8 ) 548-6914
 IHDLt 05

ICAHO STATE PEX<lITS

G o v e r n o r j o h n V. Evans
S t a t e House
Boise, I d a h o 83720

.. Type o f
Perm-i t I s s u i n g Agency ' ,Application Responsible Person
-~- a t c r r Idaho Dept. o f Water Q u a l i t y A 1 E . M u r r a y , Chief
H 2 a l t h and wel- 4 t h ti State
f a r e , Environ- Boise, I D 83720 .
mental Services . , ( 2 0 8 ) 381-2433
Division, Kater
Q u a l i t y :Bureau
,

Air Idaho Dept. o f A i r Quality Hichae'l Hurray

Y e z l t h and Wel- Director
fare R 4th & S t a t e
B o i s e , I D 83720
( 2 0 8 ) 384-2433

Health & Dept. o f Labor OSHA Dept. o f Labor

Ssf e ty 1315 W. Idaho S t .
B o i s e , . I D 83706
( 2 0 8 ) 284-1857
 TABLE 66
ILLINOIS STATE PEEYITS

G o v e r n o r James 2 . Thompson
S t a t e House
S p r i n g f i e l d , I l l i n o i s 62706

Type o f
Permit I s s u i n g Agency Apolication Responsible Person
\
Xater I l l i n o i s 'Environ- Water Q ~ a l i t y Roger Kanerva, Mar.
' mental x o t e c t i c n 2 2 0 0 C h u r c h i l l Rd.
Agency, - D i v i s i o n s p r i n g f i e l d , IL
o f water P o l l u t . i o n 62706
Control (217)
NPDES ,

Air Illinois E n v i r ~ n - A i r Quality Dan G o o d w i n , X g r .

mental Protection 2200 C h u r c h i l l Rd. t

Agency, D i v i s i o n S p r i n g f i e l d , IL
o f A i r Pollution 62706
Control ( 2 1 7 ) 732-7326

~ e a l t n& 3 e p t . o f Labor OSHA Degt. o f Labor

Safety 3.14 Smoke T r e e a i l s i n e :
0:
Park
A u r o r a , ZL 6 0 5 4 2
(312)896-8700
 I N D I A N A STATE PZXYITS

G o v e r n o r ' O t i s R . 3owen
Roorn 206
S t a t e Flouse
I n d i a n a p o l i s , I n d i a n a 46204

Type o f
Pcrrni t I s s u i n g Agency Application Responsible Person

S t a t e Board R. G . B l a n k e n b a k e r , YD
o f H e a l t h (SBH) S t a t e 3 e 3 l t b Comm.
1 3 3 0 X . N i c h i g a n St.
I n d i a n a p o i i s , I N 46206
( 3 1 7 . ) 633-3400 I

Stream Pollution Wastewater Oral H e r t , Tech. S e c .

Control aoard Discharge 1 3 3 0 W. X i c h i g a n S t .
( SPCB) I n d i a n a p o l i s , I N 46206
( 3 1 7 ) 633-016'7
NPDES

Dept. o f N a t u r a l Water Victor Wenning , Asst.

Resources (DNR) Withdrawal Chief
D i v , o f Water from Navi- Room 605
(DV) gable Naters . S t a t e Off ice 91dg.
I n d i a n a ? o l i s , I N 46204
( 3 1 7 ) 232-4150

Air SBH, D i v . o f A i r A i r Quality H a r r y D. W i l l ' i a n s , D i r

Pollution Control 1330 W. Nichigan S t .
I n d i a n a p o l i s , I3 4620f
( 3 1 7 ) 633-a600

3ealth & D e p t . o f Labor. .OSHA W i l l i a m L a n a a , Comm.

Safety I n d i a n a Div. o f Labor
1 0 1 3 S t a t e O f f i c e Bldq
I n d s a n a p o l i s , 1?7 46204
( 3 1 7 ) 633-4473

Land DNR, DW F l o o d way V i c t o r Pienning , Asst.

Permit (Flood Chief
P l a i n s Con- R o o m 605
struction ) State Office Sldg.
I n d i a n a p o l i s , IY 45201
( 3 1 7 ) 232-4160
 IOWA STATE PEIZrIITS

G o v e r n o r R o b e r t D. 2 a y
State Captiol
Des N o i n e s , Iowa 5 0 3 1 9

Type o f
, Permit I s s u i n g Agency. Xppl i c a t i o n Respcnsible Person
Piater 3 e p t . o f Environ- Water Q u a l i t y Larry E. Crane
mental Q u a i i c y ' ~ x e ~ u t i vUei r e C t d t
Henry A. W a l l a c e Bldg .
900 2 . Grand
Des N o i n e s , I A 5 0 3 1 9
( 5 1 5 ) 281-8854
NPDES

Air Dept. o f Environ- A i r Quality Larry E. Crane

mental Q u a l i t y E x e ~ u t i v eD i r e c t o r
Xenry A . W a l l a c e 31dg.
900 E . GranC!
Des M o i n e s , I A 5 0 3 1 9
( 5 1 3 ) 291-8854

Health & a u r e a u 3f L a b o r OSHA A l l e n J . Yeier

Safety B u r e a u of L a b o r
307 S . 7 t h
Des N o i n e s , I A 5 0 3 1 9
( 5 1 5 ) 281-3606

Land . Iowa S t a t e kommerce Pi~eline John Hensel

Comrniss i o n Executive Secretary
300 4 t h S t .
Des M o i n e s , I A 5 0 3 1 9
( 5 1 5 ) 281-3606

Misc. Natural Resources Xater James Webb

Council Withdrawal 3 e n r y A . W a l l a c e Bldg .
900 E . Grand
Flood ? l a i n Des X o i n e s , 1.4 5 0 3 1 9
G A c t i v l tY ( 5 1 5 ) 281-5572
 TA8LE 69
KANSAS STAT2 ?EX.
ITS

G o v e r n o r J o h n ;I. C a r l i n
2r.d F l o o r
State Captiol
Topeka, Kansas 66612

Type of
Permit I s s u i n g Agency Application Responsible Person

Dept. o f 3 e a l t h > t e l v i l ' l e T.J. G r a y , jir .

and Enviro.nmen t 6700 S . Topeka Ave,
(DHE), D i v i s i o n T o p e k a , XS 66620
02 Z n v i r o n m e n t ( 9 1 3 ) 862L9360
(DE)
Water DHE, D E , B u r e a u Water Q u a l i t y Eugene J e n s e n , D i r .
of water Quality 6700 S . T o p e k a Ave.
T o ~ e k a , HS 66620
( 9 1 3 ) 852-9360 X228
NPDES

DHE, DE, S u r e a u Water S u p p l y N. J a c k B u r r i s

o f P u b l i c Water .
6.700 S Tope.ka kve .
Suppiy Tnpeka, KS iifi62fl
( 9 1 3 ) 862-9350 X218

Air D H E , D E , B u r e a u of
A i r = Q u a l i t r y and
Air Q u a l i t y ' Howard F . S a i g e r , ~ i r
6700 S . T o p e k a Ave,
.
Occupational Topeka, KS 6 6 6 2 0 . '

I Health . ( 9 1 3 ) 661-9360 X256

Seslth & Dept. o f Labor OSHA D e p t . of L a b o r

ssr'zty 216 N . Waco S u i t s 3
W i c h i t a , KS 67202
( 3 1 6 ) 267-6311 X641
 Governor J u l i a n Carro.11
State Capitol
F r a n k f o r t , K e n t ~ c k y4 0 6 0 1

Type o f
Permit I s s u i n g Agency Application Responsible Person
\

Water Dept.' f o r N a t u r a l Water Q u a l i t y Dr. Robert E. Slanz

Rcsotirces and D ~ ~c ~ ~ L ,
CJ

Environmental, C e n t u r y PLaza
P r o t e c t i o n , Div. U. S . 1 2 7 s
o f Water Q u a l i t y F r a n k f o r t , KY 6 0 6 0 1
I ( 5 0 2 ) 364-3410

Air Dept. f o r N a t u r a l A i r Quality Norman S c h e l l , D i r .

R e s o u r c e s and Kest F r a n k f o r t . O f f i c e
'Environmental Complex
Pro t e . c t i o n , Div. U. S. 1 2 7 s
6f A i r P o l l u t i o n F r a n k f o r t , XY 4 3 6 0 1
Control (502) 564-338f

Health & Dept. o f Labor OSHA James R . Yocom, C o r n .

Safety Dept. o f Labor
U . S . Highway 1 2 7 S
F r a n k f o r t , KY 4 0 6 0 1
( 5 0 2 ) 56.4-3070

Land N/A
(Kentucky Area Development D i s t r i c t s h a v e j u r i s d i c t i o n )

C a n t a c t D e p a r t n e n t o f Commerce w n i c h w i i l c o o r d i n a t e m e e t i n g s
x i t h a g e n c i e s froin w h i c h a p p l i c a n t nus2 r e c e i v e p e t m i t s .
 ' ', LOUISIANA STATE PERYITS
, ' t i j

Governor David Treen

P . 0 . Box 44004
Baton Rouge, Louisiana 7 0 8 0 1

-
-

Type of
2ermit I s s u i n g Agency Application - Responsible Fsrson
.
Dept of N a t u r a l J i m Porter
A s s t . Sec. f o r E R -
Sesources ( D N R )
Off i c e of Znviron- vironmen t a i .Affairs
mental A f f a i r s P . 0. Box 1 4 0 6 6
(OEA) Baton Xouge, <A 7 0 8 0 4
( S W 4 ) 925-6580

I n January 1980, Louisiana began major r e o r g a n i z a t i o n , a

of t h e e n v i r o n n e n t a l p e r n i t S r o c e s s , p a s s i n g a u t n o r i t y from t h e
De;t. of Bealtn and Human Resources t o t h e D N R , which i s now t h e
s o l e i s s u i n g 'agency f o r e n v i r o c ~ e n t a l3 e r m i t s . A s of t h i s d a t e ,
s f c h i s r e p o r t , information 3 n s p e c i E i c c f z i c e s and c o n t a c t
o e r s o n n e i fcr v a r i o u s g e r m i t s w i t h i n t h e OEA is u n a v a i l a b l e .
Corit2ct J i m ? o r t e r ( a b o v e ) f o r c u r r e n t s t a t u s i n f o r m a t i o n .
 I ~ D L CI L

MAINE STAT? PE=lITS

Governor J o s e p h E . Bronnan
State Capitol
A u g u s t a , Y a i n e 04880

Type o f
Permit I s s u i n g Agency Application Responsible Perscn

Dept. o f Enviran- ' 3 e n r y E . N a r r e n , Corm.

n e n t a 1, ?ro t e c t i o n State House
(DEP A u g u s t a , ?$E 0 4 3 3 0
( 2 0 7 ) 289-2811
' Xater DEP, S u r e a u o f Water Q u a l i t y S t e p h e n G r o v e s ,. a i r .
Water Q u a l i t y S t a t e House
Control A u g u s t a , MZ 0 4 3 3 0 . I .
( 2 0 7 ) 289-2591 I r

"
"' A:..
: :>
.
NE D e p t . o f Human Water'Supply Eonald. C . H o x i e , D i r . ,'.*: ,

S e r v i c e s (XDHS). S t a t e Eouse
Div. o f Environ- A u g u s t a , ME 0 4 3 3 0
mental ' d e a l t h ( 2 0 7 ) 289-0433 I
?
.
:
L.b,.
.>* '
'<.,
DEF, D i v . o f I n d - Industrial C h a r l e s King, Chief 4 Y!
u s t r i a l Services Waste S t a t e House
A u g u s t a , ME 0 4 3 3 0
NPDES ( 2 0 7 ) 289-2591

Air DEP, B u r e a u o f A i r Q u a 1i t y David E . T a d o r , C h i e f

A i r Q u a 1i t y S t a t e House
Con t r o 1 A u g u s t a , YE 0 4 3 3 0 .
( 2 0 7 ) 289-3826
PSD

Health & YDHS, D i v i s i o n Noise C o n t r o l Donald C. Hoxie, D i r .

Safety , o f H e a l t h Engin- S t a t e Xouse
rieer i n g A u g u s t a , XE 0 4 3 3 0
( 2 0 7 ) 289-0433

Land DEP, Land Q u a l i t y Land u s e Director

Con t r o 1 (Whole s t a t e ) Station No. 17
S t a t e House
A u g u s t , ME 9 4 4 3 3
( 2 0 7 ) 289-2811
 Continued

. .. . . Type o f
. .. .-- .-. -~-irmit I s s u i n g Agency Apolication R e s p o n s i b l e Person
. ..- ..

. - Land . D e p t . o f Conser- . Land iTse N i c h q e l Barrett

. v a t i a n , Lai?d Use ( I n any unors-' s t a t e No. 22
R e g u l a t i o n Con?. anized terri- Sta.te gouse
tory) A u g u s t a , HE 04330
( 2 0 7 ) 289-2811
 . TABLE 73
LNAIIYSAND STATE ?E.V1I T S

Governor Xarry 3. Sughes

Executive Department
S t a t e Xouse
A n n a p o l i s , N a r y l a n a 21104

Type o f
. Permit Issuing ~ ~ e n c A~p p l i c a t i o n Resgons i b l e P e r s o n
Vater Dept. o f Na t u k a l
R ~ s o u r c e s ,Watsz
R e s o u r c e s Admin:
'Industrial.
Xaste Dir .
Thomas ' C . Andrews

580 T a y l o r A V P .
Tawes' S t a t e Off i c e aid!
A n n a p o l i s , :4D 21401 '
NPDES ( 3 0 1 ) 269-3846
Dept: o f H e a l t h Water Supply Raynond A n d e r s o ~, C h i e
and F!ental t i y g i e n e 201 !I.P r e s t o n S t .
Div. o f W a t e r B a l t i m o r e , :-ID 2 1 2 0 1
S u p s l y , Water and ( 3 0 1 ) 383-4249
Sewage Progrzrn

Air DBMX, A i r Q u a l i t y Permit to G e o r g e 2 . F e r r e r i , Adm

Construct 201 W. P r e s t o n S t .
B a l t i m o r e , ?ID 21201
( 2 0 1 ) 383-2779
-

Health & Dept. o f Labor OSHA B a r v e y A . E p s t e i n , Corn

.Safety De?t. o f L i c e n s i n g &
Regulation
Di.v. o f Labor And I n d
203 E . B a l t i m c r e S t .
.
S a l t i n o r e , MD 21202
( 3 0 1 ) '383-2251

here is no " u m b r e l l a l ~o r g a ~ i r a t i o nf o r e n v i r o n n e n t a l
r e g u l a t i o n i n :*Iaryland.
? l a r y l a n d i s a 6 p r o a c h i n g SPA. PSD a p p r o v a l .
 lAULt 14

ZASSACilUSETTS STXTZ ?E3fIT.S

G o v e r n o r Edward J . King
Room 3 6 0 '
S t a t e Xouse
S o s t o n , ~ ~ a s s a c h u s e t i9s2 1 3 3

Type o f
Permit . I s s u i n g Agency Application Responsible Person

Executive Office John A. Sewick, D i r .

o f Environmental 100 Cambridge S t .
A f f l i r s (EOEA) - , B o s t o n , YA 0 2 2 0 2
( 6 1 7 ) 724-9800

Water EOEA, NA D e p t . of Kater Quality Thomas C. McXahori

Environmental Director
Q u a l i t y (NDEQE), 110 Tremont S t .
D i v . o f Wat2r P o l - B o s t o n , XA 0 2 1 0 8
lution Control ( 5 1 7 ) 727-3855
( DXFC )

EOEA, NDZQE, 3 i v . Water Sapply Eoo X c C r a c k e n

o f N a t 2 r Supply A c t i n g Director
600 W a s h i n g t o n S t .
B o s t o n , NA 0 2 1 1 1
( 6 1 7 ) 727-2092
\

EOEA, YDEQEI I n d u s t r is1 G l e n Gilmore

DWPC Waste 1 1 0 Trpr(l.nn t St.
B o s t o n , 21A 0 2 1 0 8 ,)
(617j , 7 2 7 - 3 8 5 5

Air' , EOEX, NDEQE, A i r Quality Kenne t n X a a g , 3 i r .

Div. o f A i r 5 0 0 W a s h i n g t o n St.
Quality Control B o s t o n , MA 0 2 1 1 1
( 6 1 7 ) 727-2658

Health
Safety
& Dept. o f P u b l i c
H e a l t h , Div. o f .
Noise C o n t r o l E l i s e C o m p r o n i , Assoc
A i r Pollution Contra1
.
Environinen t3i Engineer '
Health 600 W a s h i n g t o n S t .
B o s t o n ,. MA 0 2 1 1 1
( 6 1 7 ) 727-4782
 m x
M I C H I G A N STATZ ?EXw!ITS

Governor T f i l l i a n G . Milliften
State Capitol
Box 30013
L a n s i n g 48909

Type o f
-
Permit I s s u i n g Agency Application R e s ~ o n s i b l sP e r s o n
Water 3ept. o f Natural Xater Quality. Chief
.-
Resources , d a t e r Bept. of Yatural
Quality Qivision Resources, Water
Q u a 1i t y Di- is i o n
NPDES L a n s i n g , XI 48926

Air D e p t . of N a t u r a l S i t e Approval D e l b e r t R e c t c r , Chief

i 3 € s o u r c e s I Air D e p t . of N a t u a l 3e-
Q l ~ a l i t yD i v i s i o n Fermi t to In- s o u r c e s , Air Q u z l i t y
stall Civision
Perni t to L a n s i n g , 241 4 8 9 2 6
Operate ( 5 1 7 ) 322-1330

Heal,:h c Dept. o f P u b l i c Dr. 81aurice R e i z e n

Safety a e a l ti.1 Director
Dept. o f P u b l i c Xealth
L a n s i n g , YI 48926
( 5 1 7 ) 373-1320
D e p t . of Labor OSHA Director
C e p t . o f Labor
L a n s i n g , Y I 38925

Land N/ A

Michigan ~ n : Environmental 2r. W i l l i a m E . Cooper

vircnmental A s s e s s m e n t / ~ I S Chairman
Review 3 o a r 2 fieview Dept. o f Zoclogy
Michigan S t a t e l i n i r r .
East L a n s . i n g , NI 3382:
(5179 353-2262
 XICHIGAN CONTINUED

9EFINZRY S I T I N G R E Q U Z S T P R O C E S S
1
~ o t ht h e D e p a r t n e n t o f Commerce and t h e D e p a r t n e n t of Natural
Resour'ces s e r v e a s a c o n t a c t and c o o r d i n a t i v e w i n t s for industry.
S e v e r a l p e r x i ts , l i c e n s e s , and a p p r o v a i s needed p r i m a r i l y f r o m the
D e c a r t n e n t o f , N a t u r a l 3 e s o u r c e s ( "LEAD AGENCY" ) ,

N e e t i n g h e l d t o e x p l a i n p e r m i t t i n g p r o c e s s and a p p l i c a t i o n f o r m s .
E n v i r o n m e n t a l A s s e s s m e n t a n d / o r E I S may b e s e n t to the M i c h i g a n
Environmental Review Board. >
 I
[ABLE / 6
IYINNZSOTA STATE PEm!ITS

G o v e r n o r A l b e r t 3. Q u i e
State Capitol
S t . P a u l , . N i n n e s o t a 55155

Type o f
Permit Issuing Agmcy Application Responsible Person
5v'a t e r Yinnesota Pol- Liquid Storage T e r r y X. !?of f a a n
,lution Control Facility Director
1 9 3 5 %.C o u n t y 2d.B-2
I I

Agency
S t a t e Disposal R o s e v i l l e , ,\IN 55113
System ( 6 1 2 ) 296-73001
NPDES
Minneso,ta Dept. Work i n P u b l i c J o s e p h N. A l e x a n d e r
o f N a t u r a l Re- Waters Director
sources Water A p p r o p r i - 658 C e d a r S t .
ation S t . P a u l , PIN 5 5 1 3 5
( 6 1 2 ) 296-2549

Air 31irrneso :a P o l - Installation T e r r y M. Hoffaan

l u t i o c Control Pernit Director
Aqency 1 9 3 5 77. C o u n t y Ed. 3 - 2
Operating R o s e v i l l e , XN 55113
Perxit ( 5 1 2 ) 296-7301

Health & X i n n e s o t a Dept. Plumbing P l a n George 2 . P a t t e r s o n

Safety of H e a l t h Review Director
717 D e l a w a r e S t . S . E.
M i n c k a p o l i s , XPT 55440
( 6 1 2 ) 296-5466

Land Minnesota Dept. - U t i l i t y cross- J o s e p h N, Alexander

o f X a t u r a l 3.e- ings o f public Director
sources l a n d s and 658 C e d a r S t .
waters S t . P a u l , ?IN 5 5 1 5 5
( 6 1 2 ) 295-2549
 TABLE 77
HI SSISSIPPI STATE P E X 4 I T S

Governor C l i f f F i x h
,The C a p i t o l
J a c k s o n , M i s s i s s i p o i 39205

Type o f
Permit I s s u i n g Agency Application Responsible Person
M i s s i s s i p ~ iA i r & C h a r l e s 8. C h i s h o l m
Water P o l l g t i o n Z x e c u t i v e Director '
C o n t r o l Commission P. 0. Box 1 0 3 8 5
( MAWPCC ) J a c k s o n , MS 3 9 2 0 9
( 6 0 1 ) 961-5171
Water MAWPCC , W a t e r Water Q u a l i t y Bill aarnett
D i v i s i o n , Indus- Coord i n a t o r
t r i a l Wzste P. 0. Box 1 0 3 8 5
Water S e c t i o n J a c k s o n , MS 39209
( 6 M ) 961-5171
NPDES
S t a t e 3 o a r d of Xa t e r S u p p l y Zames C. McDonald
Health Director
P. 0. B c x 1 7 0 0
J a c k s o n , MS , 3 9 2 0 5
( 6 0 1 ) 354-6516

Air MAWPCC A i r Quality Dwight W i l o y , C h i e f

D i v i s i 0 . n of P. .O. Box 1 0 3 8 5
A i r Pollution J a c k s o n , MS 3 9 2 0 3
Control (601) 96i-5171

3ealt.h & Dept. o f OSAA Department o f Labor

Safety Labor 5760 1-55 N o r t h
F r o n t a g e Road E a s t
J a c k s o n , MS 3 9 2 1 1
( 6 0 1 ) 969-4606
 _ TABLE 78
YISSOURI STAT2 PSRYITS

Governor Joseph- P. T e a s d a l e
.

Executive Office
S t a t e Capitol Building
J e f f e r s o n C i t y , Y i s s o u r i 63101

Type o f
Permit I s s u i n g Agency Application . R e s p n s i b l e Person
Water . Dept. o f N a t u r a l Wator Q u a l i t y R i c h a r d F. Rankin
Re s o u rc e s , Div. Director
o f Environmental P . 0 . . aox 1368
Qua1 i t y ,. W a t e r J e f f e r s o n C i t y , XO
C o n t r o l Program 65102
- ( 3 1 4 ) 751-3241
NPD~S

Air Dept. o f N a t u r a l A i r Quality " n o b e r t J . S c h r e i b e r ,, J

Resources, D i v . Staff Director
of Environmental P . 0 . Box 1 3 6 8
quality, A i r Pol- J e f f e r s o n C i t y , NO
l u t i o n Control 65102
Prog rzm ( 3 1 4 ) 751-3241

Health & Dept. o f Labor OSHA D e p a r t ~ e tn o f Labor

Saf a, ty 1150 Grand Ave. b t 9 31
1 2 Grand Ave;
~ ( a ' n s a sC i t y , NO 64106
( 8 1 6 ) 374-2756

Land N j.4

ZEFINERY SITING REQUEST PROCESS

A p r e l i m i n a r y r e p o r t o u t l i n i n g p r o c e s s e s and i q a s t e d i s c h a r g e
( a i r , w a t e r , s o l i d and h a z a r d o u s - ' w a s t e s ) s h o u l d b e s u b m i t t e d t o :
D i v i s i o n o f Environmental Q u a l i t y , Departnent o f Natural 3 e s o u r c e s ,
2010 N i s s o u r i 3 1 v d . , P. 0. Sox 13.68, J e f f e r s o n C i t y , $10 65102
F o l l o w i n g s t a f f r e v i e w o f t h e c o n c e p t , s p e c i f i c and d e t a i l e d
a p p l i c a t i o n s f o r sermits would h a v e t o b e made a s n o t e d a b o v e ,
a l l environmental programs w i t h i n t h e N i s s o u r i Department o f N a t u r a l
3esources.
 TABLE 73
MOXTANA STATE P EX-! I T S

G o v e r n o r Thomas L, J u d g e
State Capitol
H e l e n a , :4ontana 59601

T y p e or'
Permit I s s u i n q Agency Application Responsible Person
D e p t . oZ H e a l t h E o n a l i G. W i l ' l e m s
and Environinental Administrst.or
S c i e n c e s ( DHES)
Environmental Sci-
Cogswell Bldg
S e l e n a , XT 5 9 6 0 1
.
ences Division ( 4 0 6 ) 449-2544
(EsD) I

Water DHES, E S D , Water Q u a l i t y Steve Pilcher, Chief.

Water Q u a l i t y Cogswell Bldg.
3 u r e a u (NQB) H e l e n a , MT 5 9 6 0 1
( 4 0 6 ) 149-2406
DBES, ESD, iIGB Watsr S u p ~ l y A r t h u r Clarkson , C h i e f
Potable Xater Cogswoll Bldg .
supply S e l e n a , >IT 5 9 6 0 1
( 4 0 6 ) 146-2406

Air DHES, ESD, A i r Quality 24ichael Xoach, C h i e f

A i r Quality
Bureau
<
Cog s w e l l B l d g
H e l e n a , MT 5 4 6 6 1
.
( 4 0 6 ) 449-3451

Bealth & Eept. o f OSHA D e p a r ' t r n e n t o f i a- bo r

Safety Labcr Petroleum 31dg.
S u i t e 523 . .
2 8 1 2 1st Ave. North
B i l l i n g s , MT 5 9 1 0 1

Land N/' A
 Continued

.Type o f
Dermi t I s s u i n g Agencv Xgplication Respons i b l e ~ e r s ' o n
ivlisc. Nontana Dept. o f . (Major f a c i l i t y i i a n d a l l Moy
N a t u r a l . Resources sitins) Administrator
.. - and C o n s e r v a t i o n . C e r t i f i c a t e of ' 3 2 S o u t h Ewing
( MDNRC ) Need X e l e n a ; MT 59601
Facility Sitisg C e r t i f i c a t e of ( 405) 149-4600.
Divi.sion Environmental
Compatibiity

The YDNRC F a c i l i t y S i t i n g D i v i s i o n i s c u r r e n t l y
' o p e r a t i n g under i n t e r i m r e g u l a t i o n s following r e o r g a n i z a t i o n a l
l e g i s l a t i o n . Flew r e g u l a t i o n s a r e ' p r e s e n t l y b e i n g p r o m u l g a t e d . .
 TABLE 50
NE3RqSKX STXTY PEXYITS

G o v e r n o r . ? h a r i e s Thone
State Captiol
L i n c o l n , N e b r a s k a 68509

Type o f
Permit I s s u i n g Aqency Application Xesponsible Terscn

i.ictcr D e p t . o f Bnirircrn- .-~ a t a rQ 1 1 a l i t . l

*
Bob 'rialb, C h i e f
mental ' ~ o n t r o i W a t e r P o l l u t i c n Contra.
P. O . OX 9 4 8 7 7
State souse Station
L i n c o l n , NE 6 8 5 0 3
( 4 0 2 ) 471-2135

Dept. o f S e a l t h C l i f f o r d I,. S u r m e r s ,
Director ..
D i v , of Snq:ironm'tl. Zn(
P . 0 . Box 34877
S t a t e Xouse S = ' a t i o n ,

L i n c o l n , hi; 6850'3
( 4 0 2 ) 471-2674

Dept.'of Environ- Ineustriai Jay 9ingenberq

mental Water Pol- Naste P e r n i t s and E n f o r c e m e n
lution Control 2 . 0 . Box 9 4 8 7 7
State H O L S ~ Station
L i n c o l n , YE 68509
PJPDES ( 4 0 2 ) 471-2186

Air Dept. o f Znviron- A i r Quality S e n e 3 a 5 L n s o n , Chief

~ e n t a lC o n t r o l D i v . cf A i r p o l l ~ t i c n
Control
P. 0 . S o x 9 4 8 7 7
S t a t e House S t a t i o f !
L i n c o l n , 3 E 6a509
( 4 0 2 ) 471-2136

Health & D e p t . of L a b o r . OSE-4 Dept. o f k b o r

Safety Overland-Yoif 3idg .
Room 100
6310 i ' a c l f i c S t .
Omaha, Y E 68106
( 4 0 2 ) 221-9341
 IHt5Lt !3l

NEVADA STATE PEXYITS

Governor Xooert 7 . L i s t
G o v e r n o r ' s 'Mansion
C a r s o n C i t y , ?levacia. 8 9 7 0 1

Tyqe or'
, ' . Perait I s s u i n g Agency Application , Responsible Person
?ia t e r D e ~ t .,of C o n s e r - water Q u a l i t y W i l l i a n J . Nem.an
v a t i o n and N a t u r - 201 S . F a l l S t .
31 2 e s o u r c e s , C a r s o n C i t y , N V 89710
D i v i s i o n o f Water ( 7 0 2 ) 885-4380
Resources

.....-...- .. -

Air Dogt .
o f Ccnser-?a- A i r Q u a l i t y
t i o n 2nd N a t u r a l
Eri-;est G r e g o r y
Administrator
?.esources, i l i v i s i c n - 201 S . F311 S t .
o f Environmental C a r s o n C i t y , NV 89710
Protecticn ( 7 0 2 ) 855-4670

Health & D e p t . o f Ruman R e - J a m e s Edmundson

Safety sources, 3ureau o f 505' E. K i n q ' S t ,
Consumer z e a l t h C a r s o n C i t y , N V 89710
Protection Services ( 7 0 2 ) '885-4750

Land Land 3se P l a n n i n g Jac R . Shaw

201 E. F a l l S t . .
Carson C i t y , Y D 89710
( 7 0 2 ) 885-4350

\
Hisc. Industrial Comission Ralph Langlsy
O c c u p a t i o n a l S a f st y 515 E . Musser
.and Heal.th Carson C i t y , Ti 39710
( 7 0 2 ) 835-5230

2 E F I N E 2 Y SITING REQUZST 33OCZSS

R e q u e s t would be d i r e c t e d t o S t a t = P l a ~ n i n gC o o r S i n a t o r I s 3 f f i c e
w h i c h would c i r c u l a t e i t t o a f f e c t & s:ata a g e n c i e s f o r r s v i e w and
comment. F u r t h e r a c t i o n would d e p e n d o n s a i d c o x n e n t s 2lanning .
Coord i n a t 3 r wo3l.i groba51:r' r e c z e s t i n f o r m a t i o n b r i e f i n g .
 TABLE 82
NEW HAMPSHIXE STATE PSRYITS

G o v e r n o r 3ugh G a l l e n
S t a t e House ,
C o n c o r d , New S a m p s h i r e 03301

Type o f
Permit. I s s u i n g Agency Apolication Responsible Person
'--bar
NGL,, NH Water S u p p l y Xatsr Q u a l i t y . W i l l i a m A . BeaLy,
..&Pollution @ ~ e c s t i * :D
L1.. e irector
C o n t r o l C3nrn. LO5 Loudor: 2 2 . .
( NHVS PCC .) P. 0. BOX 9 5
C o n c o r d , NH 0 3 3 0 1
( 5 0 3 ) 27:-3503
Water S u p p l y St z n h e n . Leavenwartk, P.
Assoc. S a n . E n g r .
1C5 L o a d o n Rd.
P. 0 . Box 9 5
C c n c o r d , NH 0 3 3 0 1
( 603 ) 271-3133

Industrial 4 u s s e l l ?2yl a n d e r , P . 5 .
waste S e n i o r San. Engr.
1 0 5 Loudon Rd.
2 . 0. 9 0 ~ 95
z z n c o r d , N-Y C 3 3 0 1
( 6 0 3 ) 271-3503

Air Cept. o f Health A i r Q u a 1i t y Dennis L u n d e r v i l l s

. . and K e l f a r e Directr
P-ir ?c)lLution C ~ n t r o l
S t a t e L a b o r a t o r y 3idg.
H a t a n Dr.
C o n c c r d , NH 0 3 3 0 1
( 6 0 3 ) 271-2281

Health & 9ept. o f Health OSHA Xax H e l q e a e i e r

Safety a n d 'N'elEare O c c u p a t i o n a l Zeal th
Services
S t a t e L a b o r a t o r y 3153.
Hazen P r .
Concord, id3 03331 .
( 6 0 3 ) 271-2281
 TA8L.i 83
YEW J E R S E Y STXTZ PEXYITS

Governor. 3 r e n d a n T. S y r n e
State Capitol
T r e n t o n , New J e r s e y 98625

Type o f
Permit " I s s u i n g Agency Application Responsible Porson
Water D e p t . of Z n v i r o n - water Quality J e f f Z e l i k s o n , De2uty
n e n t a l ?ro t e c t i o n , Director
D i v . o f Water Xesource:
1474 Propsect. S t .
T r e n t o n , XJ 0 8 6 2 5
( 6 0 9 ) ,292-1637 :
Dept. o f Environ- Industrial Ecuqlas M . C l a r k , A s s t
inen t a l T r o t e c t i o n Waste Director
Water P l a n n i n g & N g t .
Element
1471' P r o p s p e c t S t
T r e n t o n , N J 03625
.
Air Dept. o f E n v i r o n - A i r Quality H e r b e r t w o r t r e i c h , Chi:
mental Prot o c tion i3ure?1.1 of A i r P o l l u t i . s ~
. Control
F. 0 . Bux 1 3 3 0
T r e n t o n , NJ 0 8 6 2 5
( 6 0 9 ) 292-5704

Eealth & Depr. o f Labor OSIlA g e p a r t a e n t or' iaimr

S a f et.y 2 1 0 1 F e r r y A V P . 2003 4.
Zanden, N J 08104
( 6 0 9 ) 757-5181
 m ;c
a, ID
t-h P,
ID I-
rr rr
CC 3-
V'

ti u 3 3 z x @I
a, r - n , ID t-.
J
3 c 3 3 m Y <: rt c; rr 3 ID
a r . 0 01- ID* m'lc ID ,I
a, rr p- rn'l YcZ]
0 kA. t- rJ, 3- C ID P, a, LC
rtl 0 ID X%Ifl P C-'
t-h 3 klu W a, m . m a ,
I-'- 3 rt J rrrr. u p 3
n u *a ruoma a
ID 1 rl cru 1
0 trl m I rr
C J 3 wn.
I-'. n,
ID C C
3 r.r . u-J Ll
IDY'l 3-
3 0 0 rr
rr33 U)
II 1

(n'uok3 --mmbQcl
r.r cn.m 11, 0 n,
3 11 0 0 3 rto 3
rrOr03 cnrt!lJEl(D
P, C) I11 I1,
rr cn 3 PC,
Tim0 hl 0 rl
m O Y m (DZPlu
. X - @ '-C

zu, tu
r< 0 - u a,
m n
lu
 G o v e r n o r Fic;gh I;. C a r e y
E x e c u t i v e Chamber
State Captiol
A l b a n y , ?Jew Y ~ r k1 - 2 2 2 4

Type' o f
?crmi t ~ s s u i n qAgency
: Application R e s m n s i S l e Person
7qattr Dept. 3 f Environ- Xater Quality Euaene S e e b a l d , D i r .
mental ~ o n s e r v a - 3 i v . o f P u r e Xaters
t ion 50 Wolf 2 d .
A l b a n y , NY 1 2 2 3 3 -
( 5 1 8 ) 457-6674

De2t. of Environ- Industrial S a l v a t o r e Pagano

mental Conserva- Waste Director
ticn Bureau o f I n d u s t r i a l
?rograms
I
50 Wclf Rd.
A l b a n y , NY 1 3 2 3 3
( 5 1 8 ) 437-3967
NPDES

Air Dept. o f E n v i r o n - A i r Quality H a r r y ' Hovey

mental Conserva- Div. of A,ir Resnl~rces
t ion 50 Wol-f Rd.
-.
AlSany, N Y 12233
( 5 1 8 ) 457-7231

Bealth c Gept. o f Labor OSHA Dept: o f Labor

Safety OIBrien Federal
C l i n t o n Ave. & ? e a r l
' Zoom 1 3 2
A l b a n y , NY 1 2 2 0 7
(5i.8) 472-6085

Land D e p t . or' S ~ v i r o n - W e t l a n d s Cse Tim Cook

mental Conserva- D i v . 3 e g . .?iff a i r s
tion . . 50 Wolf Rd.
A l b a n y , NY 1 2 2 3 3
( 5 1 8 ) 437-7418

New York i s a p r o a c n i n g L'S E P A P S D a p ~ r o v a l .

 IHOLL 00

NORTH CAXOLINA STATE PPEmIITS

G o v e r n o r James 3. H u n t , J r .
The C a p i t o l
R a l e i g h , N o r t h C a r o l i n a 27602

Type o f
Permit I s s u i n g Agency Application Respons i b i e P e r s a n
Xater . D e p t . of N a t u r a l F e r m i t to Can- A. C. Turnage .
R e s o u r c e s and strilct Waste- P . 0. Box 27'687
Comm,unity D e v e l a p - water Treatment R a l e i g h , NC 2 7 6 1 1
m e n t , D i v . 0 5 En- ~acilities, ( 9 1 9 ) 733-7120
v i r o n m e n t a l Mgt. S e w e r S y s t e m Ex-
t e n s i o n s , and
Sewer S y s t e m s
n o t d i s c h a r g ing
into surface
waters
Authorization t o
C o n s t r u c t Waste-
water treat me^ t
and Har:J 1 i n g
Facilities
( S u r f a c e waters )
W a t e r Use P e r m i t
Well C o n s t r u c t i o n
Permit
4 0 1 'Piatsr Q u a l i t y
Cortif ication

Air Dept. o f N a t u r a l Permit td C o n s t r u c t . A. C. Turnage

E e s o u r c e s and and O p e r a t e A i r P o l - P. 0..Box 27897
Community Develop- l u t i o n Abatement 2 a i e i q h , NC 2 7 6 1 1
m e n t , D i v . o f En- 7 a c i l i t i e s znd/or
v i r o n r n e n t a i IYgt. Enlssion Sources

PSD
 TASLE 36
NORTH CAROLINA Continued

Psrmit I s s u i n g Aqency Ap~lication 2 e s p ~ s i b l e?erson

Health L Cepartrnent o f OSHA John C . Brooks, Comx.

Safety Lakr NC Degt. of Labor
P, 0. Box 2 7 4 0 7
11 W. Edezton St,.
R a l e i g h , .NC 2 7 6 1 1
Degt. of Human Hugh T i i s o n
Resources Albemarle Bldg .
?.aleicjh, XC ,27611
( 9 1 9 ) 733-3446

Land Dept. o f Natural C=lA Perinit Ken S t s w a r t , D i r e c t o r

Resources and f o r >laj o r 2. 0. i30x 27687
Coinmuni t y Devel- Development rialeigi: , NC 2 7 6 1 1
~.prt?en
5 , Off i c e (Caastal z m e ) ( 9 1 3 ) 733-2283

Xisc. 3 e p t . of Commerce 3 . M. F a i r c l o t h , D i r .
430 ? I . S a l i s b u r y
R a l e i g h , NC 2 7 6 1 1
(919) 133-4962

OIL R E F I N I N G FACILITIES ( S P E C I A L P E R M I T )
O p e r s t i c n ancl,,.cr c o n s t r i l c t i o n of 'an o i l r e r ' i f i i x j f a c i l i t y
r s q u i r e s a permit from t h e Cepartnent o f Natclral Resourzes and
Community Develogrnent.

2EFI;JERY SITING P E K I I T PROCESS

North C z r 3 l i n a i s i n t h e g r o c e s s o f e s t a b l i i h i t i g an o f f i c e
t o c o o r d i n a t e a l l environment21 per.mitting procecjures .
C o n t a c t : Anne S . T s y i o r , D i r e c t o r
Off i c e of Zegulatory R e l a t i o n s
P . 0. Box 2 7 6 8 7
p a l e i g h , NC 2 7 5 1 1
( 9 1 9 ) 733-6376
 r,?aLt 87
NORTH 3AKOTA STATE PEFL'IITS

Governor A r t h u r A. Link
State Capitol Suilding
B i s m a r c k , Y o r t h Dakota 58505

Type o f
Permit. I s s u i n g Agency Application 2esponsible Person

a t er ND H e a l t h Dept. Xat2r Q u a l i t y Gene A . C h ' r i s t i a n s o n , ?

D l v . of Z n v i r ~ n - Chief
m e n t a l Eng i n e e r - 1 2 0 0 P l i s s o u r i Ave.
ing , Environnen- S i s n a r c k , )ID 5 8 5 0 5
t a l Control ( 7 0 1 ) 224-2370

?ID Water Comm. Appropriation Vernon ?ahy

Permit S t a t e Engineer
M i s s o u r i O f f i c e Elldg.
NPDES - B i s m a r c k , 83 5 3 5 0 5
( 7 0 1 ) 224-2750 .

Air ND H e a l t h D e p t . A i r Quality G=ne A . C h r i s t i z n a o n , F

Div7. o f Environ- Chief
m e n t a l Zng i n e e r i n g 1 2 0 a M i s s o u r i Ave.
Environzen t a l B i s m a r c k , ND 5 8 5 0 5
Con t r o 1 ( 7 0 1 ) 224-2370

Healtn & Dept. o f L a b r OSXA Dept. o f Labor

Safety Russel Bldg.
Highway 8 3 N, 3 t . 1
B i s m a r c k ND 5 8 5 0 1
( 7 0 1 ) 235-4011 X 5 2 1
 Type o f
Pernit I s s u i n q Agency Application 2esponsible Person
Land N D Land D e p t . R., E . Lomrnen
C a p i to1 Bldg .
B i s m a r c k , N D 58505
( 7 0 1 ) 224-2801
ND Dept. 0 2 Xyron Xus't
Aqricul t u r e C a p i to1 Bldg .
B i s m a r c k , ND 58505
( 7 0 1 ) 224-2231
ND S o i l C o n s e r - Gary L. Pu?pe
v a t i c n Committee C a p i t o 1 Bldg ,
B i s m a r c k , NC 58505
( 7 0 i ) 224-2651
MD P u b l i c S c r v i e e Energy Cogver- xichard A. E l k i n
Commission sion Facility Pres i 5 e n t
Sitins C a p i t o l Bldg. '

E i s ~ a r c k , N D 58505
( 7 0 1 ) 221-2400

R E F I N E R Y S I T I N G REQUEST PROCESS

1. F i l e l e t t e r o f i n t e n t t o c o n s t r u c t one y e a r grior t o f i l i n g
application.
2. ~ i i ea ~ g l i c s t i o nf o r C e r t i f i c a t e of S i t e C q m p a t i b i l i t y ,
3. N o t i c e of h e a r i n g s o n a g p l i c a t i o n t n r C e r t i f i c a t e o f S i t , =
Compatibility.
4. Hearing on a p p l i c a t i o n .
5. Order g r a n t i n g o r denying a p p l i c a t i o n .
 TABLE 88
O H I O STATE ?ERNITS

. .
G o v e r n o r Janes A . m o d e s . . . . .
.
State Capitol . . .
Columbus, Ohio 43215 .'.

Type o f
Permit I s s u i n g Agency Application Responsible Person

Water OH E n v i r o n m e n t a l Water Q u a l i t y Ernie 3 o t e r i n 5 , Chief

?rotsct ion Agancy D i v . of Water Q u a l l t : ~
Standards
?. 0 . Box 1 0 4 9
C o l u n S u s , OH 4 3 2 1 6
( 6 1 4 ) 466-6686

OH ~ n ' v i r o n m e n t a l Water Supply Zames K n e a l e , C h i e f

P r o t e c t i o n Agency O f f . of P u b . W a t e r Su?
f
P . 0. 9 0 x 1 0 4 9
C o l u m b u s , Gii 4 3 2 1 6
( 5 1 1 ) 466-8307
*
OH E n v i r o n m e n t a l Industrial Andrew T u r n e r , A s s t . CI .
P r o t e c t i o n Agency Wast2 D i v . of I n d u s t r i a l Was. I
,
Water
P . 0 . Box 1 0 4 3
C o l u r n S u s , OH 4 3 2 1 5
( 6 1 4 ) 466-,2390
NPDES

Air OH E n v i r o n m e n t a l A i r Quality Chuck T a y l o r . , ' A c t i n g

P r o t e c t i o n Agency Ch ie f
Control
P. 0. Box 1 0 4 3
C o l u m b u s , OH 4 3 2 1 6
( 6 1 4 ) 466-6696

Health & E e p t . o f Labor OSHA D e p a r t i n e n t or' L a b o r

Safety F e d e r a l Off i c e 3 1 a g .
Room 634
200 N. S i g h S t .
C o l u m b u s , OH 4 3 2 1 5
( 5 1 4 ) 469-5582

O - f f i c e of A i r P o l l u t i o ~
 TABLE 88
9HIO Continued

Type o f
( 2erinit I s s u i n g Agency Application 2esponsi5le Perscn
Land OH E n v i r o n m e n t a l Land P o l l u t i o n Don 3ay, thief
P r o t e c t i o n 4g9ncy Control Div. o f Land 201-
lution Control
P . 0 . Box 1 0 4 9
1 Columbus, OH 43215
( 6 1 4 ) 466-6686
 .
TABLE 89
OKLXHCNA STATE ?E?iYITS

Governor Geofge P. Nigh

212 S t a t e C a p i t o l B u i l t l i n g
Oklahoma C i t y , Oklahoma 7 3 1 0 5

Type o f
Permit I s s u i n g Agency Application Responsible 2erson -
Injater Dept. o f P o l l u t i o n Water Q u a l i t y David 0 . D i l l o n , G r ;
Ccntrol Programs D i r s c t o r .
Rnx 735n4
N. Z . 1 0 t h & S t o n e w a l l
Oklahoma C i t y , S K 73L5
( 4 0 5 ) 271-4677

Cept. of Health Water S u p p l y C h a r l e s Newtown, C h i e f

Water Q u a l i t y S e r v i c e s
N.E. 1 9 t h & S t o n e w a l l
' O k l a h o m a C i t y , OK 7 3 1 1
( 4 0 5 ) 271-5315

Dept. o f H e a l t h Industrial J a a e s 2 . B a r n e t t , Acti

wa~te Executive D i r e c t o r
Nater Resourzes 3oard
N.S. l o t h & s t o n e w a l l
O k l a n o n a C i t y , OK 7313
( 4 3 5 ) 271-2555

Air Dept. o f E e a l t h A i r Quality ' John :{. G a l l i o n , Chief

A i r Quality Service
P . 0 . Box 5 3 5 5 1
Oklahornz, OK 7 3 1 0 5
( 1 0 5 ) 271-5220

Health & Dept. o f H e a l t h OSHA D a l e NcHard, C h i e f .

Safety O c c u p a t i o n a l XAD E e s l t
Services
Noise Y . E . 1 0 t h & Stonew?.Li
O k l a h o m a , OK 7 3 1 0 3
( 4 0 5 ) 271-5221
 TABLE 90
OREGON STAYS PZ;LhlITS

G o v e r n o r V i c t o r S. A t i y e h
20.7 S t a t e C a p i t o l
S a l e n , O r e g o n 97310

' T y 2 e of

permit I s s u i n g Agency Application Responsible Person

:{a t e r D e p t . of E n v i r o n - W i l l i a m . H . Vocng ,
m e n t a l Q u a 1i t y Director
1 2 3 4 S.K. N o r r i s o n S t .
P o r t l a n d , OR 97205
( 5 0 3 ) 229-5278
Dept. 0: 2nviron- Water Q u a l i t y H a r o l d S a w y e r , Adn.
i n e t~a~l Q u a l i Ly Water Q u a l i t y S e r v .
1 2 3 4 S.W. 5 t h A v e .
? o r t l a n d , 02 97201
( 503 ) 229-5321
NPDES

Degt. of S c v i r o n - Air Q u a i i t y Jack W e a t h e r s b e = , Adn.

inental Q u a l i t y A i r Q u a l i t y Div.
DEQ
Portland, OR 9 7 2 0 1
( 503) 2 2 9 - 5 2 6 7

Bealth & D e p t . o f Labor Xoy G . G r e e n , D i r .

Sar'e ty X o r k e r s Comp. Dept.
Labor and Ind Bldg . .
Saiem, 03 9731C
( 503 ) 378-3302
 TABLE 91
PENZJSYLVANIX STATE ?EX.IITS

G o v e r n o r R i c h a r d i. T h o r n b u r g h
Xain C a p i t o l
, H a r r i s b u r g , P e n n s y l v a n i a 17120

Type o f : . -
Permit I s s u i n g Agencv. Application Reszonsible Person
Water D e p t . of E n t ~ i ~ 0 n - W a t e r Q u z i i t y Louis 3 e r c h i n i , a i r .
mental Resources P . 0. Box 2063
Bureau o f w a t e r , H a r r i s b u r g , PA 1 7 1 2 0
Q u a l i t y Xgt. ( 7 1 7 ) 787-2666
MPDES

A i?: Dept. o f Ecviron- A i r Quality J a m e s H a m b r i . g h t , '3ir.

n e n t a l Rssources I P, 0 , Box 2063
aureau o f A i r H a r r i s b u r r , PA 1 7 1 2 0
Q u a l i t y and N o i s e , ( 7 1 7 ) 787-9702

.Eiealth & Dect. o f L a b o r . OSHA D e p t . of L a b o r

Safety I Progress Tlaza
49 N . P r o g r e s s Ave.
H a r r i s . b u r g , PA 1 7 1 0 9
( 7 1 7 ) 782-3902

Land N/A

REFItIERP SITIMS X Q U E S T PROCESS

S t a t e . a g e n c y c o o r d i n a t o r s would x o r k w i t h t h e r e q u e s t o r t o +
'review r e f i n e r y needs, evaluate = v a i l a b l e i n d u s t r i a l develooment,
s i t e s , c g n s u l t on s t a t e r e q u i r e n e n t s and 2 r 3 v i d e a s n u c h g u i d a n c e
as ? o s s i S l e . C o n t a c t s 'would b e made w i t h l o c a l o f f i c i s l s .
 TABLE 92
RHODE ISLAND STATE PEmlITS

Governor J . Josepn Garrahy

S t a t e House
P r o v i d e n c e , Rhadc i s l a n d 02903

Type o f
Permit I s s u i n g Agency Application R e s ~ o n s i b l eP e r s o n

Dept. of E n v i r o n - 7 . E3ward Xood, D i r .

z e n t s l Xgt. 83 P a r k S t .
P r o v i d e n c e , R I 20908
( 4 0 1 ) 277-2771

F7a t e r Dept. o f Environ- Water Q u a l i t y J a m e s N. F e a s t e r , C h i e

m e n t a l 2.Igt. i i e a l t h B l d c . , 2oom. 209
7 5 Davis S t .
P r o v i d e n c e , 2 . I . .0290:
( 4 0 1 ) 277-2234

Degt. o f H e a l t h Xater Supply John i-iago~ian

P r i n c i g a l S a n i t & r y Zncjl
Z e a l t n S l d g . 3o0in 2 0 9
- 75 D a v i s S t .
?.rl;;ry.bdensu, P.. I. 02801
( 4 0 1 ) 277-2234
I

Dept. o f H e a l t h Industrial John Zagopian

Waste P r i n . S a n i t a r y Eng i n e e
X e a l t h a l d g . 3 o o n 209
75 Davis S t .
P r o v i d e n c e , H. I , 0 2 9 0
, ( 1 0 i ) 277-2234

Air Div. o f A i r P o l - Air ~uality Tho'mas E . W r i g h t , C h i e

lution Control i f e a l t h 8 i d g . R o o m 209
Dept. o f E n v i r ~ n - 75 Davis, St.
m e n t a l Mgt. ? r a v i d e n c e , 4 . I . 6290
( 4 0 1 ) 277-2808

'3ealth & D i v . o f Occupa- OSHA James P. D e e r y , :.I. 3 .

Szf e t y t i o n a l Sealt h Chief
Dept. o f d e a l t h Dept. o f Bealth
H e a l t h B l d q . ?eon 2 3 5
75 D a v i s S t .
P r o v i d e n c e , 2.. I.. 029C
( 4 0 1 ) 377-2438
 TABLE 93
SOUTH C A X O L I N A ST.\TF PZ?JtITS

Governor Richard W. X i l e y
S t a t e H o u s e , 1st F l o o r Viest Wing
Box 1 1 4 5 0
Columbia, South C a r o l i n a

Type o f
Perini t . I s s u i n q Agencv Application Responsible Person
.*- d a t e r Dept. o f H e a l t h P e r m i t tc 3 o b e r t G. Gzoss, D i r .
and Z n v i r o n m e n t a l Cons t ~ u c t 2600 B u l l S t .
C o n t r o l , Bureau C o l u m b i a , SC 2 9 2 0 1
o f W a s t e w a t e r and ( 8 0 3 ) 758-3877
Stream Q u a l i t y
Control, Industri-
a l and A g r i c u l t u r a l
Kastewater Div.
NPDES
3ept. of sealth Perini t t o 2 . L. S h a w , D i r :
and E n v i r o n m e n t 2 1 Construct 2685 3 u l l S t .
. C o n t r o l , B l ~ r e a uo f ('datsr Ap- C 3 l u n b i a , SC 2 9 2 0 1
S p e c i a l Environ- propriation) ( 8 0 3 ) 758-5544
m e n t a l Programs
Water Supply Div.

Air Dept. o f X e a l t h Pernit' to William G. Crosby

and E n v i r o n m e n t a l Construct Chief '
C o n t r o l , Bureau 2600 B u l l S t .
of A i r Quality Permit to C o l u m b i a , SC 292'31
, Control O~erate ( 8 0 3 ) 758-5406 '

PSD

Eealth & Dept. o f H e a l t h Environmental J c h n n i e W. S n i t h

Safety and E n v i r o n ~ e n t a l Sealth G 2630 8311 S t .
Control Safety Permits S o l u m b i a , SC 2 9 2 0 1
(803)

Land SC C o a s t a l C o c n c i l (If in coastal Wayne B e a n

area 1 1 1 6 3 a n ~ e rT r u s t Towe
C o l u ~ b i a ,S C 2 9 2 0 1
( 8 0 3 ) 753-8442
 , SOUTH CAROLIXA Continued

REFINERY S I T I Y G ?&QUEST P 3 O C E S S
Contact: South C a r o l i n a Developnent. Board ,

1301 G2rvais S t .
P . 0 . Box 9 2 7
Columbia, S'C 2 9 2 0 1

South Caral i n a Dept . of Hsa: t h and Znvironmen tai

Con t r o i
SOU t h C a r o l i n a C o z s t a l Council
( I f in coastal area)
 TAGLE 94 .
, .. - +

SOUTS DAKOTA ST-\TS P S W I T S

Governor X F l l i a n J . Janklow
S t z t e C a p i t o l a'uildlng
P i e r r e , S o u t h Dakota 37501
Type o f
Pernit I s s u i n g Agency Application Responsible Person

7ia t e r Dept. o f Water Permi t Leon S c h o c h e n m a i s r

and N a t u r a l Application Dept'. o f F i a t e r a n d ---_
Resources Natural Resources
;oe F o s s S l d g . .
P i e r r r e , S 3 57501
( 6 0 5 ) 773-4050
I

D e p t . o f Water Kater ~ u a l i t y James D. Nelson

and N a t u r a l : v ' a t e r ' ~ ~ - l a l i tC~ o n t r o l ,
'iesources Preograrn
J o e Foss Bldg.
P i e r r e , S D 5.750.1
( 5 0 5 ) 773-3351)
Dept. o f Water 'dater S u p p l y ?lark E . S t e i c h e n , C h i s
and f l s t u r a l Water S y g i e n e P r ~ c r a n
Resources Water Q u a l i t y C o n t r o l
P i e r r e , S D 57301
( 6 0 5 ) 773-3351
D e p t . o f Water ,Industrial William A. Xisenbrey
and N a t u r a l Waste Chief
Resources aperator .Clarification
Water Q u a l i t y C o n t r o l
Joe F o s s i3ldg.
P i e r r e , SD 5 7 5 0 1
( 6 0 5 ) 773-3351 .

Air Dept. o f Z a t e r A i r Quality 2 o e l 3. S m i t h , , C h i e f .

and N a t u r a l A i r Qcality s Solid
Resources Waste Program
Joe F o s s B u i l d i n g
P i e r r e , 3D 3 7 5 0 1 --.
( 6 0 5 ) 221-3329,
 '.
SOUTH DAKOTA . , ~ Continued

Type of
Pernit ' . I s s u i n g Agency A??licatior! Responsible Zerson

iiealth & . Dept. o f Dept. of Lzbor

Safety . Labor C o u r t 3ouse 3 1 d g .
Room 4 0 8
330 Nortk D a k ~ t aA v e . .
Sioux Falls, S B 5 7 1 0 2
( 6 0 5 ) 336-2980
 TSNNESSEE STATE PE?uV ITS

G o v e r n o r Lamar A l e x a n d e r
S t a t e Capitol Building
X a s h v i l l e , T e n n e s s e e 37219

T'y?e o f
Perrni t I s s u i ~ cAgency Asplication Zesponsible ?erson

Water 3ureau o f Environ- D r . Eugene Gi. Bowinkle

mental Health 'Coma. f o r E n v i r o n m e n t
Services B u r e a u o f Environm'en t a
Zeal t h S e r v i c 5 s
g o o n 344
349 C o r d e l l 3 u l l Bldg.
N a s h v i l l e , TN 3 7 2 1 9
( 6 1 5 ) 741-3657
Dept. o f 2 u b l i c Water Q u a l i t y D. E l m o Lunn, D i r .
Heal t h Div. o f w a t e r Q u z l i t y
Control
TN D e p t . o f Pub. H e a l t l
, 6 2 1 , C o r d e l l Xu11 B l 2 g .
N a s h v i i l e , TN 3 7 2 1 9
i 6 1 5 ) 711-2275
Dept. o f P u b l i c Xa t e r S u p p l y David Droughon, C h i e f
Flea1 t h D r i n k i n g Water Q u a l i t y
Control
TN Dept. o f Pub. B o a l t i
320 C a p i t o l H i l l B l d g .
N a s h v i l l e , TY 3 7 2 1 9
Dept. o f P u b l i c Industrial S t e p h e n And,,a ' ~ ~ n
Health Waste E n f o r c e m e n t & X0n.i t o r i:
Section
D i v . o f Wafer Q u a l i t y
Con t r o 1
TN 3 e p t . o f Pub. H e a l t :
C o r d e l l H u l l Bldg.
N a s h v i l l e , TN 3 7 2 1 9

Air Dept. o f ? u b l i c A i r Q u a 1i t y Harold E . Aodges, P . Z .

Health Director
Div. o f A i r P o l l u t i p n
Con t r o 1
TN D e p t . o f P u b . H e a l t :
256 C a p t i o l B l d g .
N a s h v i l l e , TN 3 7 2 1 9
( 605) 741-3931
 . .
TENNESSEE -. Continued

Pernit I s s u i n g Aqencv Application 2 e s ~ n s i b l eP e r s o n

Health & Gept. o f Labor OSiIA J. B. Xiehesin, dr.
Safety Commissioner
ATTN: Robert T a y l o r
Dept. o f Labor
L 501 Gnion a i d g .
Suite A , Second F l o o r
N a s h v i l l e , TN 3 7 2 1 9
(615) 853-2582
 TABLE 96
TEXAS STATE PEXY I T S

G o v e r n D r S i l -l C, l e m e n t s
State Capitol
A u s t i n i Texas 78711

Type o f
Perrni t . I s s u i n g Agencv Application Resgonsible Person
Ya t e r ~ e y ? t o. f Water Vater Q u a l i t y Harvey D a v i s , Exec. D i :
Resources 3 e p c . of Fiater Re-
sources
?. 0 . B o x 1 3 0 8 7 .
Capitol Station
A u s t i n , TX 7 8 7 1 1
( 5 1 2 ) 475-3187
D e p t . af ~ a k e r Robert Eernstein, X,'3.
Resources Commissioner 5f H e a l t h
Gept. o f i i e a l t h
Resources
l l C O West 4 9 t a S t .
A u s t i n , TX 7 3 7 9 6 .
( 5 1 2 ) 458-7375
D e p t . o f Water I~dustrial Dick W h i t t i n g t o n , D P ~ ' .
Rescurces Waste Director
D e p t . 9 f Water g e s o u r c
P. 0 . Sox 1 3 0 8 7
Capt i o l S t a t i o n
A u s t i n , TX 7 8 7 1 1
( 5 1 2 . ) 475-3751

Air Air Con t r o 1 A i r Quality Bill S t e w a r t , P . 2 .

Board Executive Director
A i r C o n t r o l Boad
8520 S h o a l C r e e k E l v d .
A u s t i n , TX 7 8 7 5 6
( 5 1 2 ) '451-5711

3ealth.& Dept. o f >loi s e David K . L a c k e r , D i r .

Safety Health OSHA Di17. o f Occup. H e a l t h
and R a d i a t i o n C c n t r o l
S t a t e 9ept. o f H e a l t h
1 1 0 0 West 4 9 t h S t .
A u s t i n , TX 7 8 7 5 6
(512).458-7341
 TABLE 97
LTTAil STATE P&?J!ITS

G o v e r n o r S c o t t X. M a t h e s o n
210 . s t a t e C a p i t o --l
S a l t Lzke C i t y , ~ t a h3 4 1 1 4

Type o f
Permit I s s u i n g Agency Application 2es2ons ible Persop

Water Div. o f H e a l t h Alvin Rickers , Acting

Director
H e a l t h S e r - ~ i c z sa r a n c h
P . 0 . Box 2500
S a l t Lzk2 C i t y , UT 341.
( 8 0 1 ) 533-6121

water Q u a l i t y Calvin Sudweeks ,

3ur. o f Nater Quality
Eir .
1 5 0 w. N. T e m p l e
RDom 425
S a l t L a k e C i t y , UT 841.
( 8 0 1 ) 533-6146
L

Div. o f H e a l t h Water Supply G a y l e S m i t h , Chie.f

Bureau o f Y a t e r Q u a l i t 1
130 ;pi.N. Temple
Room 426
S a l t L a k e C i t y , gT 8 4 1 .
( 8 0 1 ) 533-1207

DFv. o f H e a l t h Industrial C a l v i n Sudweeks, D i r .

Waste 3 u r .of Wat2r Q u a l i t y
150 K. X . Tenple
Worn 4 2 6
S a l t L a k e C i t y , !IT 841.
( 8 0 1 ) 533-613.6

Air Div. o f H e a l t h A i r Qcality A l v i n E.. R i c k e r s , D i r .

3ureau of A i r Quality
,150 X . N . T e n p l e
S a l t Lake C i t y , ST
( 3 0 1 ) 533-5108

Health h Div. o f H e a l t h Yoise Larry 9. Anderson,

Saf o t y OSTS Chief o f 2adiation
& O c c u p . Hezlt5 S e c t .
-

S a l t Lake C i t v , UT 3 7 i :
( 8 0 1 ) 533-6732
 TABLE 98
, VE-W-ONT STATE ? GX'!!ITS

Governor Richard A. S n s l l i n g
G o v e r n o r ' s Off i c e
Y o n t ? e l i e r , 'Jerinont05602

Type o f
Permit I s s u i n g Agency Application Responsible Person

Xater Agency o f E n v i r o n - B r s n d a n J. bihi t t a k e r

nencal Conservation Secretary
A g e n c y o f Environments
Conservation
M o n t p e l i e r , 17T 0 5 6 0 2
( 8 0 2 ) 828-3130
NPDES Water Q u a l i t y D a v i d L. C l o u g h , . D i r .
Water Q u a l i t y S e c t i o n
Waste R e s o u r c e s D i v .
l l o n t g e l i e r , VT 0 5 5 0 2
( 8 0 2 ) 828-2761 '

E a t e r Supply K e n n e t h >I. S t o n e , C h i e
i3iv. o f Z n v i r o n n e n t a l
Health
60 Main S t ;
B u r l i n g t o n , VT 0 5 4 G l
( 3 0 2 ) 8 6 2 - 5 7 0 1 XS6
Industrial Richard V a l e n t i n e e ti
Waste Chief
A i r P o l l u t i o n and S o i i .
Waste S e c t i o n
S t a t e O f f i c e 31dg.
X o n t ? e l i e r , 'JT 0 5 5 0 2
(802.) 828-3395

Air Div. of E n v i r o n - A i r Quality Zichard Valentineeti

mental Engineering Chief
Conservation A i r P o l l u t i o n =se S o l l
Waste S s c t i o n
S t a t e O f f ice 31dg.
M o n t p e l i e r , VT 3 5 6 0 2
( 3 0 2 ) 828-3395
PSD
 Continued

Ty?e of
2ermi t I s s u i n g Agency Xppl i c a t i o n itesponsible ?erson
. .
Health & Dept. of Labor ' OSHA Joei Cher ing t o n , Calm.
'

Safety and I n d u s t r y Dept. o f L a h r S I n d .

M o n t p e l i e r , VernQnt
05602
( 8 0 1 ) 533-4000
 V I 4 G I N I A STATE PSWIITS

.,
G o v e r n o r , John ?I g a l t o n
State Capitol
i?ichmond, V i r g i n i a 23219

Type o f
lermi t I s s u i n g . Agency Application Responsible Person

Kater S t a t e Water Con- Groundwater Director

t r o 1 Board , 'Jse P e r m i t 2111 N. H a n i i t o n S t .
B u r e a u o f Applied P. 0. Box 1197
Technoloqy Richmond , V4 23230
( 8 0 4 ) 257-6361

NPDES

Air S t a t e A i r Pol- A i r Quality E x e c u t i v e Director

l u t i o n Board N i n t h S t r e e t O f f i c e 81i
Richmond, VA 23219
PSD ( 8 0 4 ) 786-3248

Health & VA Dept. o f Labor OSXA Director

Safa t y . and I n d u s t r y Occupationai ?. 0. %ox 1 2 0 6 4
Div. o f OSHA Safety 205 N. 4 t h S t .
V o l u n t a r y Compl i- Richmond-, V A 23241
a n c e and T r a i n i n g ' ( 8 0 4 ) 786-5875

Dept. o f H e a l t h , Occupational Director

Bureau o f Occupa- Health Games Madison 3 1 d g .
t i o n a l Health Richmond, VA 23213
( 8 0 4 ) 786-6285

VP. Harine W e t l a n d s Devel- Commissioner

Resources Comm. opmen t P e r m i t P. 0. Box 736
( I f no local Newport N e w s , VA, 23607
wetlands e x i s t , ( 8 0 4 ) 245-2811
i n a r e a wnere
W e t l a n d s Ord
is i n e f f e c t ;
. V i r g i n i a I n s t . of Xaril
Science
i n any case, Gloucester P t . VA 2306
c o p i e s o f ap- ( 8 0 4 ) 642-2111 -
lication must
be f i i e d with
both a g e r r c i e s 1
:.!i s c . N /A
R E F I N E R Y SITING XEQUEST P3OCZSS

T h e D i v i s i o n o f I n d u s t r i a l Development ( G o v e r n o r ' s O f f i c e )
i s r e s c o n s i b l e f o r a s s i s t a n c e t o p r o s p e c t i t i s new i n d u s t r i e s i n any
. a c t i v i t i e s r e l a t e d to t h e l o c a t i o n o f new s l a n t s . For s i t e l o c a t i o n
a s s is t a n c e , con t a c t : Director
D i v i s i o n o f I n d u s t r i a l . Development
S t a t e Off i c e ~ u i l d i n g
Richmond, VA 2 3 2 1 9
( 8 0 4 ) 786-3791

V i r g i n i a tias d e v e l o p e d a " o n e - s t a p " 2 r o g r e m f o r e n v i r o n m e n t a l

?emitting. The V i r g i n i a C o u n c i l o n t h e E n v i r o n m e n t may be r e q u e s t e d
--at t h e a p p l i c a n t ' s d i s c r e t i o n - - t a z s s i s t t h e a?-plicant i n o b t a i n i n g
the necessary gernits.
 TABLE 160
WASXINGTON STATE ?E&Y ITS
. . ..

Govern0.r D i x i e Lee Ray

Legislatjve Suildiag
O l y m p i a , . tv'ashinq t o n 9 8 5 0 4

Type o f
Perait I s s u i n g Agency Application Responsible Person

NOTE: A u t h o r i t y f o r t h e p e r n i t f o r a r e f i n e r y o f o v e r ' 2 5 b a r r e l s
a d a y c a p a c i t y comes. fro:n the G o v e r n o r o f t h e S t a t e , a f t e r recom-
m e n d a t i o n o f t h e S i t i n g C o u n c i l which i s made np o f t h e h e a d s a f .
s e v e r a l s t a t e a g 2 n c i e s d e a l i n g with t h e s n y i r o n r r i e n t , h e a l t h and
s a f e t y , c c r m u n i t y d e v e l o p m e n t and e c o n o m i c . development.
 --
.n=ST V I ~ G I N ~STATE
I
A PEX?ITS

G o v e r n o r Zohn D . 2 o c k e f e l l e r IV
State Capitol
C h a r l e s t o n , West. V i r g i n i a 25305

Type or'
2ermi t I s s u i n g Agency Application Xespons i b 1 e P k r s o n
i4a t e r Dept. o f N a t u r a l David C . C a l l a g h a n , D i :
Resources 1800 Z . :*rashir,gton S t .
C h z r l e s t a n , 'rPJ 233G5
( 3 0 4 ) 338-2753
Dept. o f N a t u r s l Water Q u e l i t y . David W . R o b i n s o n , C h i
Resdurces Div. o f water 2 e s o u r c e
1201 Greenbrier S t .
C h a r l e s t o n , FPI 25311 .
( 3 0 4 ) 348-2107
Dept. o f a e a l t k Water S u p p l y . R o b e r t McCall, Dir.
Ecvironnent a l Bealth
Services
. S t a t e O f f i c e Bldg .
16GO E. X a s h i n g t o n St.
Charleston, 25335
Dept. o f X a t u r a l Industrial David 5v'. Z o o i n s o n , Chi
Resources Waste Div. of Water 2esource
1201 Creenbpier S t .
C h a r l e s t o n , WV 25311
( 3 0 4 ) 348-2107

Air A i r 2ollution A i r Quality . C a r l G , S e a r 5 , 11. ,Dir .

C o n t r o l Comm. 1558 2 . W a s h i n g t o n S t .
C h a r l e s t o n , WV 25311
( 3 0 4 ) 348-3286

Health & Dept. o f L a b r , OSHA Departmenk o f L&or

Safet.? C h a r l e s t o n ?Ia.sl. ? l a z a
Room 1726
700 V i r g i n i z S t .
C h a r l e s t o n , W V 25301
( 3 0 4 ) ' 343-5181
 ' I A a L E 102
WISCONSIS STATE PER?iTS

G o v e r n o r Lee S h e r n a n Dreyf u s
S t a t e C a p i to1
Y a d i s o n , W i s c o n s i n 53702

Type o f
Permit I s s u i n g Agency Application Responsible Person
Nater Dept. o f . N l t u r a l Water Q u a l i t y C a r l 91a5acm, D i r .
liesources i3ox 792:
B u r e a u o f . ?ia t e r ' Y a d i s o n , XI 5 3 7 0 7
Q u a 1i t y ( 6 0 8 ) 266-3910
NPDES ,

Air Dept. o f N a t u r a l A i r Quality Dlrec t o r

Resources Box 7 9 2 1
A i r Management
' N a d i s o n , W I S37P7
Section ;6 0 8 ) 266-05a.3

Health & Dept. o f Indu-stry OSXA . Department o f i n d u s t r y

Safety Labor and 9cxan (Occu2aticnql 201 E. K a s h i n 5 t o n k v e .
Relations Safety) : , l a d i s o n , :?I 5 3 7 0 2
( 6 0 8 ) 266-7552
Dept. o f H e a l t h
and S o c i a l
(Occuoational
Sealt h )
W n a l d P e r c y , Sec .
One Y e s t : ? i l s o n S t ,
Servicgs N a d i s o n , W I 53702
( 6 0 8 ) 266-3681

Misc. Pubiic Service Xegulates U t i l - S t a n l e y York, Chairman

Commission ities, i n t e r - 4 8 0 2 S h e b o y g a n Ave.
state pipe- > ! a d i s o n , WI 5 3 7 0 2
l i n e s , etc. ( 5 0 8 ) 266-1241 t

XEFIYERY SITIXG REQUEST PROCESS

S s e following page
 *
STATE OF VISCONSI?? Continued

X F I N E X Y S I - T I Y G REQUEST PRCCZSS

A. A p p l i c a n t s s u b m i t s a i r , w a t e r and s o l i d w a s t e e r m i t s t o 3NR.
a. Environmental screening
C. Znvironmental i n p a c t s t a t e m e n t i f rzquired
D. Public hearings
E. i i n a l agency d e c i s i o n *
* ~ o t e : he C e p a r t n e n t o f N a t u r a l ' R e s o u r c e s would b e t h e " l e a d "
state a g e n c y i n v o l v e d i n r e f i n e r y s i t i n g . Numerous a p p r o v a l s
would b e r e q u i r e d frarr, a t h e r s t a t e a g e n c i e s b u t o n l y o n e e n v i n n -
m e n t a l i n p a c t s t a t e m e n t p r o c e s s would b e r e q u i r e d i f a n E I S w a s .
determined t o b e n e e d e d . >!ost o t h e r s t z t e a g e n c y r e q u i r e m e n t s
i n v o l v e t h e r e v i e w o f s p e c i f i c p e r m i t a p g i i c a t i o n s and inay i n c l u d e
the requirement f o r - a public hearing.
 TABLE 153
WYONING STATE ?E&YITS

C a v e r n o r Ed H e r s c h l e r
Capitol Suilding
C h e y e n n e , Xyomin? 8290 2

Type o f
Permit I s s u i n g Agencv Agpl i c a t i o n Res7onsiSle Perscn

?later Dept. o f E n v i r c n - Robert E . Sundin

mentai Q u a i i t g Hathaway Eldg .
C h e y e n n e , iiY 82002
( 3 0 7 ) 777-7391

Water Q u a l i t y W i l l i a a L. G a r l a n d , Ad]
Water Q u a l i t y Div'.
Hathaway 3 1 d g .
C h e y e n n e , W V 82002
( 3 0 7 ) 777-7731

Water Supply R o b e r t F i nt h e r
P u b l i c X e a l t n Engr..
Water Q u a l i t y Div.
Hathaway Bldg .
C h e y e n n e , h i 82002
( 3 0 7 ) 777-7752
NPDES

Air Dept. o f Environ- A i r Quality R a n d o l p h Wood, Admin.

mental Q u a l i t y A i r Q u a l i t y Div.
Hathaway B l d g .
C h e y e n n e , igY 82002

Health & Dept. o f Labor OSHX Donald Owsley , Admin .

Safety OSHA
200 E . ~ i ~ h Ave. t h
9. 0 , Box 2186
C h e y e n n e , KY 82002
( 3 0 7 ) 777-7736

' Land N/A

 TABLE 1 G4
L9CAL ZEGU:i?E9 YATE3 ?ERMITS

Respons i b l e
alSlcldlelflqln1 S e l e c t e d Cities I Local Off i c e I
! i l l l l l I 1
1x1 I l x l x l x l x l A u s t i n , T X
I l l i l l l l
I
I
Maureen Xciteynolds, Ph D
Director
. I
(
I
I i I I I I I I OWastewater L o a d i n g I OEW I
f I I I I I I ! OWaterway D r a i n a g e 1 301 W. 2nd S t . I
I I 1 I I I I I Otiater Q u a l i t y I A c s t i c , TX 78767 I
! I I I I 1 I I (EIZPA S t a n d a r d s ) ( 5 1 2 ) 477-63L1 I
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I I
' 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I I I
x l I I I 1x1 I I C o l u a b u s , OH I P h i l i p Amrose I *
I I I I I I I I "Sewage . I C e p t . o f Zr.tttronmentz1 I
! I i I 1 I I I OWastewater i Health. 1
f I I I l l i l I C i t y Hall I
i l I I I I I I I Columbus, OH 13215 1
I I I I l l l l . 1 ( 6 1 4 ) 222-8191 I
l ! I I . I I l I I I
I l ! l l l l l I I
I 1x1 l x l x l I x l L i t t l e Rack, A 3 I Roy G. Brand
I l l i l l l l *Water Q c a l i t y ! 701 W. Markham S t .
I I 1 1 1 1 1 I OWater isc charge I L i t t l e itock, A 3 72201
I I I I .l.l [ ' I 1 ( 5 0 1 ) 371-4825
I l l l l l l i F e d e r a l EPA P e r m i t I
I I I I I 1 l l raquirec! I
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 AX D e p t . o f 2011. i
l l l l i l l l Control Permit i
I l i i l l l l .required I

xl I 1x1 I I I x l en-, CA I S t a t e Water Zesources I *

1 I I ! 1 1 I 1 "Water ' r r g h t s I c o n t r o l ' Board 1
I I I I I I I I "Water r e s o u r c e s I
I 77 C a d i l l a c D r i v e 1
I l l ! I 1 1 1 1 S a c r a m e n t o , CA 95825 I
l , l l i l l l I I ( 9 1 6 ) 322--9iiS I
1 I 1 I I I I I California Coastal I I *
I I I I I I I I Commission & v i e w I C a l i f o r n i a C o a s t a l Comm. I
I I I I I I 1. 1 for c o a s t a l a r e a I State Office I
I I I ( I I I I sitings I 1543 Market S t . I
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I San F r a n c i s c o , CA 94102 1
1 1 l ~ l 1 1 1 1 I ( 4 1 5 ) 557-1001 I
I I I I I . I f I I I
I l I I I I I I I

a. s t r o n g Yayor e. Requires Zoning Change

5. Weak ? l a y o r - S t r s n g C o u n c i l f. Requires C o e n c i l Approval
c. C i t y Manager g. i3equires Public Hearing
d. Refinery Zxperience h. 3equires Planning Approval
*See P e r n i t Examples it? Appendix
 TASLE 154 (Cont.'d)
LOCAL REOUI RE 9 ;/AT EZ X ? M ! TS
Responsible
a!blcldlelf!qlhl Selected C i t i e s I L o c a l Off ice i
I I i I I
xi l x ~ x ! x lI New Haven, CT / D a v i d Holnes I
I I 1 1 I I I I OFederalClean I C i t y P l a n n i n g Cepartment i
I I I I I I I 1 w a t e r Act 1City l f a l l 1
I i I I I I I I *Coastal S i t e Pian 1195 Church S t . I
I I I 1 I 1 I I Review Approval ( N e w Haven, CT 06310 1
I I I I I I I I l ( 2 0 3 ) 787-8200 I
1 1 1 1 I I I I I I
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1
xi I 1x1 ' I I x l Oakland, GA IR e g i o n a l water Q u a l i t y i*
i i i I i I i I OWaterQuality 1 C o n t r o l Board I
I i I ! i I I I 11111 Jackscn S t . I
I I I I I I I I !Oakland, CA 946C7 I
I I ! I I I I I l ( 4 1 5 ) 464-1255 I
I I I I I I I I I I
I
I I I I I I I I I
! I I I 1x1 1x1 San B e r n a r d i n o , CA I E n v i r o n n e n t a l Review I*
I I I I 1 I I I Owoter Course !Committee I
I I I I I ! I I C3anges ICity Rall I
i I I I i I 1 1 OSurface Water Chgs.1300 M o r t h D S t . I
! ! I I I I I I OFlooding ISan B e r n a r d i n o , CX 92418 1
I I ! I I I 1 1 OCA E n v i r o n m e n t a l l ( 7 1 4 ) 383-3000 I
I 1 I I I i I I QualityAct 1 II
I I I I 1 I 1 I Cmpliance ! I
I : I l ! ! I I I I
I
I I I i i l i i I I
XI I i I i i I x l Son F r a n c i s c o , CA IU. S. Army Corps o f Eng. I
I I I 1 I I I I 'Dredging 1 2 1 1 Wain S t . I
I I l l l I I i O lSan F r a n c i s c o , CA 34105 I
I I I I 1 I I I OPilinss 1 ( 4 1 5 ) 556-3660 I
I I I I l i l I 1 I
1 I I, I I I
II I
I
xi I 1x1 I x l South Benl, IN IJohn A. Cooney I
I 1 I ! I I I OtJater Q u a l i t y l G f f i c e o f the Yayor i
i i I i I I I I l!ew Source P e r m i t / C i t y E a l l i
I I I I I I I I * S t a t e Board o f 11400 C o u n t y - C i t y B l d g . I
I I I I I I I I Health I South Bend, I N 46601 I
I 1 ! I I I I I *State B o a r d o f 1 ( 219) 284-9261 I
I I I I I I ! I Water P o l l u t i o n I I
! I I i 1 1 I I ORegional P l a n n i n g I I
I 1 1 I I I I I Agency ! I
I ! I I I I i i I !

a. S t r o n g 3ayor ' e. R e q u i r a s 2o.ning .Change

5, Weak :?ayor-Strang Caunci: f. R e q u i r ~ s C o u n c i l Approval
c. Z i t y Manager g. Sequiaes' ?cb? i e H e ~ r i n g
d. i i e f i n e r g Zxgeriecce h. 3 e q u i r a s ? l a n n i n g Approval
 LOCAL REQUIRED !IATE2 PERMITS
*See P e r m i t S x a n ? l e s i n Appendix K

Respons tblo
alblcl.6lelf lgihl Selected C i t i e s I Local Gffice ! *
. I f l l l i l l i i
l x l x l I 1x1 I I Tucson, AZ l James R o b e r t s c n . I
! I I I I I' i I O ~ ~ a s t s w a k e r I ? i m a County E e p t . of 2 ~ - I '

I I ! I I I I 1 Discharge l v i r o n m e n t a l 3 e a lth !
I i i l I l I I 1151 W. Congress I
I I ~ I I I I ~ i Tucson, A Z 85.701 I
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 . 1 I ( 6 0 2 ) 792-8636 I
I I I I I I I I I I
I I I I I I I I I I
i ' I I I I I i I I I
I

1 I I I I I I i ! !
I I I I I I I I I I
I i I . i I I I I I ., i
I I I ~ I I I I I I
I I I I I I I I I I
I I I i I I I I I . I
I I l I I I l i I I
' ! I I i ! l ! l I I
I ! l i l ! I . I 1 I
I i I I I l l i 1 I
I i i I I 1 1 . 1 I . I
I I - I I I I I 1
I I I I I I l i I i
I I I I I I I I I I
I I I I I I I I I I
i I I I 1 I I I I .I
I I I I I I 1 I 1 I
I i i I
l i l I I I
I I I II I I I I i
1 1 1 11 1 1 1 i I
I 1 1 11 1 1 I I I

I i I II I I I I I
I

I ! I il l I I I i
I I l l
l ! I I I i
, I I i I I I I I i 1
I i I I I I I I I I
I l . I I I I 1 I . I I
.I I I I I I I . . I I
I I I I I I I I I I
I I I l I I i I I I
I I 1 1 . 1 I I I i i
I I I I I i I ! I I

2.. S t r o n g :layor e. 2 e q u i r e s . Z o n i n ~Change

b. Weak >!ayor-Strong C o u n c i l 5. 2 e q u i r e s t o u ~ l c i iA p p r c v z l
c. Zity >lanagsr g. Zequires Psbiic Eearin3
d. Iief i n e r y Zx;?erience . Roquirzs ?l=n?i3g A ~ p r c v a f
 LOCAL 2EQUIRE3 A12 PERMITS

R ~ S F O ~i bS l e
ali=lcidlelflglhl Selected Cities I L o c a l Off i c e I *
l i l l ! l I I i I
. I
i 1x1 l x l x l 1x1 A n a h e i m , CA I R o b e r t J. K e l i e y
i I i I I I I I OAir Quality IAssociate Planner
1 I I I I I I I Under CA Env. Q u a l . i P l a n n i n g D e p a r t a e n t
I I I I I I I I Act ! C i t y cf A n a h e i n
I I I I i i I I E n v i r o n m e n t a l Im- I ? . 0. 90x 3 2 2 2
I i I I I I I I pact2eportRe- I X n a h e i n , CA 9 2 8 0 3
I I I I I I I I quired l ( 7 1 4 ) 533-5721

1x1 I I I I 1x1 C h a t t a n o o g a , TN 12. Wayne C r o p p Dirzctor

i I I I I I I I OAirQualitv i A i r ~ o l l u t i o nConc. Sd.
1 1 I I I I I A l r ~ o l l u t i o ne o n t . l 3 S l l R o s s v i i i e S l v d . I
1 I I I I I I I Board i C h a t t a n o c g a , T1: 3 7 4 0 7 I
I ! I 1 I I I I l ( 6 1 3 ) 867-4321 I
I I I I I I I ! I - - I
! I I I I I I I I I
ixixl I I x l x l I F r e s n o , CA I G e o r g e A. Kerber, 3irector I*
1 1 I I I I I I O A l r Quality IPlanning and I n s p e c t i o n 1
! / I I I I I i F r e s n o x u n . Code 12326 F r e s n o S:. I
I I I I I I I I A r t . 5 , Tnv. Q u a 1 I F r e s n o , CX 9 3 7 2 1 I
I ! I ! ! I I I C . E . Q . 4 . l ( 2 0 9 ) 488-1591 I
I I I i I I I i I I
1 I I 1 1 . 1 I l l I I
I 1x1 ! x l x l 1x1 H u n t i n g t o n B e a c h , C k i D e v e l o p m e n t S e r v i c e s C e p t . I
I I I ! ! 1 I OAirQuality IPlanning Division !
I ! I I i I I I C.E.Q.A. IP. 0. Box 1 9 0 1
I l i I I I I I I H u n t i n g t o n B e a c h , CX 9 2 6 4 8 1
I I I I I I I I l ( 7 1 1 ) 536-5511 I
i l l l l I I I I !
I ! I I I I I i i I
xl I ! 1 x 1 ~ 1I 1 L a n s i n g , ?I1 IVernon F o u a t a i n I '
1 ! ! I I I I I OAirQuality I Zoning A d m i n i s t r a t o r i
i I 1 I I I 1 I S t a t e Clean A i r ? l z n l C i t y H a l l . !
i i I I i I I I 1124 97. : l i c h i g a n Ave. I

I I I I I I I ! I L a n s i n g , >I1 4 8 9 3 3 I
I i I I I ~ . l I l ( 5 1 7 ) 487-1412 I
I I I I I I I I I I
I I I I I I I I I I
i I I I l I I I I I
I I I I I I I I I I
\ I I I I I I I I I I

a. S t r o n g Nayor e. Requires Z o n i n g Change

5. Keak ? l a y o r - S t r o n g C o u n c i l f. Zequires Council Approval
c. C i t y Yanager g. 3equires ? u b l i c Hearing . :,I
5. Refinery Experience h. Requires 2lanning X p ~ r a v a l

* S e e Permit Examples I n A p ~ e n a i x X
 TABLE 135 (Cant'd)
LOCAL REQUIRED A I R PE2MITS

a!bicldlelflglhl Selected Cities I

I
~ o c a lo f f i c e I *
1 1 l l . l i i l I
I 1x1 lxixl 1x1 L i t t l e 3 o c k AR [ R o y G. B e a r d J r .
I I I I I I I I aAirQualit~ 1 7 0 1 W. Narkhac S t .
I I I I ! I I I Foderal2.-?.A. l L i t t 1 e 2 o c k , A 3 72203. !
i I I I I I I I Compliance needed / ( S o l ) 371-4825 i
I I I I I I I I I I
I I I I I I 1 . 1 1 I
IKatthew F o u r a t t
1 P l a n n i;ng Director
! I I I 1 I I I If25 Hsnrietta St. i
I I i I I l l l I X a r t i n e z , CA 9 4 5 5 3 I
I ! I I I I I I 1 ( 4 1 5 ) 372-4900 I
i I I I I I I I I I
I I I i I l i l I I
I 1x1 ! x l x l x l I 2ochester, NY / J o h n S p o e l h o f , Director I
I I I I I I I I O A i r Quality i f in I B u r e a u of p l a n n i n g & Z o n i n g 1
I I I I 1 I I I environmentally ! C i t y Hall I
i i i I I I ! I s e n s i t i v e area 130 C h u r c h S t . I
I I i I I l l l I R o c h e s t e r , MY 1 4 6 1 4 I
! I I I ! I I I (71 6)428-7053 I
I ' I l i i I i i I I
I I x1 I x I x 1 x.1 x ! S t . T e t e r s b u r g , FL I Ned A g e s , J r . T l a r i n i n g Dir. I
I 1 1 I I I I f OAirQuality I C i t y oE S t . P e t e r s b u r g I
I I I i I i ! ! L o c a l Zoning Per- lCity nall I
I 1 I I I I 1 I formance S t a n d a r d s 1175 5 t h S t . Y . I
I 1 I I i I I I a n d S t a t e E. 2 . A , 1st. P e t e r s b u r g , FI, 3 3 7 3 1 1
i I I I I I I I 1 ( 8 1 3 ) 897-71.53 I
I I I I I I I I I I
I I I I I I I I I I
i 1x1I i I I I st. J o s e , ~ ~ i S z y Area P o l l u t i o n c o n t r o l I*
I *I I I 1 . 1 I I OAir.Discharge l District I
I i I I I I I I OPermFt t o 2 o n s t r u c t 1 9 3 9 E l l i s S t . I
I i I I f I I I 3 P e r m i t t o Cserate ISsz F r a n c i s c o , CA 3 4 1 0 3 I
I I I I i ! I I 1 ( 4 1 3 ) 771-6000 I
I ~ I I I ~ I I I I
I I I I I I I I I !
I I I I I I I I I I
! I I I i I I I I I
i I I I I I I I I I
I I I I I I I I I I

3. S t r o n g Flayor e. . Requires Zor.ir.5 C h a n g e

5. Weak M a y o r - S t r a n g Council f. Requires Council Approval
c. C i t y Manager g. Requires Public Hearing
d. 2ef i n e r y E x p e r i e n c e h. Requires Planninq Approval
 LOCAL 2EQUIRED A I R PE2NITS

Respons i S l e
alSlcldlelflglhl Selected Cities i L o c a l Off i c e I *
I I I I I I I I ~ . I I
x l x l I I I I 1 x 1 Wa.shington, DC IArthur Hatton I
I I I I 1 .I I I ' A i r Q u a l i t y /Office of Planning anc 1.
! I I i I 1 I I Department of I Development I
I I I I I I I I Environmental IDistrict o f C o l s n b i a . I
I I I I I I I I Services / 1350 E' S t . , ?IW.. I
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I W a s h i n g t o n , ' K . 10004 . . I
I I I I I,.I I I l ( 2 0 2 ) 727-6514 I
! 1 I I I I l..l--., I I
I I . I I i I I i I % I
xi I 1 I X ~ X ~ XI ~W a t e r b u r y , CT i J o s e p h E. S c h i a r o l i 1
I i I I I i I I "Sir Q u a l i t y ICity Planning . 1
1 I I I I I I I S t a t e o f CT ICity o f Waterbury I
I I I I 1 . I I I E n v i r a n m e n t a l 2eg- 1235 Grand S t . I
I 1 I I I I I I u l a t i o n Compliance ; W a t e r b u r y , CT 06708 i
i I . I I I i I I l ( 2 0 3 ) 374-6832 I
f 1.1 I I 1 1 . 1 I I ,
I l l l I' i l 'I 1 . , I
x l x l I l x l x l I I Your,gstown, . O H ! IGary S i n g e r !
I ! 1 1 1 I I I OAirQuality l Community ' C e v e l o s n e n t I
I i I I I 1 i I ~ n v i r o n m e n t a l ite- I E ~ v i r o n n e n t a lS p e c i a l i s t I
. I .I' I 1 I I I I view Committee if lCFty H a l l ' 1.
1 I I I I I I I Community Develop- 126 S. P h e l p s S t . I .
I I I I I I I 1 n e n t money is IYoungstown, 011 4450.3 1 J

I ' .I I I I ! I involved l ( 2 1 5 ) 746-1292 X277 I

~ ~ I I I I I I I I
i I I I I I I I I I
I l f 1 ' 1 I l 1 I I
I I I I I I I I I I
I I I I I I I I . I I
I I I . I I I I I . I I
I I I I I I I I I I
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 , I I
I I I I I I ~ I I I !
f l i ! l I l I I I
' I I I I I I I I I 1
I l i l l l l l I !
I I I I I I I I . ' I I
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I I
I I I I I ~ I I I I i
.. .
a. S t r c . n g Xaycr e. 2 e q u i r e s Zoning Change
b. i?eak :.layor-S t r o n g C o u n c i l f. Requires. Council Approval
3equires Public Searing
c. C i t y Manager g.
.d. R e f i n e r y Ex?erier,cc h. Requires Planning' Xgcroval
 LOCAL YEALTH A N SAFETY .?EQUIRENE?;TS

R e s p o n s LSle
ai5lcldlelflglhl Selected C i t i e s I L o c a i Off ice I
I I I I I I I I . 1 !
x! I I i I 1 1x1 D e n v e r , CO H. J a n s e n
IA.
I I I I I I I I * F i r e D e-p a r t m e n t 1 Zoning A d m i n i s t r a t o r
! I I I I I I 1 'Review I C i t y and County Bldg. I
I I I I I I I I [ D e n v e r , CO 8 0 2 0 2 I
I I I I I I I I . ! ( 3 3 3 ) 575-2191 I
I I I i I I i I I I
x l I I I 1x1 I I ?lint, MI I G e r a l d Childers 1
I I I I I I I I " F i r e Code i o m p l i - IZoning A d m i n i s t r a t o r I
I I I I I I I I ancePernit I l l 0 1 ?I. S a g i n a ; ~S t . I
i I I I I I I O S t s t e OSHA Compli- [ C i t y Hall I
I i I I I I I I ance I F l i n t , M I 48502 I
I I I I I I I I l ( 3 1 3 ) 766-7316 I
I I I I I I I I I I
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 I
xl I l x l x l x l I I S h r e v e p o r t , LA l Stephen P i t k i n
I I I I I I I I OFire Prevention. 1 Executive Oirector
i i i i i i i i Codepermit I l 4 e t r o p o l i t a n P l a n n i n g Conm. l
1 1 I I I I I IOS'tateOSHACompli-IP,O.90~31109,-9~.304 1
' I I I I I i.I.a6ce I S h r e v e p o r t , LA 71130 I
I I i i I I I I ! ( 3 1 8 ) 226-6480 I
I I I I I I I I I I
1--1 I I I I I I I I
I Ix!xl 1x1 Ixl -S i 3 n a l H i l l , CA ! S u s a n Thomason, Director I
I I I I I I I I O F i r e ; l a r s h a l l 2e- ! F l a n n i n g & C c x r n u n i t y C e v e l - 1
~ I I I I I I Iview I opment I
I i I I I I I I ' S t a t e OSHA C o m- p l i - i 2 1 7 5 C h e r r y Ave. I
I I I I I ! I I ance I r rial 1 1 l l i CA 9 C B C i I
I I I I I I I I I -------. SZK)
426-733j I
I I I l l l l l I I
xlxl I 1x1 1 1x1 W a s h i n u t o n , DC (Arthur Hatton I
I I I I I I I I O F i r e Code C o m p l i - I Off i c e . o f P l a n n i n g & Devel- l
I i I I: I I ! I ance I opme nt I
I I I 1 I I ! I ' F e d e r a l OSHA Com- 11350 E S t . , N. w., m,. 409 !
! I I I I I I I pliance I W a s h i n g t o n , CC 20004 f
I ! I I I I I I l ( 2 0 2 ) 727-6514 i
I I I I I I I I I 1
I I 1 . 1 1 I I I I I
I I I I I I I I - I i
I I I I I I I I I I

2 S t r o n g ?4ayor e. ilequires Zoning Change

b . Weak X a y o r - S t r o n g C o u n c i l f. Zequircs
Xequires
Council Approval
Public Xearing
c. C i t y Xanager g.
d. Refinery Experience h . Requires Plannizg Approval

* S e e ? e m i t Examples i n A p p e n d i x
 TABLE 107
LOCAL LAND U S E XEQUIREMENTS .

Responsible
al5lcldlelfIglhl Selected Cities I Local Office I *
I I I
I I i I I I I
xl I l x l x l x l I Boise, I D
I I s u s a n S t a c y , Director I*
1. I I I I I I * C o n d i t i o n a l Use
1 IPlannipg Department !
I I I I I I I Z-oningPerrnit
I 1150 K . C a p i t o l I
f I i I I I ' i i I ? . 0. Box 500 I
1 i i I I l I I IBoise, I D 8 3 7 0 2 I
I I I I I I I I l ( 2 0 8 ) 381-4355 I
I I I I I I ' I I I I
I I I I i I I i I I
x l I I I x l x ! x l x l G e n v e r , CO !A. H . J a n s e ~ I
I 1 I I I I I I OUse2ermit 1Zoning A d n i n i s t r a t o r I
I I I I I I I I OConstruction P l a n s l C i t y and C o u n c i l 91dg. I
I I I I I I I I r o v i a w by B l d g . I S e n v e r , CO 8 0 2 0 2 I
I I I I I I I I Dept. l ( 3 0 3 ) 575-2191 I
C I I I 1 I I I "Onsite approval by I I
I I I I I I I I Bldg.Dept. 1 I
I I I I I i f I I I
I I I I i i l I 1 I
xi 1 I 1x1 1x1 I Cslumims,CH IN. j a c k Huddle, Directcr I*
i I i 1
1 1 I O?ercit==d o n l y i n IDepartment o f Develo2ment I
i i ! I I I I I N a n d :4-1 Ranu- I l l 0 Xarconi 31-~d I

! I ! I I I I f a c t u r i n q D i s t r i c t s l C o l u m b u s , OH 4 3 2 1 5 I
I ~ I I I I I I I i6 1 4 ) 222-7763 I
I I I I I I I I I I
i ! I I I I I ! 1 I
xlxl I x I x ~ x I x I I Honolulu, H I IPermit .Section 1
I I I I I I 1 ! Ozone C h a n q e i f n o t i B u i l d i n g C e p t . a n d C e p t . of l
I 1 I I I I I I w i t h i n Z o n i n g Code I S z n d U t i l i z a t i o n I
i I I I 1 I I I compliance ICity Hall I
. 1 ! 1 1 1 1 1 1 ~ I H o n o l u l u , HI 96813 I
I I I I I I I I I ( 8 0 8 ) 523-4131 I
I I I I I I I I I I
I l i l I I I I I
x l I 1' l x l x lI I Lansicg, N I l V e r n o n Foun t k i n
I I 1 1 I / 1 ! " C o n d i t i o n a l Use f o r l Z o n i n g Administrator
I I i I I I I I Zone Change lCity iiall
I I I I I I ' I I 1124 W. ? ! i c h i g a n Ave.
I I I I I I I I I L a n s i n g , M I 48933'
I I I I I I I I l ( 5 1 7 ) 487-1412
I I I I I I I I I

a. S t r o n g Nayor e. Requires Zoning Chanqe

5. Weak M a y o r - S t r o n g C o u n c i l f. Requires C o u n c i i .r\?proval
c. C i t y Nanager g. Requires Pcblic Hearing
d. 3ef i n e r y Experience h. Requires Planning Approval
* S s e ;errnit Examplesin Appendix K
 LOCAL 9 N D USE REgUIREEENTS

Resaons i b l e
a l b l c l d l e l f l g ~ h l S e l e c t e d Cities I Local O f f i c e I
I l l l l i l l I I
I x i I I x l x l x l x i Xesa, AZ IHoward W. G o d f r e y I*
I i I I I I I I OConditronalUse I?lanning Director 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I P l a n n i n g and Zoning a o a r d II
i l l l l l l f 155 21. C e n t e r St. I

~ ! 1 1 1 1 1 1 IMeSa, A Z 85201 I
I I I I I I I I l ( 6 0 2 ) 834-2385 I
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I I
I I I I I I I I I I
I
X I I I lxlxlxl I Mew Haven, CT l David Xolmes I
I I I I I I 1 I &Special exception I C i t y Plan Department I
i I I I I I I I S e c . 42T o f Zoning ICity 9 a i l 1
I I I 1 I I I I Ordinance 1195 Church S t . ' I
I I I I l i l l l N e w Haven, CT 06510 I
I I I I I I I I l ( 2 0 3 ) 787-6379 I
,
~ I I I I I I I . . I I
I i I I l I I I I I
~ 1 x 1; 1x1 P a t e r s o n , N J
lxlxl l George F e r e n s i c k !*
! I I 1 I !
1 I Ovariance required I S i r e c t a r o f PiannLag I
I 1 1
I l ~
! 1 1
1 1
l l
l i l I ment
.
1 Dep t o f Cornnun i t y Develop- l
I
I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ! C i t y Hall I
I l
l l ll l i 1155 M a r k e t St. I
I I
l l Il l l I P a t e r s o n , N J 07505 I
I I
I I II I I I ( 201 ) 881-3305 !
I i
I I li l I I I
I I
I l il l I I I
1x1 1 lxlxl I I P o r t l a n d , OR I F r a n k N. Frost 1*
1 1 I I I I I I O~ondltionaT~se l a u r e a u of P l a n n i n g I
1 ' 1 1 1 1 1 1 l Code A d m i n i s t r a t i o n I
I i I I I I I I 1424 S. W . Main S t . 1
I
f l I I I I I 1 I P o r t l a n d , OR 97204 1

l I ! l l l i i l ( 3 0 3 ) 248-4253 I
f I ! l l l l I I I
i l l l i l l l I I
l i i l l l
l l I I
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I I
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I I
I
l l ! ! ! l i l I I
l l l i l l l l I I

a. S t r o n g Yayor a. 3equires Zoning Change

5. weak Nayor-S t r o n g C o u n c i l f. Requires Council Approval
c. C i t y Yanager . Requires P u b l i c Hearing
d. Xer'inery E x p e r i e n c e h. itequires 2lanning Approval

*Sse Perzit Examples i n A c p e ~ d L x ' . .

 TABLE i 0 7 ( C o n t ' d )
LOCAL LAND USE XEQUIREI\?ENTS

Respons i S l e
alSlcldleiflglhl S e l e c t s d Cities ! L o c a l Off ice I*
I I I I I I I I I I
I !XI I X I X I X I I S a n B e r n a r d i n o , CA I Douglas NcIsaac i *
I I 1 I I I I I O C o n a i t i o n a l Devel- IPlanning 2epartment I
I I I 1 I 1 1.1 OpmentPermit I300 N o r t h D S t . I
1 I I I I I I I " S t a t e Land tom- l S a n a e r n a r d i n o , CA 9 2 4 1 3 I*
I I I I I I I I mission Psrmit l ( 7 1 4 ) 383-5057 1 ,
I I I I I I I I (for s i t i n g o n o r I I
I I I I I I I I a d j a c e n t to S t a t e I I
I I I I I I 1 I controlLed land) I I
I I I I I I I I I I
I I I 1 I l I I I I
x l I ! I t 1x1 1x1
S p r i n g f i e l d , , IYA 1 T l a n n i n g Dept , 1*
i I I I I I I IOSpclciaL U3e P e r i n i t ( C i t y o f S p r i n g f i ' e l a I
! I I I I I I I 136 C o u r t S t . I
I I I I I I I I I S p r i n g f i e l d , MA 0 1 1 0 1 I
I I I I I I I l 1 ( 4 1 3 ) 736-2.711 I
I I I I 1 . 1 I I I I
I I I i I I I I I I
I 1x1 I 1x1 1x1 S i g n a l H i l l , CA l S u s a n T h c m a s o n , Direct,or I
I I I I I I I I O Zoning Change I D e p t . o f P i a n n i n g a n d Corn- I
I I I l i l l I (New Regulaticcs I n u n i t y Develo2ment I
I I I I I I I I now b e i n g f o r n u - !City H a l l I
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ! lated) I S i g n a l H i l l , CA 9 0 8 0 6 1
i I I I I I I I 1 ( 2 1 3 ) 425-7333 I
~ I I I I I I OI S t a t e Land Corn- i I*
I I I I I I I I m i s s i o n Terni t I I
I I I I I I I I ( F o r s i t i ~ go' n o r I I
I I I I I I I I a d j a c e n t to s t a t e I I
I I I I I I I I controlled lands) I I

xl I I I x l x r x l x l W a t e r b u r y , CT l Joseph Z. S c h i a r o l i f
I I I I I I I I OSpecial Exception l a u i l d i n g O f f i c i a l I
.I I ! 1 1 . 1 1 1 51.Z. 3. A . 1235 G r a n d S t . I
I I 1 I I I I I / C i t y Hall i
I I 1 i i l I I . . ( W a t e r b u r y , CT 0 6 7 0 8 I
I l i l I I I I 1 ( 20.3) 574-6832 . I
I I I I I I I I I I
I I I I I I I I I I
I I I I I I I I I I

a. S t r o n g Nayor e. Sequires Zoning Change

5. Weak N a y o r - S t r o n g C o u n c i l f. Requires Council Approval
c. C i t y EIanager g. 2equires Pubiic Bearin?
d. Refinery E x p e r i e n c e h. Requires Planning Approval .

"See P e r n i t Exarn?les i n A p p e n d i x K
 rmn'7-07 - t ~ o n r . g J
L9CAL 'LANO USE i!ECUI 2EYEFTS

?.espons i b l e
a l ~ l c t d l e l f l g l h l Selected C i t i e s I Local O f , f i c e 1 ,*
I I I I I I I I I
i X I 1x1 1 I I 1*7orcester, I!?: / C a r l Gordon, Chairnan I*
1 1 I I I I I ; 0 : 3 = ~.i 3- ; 25e IZoning Board of Appeals i
I 1 . 1 I I I I I 1. Apply t o 2ldg. lCity Eiall I
! I 1 I I I ! I Dept. ILv'orces t e r , Y1? 01'60: I
I .I I I I 1 I I 2. I f r e f u s e d , 'ap- l ( 6 1 7 ) . 798-5111 I
1.1 I 1 1 . 1 I I ply 2 . a . A . f o r I * 1
I I i 1 1 . 1 11. a . Variance o r I I
I i ' I I 1 1 . 1 1 5 . Speci.al I I
I I I I I I ' ! l Permit ! I
l i i l . l l l l ! I
. I
I . I I I I I I 1 <,
I
I I I I I I ~ I I I I
I I I. 1 . 1 I I I I I
1 . 1 I I I I I I' I I '
i 1 I I I ~ I I I 1 I
i.1 I I I I I I I I
i I I I I . ! I I. I I
. I I 1 1 1 1 1 1 I I
i ' l I'I I I I I I I.
f l 1 I I I I I I I
I l i l l ' l l l I I
i I I 1 I ' I I I I I
I l l ! . l l l I I I
I i l l l l l I I I
I i - l I I i I I I . . I
I I I t I I I I I I
1.1 I I I I I I I 1
. 1 1 1 ! 1 1 i 1 I I
I I I I I I I I I I
~ I I I I I I I I I
~ I I I I I I I I I.
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I I i
i : I I ' I I 1 1 I I
. I ~ I I I I I I I f
! ! I 1 1 1 1 1 . . I i
1 l 1 1 1 1 1 1 I I
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I i
! 1 1 ~ 1 1 1 1 I I II
I I I I I I I 1 I

e. S t r a n g Mayor e. Requires Zoning Change

5. Veak ?layor-Strsng Council f. 2ec;uires Councii Approval
c
d.
..
.
. City Xanase!:
aer'inery Excerience
g.
h.
Requires
3equirss
P u b l i c Hearing
?lanning Apgroval

*See Permi.= Hxarnples i n Appendix K

 ?4ISCELLANEOUS LOCAL 2 E q U I 2 E E E N T j

Respons i b i e
alblcldlelf lglhl Selected Cities I L o c a i Cf f i c e I*
I ~ I I I I I I I I*
xl 1 1 I 1x1 1x1 C o l u n b u s , O H IN. J a c k H u d d l e , D i r z c t o r I
I ! / I I 1 1 I O!JoiseControl /Department of Cevelopnent I
i I I l I ! I I 1140 M a r c o n i 3 1 v d . I
I I I I I i I i I C o l u n b u s , OH 4 3 2 1 3 I
I i I I I I I I 1 ( 6 1 1 ) 222-7763 ' I

xl I ! Ix! i I I E r i e , PA l L e o n a r d IJowak i
I i I I I I I I 'Gdorous ?!attsr l E r i e P l a n n i n g <onmiss i o n I
~ I I I I I I I 1626 S t a t e st. I
I I I I i ! I I I E r i e , PA 1 6 5 0 1 I
I I I I I I I I I ( 8 1 4 ) 456-8561 I

xl i I .I I I I I Flint, Icr.1 I Gerald' C h i l d e r s I

I I 1 I I I I I 'Traffic Engineer- IZoning A d m i n i s t r a t o r I
I I I I I I I I i n g Review !City Zall i
I l I i I I I I 1 1 1 0 1 N. S a g i n a w S t . I
I i I I I I I I I F l i n t , MI. 4 8 5 0 2 I
I I I I I I I I l ( 3 1 3 ) 766-7346 I

xix! I lxlxlxi I Honolulu, H I I E n v i r o n n e n t a l Q u a l i t y Comm.1

I I I I I I I I OSpecial Managenent 1350 H a l e k a u w i l a S t . I
1 1 I I I I I I Areapernit IRoom 3 0 1 I
i I I I I I I I Shoreline Protec- I ~ ~ o n o l u l uH, I 9 6 8 1 3 I
I I I I 1 I I I t i o n Laws 1 ( a 0 8 ) 548-6915 I
1 I I I I I I I I I
I I I I I I I I I I
XI I I 1x1 I 1x1 New H a v e n , CT I D a v i d Holmes I
I I I I I I I I OCT C o a s t a l N a n a g e - l City Planning Eepartnent I
I I I l I l ' ! I inent A c t o f 1 9 7 9 I C i t y - Hall I
, I I I I I I I I Ixpac t 2 e v i e w 1 1 9 5 C h u r c h St. I
I I I ' I I I I l N e w 2 a v e n , CT G651C I
I I I ~ I I I I 1 (2,03) 787-8200 I
I i I I I I I I I i
I I I I I I I I I . I
I i I I I I I I I I
I ! I I l i I I I I

a. S t r o n g ?-layor e. Requires Zaning Change

b.
c.
weak N a y o r - S t r o n g C o u n c i l '
C i t y Manager
f . Requiros C c u n c i l J.pprov=l
g. Requires Public Searing
d. 2 e f iner:? Z x i ~ e r i e n c e h . Requires ?lanning 42provah
 Respnsible
aib!cldielflglhl Selected Cities I. Local O f f ice I*
I
I I i I l i l I I*
xi 1 i I I
I I S a n F r a n c i s c o , CA
1 ' l S a n F r a n c i s c o Bay A r a a I
I I I I I I I 'Dredging
I I C o n s e r v a t i o n and Develop- !
I I I I 1 1 I S a n F r a n c i s c o Bay
I lment Conmission !
! I I I 1 I I Area C o n s e r v a t i o n
I 130 Van Xess Ave. 1
I I I I ! i I
I andDevelopment ~ R o G2 ~0 1 1 I
I I I I I i I
I Commission l S a n F r a n c i s c o , CA 9 4 1 0 2 I
I I I I I I I i 1 ( 4 1 5 ) 557-3686 I
I I I I I I I I I I
I I I I l i l I I I
I lx! lxlxl I I S a n t a And, CA I? l a m i n g aepartment 1
I I I i I I I 'Noise .I 20 C i v i c C e n t e r P l a z a I
I i I I I I I I 'Light I S a n t a Ana, CA 9 2 7 0 1 I
1 I I I I I I 1"Vibration l ( 7 1 4 ) 834-4184 I
I 1 1 . I I I 1 I 'Refusematter I I

XI I Ixlxlxi I I w a t e r k u r ~ ,CT l ~ o s e p hS c h i a r o l l I
I I I I I ' I I I F t a t e I n l a n d Wet- [Building Official !
I I i I I i I I l a n d Approval 1235 Grand S t . I
I I I I I I I I ICity Hall I
I I I I I I I I I W a t e r b u r y , CT 0 6 7 0 8 1
I I I I I I I I 1 . ( 2 0 3 ) 574-6832 I

I 1x1 I 1x1 I I W i n s t o n - S a l e m , NC I C i t y C o u n c i l P l a n n i ~ gBd. I*

I I ! I I i I I OElectro-magnetic I ? . 0. Box 2'511 !
I I I I I .I I I interference I ' d i n s t o n - S a l e m , NC 2 7 1 0 2 I
i I I I I I 'Noise l ( 9 1 9 ) 727-2087 I
i I I I 1 1 I I OOdorous F l a t t e r I I
I I I I I I I I I I
I i I l I I I I I 1
1 x 1 1x1 I I I I Worcester, MA Igr. F r a n c i s Donahue, 3ir. I
i I I I I I I I 'Noise I a u r e a u o f Land Z s e l o n t r o l I
I 1 I I I I I I OVFSrstlcn ICity tiell I
I i I I I I I I OPlashinc IWorcester, >1A 0 1 6 0 8 1
I i I I i I I I 1 ( 5 1 7 ) 798-8111 I
I I I I I I I I I I
I i I I I I I I I I
I I I I I I I I I I

3. S t r o n g Mayor e. Requires Zoninc Change

5. Keak $layor-Strong Z o u n c i l f . Requires Council Approval
c. C i t y >tanager g. Requirss Pubiic Ee3ring
d. Refinery Experience h. Requiras Planning Apgroval
* S e e P e r m i t Zxarnples i n A p p e n d i x K
 . There a r e numerous impacts b o t h p o s i t i v e and n e g a t i v e t h a t
can be i d e n t i f e d as t h e r e s u l t o f t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f a m a j o r domestic
ref; n e r y p r o j e c t . These c o n s i d e r a t i o n s :./ere discussed i n t h e s o c i o -
economic r e v i e w i n S e c t i o n 3.9. This discussion i s 9resentsd t o i d e n t i f y
speci f ic r e f i n e r y - r e 1 a t e d issue's , concerns and m i t i g a t i ng responses t h a t
were found f r o m t h e ; ' t s r a t u r e and survey responsss.
The N a t i o n a l Environmental P o l i c y A c t (NEPA) process and t h e
Counci 1 o f Environmental Qua1it y ('CEQ) Guide1 ines form t h e frsmework f o r
zddressing i s s u e s , concerns, and m i t i g a t i n g responses f o r a r s f i n e r y s e t -
up o r m o d i f i c a t i o n p r o j e c t . ;'here's no way o f p r e d i c t i n g which l e v e l of
government w i l l p l a y t h e most i m p o r t a n t r o l e as sach l e v e l w i l l i d e n t i f y
s'gni f i c a n t i s s u e s . As t h e r e v i e w i s i n ?recess, t h e m a j c r i s s u e s azd
concerns and t h e a s s o c i a t e d l e v e l o f government w i l l e m e q e and focus t h e
indus tri a i responses.
An sxample c f a key f e d e r a l concern n i s h t be t h e impact o f i n -
creased a i r e m i s i i o n s i n a 2SD r e g i o n . A s t a t e l e v e l m a j o r concern c o u l d
be nonattainrnent procedures o r r e g i o n - w i d e socio-economic i m p a c t s . Key
l o c a l government concerns d e a l w i t h a v a r i e t y o f c i t i z e n i s s u e s and s i t e
s p e c i f i c p h y s i c a l impacts. The X P A process i n t e r t w i n e s a l i 1eve:s o f
government i n t h e environmental r e v i e w o f an i n d u s t r i a l o r o t h e r m a j o r
impact prccess.
The i s s u e s and concerns r a i s e d d u r i n g t h e ?4EPA - CEG r e v i l w .
process a r e s i y i f i c a n t . These concerns, however, seem t o r e p e a t wh2n
c c n s i d e r ' r g most n a j o r heavy in d u s t r y p r o j e c t s , n o t j u s t 7 e t r o l e u m
refineries. An example o f t h e t y y e s of concerns r a i s e d by r u r a l conm-
u n i t i s a r e shcwn i n t h e Tab12 1G9. The new CEQ g u i d e l i n e s r e q u i r ~an e a r l )
s c o p i ~meeting
~ by t h e l e a d agency t o h i g h l i g h t t h e p r o j e c t concerns. The
summary r e p o r t o f t h i s n e e t i n g ranks t h e i s s u e s i n ' o r d e r o f p r i o r i t y and
p u b l i s h e s t h e l i s t s o f q u e s t i o n s r a i s e d by each c a t e g o r y o f concern.
T h i s scoping concept i s a v e r y h e l p f u l , e a r l y ~ l a n n i n gt o o l wirich w i l l

a s s i s t t h e p r o j e c t proponent t o understand t h e b a s i s and Oepth o f t h e

p r o j e c t sentiment.
T h i s p r ~ c e d u r ei s a f e d e r a l l e v e l m i t i g a t i n g .respons? t o the
 RANKING OF C O N C E ~ N SFOR TWO P9OPOSED NORTS CAROLINA
~ E F I N E R YPROJECTS

Project 1 Project 2
Concerns Rank* R 8n k**

'Sot ia1 dnd Economic

O i l Spills ''

Water Qua1 i t y
AirQual'ty '

P l a n t s and g i l d l i f e
Wastes
Land Use
Re1 ated Industrial Development
Pgbl i c Health end Safety
Transportation
Odors
Aesthet'cs
Demographic Changes
Limitations and Mod'f i c a t i o n s
No is e
Proposed Ref fnery Design
Geological and Seisinic
Diaster
Obsolescence
Archaeological and Historic Resources
Financial Fpasibil i t y
Existing Faci.1 i t i e s
Oy-ProJui't s
F i r c Prevention and Protect ion
~ v ai iabi'l i t y of Refined Products .
Sulfur Hand1 'ng
Ref 'nery ejections
S o u r c s of O i 1
M j scel 1 aneous
Construction and Dredging
Weather
Pipe1 ines
Tank Farms
Easements
Complaints
Alt~rnat've Sites

"Scoping Regort, from the Srunswick Energy Ccrnpanv ,Mesting

**Sioping Report from the Carol ina Ref ln i n g and D: s i r l b u r l n g Company Fleeting
environmental analysis of a proposed project. These federal regulaticns
act as a check t o unbounded industrial growth and expansion. The same type
of check i s shown by we1 1-intentioned environmental pressrvation i ntsrestr
such as the Audobon Society, Sierra Club, Friends of the Earth, and many
other organizations. A t present, the balance appears to favor the no-
g,rowth or very 1 imi ted growth posi tions.
One o f the steps in the envi ronmental assessment ma E i S Dracess
i s the determination of the project's economic j u s t i f i c a t i o n . Nidely div-
ergent results have been published concerning the need for major refinery
projects. Several EIS's , the Hampton 2oads Energy Company, Pittston
Refinery Company, Alaska Petroleum Company among others, have documnentsd
the need t o construct dnrnestic refineries. ?!ore I;!,dn eccriomics must be
demonstrated to increase the project 2cccptantt.
From the twenty s t a t e survey responses, several s t a t e s have
attempted t o s tandardi ze. the s i t i ng and environmental revi 2w procedures.
Virginia's response to industrial consideration has been t o establish a
s t a t e departrcent to lend assistance to i ndustrie? consi'dering location
within the s t a t e . (Appendix 0-3') This procedure, however, does not
assure iocal accsptance since the HamptonRoads Energy Company has gone
through a very costly and lengthy rgview a n d has only rec2ntly received
i t s permits from the Secretary of the North CaroTina has s e t u p '
standard procedures and both inter-agency and public revisw committees to
consider the Brunswick Energy Company s i t i n g proposals. (P.'ppendix 0-4)
They have also published a summary permit tabulation for easy ref-
erence t o s t a t e agencies. The State of ~ashingtonreviews documents
on the laws and s i t i n g rules for energy faci 1 i t i e s , Appendix 0-5 3nd
- 6 respectively, i n order t o make known the state-wide considerations.
Other s t a t s s have attempted t o streamline s i t i n g a ~ dpernit requirenents
by lecji s l a t i v e or aami n i s t r a t i v e procedures (Appendix 0 - 7 ) . These s t a t e
level mitigating responses are an attempt to a s s i s t ' a n industrial prcject
through the regulatory maze. However, i n no manner do these procedures
try to compromise envirbnmental quality consideratisns.
One surv2y answer from the s212cted c i t i e s snowed a quantitative
s i t e evaluation system (Appendix 0-i3'). This response by the Association of
Bay Area Governments i n t a l ifornia i s an attempt t o rank a1 ternate s i tes
by specific analysis procedures. a
 From t h e i n f o r m a t i o n reviewed d u r i n g t $ e course o f t h i s
s;iorkSook ? r e p a r a t i o n , i t can be shown t h a t s i g n i f i c a n t environmental
concerns can r e s u l t from the s i t i n g o f a new r e f i n e r y o r t h e rnajor
m o d i f i c a t i o n / e x p a n s i o n o f an e x i s t i n g f a c i l i t y . The r e g u l a t o r y and
p e r m i t t i n g procgss o f f e r s a s e r i e s o f r e v i e w steps ~ n i c hdo c o n t r i b u t e
t c t h e enchancenent o f t h e human qua1 it y o f l j f e . M i t i g a t i n g responses
:to t h e environmental concerns from b o t h t h e t e c h n i c a l process d e s i g n and
r e g u l a t o r y process nave been i d e n t i f i e d which s h a u l d a s s i s t t h e accept-
ance of these energy p r o j e c t s i n an e n v i r o n m e n t a l l y r e s p o n s i b l e manner.
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4. Peters, H.S., and T i ~ m e r h a u s , K.D., " ? l a n t . D e s i s n and Economics f o r

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5. Genefield, L.D. and Randall, C.W., " B i o l o g i c a l Process 9esign f o r

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8. A r t h u r 3 . L i t t l e , I n c . , "Environmental Considerations o f S e l e c t z d
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15. I b i d . EPA 440/1-74/0143, A p r i l , 1974.

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21 . Gage-8abcock 5 Assoc. and M i t t e l hauser C o r g o r a t i o n , " S t a d y ci Design,

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F e b r u a r y 25 t o A p r i l 22, 197C ( c o n s e c u t i v e .issues)
J u l y 18 t o J u l y 29, i 9 7 4 ( c o n s e c u t i v e i s s u e s )
J a n u a r y 5, 1376
September 13 t o Septegber 2 7 , 1976 ( c a n s s c u t i v f i :sues)
F e b r u a r y 14, 1977
J u l y 21 , 1978
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30. P r i v a t e Communications. w i t h U n i v e r s a l O i l P r c d u c t s , I n c o r p o r a t e d .

31. P r i v a t e Communications w i t h Amoco O i l Company

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34. R e f e r e n c e 24, J u l y 29, 1974.

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49. I b i d . 46, pg 11-50.

56. i b i d . 42.

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T.C., E n v i r o n m e n t a l Law fiandbook, 5 t h E d i t i o n , Government I n s i c u t e s
I n c . , May 1978.
86. I b i d 8, 6 t h E d i t i o n .

87. R e f i n e r y P e r m i t Delays E v a l u a t e d , O i l and Gas J o u r n a l , A p r . i l 23, 1979.

88. M i t t e l h a u s e r C o r p o r a t i o n , P e r 3 i t s R e q u i r e d f o r a Coal F i r e d Power P l a n t

Prepared f o r 2 . S . Department o f ,Energy, F e b r u a r y ,. 1979
(unpublished).

89. ? r i v a t e Communications w i t h P h i l 1 i p s P e t r o l e m Company

90. P r i v a t e Communications w i t h Union O i l Company o f C a l i f o r n i a

$1. P r i v a t e C~mmunicatio.ns w i t h Roger Swindi e r , Corps o f E n g i n e e r s , new

' Or1 eans , L o u i s i a n a

92. P r i v a t s Communications ~ i t Chevron

h O i l Company

33. Bureau o f N a t i o n a l A f f a i r s , E n v i r o n m e n t a l P r o t e c t i o n Agency R e g u l a t i o n s

on t h e N a t i o n a l ? o l l u t a n i D i s c h a r g e E l i m i n a t i o n System, Jun2 127s
( 4 0 CFR 1 1 7 )
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 APPENDIX A 1

GLOSSARY

ABSORPTION: A process whereby a l i q u i d d i s s o l v e s a gas, such as amine which

absorbs hydrogen s u l f i d e (a2S) from f u e l gas. ,

ACCUMULATOR: A vessel which serves as a c o l l e c t i o n g o i n t f o r condensed

products, such as tower overhead g a t e r f a l .

ACID GAS: 'A gas c o n t a i n i . n g hydrogen s u l f i d e and carbon d i o x i d e .

I

ACID GAS T2EATING: Process where a c i d gases a r e removed from hydrocarbon

gas& by a b s o r p t i o n i n amine s o l u t i o n .

ACTIVATED CARBON: A form o f carbon which has. a n i g h a d s c r p t i v e c a p a c i t y f o r

chernical species c o n t a i n e d i n gases, vapcrs and l i q u i d s .

ADDITIVES: Chemicals added t o p e t r ~ l z u m? r o d u c t s t o improve psrformance o r

o b t a i n desired product characteristics.

ADSORPTION: A p r o c e . s s . i n which chemical species c o n t a i n e d gases, vapors o r

l i q u i d s p h y s i c a l l y a.dhere t o t h e surfac? o f 3 s o l i d , Such as a c t i v a t e d
carbon.

ALKYLATION: A c a t a l y t i c 'process f o r combining i s o p a r a f f i n s and 01 e f i n s Such

as isobutane and b u t y l ene, t o form a1 i<yla t e , a. gasoi i n e ccnponent. E x -
t r e m e l y i m p o r t a n t in' t h e p r o d u c t i o n . o f unieaded g s s o l i n e ' .

AMINE: Organic chemical used t o absorb a c i d gasas from nydrocarbon gases i n

t h e acid-gas t r e a t i n g u n i t .

ANTI-KNGCK CCFiPOUNDS: An a d d i t i v e t o gas01 i n e , such as t e t r z e t h y l , 1ead, f o r

improving combustion c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s i n i n t e r n a l cornbustion..engines.

API GRAVITY: An index f o r measuring t h e d e n s i t y of crude a i l and petroleum

p r o d u c t s . The h i g h e r the g r a v i t y , t h e l i g h t z r (1sss dense) the materia:.
API SEPARATOR: A d e v i c e f o r s e p a r a t i n g o i 1 from w a t e r by g r a v i t y d i f f e r e n t i a l .

AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS: Hydrocarbons w i t h an u n s a t u r a t e d c l o s e d r i n g s t r u c -

t u r e , such as benzene, t o l u e n e 2nd xylene.

ASH: A. non-vo1at.i l e , incornbusti Sl e c m p o n e n t o f f u e l s i ~ h i c hremains a f t s r

combustion.

BACT: R e f e r s t o l e v e l o f a i r and wastewater c o n t r o l technology d e f i n e d as

B e s t A v a i l a b l e C o n t r o l Technology.

SALLAST: The f l o w o f waters from a s h i p which i s t r e a t e d a t t h e r e f i n e r y .

BARREL: A volume u n i t used i n t h e p e t r o l e m i n d u s t r y c o n s i s t i n g o f 42 U . S .

standard gallons.

BASELINE: P r e s e n t and f a t u r e c o n d i t i o n s as t h e y would e x i s t i n t h e absencg.

o f a proposed a c t i o n .

3ASIC ENPLOY?lENT: Employment t h a t responds t o denand o r t o o t h e r d e t e r i r i n a n t s

{e.g., p o l i t i c a l f o r c 9 s ) t h a t a r e e x t e r n a l t o t h e l o c a l economy.

Ir;

BASIC IfiiCOME: Income d i r e c t l y . a s s o c i a t e d w i tli b a s i c egp!o)rment o r t h a t i n

some way i s due t o d e t e r m i n a n t s t h a t a r e e x t e r n a l ' t o t h e l o c a l economy.

BE37 AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGY ECCJNOMICALLY ACHIEVAGLE (BATE4 o r 5AT): The t r e a t -

ment r e q u i r e d by i u l y 1, 1984, f o r i n d u s t r i a l d i s c h a r g e t o s u r f a c e w a t e r .

GEST MANAGEHENT PRACTICES (BMP) : T r e a t n e n i requirements, o p e r a t i n g and

maintenance procedures, and o t h e r rnanzgement p r a c t i c e s t o c o n t r o l p l a n t
s i t e runoff.

BCT: R e f a r s t o l e v e l o f a i r and wastewatsr c o n t r o l t e c h n o l o g y d e f i n e d as

a s s t C o n t r o l Technology.
8PCT: 2efers to methods of wastewatsr treatcent defined as Best Practical
Control Techno1 ogy .

BOD5 : 8iochenical Oxygen' Demand. A measure of the oxygen. required by micro-

organisms to biologically degrade a wastewater. Usually rneasursd over
five days.

BiaWOOWPI: Material purged from refinins processes duri.ng startups, shutdowns,

2nd pressure rei ieving. Aqueous blowdowns a1 so occur f r ~ mcool ing water
and boiler systems as a part of normal operation.

BS&W: Bottom sediment and :dater material found in tznk bottms.

873: British thermal unit - used to define heating value of fuels. The heat
required t o raise one pound of water one degree of Fahrenheit.

BUNKER FUEL OIL: A heavy residual fbel oil used main1 y by ocean-going vessels.

CATALYST: A substance used to increase th'e rate of chemical reactions but

which is not directly involved in the reaction. Sol id refinery catalysts
are usually made from platinum or other heavy metal. Liquid cztalysts
are acids such as Hydrofiuoric Acid (HF!.

CAUSTIC:
d,
A t s m used for solutions of sodium hydroxide used in various
treating and sweetsning processes.
.
C U U S PROCESS: -4 sulfur recovery process in which hydrogen sulfide i s con-
verted to elemental sul fur.

CLEAN A I R ACT: CAA

C i E A N 3ATER ACT: C'i4A

200: Chemical Oxygen Demand. A measure of the oxygen equivalent o f that

$ortion of the organic rnattsr 'n a wastewater that can be oxidized by
a stronq chemical oxidant.
GOEORT: ' A group used u s u a l l y i n t h e c o n t e x t o f a group of t h e p o p u l a t i o n o f
t h e same age o r sex.

COKE: S o l i d carbonaceous r e s i d u s o b t a i n e d from c o k i n g r e s i d u a l crude o i l .

C a l c i n e d coke i s coke t h a t has been h e a t t r e a t e d t o remove v o l a t i l e
materials.

COKING: Therrnal.cracking process i n which vacuum d i s t i l l a t i o n u n i t residuum

i s c o n v e r t e d t o lower b o i l i n g range m a t e r i a l and coke.

C2ACKED GASOLINE: G a s o l i n e o b t a i n e d by c r a c k i n g h e a v i e r petroleum f r a c t i o n s .

C3ACKING: A process i n which l a r g e hydrqocarbon molecules a r e d i v i d e d i n t o

small e r mo1 ecul es. Processes may be c a t a l y t i c o r thermal types.

CRUDE OIL: Raw m a t e r i a l used f o r r g f i n e r y fzedstock.

DATA 3ASE: A l a r g e accumulated f i l e o f i n f o r m a t i o n organized f o r a n a l y s i s ,

uslaally i n machine r e a d z b l e f g r r f o r access Sy users v i a computer.

DEAERATOR: A d i v i d e used t o remove dissolv.ed oxygen from b o i l e r feed w a t e r .

3ESUTANIZER: See De-dethanizer.

3E-ETaANIZER: A d i s t i l l a t i o n colum which renoves ethane and l i g h t e r hydro-

carbons from propane and h e a v i e r hydrocarbons. The terms depropanizer
and d e b u t a n i z e r a r e a l s o used f o r s i m i . l a r o p e r a t i o n s .

DIESEL FUEL: A petroleum p r o d u c t used as f u e l i n d i e s e l engines c o n s i s t i n g

o f gas o i l s .

CEPROPANIZER: See Oe-etnanizer.

DESALTING: A ?recess i n which s a l t s a r e removed from crude o i l by washing

w i t h w a t t r . I n some cases desalting flay take p l a c e i n the presence
o f an e l e c t r o s t a t i c charge t o and i n o i l - w a t e r s e p a r a t i o n .
I CIST:LLAT:3N: A process i n : ~ h i c ha n y d r o c s r k o n feed i s j s p a r a t e d i n v a r i o u s
components of d i f f e r e n t b o i l i n g p o i n t s .

C R Y GAS: A hydrocarbon Sas w h i c h does n o t condense e a s i l y o r c o n t a i n w a t z r

v a p o r . U s u a l l y c o n t a i n s s o s t l y l i g h t hydrocarbons, such as methane and
ethane.

ECONOMIC BASE: The eccnomic bas2 of an economy r e f e r s t o e i t h e r t h e t o t a l

I
o f i t s b a s i c income o r i t s b a s i c enployment.

E?ICOTHERMIC: R e a c t i o n o r process w h i c h r e q u i r s h e a t t o t a k e p l a c e .

ECONCMETRIC MODEL: A model o f the econullly t h a t e r n p h a ~zes i t h e rill a t i o n s h i 6,

o f p r o d u c t i o n t o income, and u f income t o dcmsnd. These models are
u s u a l l y e s t i n a t s d s t a t i s t i c a l l y from t i m e s e r i e s d a t a .

EaTRAIWMENT: L i q u i d d r o p l e t s o r m i s t c o n t a i n e d i n vapors l e a d i n g a b o i l i n g
? iquia.

EXOTHERMIC: R e a c t i o n o r process w h i c h produces h e a t as i t proce2ds.

EXTZACTION: Process i n w h i c h a substance i s rernov2d f r o m a 1 i q u i d stream by

cur~ldr;Ling w i t h J sccond, i m m i s i b l ~1 i q u i d ( 1 i q u i d - 1 i q u i d e x t r a c t i o n ) .
Can a l s o have gas-1 i q . u i d e x t r a c t i o n wnere one stream i s a gas.

FACILiTIES/SERVICES: Used h e r e t o r e f e r b o t h t o t h o s e f a c i l it i e s and s e r -

v i c e s p r o v i d e d p r i m a r i l y by t h e . p r i v a t e m a r k e t b u t h a v i n g s i g n i f i c a n t
p u b l i c s e c t o r leakages, such as housing o r h e a l t h s e r v i c e s , - a n d t o
t h o s e f a c i l i t i e s 2nd s e r v i c e s u s u a l l y pro3dided Sy t h e 7 u b l i c s e c t o r
l i ~ pe u b l i c s a f e t y , w a t e r s u p p l y , wastewater t r e a q e n i , t r a n s p o r t a t i o r ,
o r recreation.

F I S C A L : Concerned w i t h . t h e f i n a n c e s 07 governmental u n i t s , b o t h cn t h e sx-

pendi t u r e s i d e and t h e revenue s i d e .
= I X E 2 ?00?:A tank roof s,s~hichi s r i a i d l y fixed t o the tank regardiess of
the tank l i ~ u i dleliel.

FLARE: A devic? used f b r surning :vast2 gases and i s usually ? a r t of .the

re1 i e f valve sysien.

FLASH CRUpl: A vessel used to separatc vapors and l i q u i d s a f t e r a p r e s s i r e

reduction.
I

cL.AS'H POINT: The mi'nimum temperature a t which vapors above a petroleum

f r a c t i o n o r preduct will i g n i t e in the presence of a flame.

fLOATiNG ROOF: A roof which f l o a t s on surface of 1 iquid in a storage tank

. t o reduce evaporation losses.

F L U I D CATALYTIC CRACKING: High t e m p e r a t ~ r e ,?ow pressure c a t a l y t i c process'

which converts (crack;) hisher boiling range fr-actions i n t o lower b o i l -
i ng range material s .

F R A C T I ~ N ~ ~ O AND
P . FP,ACTIONATION: See ,Disti 1 l i t i o n . . *

;UEL+C;AS: bight hydrocarbcn gases consisting mainly of nethane and ethane,

senerated by s he refining ?recesses and used. f o r f i r i n g process hea ters
and furnzces .

iCRNACE OIL: g i s t i l l a t e fuel o i l used f o r r e s i d e n t i a l and commercial heat-

ing. Also known a s No. 2 Fuel O i l .

GAS O i L : A f r a c t i o n obtai'ned in the d i s t i i l a t i o n of petroleum generally

used in d i s t i l l a t e fuel o i l .

8GRSCLINE: Zeiined petroleum naphtha used in internal combustion recigro-

c a t i ng engines . -.
GgAVITY: See A P T Grsvity.
HAZ.4?GOl!S \4ASTE: A sol i d waste which because of i t s quant i t y , cancentracion,
o r physicai, chemical or infectious c h a r a c t 2 r i s t i c s j Gay pos2 a sub-
s t a n t i a l hazard to human heal t h or the envi ronment when improper1 y
handled. '

HE4VY CRUCE OIL: !li scous crude o i l s w i t h JPI c r a v i t i e s l s s s than 1 6 .

HYDRODEjULFURIZATION: A process in which s u l f u r , nitrosen and metals a r e

renoved From petroleum in the presence of a c a t a l y s t by combining the
sul f u r wi f h hydrogen.

HYDROTREATING: A process in ltjhich petroleum i s reactzd w i t h hydrogen i n the

presence of 3 c a t a l y s t to remove s u l f u r or to hydrogenate unsaturated
compounds. Often used interchacg2ably with hydrodesulfurization.

HYDROCRACKING: A high temperature, high pressure c a t a l y t i c process w h i c h

cracks pe~roleum f r a c t i o n s in the presence of hydrogen. -.4-l-so-IIJjl_!- per-
form some degree 07 hydrodesulfuri~zationand hydrogenate uzsaturated
compounds.

IMMISCIBLE: Two materials a r e immiscible i f they will not dissoive in each

o t h e r , such as o i l and w a t ~ r .

INPUT-OUT?UT: .An economic modeling technique t h a t facus2s on the purchas5s

and sales t h a t take ;lace jetween iridividual i n d u s t r i s s .

IN'XNTORY TEST: A l i s t of chemicals manufactured or processed in the United

States.

ISOFIE2IZATION: A process in which normal hydroczrbons $ r e converted t c t h e i r

'isomeri by rearranging the xol ecular s t r u c t u r e . The final product ca.11 ed
isomerate i s us2d a s a blending component i n gasoline.
;ET FljEL: A kerosene-based f u e l f o r use i n gas t l ~ r b i n epowered a i r c r a f t .
JP-4 and JP-5 a r e common grades o f j e t f u e l .

KESOSENE: A p e t r o l e u m d i s t i l i a t e . b o i l i n g between naphtha and .gas. cfi-T. Used

i n j e t f u e l s and h e a t i n g o i l s .

K."IOCKOUT DRUM: A p r c c e s s vessel u s e i t o remove' ent,rai ned 1 iqu id froiil gaszs .

LA3C2 FO9CE: The sum of t h e e n ~ l o y e dand t h e unemployed.

.-

LABOR FORCE I ~ ~ . U T E~: The ~ p ~e r c e nCt o f !any ~g i v e n~ g r o~u p ~ o~f t h e ~. popu-

~
l a t i o n t h a t i s i n t h e l a b o r f o r c e , i . z . , employed p l u s unemployed.

LEAD: Ref2rs n o r m a l l y t o i e a a a d d i t i v e s i n g a s o l i n e , such as t e t r a e t h y l l e 3 6 .

LIGHT: A r e l a t i v e t e r n a p p l i e d t o p e t r o l e u m f r a c t i o n s f o denote t h e l o w e r
b o i l i n g m a t e r i a l , such as l i g h t naphtha and l i g h t gas o i l .

LIGHT ENDS: L i g n t 1 i q u i a hydrocarbons, t y p i c a l 1y ethane,. propane and b u t a c e .

!-!NEAR RELATIONSHIP: O f t h e fi:r-sf degree w i r h r e s p e c t t o one o r y o r e v a r i -

a b l es; i n v o l v i n g measurenent i n one dimension o n l y .

LPG: L ia u e f i ed p e t r o l eum' gas. A p e t r c i eum p r o d u c t c o n t a i n i ng propane and

butane. /'

LQA9,lNG RACK: A s t r u c t u r e ussd t o l o a d p e t r o l e u m product's i n t o seagoiog

v e s s e l s , t a n k t r u c k s ; r a i 1 t a n k c a r s , o r barges.
LOCAL i?lPACi AREA: The a r e a y i t h i n w h i c h t h e s a r s i n .demographic, jinpacts o f
a proposed a c t i o n wi1.l be f e i t .
I

LQWEST AC!iIE11ABLE ,ENISSIGN XATE: For any source, t h e r a t z . o f e m i s s i o n s which

reflects -
1 ) t h e most s t r ' n g e n t ernission l i n i t a t i o n which i s c o n t a i n e d
i n t h e SIP f o r such c l a s s o r c z t e g o r y o f source, o r
2) t h e m o s t s t r i o s e n t r m i s r i o n l i m i t a t i o n *:/hicn i s 2 c h i e v e d
i n p r a c t i c e by such c l a s s o r c a t q o r y o f source, whichever
i s more s t r i n g e n t .

FISCIBLE: Two m a t e r i a l s a r e m i s c i b l z if they w i l l d i s j o l v e i n each ' o t n e r , +

such as s a l t and w a t e r .

MERCAPTAN: An o r g a n i c colnpound p r e s e n t i n " s o u r " c r u d e o i i s o r g a s o l i n e s .

IYercapta!: cornpcl~nds c a n t a i n s r r l f u r and have a s t r o n s o d a r .

P!ETH?,NATION: A p r c c e s s i n w h i c h c a r b o n monoxide i s c o n v s r t e d t o methane by

r e a c t i c n w i t h hydrogen.

?~ETHOGOLOGTES: S y s t e m o f p r a c t i c e s o r procedures. The p r o c e d u r e r d e a l

w i t h t h e components CI? an e n v i r o n n e n t a l i m p a c t assessinent,

r4ITIGATICN: To 1 esseil O r reduce.. tised i n t h e co"tex t o f e n v i rgnmentzi

assessnents t o refer it.0 an a c t i o n designed t o reduce, adver'se irripacts.

MOOIFICATTGN: Any p h y s i c a l change i n , o r change i n t h e method o f o p e r a t i o n

o f , an o x i s t i n g f ~ i ciy lwnicn i n c r e a s e s the amount o f p o ?i u t f o n b e i n g
d i scharged.

:4ULTIPLIER: A t e r m used by econcmists t o a e s c r i be t h e process by w h i c h a

change i n b a s i c income o r b a s i c e m p l 9 y m n t r e s u l t s i n a. c!iar,ge i n t3fa!
' i n c o m e o r employnent t h a t i s l a r g e r t h a n t h e o r i c i n a l changs.

MPHTHA: A p e t r o l eurn f r a c t i o n c o i 1 in j i n t h e g a s o i ine rang2

?4$.?HTHE:4ES: 3, Sroup o f hydrr>carbons . h a v i n g a s a t u r a t e d r i n g s t r u c t u r e such
as cyclohexane found i n n a p n t h e n i c c r u d e o i l s .

?iAPHTilENIC A C I D : A c o r r o s i v e o r g a n i c a c i d found i n some naphtnenic. c r u d e

oils.

NJ.TICHAL AM0 I E N T A I R QUALIT'! STANDARDS : A maximum c o n c e n t r a t i c n o f 201 1i t a n t s

l e g a l l y p e r m i s s i b l e anywhere i n t h e c o u n t r y .

PIATIONAL E M I S S i O N STANDA8DS FOR HAZ.4RDOUS A I R POLLUTANTS STAFICARDS: Erriission

s t a n d a r d s which a p p l y t 6 a l l i n d u s t r i e s which e m i t any hzzardous p o i l u -
tants .

NATiOPlAL POLLUTA,NT DISCIiAgGE E L I M I N A T I O N SYSTEN: The n a t i o n a l program f o r

i s s u i n g p e r m i t s p u r s u a n t t o t h e Clean biater A c t . The term i n c l u d e s any
s t a t e program aoproved by t h e EPA.

NEiJ SOURCE: Any s t a t i o n a r y source, t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o r m o d i f i c a t i o n o f

w h i c h i s commenced a f t e r t h e p u b l i c a t i o n o f r e g u l a t i c n s p r e s c r i b i n g s
s t a n d a r d o f periorrnanc2.

?4E!4 SOURCE PERFORMANCE STANOAR9S: EPA-issued standards which d e f i n e t h e

1 e v s l s o f 701 l u t i o n which cari be erni t t e d o r d i s c h a r g e d from a source.

NGNATTAIXMENT: A r z g u l a t a r y program r e q u i r i n g precons t r u c t i o n a p p r o v a l o f

any new p l a n t w i t h s i g n i f i c a n t p o t s n t i a i e m i s s i c n s t o be b u i l t i n an
a r e a where t h e NAAQS a r e " n o t " b e i n g met.

NON-8ASIC EPtPLO'lblENT: Efiploynent t h a t re'sponds t o 1eve1 s o f demand o r i s i n a t -

i n g w i t h i n t h e i x a l economy.

OCTANE NUMBE2: An index used t o measure t h e a n t i - k n o c k ? r a p e r t i e s af s a s o l i n e .

Research, i"ltor and Road Cctane iVurnbers a r e t h r 2 o d i - f f s r e n t o c t a n e r a t i n g s .

ODORANT.: A i n a t e r i a l added t o f u e l gas t o i m p a r t a d i s t i n c t i v e c d o r and :ermi t

human d e t e c t i o n .
2FCSETS: An amounr of 901 l u t i o n reduced f r c m e x i s t i n s sources which ,exceed
. p r o j e c t e d amount o f p o l l u t i o n f r o m a .new source ( n o n a t t a i n m e n t a r e a s ) .

"-~ L r r I i 4 S : . A
c l a s s o f hydrocarbons w h i c h a r e " u n s a t u r a t e d " o r d e f i c i e n t i n
hydrogen, sdch as e t h y l e n e , b u t y l ene.

'
GN .SiREA?l: '4 t e r m t o denot2 t h a t a r e f i n e r y o r process u n i t i s i n normal
operation.

O!/ERHEAO: The vapors w h i c h a r e b o i l e d o f f t h e t o ? o f a d i s t i l l a t i o n tower

o r the L i g h t e s t product obtained i n the d i s t i l 1 a t : o n process.

. .
PARAF'IN: A s e r i e s o f l i n e a r and branched hydrocarbons f u l l y s a t u r a t e d i n
hydrogen, such as methane, propane. A l s o known as a l k a n e s . i l i g h mole-
c u l a r w e i g h t p a r a f f i n i n s o l i d f o r m i s known a s . p a r a f f i n wax.

PREVENTION OF SIGNIFICANT GET;RICRAT!ON: A r e g u l a t o r y program r e q u i r i n g

? r e c o n s t r u c t i o n a p p r o v a l of any new p l a n t s w i t h s i g n i f i c z n t p o t e n t i a l
e m i s s i o n s t o be b u i l t i n . an a r e a where t h e I\IAAQS " a r e " b e i n g met.

PRIORITY L I S T : 'A l i s t o f c h e m i c a l s w h i c h r ? q u i r e t e s t i n g t o d e t e r n i . n e f f
t h e y c o u l d cause harm.

s s i a , p s i g : P r e s s u r e d e s i ~ n a t i o n si n pounds p e r square i n c h . 2 s i g i s t h e
a c t u a l r e a d i n g nf a p r e s s u r e SauGe afid p s j a i s p s i g p l u s atinospheric
pressure.

?'JSLiC OLNED TREATI'IENT WORKS: A t r e a t n e n t viorks w h i c n i s owned by a s t a t e

o r m u n i c i p a l it y .

REaOILER: A h e a t exchanger used t o b o i l , I i q i d t o p r o v i d e vapors t o t h e

b o t t o m of a process column.
9E2UiE3 CXUDE 31L: The c r d d e 3 i i r e a a i n i n g z f t e r d i s t i l l a t e p r o d u c t s have
been removed i n t h e c r u d e d i s t i l l a t i o n process. T y c i c a l l y i s t h e feed-
'

s t x k t o t h e vacuum d i s t i i l a t i o n u n i t .

?EFLUX: T h a t p o r t i o n o f t h e overhead vapors t h a t i s condensed and r e t a r n e d

t o t h e proczss column.

REFORYING: A proces.s i n w h i c h t h e o c t a n e r a t i n g o f naphtha i s i n c r e a s e d b y

c a t a l y t i c r e a c t i o n o r m i l d thermal c r a c k i n g . The p r o d u c t i s termed
r e f o r m a t e and used as a b l e n d i n g component i n g a s c l i n e .

2ESIDUAL FUEL C I L : Fuel o i l s c o n t a i n i n g reduced c r u d e o i l .

SATURATED EYDROCARBON: Hydrocarbons t h a t have no d e f i c i e n c y o f hydrogen

. . as aetnane and ethane.
such

SAYBCLT-FUROL, SAYBOLT-UNI\IERS.AL: Meastires of v i s c o s i t y used. i n p e t r o l e u m

indus t r y .

Siif FT CONVE3TER: A r e a c t o r used t o c o n v e r t two conpounds t o two d i f f e r e n t

compounds, such as a r e used i n s u l f u r p l a n t s and hydrcsen p l a n t s .

SKIMMING: D i s t i l 1 , a t i o n o f c r u d e o i l t o remove l i g h t f r a c t i o n s o n l y . Aiso

known as t o p p i n g .

SLOP O I L : Y i x t u r e o f o i l s l o s t through.blowdown, s p i l l a g e , Frocess u p s e t ,

etc. U s u a l l y r e c c v e r e d and r e p r c c e s s e d .

SOqR: c o n t a i n i n g s u l f u r compounds such as hydrogen s u l f i d e , as i n s o u r gas

o r sour crude oi:. Sour c r u d e o i l i s d e f i n e d as h a v i n g more t h a n 0.5%
( w t ) o f total sulfur.

ST.4BILIZE.9:. A a i s t i 1l a t i o n g r o c c s s ~ h i c brenoves 1 i g h t ends from p e t r 3 l eum

l i q u i d s , j e n e r a l i y butanes, from naphthas.

'STATE IiYPLE;4EMTATIOPI ?LAN$: A r e q u i r;ld ;PA s t a t e d x i r m e n t which c o n t a i n s t h e

a c t u a l abatement r e q u i r e m e n t s d e v i s e d tc~raduce a i r ~ c l l u t i o nt o a l e v e l
i n e e t i ng PiAAQS.
STRA:lG%T ?UN: P r o d u c t s d i r e c t l y o b t a i n e d from d i s t i l l a t i o n of c r u d e D i l
b e f o r e undergoin; chemicai change, such as c r a c k i n g o r r e f o r m i n g .

STRIP?I:,!G: The rernoval o f v o l z t i l e p r o d u c t s by d i r e c t c ~ u n t e r c u r r e n tc o n t a c t

w i t h a s t r i p p i n g nedium, such as steam.

SWEET: C o n t a i n i n g l i t t l e s u l f u r o r s u l f u r compounds, such as h y d r ~ g e ns u l -

f i d e s and mercaptans.

TEL: T e t r a e t h y l l e a d .

TAIL GAS: S u l f u r o u s gases u n r e a c t e d i n s u l f u r r 2 c o v e r y p r o c e s s .

TAIL GAS TXEATING: Processes which remove t h e r e s i d u a l s u l f u r compounds

p r e s e n t i n s u l f u r r e c o v e r y u n i t t a i l gas.

TAR: H i g h l y v i s c o u s p o l y m e r i z e d r e s i d u e produced i n a vacuum d i s t i l l a t i o n ,

c r a c k i n g c o i l s . 3y-product o f the c r a c k i n g process.

T3??ED CRLDE: gesidual crude o i l obtained i n topping p l a n t .

TOPPING: See Skimming.

TQWER:, A v e r t i c a l v e s s e l i n w h i c h pe.troleum i s d i s t i l l e d , c r gases a r e

?bsorbed, e t s .

TREATING: A, process i n w h i c h p e t r o l e u m i s c o n t a c t e d w i t h c h e n i i c a l r t o i m -
prove product q u a l i t y .

TURNAROUND: A maintenance o p e r a t i o n i n w h i c h a. r e f i n e r y s r f)roc?ss u n i t i s

s h u t down and r e p a i r e d .
VACUUM 3ISTILLATION: S e ~ a r a t i o nof crude o i i by d i s t i l l a t i o n a t cressures
below abaospheric.

\IAPOR P R E S S U R E : - ?ressure exerted by a l i q u i d z t a given temperat2re in a

closed vessel i n the absence of a j r o r other cmipounds.

\lAPOR. RECOVERY: A systen; used to c o l l e c t hydrocarbon vapors from vents and

and r e l i e f devices f o r reus2 in the r e f i n e r y .

lII?SIN STOCK: See S t r a i g h t % u n .

VISCOSITY: A measure of r e s i s t a n c e to flow, often determin.ed by the time

f o r l i q u i d to pass through standard o r i f i c e .

!4

WET GAS: Fuel gas containing candsnsable hydrocarbon vagors.

,AQCR A i r Qua1it y C o n t r o l 2egions
3ACT Best Available Control ~echnology
3AT Or Q e s t Avai l a b 1 2 Technology Economicai Iy A c h i e v a b l e
BATEA
BCT B e s t Conventional Technology
Et4P B e s t fqanagement P r a c t i c e s
SCO S: Five-da;~ S i o l o g i t a l O x i d a t i o n Demand
SPCT , S e s t Ava; 1a b l e Z o n t r o l Technclc~gy
3S&55 Bottom Sediment and Water .t

BTU B r i t i s h Thermal U n i t
CAA Claan A i r A c t
iAASl1O . S e t t l c n 118 of t h c Clean A i r A c t
V

C F2 Code o f Federal , ? e g i s t e r
COD Chemical Oxygen Zemand
CldA C l ean 98 t e r A c t
1

CNAS110 S e c t i o n 110 o f t h e Clean!v'ater A c t

ED:! U n i t e d S t a t 2 s Environmental P r o t e c t i o n Agency
FCC F l u i d C a t a l y t i c Cracking Cni t
LAiR Lowesr A c h i e v a b l e Emission Rate
LPG L i q u e f iert Petroleurr, Gas
cg/m2 ivlicrograins ?er Cubic N e t e r
ilAAQS - H a t i o n a l Ambient A i r Q u a l i t y Standards
NP9ES F!acianal Po1 l u t a n t D i schsr?? E l i m i n a t i o n System
;VSPS New Source ? e r f o m a n c e Standard
P9T W Pubi i c Owned Treatment Works
PSD Prevention o f Significant Deterioration
S I? State Implznentation Plan
S?CC S p i l l P r e v e n t i o n Contrc1 and Cauntermeasure P l a n
TEL T e t r a e t h y l Lead
TSS T o t a l Suspended Sol i d s

~'u.s.
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1980- 311-119:125