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Assessment of the status of municipal solid waste management (MSWM) in

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IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT)
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Assessment of the status of municipal solid waste management

(MSWM) in Lucknow – Capital city of Uttar Pradesh, India
Archana1*, Daoud Ali2, Mohammad Yunus1 and V. Dutta1
1
Department of Environmental Science, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar (A Central) University, Lucknow-
226025, Uttar Pradesh, India
2
Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia

Abstract: Management of solid waste is one of the most challenging problems in India’s cities and towns.
Increasing population levels, rapid economic growth and rise in community living standards accelerate the rate
of generation of municipal solid waste (MSW) in Indian cities. Most of the urban areas are currently facing a
serious problem of land and water pollution due to the generation of huge quantities of solid waste and their
open dumping. In the present study an assessment is made of the existing situation of municipal solid waste
management (MSWM) in Lucknow city, UP (India). The current status of MSWM as per the MSW Rules, 2000
has also been appraised and an action plan for better management has been formulated. The quantitative and
qualitative characteristics of MSW along with basic information have been evaluated for Lucknow city. The
geographic information system has also been used to digitize the existing MSW dumping sites. The present study
has showed that there are many shortcomings in the existing MSWM practices. The Lucknow city is one of the
most densely populated, commercialized and urbanized city of India. This city is also adding on commercial
centres and new urban extensions which are providing additional housing services and employment
opportunities to increasing population resulting into generation of huge quantity of MSW. The inhabitants of
Lucknow presently generate approximately 1500 tonnes of MSW every day. In the absence of sanitary landfills
or other protected and lined dumping places, the MSW is transported to the various dumpsites, near fun
republic mall Gomti Nagar, Telibagh Bhattha Maidan, Ghaila (Dubbga) Hardoi-Kanpur Ring Road and
Ramdaskheda, Kursi Road. Such open dumping poses environmental and health hazards as leachate from open
dumps are becoming major sources of groundwater contamination in the subsequent years of dumping MSW.
Keywords: Solid waste, sanitary landfills, leachate, groundwater pollution, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh

I. Introduction
After China, India is the second most populated and economically growing country of the world. In
future increasing population levels, rapid economic growth and rise in community living standards will
significantly accelerate MSW generation rate in Indian cities. As per the Census of 2011, Lucknow city has a
total population of about 4.5 million including 0.6 million floating population. Out of this about a quarter of
million people are living in slums which generates about 1500 metric tonnes of municipal solid waste every day.
On an average, about 60 – 65% of total MSW generated is collected by the municipal corporation of Lucknow,
with a collection efficiency ranging from about 55 to 60%. This has resulted in uncontrolled MSW generation
and dumping from the municipal boundary of Lucknow city. The total quantity of MSW has been reported as
1534 Metric Ton/day and average generation at the rate of MSW 0.39 kg/capita/day (LNN, 2010). The annual
waste generation has reported to increase in proportion of rise in population and urbanization. Issues related to
disposal have become challenging as more land is needed for the ultimate disposal of these solid wastes (Idris et
al., 2004). The waste pose serious hazard to human health and environment if improperly stored, treated,
transported, disposed off or managed (Misra et al., 2005). Small amount of leachate can pollute large amount of
groundwater posing serious health hazard due to consumption of such contaminated water (Bakare et al., 2007).
In several earlier studies, it has been observed that all of the Indian cities dispose their waste in few kilometer
distances from the city in open dumping places without having concept of scientific techniques of landfilling
and about its impact on human health. MSWM is a major problem being faced by municipalities. It is not only a
technical problem but also related with lack of awareness, political, legal, socio-cultural, environmental factors
and also on available resources. . In the present study an assessment is made of the existing situation of
municipal solid waste management (MSWM) in Lucknow city. The current status of MSWM as per the MSW
Rules, 2000 has also been appraised and an action plan for better management has been formulated. The
quantitative and qualitative characteristics of MSW along with basic information have been evaluated. The
geographic information system has also been used to digitize the existing MSW dumping sites. The quantity and
composition of MSW generated over last four decades, pattern of primary and secondary collection,
transportation, treatment, and disposal and recycling has been discussed in detail.

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 Assessment of the status of municipal solid waste management (MSWM) in Lucknow – Capital city of

II. Methodology
In the first phase of the study, survey has been conducted during January 2010 to July 2012 to study
twenty four MSW dumping sites and 26 depot location in Lucknow (see Fig 5). Legal aspects of MSWM in
India, as well as state level provision were studied. In the second phase of the study, data were collected from
LNN, Lucknow about source of MSW waste, per capita waste generation, quantity, daily disposal, processing,
availability of containers and collection frequency etc. In the third phase of the study, original map of wards of
Lucknow city was scanned and also digitized. Thereafter, the collected data about various depots location and
MSW disposal sites has been used for the generation of maps using GIS applications.

III. Discussion
3.1. Legal Aspects for MSWM in India
For collection, segregation, storage, processing, transportation and disposal of MSW local municipal
bodies are responsible according to Rules of MSW, 2000. Besides these rules, the Government of India, State
Governments also drafted several acts and rules for MSWM in India. Which are summarized as follows:
i. The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 made to consent from the state pollution control
board for establishment of a sanitary landfill site and compost plant is essential and, no water pollution
should be caused by the leachate that is emitted by the sanitary landfill site. The Water (Prevention and
Control of Pollution) Cess Act, 1977 and amendments aspect that for MSWM there should be is provision
for levying and collection of 3 Cess on water consumed for the sanitary landfilling, composting and
anaerobic digesters.
ii. The Environmental (Protection) Act, 1986 aspect in regard to MSWM would be the EIA notification, 1944.
For any project to be authorized an EIA report should be submitted first. Hazardous Waste (Management
and Handling) Rules, 1989 and Amendment Rules, 2000 and 2003 specifies process and limits waste
applicable for import and export. Occupier would be responsible for proper management and handling of
waste either themselves or through the operator.
iii. The Bio- Medical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1998 and Amendment Rules, 2003
recommended for treatment and disposal option according to their different 10 category. The treatment
technologies would be done according to Standards given in Schedule V.
iv. The MoEF, 2000 (government of India) has been defined MSW as a waste generated from residential and
commercial area in municipal area which included treated biomedical wastes may be solid or semi-solid
form without including any type of hazardous industrial waste. MoEF. Municipal Solid Waste
(Management and Handling) Rules, 2000 stated that every municipal authority is responsible for setting up
a waste processing and disposal facility, and for preparing an annual report. The State governments will
have overall responsibility for enforcement of the provisions of these rules in the metropolitan cities and
within territorial limits of their jurisdiction (MSW Rules, 2000). The guidelines given in this law covers all
the functional elements of municipal solid waste management. The CPCB, State Boards, NGOs and the
other committees are required to monitor the compliance of the standards regarding groundwater, leachate
quality, and compost quality including incineration standards, and they are to examine the proposal taking
into consideration the views of other agencies. Waste collection by any method (community bin or home-
to-home collection, etc.) must be conducted by using bell ringing or a musical vehicle to alert citizens
without exceeding permissible noise levels.
v. The manufacturing, selling and usage of plastic bag and Non-Biodegradable garbage (control) Act has been
formed in year 2006 to regulated seriously by the Cantonment (which have separate municipal body)
Lucknow also prohibits throwing or deposit of these waste in open places, roads or drains in Cantt area.

3.2. Status of MSW

The city is in the forefront of industry with its emerging in biotechnology, having numerous small and
medium-scale industries and plantations. Lucknow district covering an area of about 2528 sq. Km, encompasses
the stretch ranging from 26°30' to 27°10' North latitude and 80°30' to 81°13' East longitude. Nestled on the
banks of the Gomti River, Lucknow is flanked by Barabanki District on the east, Unnao on the west, Raebareli
on the south and Sitapur and Hardoi districts on the north, respectively. Lucknow District population constituted
2.30 percent of total Uttar Pradesh population (Census of India, 2011). About 1,550,737 people are living in
rural areas and 3,037,718 in urban areas (<http://www.censusindia.net>). Lucknow is a center of power and
commercial activities and provides opportunities of employment which accelerates population so also
urbanization. About 125,000 persons increase each year in urban population of the city which comes from
neighboring cities for labor work, education and other job. In Lucknow the generation of waste quantity is
approximately 1500 MT/day (LNN, 2011). The city area is spread over an area of about 247.7Sq.km. The
Lucknow Nagar Nigam (LNN) divided whole city is into 110 election wards (see Fig.1) and 6 zones (see Fig.5)

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 Assessment of the status of municipal solid waste management (MSWM) in Lucknow – Capital city of

for solid waste management and is responsible for collection, treatment and disposal of MSW generated in
whole city.

Fig.1. Arc GIS view 9.3 of outlining of 110 wards of Lucknow city (LNN, 2012)

Existing MSWM system of Lucknow does not have an engineered landfill site for disposal of waste (see Fig. 3).
The Municipal Corporation of Lucknow (LMC) Cantonment Board (LCB) and Jyoti Enviro Tech are three
municipal bodies responsible for MSWM in Lucknow. In the city the cleaning and collection process involves
collection of MSW from the street in wheel barrows and thereafter, it is dumped into depots (see Fig. 5). MSW
is then loaded into the transportation vehicles, which transport the waste to different disposal sites.

3.3. Sources and quantity of MSW

The Lucknow city generates approximately 1500 MT of SW daily. The organic fraction is made up of
kitchen waste including food leftovers, rotten fruits, vegetables, leaves, crop residues, animal excreta and bones.
Plastics, glass, metals, and paper account for less than 15 percent of the total waste. In low income households,
solid waste is stored in open baskets and any available cans which do not meet hygienic standards. Component
of MSW founded to be bio-degradable, non-biodegradable (plastic, glass and metal etc.), Inert material (bricks,
stones and ashes etc.) indicates the construction and demolishes activities in the city. The amount and
components of solid waste generated in this city varies with income levels (see Table.1.).

Percentage of Total Waste

Organic matter

17%
Mixed waste & drain silt &
street sweeping
47%
16%
Construction debris

20% Recyclables
(paper,rubber, synthetics,
glass & metals etc)

Fig 2: Composition of Municipal Solid Waste in the Lucknow (U P Jal Nigam, Lucknow, 2010)
Table 1: Per capita waste generation in Lucknow
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 Assessment of the status of municipal solid waste management (MSWM) in Lucknow – Capital city of
Categories Approx percapita waste generation Waste
(g/day) generation
(in %)
Low income group 172.89 27
Middle income group 162.67 32
High income group 221.21 40
Source: LNN, 2011 and UP Jal Nigam, 2009

This is the fact that low income groups generate less waste per capita than middle and high income groups. The
specific waste generation rate in low income areas is low at 172.89 g per capita per day. Middle income areas
show a specific waste generation rate of 162.67 g per capita per day and high income residential areas range
with 221.21g per capita per day. Packaged products and empty cans form a significant part of the waste in high
income areas. In many low income areas people dump waste in unauthorized places where cattel founded eating
food material (see Fig 4). Substantial amount of waste are dumped into canals and drains.

Fig 3: Showing about 10 m height of dumped MSW in Jehta Mor Bandha

Fig 4: Showing cattle grazing and birds in open dump site of Telibagh

3.4. Primary collection of MSW

The municipalities and NGO’s related with municipalities are responsible for collection of segregated
waste from door-to-door (DTD) according to MSW Rules, 2000. NGOs (Jyoti Enviro Tech Limited) participate
in the (DTD) system which is currently collecting solid waste in 51 wards of Lucknow. MSW collection is
partially collected. It is segregation by rag pickers at community bin and landfill. Sweepers collect the MSW
from the roads/streets and carry it to the nearest collection points (depots or community bins). MSW produced
from individual households is taken to the collection point or deposited on the adjacent roadside from where it is
collected when the roads are being swept. The handcart of six bucket collected waste and transported to the
municipal bins which is designed especially for segregation of recyclable and non-recyclable wastes. According
to Singh, (2011) this collection would be extended to remaining 59 wards in next six months when the
processing plant would be ready.

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 Assessment of the status of municipal solid waste management (MSWM) in Lucknow – Capital city of

3.5. Methods of storage of MSW

LNN have provided twenty nine depots for the temporary storage of MSW, which are scattered
throughout the city (see Table.2. and Fig. 5). The depots are an open space enclosed on three sides with a
masonry wall of about 3.5 to 4.35 m height, with capacities ranging from 15 to 40 m3 and located in a congested
area containing narrow winding streets. These depots are in good condition. Although waste is scattered toward
the road and animals also founded there in search of food.

3.6. Secondary collection of MSW

In Lucknow city the disposal sites are generally within and also out of LNN area. The MSW is directly
collected from the collection points by the collection vehicle to the disposal site. Since the MSW is collected
again from the collection points to the disposal site, it is termed secondary collection. The hauled container,
stationary container, manually loaded dumper and mechanically loaded dumper systems are used during
secondary collection, transportation and disposal of MSW.

3.7 Transportation of MSW

MSW is transported by their own vehicle; private vehicles are not being used. This vehicle uses good
covering on the waste to prevent odourlessness and flying of waste during transportation. LNN have a large
number of vehicles for transportation. Presently LNN uses 3 hywa, 23 dumpers placer, 6 tractors, 44 trucks, 16
Tata-207, 68 Chota Haathi, 3 Refuse 8 collectors and 39 Vikram etc. vehicles for collection and transportation
of the waste from primary and secondary waste collection point to the landfills.

3.8. Processing of MSW

MSW is being processing in several ways in LMC area.

3.8.1. Composting
Currently MSW management system has no facility of composting. In the cattle colony near River
Gomti where cattels produces dung has not been collected by the LNN workers. So the people are living in
unhygienic condition. Mosquito, rodents and flies population increases to cause several diseases in these areas.
Gobar also reaches to the river stream on flooding in the rainy season from June to September and in January
month.
3.8.2. Incineration
This equipment is only used for hospital waste. Approximately 500 Kg waste is incinerated per day in the
hospital. Rest of the waste is dumped in nearby open dumping places (LNN, 2010). Clinic dumps their waste in
open dump which is collected by LNN.

3.8.3 Recycling
Recyclable waste including paper, card board, plastics, polythene, glass, metals, rubber, leather and
textiles etc. collected and segregated by waste pickers and collectors. This collected waste daily collected and
transferred to dealers who are living in slums near their residence. The waste collector and waste picker are
generally illiterate and working without safety equipment such as boots and gloves although they contribute to
the environment.

3.8.4 Energy Generation

In Ghaila, on Hardoi, Sitapur Road an electricity generation plant has been established. But started
without having any proper management plan. So it stopped before electricity generation and without giving any
output. At present there is no electricity generation from MSW.

3.9. Disposal of MSW and analysis of landfill site in India

MSW is generally disposed in the nearby low-lying area; pond, river, lake and wasteland in the urban
area in uncontrolled manner without application of daily cover material. This is the reason of abate odour and
attraction of birds, animals and rodents so decrease site litter. Selection of these landfill sites by LNN depend
only on availability, not on scientific and socio-environmental criteria of landfill. There are many open disposal
sites where the MSW of the city is being disposed off. Since 1980, many landfills have been created in
Lucknow. At present, six landfill sites are active, namely Dubagga, Jehta Mor bundha, RR Bhawan, Daliganj
Pul (near Mankameshwar Mandir Marg), Tile Wali Masjid and Telibagh Bhatha Maidan which covers over total
area of about 260729.4 square meter (see Table 2 and Fig. 5).

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Assessment of the status of municipal solid waste management (MSWM) in Lucknow – Capital city of

Table 2: Position of Active And Closed MSW Dumping sites

Site no. Site name Dumping starts Tot Area in sq.m Position of
from site
1 Dubagga, 2007 61420.0803 Active
Kadimi Kbristan
2 Jehta-Mor Bandha 2007 23660.5909, 17843.6384 Active

3 Yadav Chowraha 2007 0359.7415, 580.5386, 3559.5252 Closed

4 Pulton Chawni 2000 8498.7929 Closed

5 Aliganj Sec-Q 2000 100441.9699 Closed

6 Near Aliganj Sec-Q 2000 58329.5822 Closed
7 RR Bhawan 2010 91466.5592, 8459.2445 Active

8 Near Race cource Maidan 2009 63768.1939 Closed

9 Near Telibagh 2007 3112.4341 Closed
10 Telibagh Main Bhattha Maidan 2007 46904.1049 Active
11 Rashmi Khand, Near Kansiram 37741.0768 Closed
Smriti

12 Near Nahar Chowraha 2007 16667.2014 Closed

13 Ramdas Khera 2006 23468.9528 Closed

14 Chunnu Khera Village 2006 6174.3185 Closed

15 Hansa Khera 2007 1697.0575 Closed

16 Near Budheshvr Chowraha 2006 21051.5585 Closed
17 Bohar Village, Near Alamngr 2008 2729.3947 Closed
Rlyline
18 Moti Jheel in Aishbag - 45061.3717 Closed
19 Budha Park - 40552.9199 Closed
Closed
21 Hathi Park 13566.9459
22 Daliganj pul, Mankameshwar 5194.4264 Active
Mandir Marg
23 Tile Wali Masjid 2007 5780.7858 Active
24 Gandhi Setu 2007 38535.7156 Closed

Fig 5: Arc GIS view 9.3 map showing MSW dumping sites and collection depots in Lucknow city
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 Assessment of the status of municipal solid waste management (MSWM) in Lucknow – Capital city of

Waste releases from household, industry, commercial, medical, and slaughter houses are disposed together. The
dumped waste then leveled and compressed with hydraulic bulldozers. Construction and demolishes waste and
inert material are used as covering material in Telibagh Bhatha Maidan. Soil covering as a covering material
Lucknow Cantonment area at Sultanpur Road. It comes under Cant Municipal Corporation which is only
responsible for collection to dumping of waste from Cant area only. In the city landfills are devoid of base liner
or leachate collection, treatment and scientific disposal system according to MSWM Rules, 2000. Therefore
leachate when generates from the landfill which is either closed or open percolate to the groundwater or mixes
with nearby surface water or flows toward low lying areas specially during rainy season. Various studies
conducted by Mor et al (2006); Kumar et al (2002) and Kumar and Alapp (2003) founded and proved that
groundwater of residential area near the landfills significantly contaminated by leachate which is a
combination of liquid residues of heavy and toxic metals. The physical appearance of leachate when it emerges
from a typical landfill site is a strongly odored black colored liquid which severely contaminated groundwater
aquifers. Meanwhile, residents of Dubagga, Telibag bhattha maidan and Jehta Mor Bandha are unhappy.

IV. Initiatives and technology towards improvement of MSW

LMC proposed Master Plan (MP) for the treatment and disposal of MSW for the period of 2005-2021.
The objective of the MP is to implement their recommend measures for improvement in the treatment and
disposal of MSW through public and private partnership. On other hand Indian Express, Lucknow in 2011
published news that the state government has selected project of Jyoti Enviro Tech Private Limited (NGO)
under Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM). The plant is coming up in Shivri village
on Mohan Road. The agreement has been signed for door-to-door collection of solid waste, its treatment in
processing plant and disposal at a landfill site for next 30 years. The municipal solid waste processing plant and
the garbage disposal site currently being developed on a 19-hectare land in Lucknow which will have the
capacity to treat city waste only for five years. Source segregation started with cooperation of LNN, NGO and
private collectors although waste mixes again in primary collection point. These wastes collector of NGO has
been provided aprons. Poor people have a lower willingness to pay for environmental quality, due to
unawareness about pollution, illiteracy and income elasticity of LNN, s environmental services. Only 31
percent, out of about 82 percent of the population that relied on communal waste disposal sites, paid a levy
(Benneh et al., 1993).

V. Conclusion and Recommendation

The study concludes that the present policy and infrastructure are inadequate in dealing with the
enormous quantity of MSW generated in the city. MSWM of this city is unsatisfactory and thereby needs
immediate attention. Increase in quantities of MSW due to rapid urbanization, commercialization and inability
of providing daily collection service cause nuisance and health hazards. The waste management plan also needs
significant cooperation of public in source segregation from the residential sectors. The intervention is needed
not only in policy formation, but also active involvement in waste collection and transportation till the waste is
dumped in the sanitary landfill sites for implementation of waste management policy. For this, media can play a
significant role and aware citizens calling for their active involvement. Informal collectors including waste
pickers, waste recyclers, scavengers and waste carriers must be fully integrated into the waste management
stream in order to realize the benefits of their contributions to environmental management in the city. Jyoti
Enviro Tech Private Ltd. (NGO) had took a big step towards improving MSWM practices by privatizing the
collection and transportation of MSW. This NGO started door- to-door collection of segregated waste in certain
wards of the city. This segregated waste should be taken to the designated dumping sites after careful recycling
and composting. The segregation of waste at source and promotion of recycling or reuse would reduce the
quantity of waste and the burden on landfills and would provide raw materials for manufacturers.
Biodegradables should be processed by composting and anaerobic digestion. Landfilling should be restricted to
those wastes that are non-biodegradable or inert or which are not suitable for recycling. The study presents the
current scenario of MSWM, which will be helpful in creating awareness among the people and the planners. The
MSWM data obtained from Arc GIS maps are responsible for the retrieval, update and visualization of the
information required. The produced maps with data can provide LNN, environmental engineers and decision
makers about the present MSWM system, which is required for the improvement of the existing system and for
future planning. NGO and LNN should collect cattle dung from cattle shelters/colonies of the whole city. In the
cattle colony, LNN should provide gobar gas plant to the people who are living in unhygienic condition. The
dung also reaches the river stream due to flooding in the rainy season from June to September and in January
month. The dung if collected by the LNN can produce lots of organic fertilizer if supply in the rural area could
be arranged. Biomedical and industrial wastes must not be mixed with MSW. Municipal authorities are to
establish and maintain MSW storage facilities that do not create unhygienic and unsanitary conditions in the

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 Assessment of the status of municipal solid waste management (MSWM) in Lucknow – Capital city of

area. Citizens must be encouraged by the municipal authority to segregate wastes. Vehicles during waste
transportation must be covered and the MSW must be processed in such as way which could reduce burden on
landfills. Finally, it is clear that availability of such data would be helpful in the selection of appropriate
technology for solid waste management in Lucknow. In year 2021 the situation may reach critical proportion.
Specifications for maintenance of landfill sites and various other processing techniques should be applied such
as composting; leachate treatment and incineration as given in the MSW Rules, 2000. LNN and other urban
local bodies Uttar Pradesh should take up the issue of MSWM on priority and show their collective
responsibility and seriousness for proper disposal and treatment of MSW for the entire Lucknow city.

Acknowledgements
The authors acknowledge BBAU, Lucknow in facilitating and supporting the study. The authors also
acknowledge the contribution rendered by the official and technical staff of LNN, Lucknow for completing this
study.

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