0606-Indices and Surds PDF
0606-Indices and Surds PDF
0606-Indices and Surds PDF
& LO G A R IT HMS
4.1 INDICES
Recap
In Secondary 3 Mathematics, we have learnt about indices. For example,
power
25 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2,
base
where 25 is read as ‘2 to the power of 5’. In this case, the base is 2 and the
index (plural: indices) is 5. The index is also called the exponent.
If bases a and b are positive real numbers, and indices m and n are real
numbers, then
Law 1: am × an = am+n
a b
same base
am m
Law 2: n = am n
n
a
Law 3: (am)n = amn (Special Case of Law 1)
Law 4: an × bn = (ab)n
n
an a same index
Law 5: n =
b b
1
Solve each of the following equations.
1
(a) 2x = 16 (b) 52y × 3y =
75
Solution
1
(a) 2x = 16 (b) (52)y × 3y = (Law 3 of Indices)
75
2x = 24 25y × 3y = 75 (Law 7 of Indices)
x=4 (25 × 3)y = 75 (Law 4 of Indices)
y 1
75 = 75
y= 1
Practise Now 1
Solve each of the following equations.
1
Similar Questions: (a) 3x = 243 (b) 4y =
8
Exercise 4A
k2 1
Questions 1(a)-(d), (c) 61 =1 (d) 22z × 3z =
2(a)-(d) 144
2
Solve the equation 9x+1 x
).
Solution
9x + 1 ) x
9x × 91 x
) 1 =0 (Law 1 of Indices)
9(32)x x
) 1 =0 9
x 2
9(3 ) x
) 1 =0 (Law 3 of Indices) 3
Let y = 3 . Then 9y
x 2
y 1 = 0.
(9y – 1)(y + 1) = 0 y 3x
9y – 1 = 0 or y + 1 = 0
1
y = or y = 1
9
1
3x = or 3x = 1 (no solution since 3x > 0
9 for all real values of x)
3x = 12
3
= 3–2 (Law 7 of Indices)
x = 2
Similar Questions:
Exercise 4A
2. By using the substitution u = 3x,
Questions 3(a)-(c), (i) express the equation 27x + 2(3x) + 1 = 13 as a cubic equation in u,
7(a), (b) (ii) show that u = 2 is the only real solution of this equation,
(iii) hence solve the equation 27x + 2(3x) + 1 = 13.
3
Solve the simultaneous equations
1 9x
2x × 4y = and = 27.
8 3y 1
Solution
1 9x
2x × 4y = and = 27
8 3y 1
1 32 x
2x × 22y = 3 (Law 3 of Indices) = 33 (Law 3 of Indices)
2 3y 1
2 x + 2y
= 2 3 (Laws 1 and 7 of Indices) 32x – (y + 1) = 33 (Law 2 of Indices)
x + 2y = 3 --- (1) 32x – y – 1 = 33
2x – y – 1 = 3
2x – y = 4 --- (2)
x + 2y = 3 --- (1)
(2) × 2: 4x – 2y --- (3)
(1) + (3): 5x = 5
x=1
Subst. x = 1 into (1): 1 + 2y = 3
2y = 4
y= 2
The solution is x = 1 and y = 2.
Exercise 4A
1 Solve each of the following equations.
1
3 Solve each of the following equations.
(a) 5x = 625 (b) 9y = 27 (a) 2(25x) = 3 5x
(c) 7p2 4 = 1 (d) 22x × 9x =
1 (b) 3 y + 32 = 10(34y)
6 (c) 72z+1 7z = 7z+1 22(7z)
Exercise 4A
4 Solve each of the following pairs of 5 The equation of a curve is given by y = abx,
simultaneous equations. where a and b are constants. Given that the
y 4 curve passes through (1, 21), (2, 63) and
1 1
(a) 492x × = and (k, a, b and k.
7 343
3x+3 ÷
1
= 1 6 The equation of a curve is given by
27y 9 y = pxq + 7, where p and q are constants.
(b) 25x(125y) = 1 and
If y = 25 when x = 3, and y = 57 when
x
27y ÷ 3 = 3 x=5 p and of q.
(c) 3x × 243y = 1 and
1
7 By using a suitable substitution, solve
x
÷ 2y 12 = 1 each of the following equations.
16y (a) x = 7(2x) 6
(b) 33x+2 + 30 = 32x + 3x+2
4.2 SURDS
1 1 1
We have learnt from Law 8 of Indices that a n = n
a , e.g. 4 2 = 4 = 2 and 5 3 = 3
5.
While 4 = 2 is a rational number, 3
5 is an irrational number. An irrational number involving the nth
root, such as 3
5 , is called a surd.
banana by shading its path. (The monkey can only move along a row or a
column; it cannot move diagonally across tiles.)
2 3 5
2 3 3
6 5 2 2019
3 2
5 2013 4 10 1 3
7 73 9 100
3
7 1 2 2014 25 3
8 2017 3
12
9 8 3
27 27 3
16 6 6
2 5 49 2015 64 27 36
7 4 3
3
3
2 3 2 7 1 3
10
2018 4 8 2 3 2016
5 7 2 3
11 4
10 3
2 1 5
25 9 3
27 81 7
1416
Simplifying Surds
1. Are the following statements true? You can use a calculator to
evaluate their values.
(a) 16 9 = 16 + 9? (b) 16 9 = 16 9?
Investigation (c) 16 9 = 16 × 9? (d) 9
=
9
?
16 16
2. For statements that are true, express in general form and prove them.
Simplifying Surds
Hint: Use Laws 4 and 5 of Indices. Take note of the conditions.
3. Evaluate a × a.
The above investigation suggests that the following two Laws of Surds are
true if a and b are positive:
Law 1: ab = a× b
a a
Law 2: =
b b
Special Case
In particular, if b = a in Law 1 of Surds, then:
2
Law 3: a× a=a or a = a2 = a if a > 0
Serious Misconceptions
a b a+ b
a b a b
(Simplifying Surds)
Worked Example
4
Simplify each of the following without using
a calculator. 2 2
3 2
(a) 2 × 8 (b) 18
2 2
Solution
(a) 2 × 8 (b) 18
= 2 8 (Law 1 of Surds) = 9 2
= 16 = 9 × 2 (Law 1 of Surds)
=4 =3 2
(Addition of Surds)
Worked Example
5
Simplify 32 5 0 without using a calculator. 32 50 32 50
Solution
32 50 = 16 2 + 25 2
= 16 × 2+ 25 × 2 (Law 1 of Surds)
=4 2+5 2
= 9 2 (similar to ‘4x + 5x = 9x’) p a q a p q a
p a q a p q a
(Multiplication of Surds)
Worked Example
6
Simplify 3 5 2 4 2 without using a calculator.
Solution
3 5 2 4 2 2 + 20 2 (since 5 2 2 = 10)
= 2 + 17 2
Note: To find the product, use the algebraic identity: (x + y)(x – y) = x2 – y2.
Is the product of q a + p and q a p also a rational number?
Show your working.
(Rationalisation of Denominator)
Worked Example
7
Rationalise the denominator of each of the following.
6 7
(a) (b)
2 2 3
Solution
6 6 2
(a) = × (multiplying by 1 will not change its value)
2 2 2
= 6 2 ( 2 × 2 = 2)
2
=3 2
7 7 2 3
(b) = × (2 + 3 and 2 – 3 are conjugate surds)
2 3 2 3 2 3
7(2 3)
= (use (x + y)(x – y) = x2 – y2)
2 ( 3)2
2
= 14 7 3 = 14 – 7 3
4 3
8
The solution of the equation x 12 = x 7 + 3
p q
is . Without using a calculator, find the
5
values of the integers p and q.
Solution
x 12 = x 7 + 3
x 12 x 7= 3
x( 12 7 )= 3 x
p q
3 x 5
x= -------------- (*)
12 7
x
3 12 7 (rationalise the x
=
12 7 12 7 denominator)
x 12 x 7 3
3 12 3 7 (use (x + y)(x y)
= 2 2
12 7 = x2 y2)
36 21
=
12 7
= 6 21
5
p q
Comparing with , p = 6 and q = 21.
5
Practise Now 8
The solution of the equation x 8 = x 6 + 2 is p + q .
Without using a calculator, find the values of the integers p and q.
Similar Questions:
Exercise 4B
Questions 8, 12
9 ( )
find its height in the form a + b 2 cm, where a and b are integers.
Solution
Let the height of the triangle be h cm.
1
Area of triangle = × base × height
2
1
3 (
2 = × 2 −1 × h
2 )
6 2 2 = ( 2 −1 × h )
6 2 2
h=
2 1
6−2 2 2 +1
= ×
2 −1 2 +1
6 2 +6−2 2 2 −2 2
=
( 2)
2
− 12
6 2 +6−4−2 2
=
2 −1
= 2 4 2
The height of the triangle is 2 + 4 2 cm. ( )
Practise Now 9
( )
1. The area of a rectangle is 7 − 3 cm2. Given that it has a length of
Similar Questions: ( )
5 + 3 cm, find the breadth of the rectangle in the form a + b 3 cm, ( )
Exercise 4B where a and b are integers.
Questions 6, 13
2. A cuboid has a square base. The length of each side of the base is
(2 + 3 ) cm and the volume of the cuboid is (15 + 6 3 ) cm3. Find
the height of the cuboid in the form (p + q 3 ) cm, where p and q
are integers.
10
Solve the equation x 2 3 = 2x.
x
Solution
x2 3 = 2x squaring
Squaring both sides, x2 + 3 = (2x)2
x=3
x2 + 3 = 4x2
3x2 = 3 x =9
x2 = 1 x= 3
x=± 1
=±1
Exercise 4B
1 Simplify each of the following without 7 Without using a calculator, express in its
using a calculator. simplest surd form,
3 5 4 18 4
343 (a) + – 32 , (b) ,
(a) 2 × 32 (b) 8 2 3 27 4 3
7
75 72 2 4 27 6 3 128
(c) 63 (d) (c) , (d) .
24 3 12 3 2 8 3
(b) 48 + 12 – 27
Solve each of the following equations.
(c)
9
240 – 12 × 45 (a) 11x 2 45 4x (b) 3x 2 3x
245 20 (c) 2x − 3 − 5 x + 2 = 0
(d)
500
3 Simplify each of the following without 10 Rationalise the denominator of each of the
using a calculator. folowing.
13 3 5
(a) (5 + 2 )(6 – 3 2) (a) 2 (b) 2 2
3 4 2 6 2 6
(b) (3 + 2 6 )2
3 2 6 48 50
(c) (9 – 2 5 )(9 + 2 5 ) (c) (d)
6 3 2 27 8
(d) (2 7 + 3 5 )(2 7 – 3 5 )
1 1 a
11 If a =
2
and b =
1 a
, express in its simplest
Rationalise the denominator of each
4 of the following.
surd form,
1
4 (i) b, (ii) b – .
3 b
(a) (b) 3 8
5
12 The solution of x 7 = x 2 + 3 2 is a b 1 4 .
7 4 5
(c) 2 (d) 8 2 6
3 Without using a calculator, find the values of
the integers a and b.
5 Simplify the following without using a
calculator. 13 A right circular cylinder has a volume of
5 4 (6 + 2 3 ) cm3 and a base radius of
(a) (b)
4 3 2 2 6 7 (1 + 3 ) cm. Find its height in the form of
(a + b 3 ) cm, where a and b are integers.
(c) 3 (d) 8 4
2 5 8 2 5 3 2 5 3
14 A student solved a quadratic equation with
rational coefficients and found that the roots are
6 The area of a rectangle is 24 cm2. 2 – 3 and 1 + 3 . Explain why his answer
If its breadth is (3 – 6 ) cm, find its is wrong.
length in the form (a + b 6 ) cm,
where a and b are integers.
We have seen from the above that the index form or exponential form
10x = 50 can be converted to the logarithmic form x = log10 50.
11
Convert 10x = 70 to logarithmic form.
Solution
Step 1: Identify the base: 10
Step 2: Identify the index: x
Step 3: In the log form, the index is always by itself
and the base is at the bottom. So x = log10?
Finally, fill in the last number 70.
x = log10 70
12
Convert x = log2 3 to exponential form.
Solution
Step 1: Identify the base: 2
Step 2: Identify the index: x
Hint: Remember ‘index is always by itself’.
Step 3: In the exponential form, write the base and the index first.
So 2x = 3.
2x = 3
Practise Now 12
1. Convert each of the following from logarithmic form to exponential form.
1 1
Similar Questions: (a) x = log 5 (b) log3 x = (c) –2 = log4 (d) x = loga y
7 16
Exercise 4B
Questions 2(a)-(d) a
2. If log3 a = x, log b = y and = 3c, express c in terms of x and y.
b
index
base
1. For y = ax, can the base a be positive, negative or 0? Can the base a
be 1?
Hint: Consider what happens if the index x is also negative, 0 or 1 .
2
Investigation 2. For y = ax, can y be positive, negative or 0 when a > 0? These results
will also apply to x = loga y, i.e. can we take the logarithm of 0 or the
logarithm of a negative number?
Conditions for a
Copy and complete the following.
Therefore, for x = loga y
(a) base a > ________ and a ________; and (b) y > ________.
Common Logarithms
Logarithms with a base of 10 are called common
logarithms. From now onwards, we will follow lg x
the ISO (International Organisation for log10 x
Standardisation) standard of using lg x to log x
log10 x
represent log10 x. The values of common
logarithms can be obtained using a calculator.
(Finding lg)
Worked Example
13
Use a calculator to find the value of lg 7.
Solution
Depending on the model of your calculator, press either [log] [7] [=] or
[7] [log] to obtain the answer: (to 3 s.f.)
Practise Now 13 Use a calculator to evaluate each of the following common logarithms.
1
Similar Questions:
(a) lg 3 (b) lg 1 (c) lg (d) lg 123 456
1000
Exercise 4C
Questions 3(a)-(d)
(Finding Powers of e)
Worked Example
14
Use a calculator to find the value of e2.
Solution
Depending on the model of your calculator, press either [ex] [2] [=] or
[2] [ex] to obtain the answer: e2 = 7.39 (to 3 s.f.)
Natural Logarithm
Earlier in this section, we have learnt about common logarithms
whose base is 10, i.e. lg x = log10 x.
There is another special type of logarithms whose base is the
mathematical constant e.
Logarithms with a base of e, loge x, are called natural logarithms or
Naperian logarithms after the inventor of logarithms, John Napier
(1550-1617).
The short form for loge x is ln x (pronounced as ‘lawn x’).
The values of natural logarithms can also be obtained using a ln 7
calculator by pressing [ln]. lg 7
Similar to common logarithms, we have
index
y = ex is equivalent to x = loge y = ln y
base
15
Solve each of the following logarithmic equations.
(a) ln 2x = 3 (b) loga 16 = 2
a
Solution
(a) ln 2x = 3 (b) loga 16 = 2
2x = e3 (convert log form a2 = 16 (convert log form
to exponential form) to exponential form)
e3
x= a = ±4
2
= 10.0 (to 3 s.f.) Check: For logarithms to be
defined, a must be positive.
Hence the solution is a = 4.
Practise Now 15a
Solve each of the following logarithmic equations.
Similar Questions:
(a) ln 3x = 7 (b) loga 36 = 2 (c) logz (2 z) = 2
Exercise 4C
Questions 5(a)-(i),
7(a)-(f)
ln 1 = 0 and ln e = 1
excluded from
the N(A) syllabus Exercise 4C
1 Convert each of the following from 3 Use a calculator to evaluate each of
exponential form to logarithmic form. the following.
(a) 10x = 40 (b) 10 = 5x (a) lg (b) lg 10
1 (c) lg 100 (d) 9
)
2
(c) 4 = 16 (d) x = a y
(e) e4 (f) e 1
1
(g) e 3 (h) e 2.5
Exercise 4C
5 Solve each of the following equations. 7 Solve each of the following equations.
(a) x =5 (b) 3 lg 2y = 6 (a) log3 (log2 x) = 2
(c) ln 11 × lg (1 2y (b) ln (lg x) = lg 2
(d) loga 64 = 2 (e) log5 y = 4
(c) log (ln y) = 3
(f) logb (3b 2) = 2 (g) log2 3k 125 = 3 10
1
(d) log (logy 6 4 ) = 3
y y2 2
3
4.4
excluded from
LAWS OF LOGARITHMS the N(A) syllabus
AND CHANGE OF
BASE FORMULA
x y x+y xy lg x lg y lg x + lg y lg (x + y) lg xy
Product Law of
Logarithms 20 30
50 40
2 7
10 100
lg xy lg (xy) 2. Compare the last 3 columns in the table above. What do you notice?
(lg x)y
y lg x This is called the product law of logarithms.
16
Simplify lg 33 + lg 61 without using a calculator.
Solution
lg 33 + lg 61 = lg (33 × 61) (Product Law of Logarithms)
= lg 2013
Practise Now 16a Copy and complete the following without using a calculator.
(a) lg 2 + lg 3 = lg (____) = lg ____ (b) lg 20 + lg 20 = lg ____ = lg ____
Similar Questions:
Exercise 4D 1
(c) lg 5 + lg = lg ____ = lg ____ (d) lg m + lg n = lg ____
Questions 1(a)-(d) 2
17
Simplify log3 3
6.
Solution
18
log3 6 = log3 (Quotient Law of Logarithms)
3
6
= log3 3
=1 (Special Property 2 in Section 4.3)
Journal Writing
1. Prove the quotient law of logarithms.
2. Which law of indices does the quotient law of logarithms depend on?
Hint: See the proof for the product law of logarithms.
Serious Misconceptions
loga xr (loga x)r.
18
Simplify log4 64.
Solution
log4 64 = log4 43
= 3 log4 4 (Power Law of Logarithms)
=3 (Special Property 2 in Section 4.3)
Practise Now 18
Evaluate each of the following without using a calculator.
Similar Questions: (a) log3 (b) 5 log3 9 – 2 log3 27
Exercise 4D
1 2
Questions 3(a)-(d), (c) log5 3 + log5 10 – log5 6 (d) 2 lg 3 + 3 lg 0.4 – 2 lg
5(a)-(d) 3 75
19
Express 4 + log3 5 as a single term involving logarithms.
Solution
4 + log3 5 = 4 log3 3 + log3 5
= log3 34 + log3 5 (Power Law of Logarithms) loga a = 1
= log3 3
5
4 = 4 log3 3
= log3 (Product Law of Logarithms)
= log3 405
In general,
lg b ln b
loga b = if a, b > 0, a 1
lg a ln a
20
Use a calculator to evaluate log5 .
Solution
lg 0.8 ln 0.8
log5 or
lg 5 ln 5
= 0.139 (to 3 s.f.)
Practise Now 20
Use a calculator to evaluate each of the following.
3
Similar Questions: (a) log2 7.16 (b) log4 e (c) log (d) log 1 5
Exercise 4D 2 3
Questions 4(a)-(d)
In general, the above formula works for any base. This is called the Change
of Base Formula:
c
log c b b a
loga b = if a, b, c > 0; a, c 1
log c a
1
loga b = if a, b > 0; a, b 1
log b a
21
Find the value of log316 × log410 × lg 3 without using a calculator.
Solution
lg 16 lg 10
log316 × log410 × lg 3 = × × lg 3
lg 3 lg 4
1
= lg 42 × lg 4 (lg 10 = 1)
1
= 2 lg 4 × lg 4
=2
Practise Now 21 Find the values of each of the following without using a calculator.
log 7 4 log 2 9
Similar Questions: (a) log5 × log2 10 × lg 5 (b) (c) log5 3 × 4 log3 5
Exercise 4D log 49 3
Questions 9(a)-(f), (d) × 5 log2 e (e) log2 10 × lg 3 2 (f) loga 9 × log27 a
10-13
22
Some Logarithmic Values)
Given that log2 (to 4 s.f.) and
log2 5 = 2.322 (to 4 s.f.), evaluate log2 45 without using a
calculator, leaving your answer to 3 significant figures.
Practise Now 22
1. Given that log2 (to 4 s.f.) and log2 5 = 2.322 (to 4 s.f.), evaluate
each of the following without using a calculator, leaving your answers
Similar Questions:
Exercise 4D to 3 significant figures.
Question 7 125 log 125
(a) log2 375 (b) log2 0.12 (c) log2 (d) 2
9 log 2 9
2. Given that lg 2 = n, express each of the following in terms of n.
1
(a) log 1 10 (b) log 5 (c) lg (d) lg 20
4
5
5 Simplify each of the following without using (d) ln 27 × 4 log3 e (e) log7 10 × lg 3 49
a calculator.
(a) 4 log3 25 log3 125 (f) logx 16 × log64 x
1
(b) 3 ln 216 + 4 ln
36 10 Given that loga y = m, express each of
the following in terms of m.
(c) log6 3 + log6 24 – log6 2 (i) logy a (ii) log y a
5
(d) 4 log2 0.6 + 2 log2 – 2 log2 0.15 1
3 (iii) log 1 y (iv) log
a
a
y
6 Express each of the following as a single Given that log12 3 = p, express each of
logarithm.
11
1 the following in terms of p.
(a) 2 + log6 2 (b) lg 25 3
2 (i) log 1 (ii) log 1 27
(c) logb b3 + log4 3 (d) logc c + log3 12
12
9 12
1
(iii) log 12 (iv) log144 4
4
7 Given that log3 2 = 0.6309 (to 4 s.f.) and
log3 5 = 1.465 (to 4 s.f), evaluate each of the 12 If log6 2 = a and log5 3 = b, express
following without the use of a calculator, log5 2 in terms of a and b.
leaving your answers to 3 significant figures.
(i) log3 (ii) log3
13 (i) If a, b, x, y > 0 and a, b 1,
log a x log b x
10 log 3 0.125 show that .
(iii) log3 (iv) log a y log b y
125 log 3 125
(ii) Hence, given that lg 2 = 0.301
log 3 2
(to 3 s.f.), find the value of
log 3 10
without using a calculator.
Logarithmic Equations
In Section 4.3 Worked Example 15, we have learnt to solve simple logarithmic
equations involving only one logarithmic term.
In this section, we will learn how to solve more complicated logarithmic
equations. There are two types of logarithmic equations, one with
logarithmic terms with the same base (see Worked Example 23 and 24) and
another with logarithmic terms with different bases (see Worked Example 25).
There are two main methods to solve logarithmic equations involving more
than one logarithmic term.
Method 1 makes use of the Equality of Logarithms:
23
Solve the equation log3 (1 x) + log3 (x + 5) = log3 (3x + 11).
Solution
log3 (1 x) + log3 (x + 5) = log3 (3x + 11)
log3 (1 x)(x + 5) = log3 (3x + 11)
(1 x)(x + 5) = 3x + 11 (Method 1: Equality of Logarithms)
x + 5 – x2 – 5x = 3x + 11
x2 + 7x + 6 = 0
(x + 1)(x + 6) = 0
x= 1 or 6
Practise Now 23
Solve the equation log2 (x + 11) + log2 (x + 4) = log2 (5x + 23).
Similar Questions:
Exercise 4E
Questions 2(a)-(c)
24
Solve the equation 2 lg x lg (x + 20) = 1.
Solution
2 lg x lg (x + 20) = 1
lg x2 lg (x + 20) = 1 (Power Law of Logarithms)
x2
lg x 20 = 1 (Quotient Law of Logarithms)
x2
= 101 (Method 2: convert log form to
x 20 exponential form)
x2 = 10(x + 20)
x2 10x 200 =0
(x + 10) (x – 20) =0
x = 10 or 20
Check: Subst. x = 10 into original equation:
2 lg x = 2 lg ( 10) is not defined.
Subst. x = 20 into original equation:
2 lg x = 2 lg 20 is defined;
lg (x + 20) = lg 40 is defined.
400
LHS = 2 lg 20 lg 40 = lg = lg 10 = 1 = RHS
40
Therefore, the solution is x = 20.
Practise Now 24
Solve each of the following equations.
Similar Questions:
(a) 2 lg x = lg (2x + 30) + 1 (b) log4 y2 = log4 (y + 2) 3
Exercise 4E
Questions 3(a)-(d),
5, 9, 10
For logarithmic equations involving terms with different bases, use the Change of Base Formula,
then use Method 1 or 2.
25
Solve the equation log2 x = 25 logx 2.
Solution
log2 x = 25 logx 2
log2 x
25
= (Special Case of Change of Base Formula) 1
log 2 x log x 2
25
Let y = log2 x. Then y = .
y x
2
y = 25
y= ± 5
log2 x = ± 5
x = 25 or 2–5 (convert from log form to exponential form)
1
= 25 or 5 (Law 7 of Indices)
2
1
= 32 or
32
26
Solve each of the following equations.
(a) e3x 1 = (b) 5y + 2 = 7
Solution
(a) Convert to log form (Method 2)
e3x 1
3x (take ln on both sides)
1 ln 8
x=
3
= 1.03 (to 3 s.f.)
Practise Now 26
Solve each of the following equations:
Similar Questions: (a) e2x + 3 = 6 (b) 101 y
= 14
Exercise 4E
Questions 1(a)-(d), (c) e 2x x
e 6=0 (d) 2 (3 ) = 5(7x)
x 2x
7(a)-(f), 8
27
Solve the simultaneous equations
log5 (2x – y) = 1 and lg x + lg y – lg 3 = 2 lg 2.
Solution
log5 (2x – y) = 1 and lg x + lg y – lg 3 = 2 lg 2
2x – y = 51 x × y 2
2x – y = 5 lg = lg 2
y = 2x – 5 --- (1) 3
xy
=4
3
xy = 12 --- (2)
Subst. (1) into (2): x(2x – 5) = 12
2x2 – 5x – 12 = 0
(2x + 3)(x – 4) = 0
3 3
x= (rejected, lg − or x=4
2 2
is not defined) y = 2(4) – 5 = 3
1 Solve each of the following equations. 6 Solve each of the following equations.
(a) e5 4x = 3 (b) 10y + 1 = e2 lg e (a) log3 x = 64 logx 3
x2
(c) 4 =7 (d) e2x 3ex 4 = 0 (b) log4 y + log16 y
(c) 4 log5 z logz 5 = 3
2 Solve each of the following equations. (d) 3 ln p 2 logp e = 4
(a) log7 (x + 2) + log7 (x + 4) = log7 (2x + 5)
(b) z – z2) ln (z 2) = ln (z + 1) 7 Solve each of the following equations.
(c) lg (2y + 6) lg (y 3) = 3 lg 2 (a) 3x(52x) = 6(2x)
2
(b) 5y 2y = e
(c) 3(100x) 4(10x) = 5 (d) 3(2x) 2 x
3 Solve each of the following equations.
(e) 16k + 4k 1 = 3
1
(f) 2(7y) = 3 – 5 7 y
(a) 2 lg x lg (x + 60) = 1 4
(b) ln y2 = ln (y + 3) + 2
(c) 2 + log5 (3k 1) = log5 (3k + 11)
8 Given that 7x = 2 and 2y = 7, find the value
of xy without using a calculator.
(d) logx 32 = 3 logx 2
y ex y exp x (v) What happens to the position or the shape of the graph as the
value of a increases?
28
(i) Sketch the graph of y = ex.
1
(ii) In order to solve the equation x ln 5 _ x , a graph of a suitable straight
2
line has to be drawn on the same set of axes as the graph of y = ex.
Find the equation of the straight line and the number of solutions.
Solution
y 1
(i) (ii) x = ln 5 x
2
y = ex 1 1
x = ln ( 5 − x ) 2
2
1 1
x= x)
2 2
x x)
x
e x
1
The equation of the
x
O straight line is y = x.
y
y = ex
y=5–x
1
x
O
5
30
25 Graph B
20
Graph A
15
10
x
–2 –1 0 1 2
29
(i) Sketch the graph of y = ln x.
(ii) In order to solve the equation ex 3
= x2 , a graph of a suitable straight
line has to be drawn on the same set of axes as the graph of y = ln x.
Find the equation of the straight line and the number of solutions.
Solutions
(i) y (ii) ex 3 = x2
y = ln x
ln x2 = x 3
2 ln x = x 3
1 3
ln x = x
x
2 2
0 The equation of the
1
1 3
straight line is y = x .
2 2
y
y = ln x
y= 1x– 3
2 2
x
0
1 3
–3
2
0 x
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
–1
–2
excluded from
the N(A) syllabus Exercise 4F
Sketch the graph of each of the following functions on a separate diagram.
1
1
x
(a) y = 5x (b) y = (c) y = 7 x
(d) y = 0.25 x
(e) y = log5 x (f) y = log1.5 x
6
1
3 (i) Sketch the graph of y =
10 x
.
(ii) In order to solve the equation x = lg 1 , a suitable straight line has to be drawn on
3− 2x
1
the same set of axes as the graph of y = x . Find the equation of the straight line and
10
the number of solutions.
Exercise 4F
4 Plot the graphs of y = ex for ! x ! 3 on the same graph paper using a scale
of 5 cm to represent 1 unit on the x-axis and 1 cm to represent 1 unit on the y-axis.
By drawing a suitable line on the graph paper, solve each of the following equations.
(i) 3ex
(ii) 2 ln 5 x 2 = x
7 Plot the graph of y = log4 x for 0 ! x ! using a scale of 2 cm to represent 1 unit on the
x-axis and 5 cm to represent 1 unit on the y-axis.
By drawing a suitable line on the graph paper, solve the equation (16x)x = 47.
Hint: To find the values of y = log4 x, you have to use the Change of Base Formula.
Let f(x) = loga x and g(x) = log 1 x , where base a > 1, i.e. 0 < < 1.
1
8 a a
(i) Express g(x) in terms of f(x).
(ii) Hence, sketch the graphs of f(x) and g(x) on the same diagram.
(iii) What is the relationship between the two graphs?
In this section, we will look at some examples of how logarithmic and exponential functions
have been applied in real-world situations.
Earthquakes
The trigger of this chapter mentions an earthquake in Japan
on 11 Mar 2011 that measured 9.0 on the Richter scale and
an earthquake in New Zealand on 3 Sep 2010 that measured
7.0 on the Richter scale. We will now try to answer the three
questions posed there.
x
1. Make x the subject of the formula R = lg .
0.001
Real-life Applications Hint: Convert to exponential form.
of Logarithms
2. Calculate the intensities x for both the 9.0-magnitude earthquake in
Japan and the 7.0-magnitude earthquake in New Zealand.
5. The strongest earthquake ever recorded on the Richter scale was 9.5
on 22 May 1960 in Chile. Using the method in Question 4, find out
how much greater in intensity this earthquake is as compared to the
9.0-magnitude earthquake in Japan.
In general, the effect of taking the logarithm makes a large number smaller. This is
one of the uses of logarithms. Other applications in the real world include pH scale
in Chemistry, radioactive decay in Physics, sound intensity in Physics, carbon dating
in Archaeology, interest compounded continuously in Banking, brightness of stars in
Astronomy and Moore’s Law in Computer Engineering.
Practise Now
1. Radioactive Decay. A r a d i o a c t i v e i s o t o p e ,
Krypton-85 (Kr-85), will decay to half its original
Similar Questions:
Exercise 4G amount in 10.72 years. The amount of Kr-85 left,
Questions 2, 3, 6, 7 A g, is given by the equation A = A0e 0.064 66t, where
t is the time in years. A sample of Kr-85 has a 10.72
mass of 43.9 g after 2 years.
(i) Find the initial mass of the sample.
(ii) What percentage of the sample has decayed
after 10 years?
(iii) After how many years will there be only
one-quarter of the sample left?
(i) Using ICT, generate a scatter plot for the data provided.
(Exponential Growth)
Worked Example
30
The growth of some bacteria, N, in a petri dish after t days, can be modelled
by the exponential equation N = N0at, where N0 and a are constants.
(i) It is discovered that the initial number of bacteria is 17. Find the value
of N0.
(ii) After 2 days, there are bacteria. Calculate the value of a.
(iii) Given that the number of bacteria exceeds 300 after k days, where k is
an integer, find the value of k.
(iv) Predict the number of bacteria after 6 days.
(v) After 6 days, the number of bacteria is found to be only . Suggest
two reasons why the actual number of bacteria is different from the
number predicted by the equation.
(ii) When t = 2, N So a2
a2 = 4
a= 2
If a = 2, then N will be negative for odd values of t. However,
the number of bacteria, N, cannot be negative.
a=2
The figure below shows the two models in the same graph. In the first
model, N = 17(2t), the bacteria grow exponentially forever.
70 000
In the second model, N = , the bacteria grow exponentially at the
7 + 2 12 − t
beginning, then its growth starts to slow down until the number of bacteria
reaches 10 000.
Notice that the two curves appear to overlap very closely from t = 0 to 4,
and that they start to separate when t = 6.
N 10000
logistic
curve
70 000
N=
7 + 2 12 − t
6000
4000 N = 17(2t)
2000
O 2 4 6 10 12 14 16 t
Two Models for Growth of Bacteria
In real life, the number of bacteria may start to decrease after some time.
Another model (exponential growth followed by decay) is explained in
Exercise 4G Question 5.
Practise Now 30
Depreciation of Value of Asset. A man bought a new car. The value, $V,
Similar Questions:
of the car will depreciate so that after t months, its value can be modelled
Exercise 4G by V = 50 000e kt, where k is a constant. The value of the car after 12 months
Questions 1, 4, 5, 8 is expected to be $40 000.
(i) Find the initial value of the car.
(ii) Calculate the expected value of the car after 20 months.
(iii) Given that the value of the car first drops below $20 000 after n months,
where n is an integer, find the value of n.
Exercise 4G
8 Brightness of Stars. There are two measures to describe the
brightness of a star. The first measure is the apparent magnitude m
(the smaller m is, the brighter the star) as seen by people on Earth.
For example, Sirius is the brightest star in the night sky with
m = 1.46. The second measure is the absolute magnitude M,
which is the actual brightness of the star. For example, Polaris (the
North Star) has a bigger absolute magnitude than Sirius,
but it appears less bright than Sirius because it is further away
from the Earth. The absolute magnitude M of a star is given by
M=m+5 5 lg d
M = m + 5 5lg d, where m is the apparent magnitude of the star
and d is the distance of the star from the Earth measured in parsecs M m
12
(1 parsec km).
(i) Given that Sirius is at a distance of 2.64 parsecs from the Earth,
calculate its absolute magnitude, leaving your answer correct to
2 significant figures.
(ii) If the absolute and apparent magnitudes of Polaris are 3.6
and 1.97 respectively, find its distance from the Earth in km,
leaving your answer in standard form. How far is Polaris away
from the Earth as compared to Sirius from the Earth?
(iii) Suppose two stars have the same absolute magnitude but one
star is twice as far away from the Earth as the other star. Find the
difference in their apparent magnitudes, leaving your answer in
logarithmic form.
(iv) Star A has an absolute magnitude twice that of Star B, but Star B
has an apparent magnitude twice that of Star A. If the sum of the
apparent magnitude of Star B and twice the absolute magnitude
of Star B is 4, find the ratio of the distance of Star A from the
Earth to the distance of Star B from the Earth. Hence, determine
which star is further away from the Earth.
9 The data in the table lists the population, y thousand, of a small town
at 20-week intervals.
Week
0 20 40 60 100
number, t
Population,
1.6 4.3 4.9 5.3 5.6
y thousand
(i) Using ICT, generate a scatter plot for the data provided.
(ii) Suggest a logarithmic or exponential function that may be used
to model the data.
(iii) It is believed that a function of the form y = ln (at + b) + c
models the data. Hence, estimate the population of the town in
the 120th week.
index
y>0 x
y = ax is equivalent to x = loga y if a > 0, a 1
base
Law 3: a a a Law 6: a0 = 1
1
Law 7: a–n =
an
1
Law 8: a n n
a
m m
Law 9: a n n
a n
am
Other Properties:
p q a and p q a is a rational number
log c b 1
loga b = (Special Case: loga b = )
log c a log b a
loga 1 = 0 (Special Cases: lg 1 = 0, ln 1 = 0)
loga a = 1 (Special Cases: lg 10 = 1, ln e = 1)
n = n loga a
y = ln x y = loga x
1
1
x
x 0
0 1
1
a
1. If log4 a = x, log64 b = y and = 2z, express z in terms of x and y.
b
2. Solve each of the following equations.
(a) 24t + 1 + 5(4t) = 3 (b) 62p – 3 = 5
(c) 2(100 ) – 10 – 6 = 0
y y
(d) log4 (x 4
(x – 4) = 2 log4 3
(e) log2 (2x – 2) = 3 + log2 (4x – 9) (f) 2 log3 x – log27 x = 10
a b 15
5. The solution of the equation x 5 = 3 is 27 – x.
2
Without using a calculator, find the values of the integers a and b.
Yourself
1. If 22x = 5y = 103z, show that 2xy 3yz 6xz = 0. 4. (i) Find the value of
1 1 1 1
... .
2. (i) Find a pair of different positive integers 1 2 2 3 3 4 2024 2025
a and b such that ab = ba. (ii) Hence, or otherwise, show that
(ii) Show that there is only one such pair of 1 1 1 1 1
88 < + + + ... + < 89 .
different positive integers that satisfies the 45 1 2 3 2025
above equation.
5. (a) If 10n ! x < 10n+1, show that n ! lg x < n + 1.
(b) Hence or otherwise, find the total number
3. (i) If m, n and k are rational numbers,
of digits in 20132013.
and k > 0, prove that
m+n k =p+q k m = p and n = q.
(ii) Hence, or otherwise, express
34 24 2 in the form a + b 2 .
5. The area of rectangle ABCD is (46 + 18 3 ) cm2 and its width is (4 + 2 3 ) cm. Find its length
(a + b 3 ) cm, where a and b are integers.
6.
3
80 lg! x 2 lg! y 2
(a) lg 20 + 7 lg 15 + 5 lg 24 + lg , (b) .
16 25 81 lg! xy
1. x
8
(a) 1 +
x
(b) (3 – x)6
2
8
x
x2 1 + 2 (3 – x) .
6
5. k such that
1 24 49 3
– + =k 3.
6 3 294 2
3 9
225
(c) loga 4 (d) loga 27 a
a 125
7.
log4 x + log4 y = 5,
(log4 x)(log4 y) = 6.