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Drake, Melissa & Guaralda, Mirko (2013) Rejuvenating lost and disused
space within Fortitude Valley : a study into the effectiveness of urban
greenery in subtropical public space. In_Bo: ricerche e progetti per il terri-
torio, la citta e l’architettura, 4(1), pp. 137-157.
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Ricerche e progetti per il territorio, THE PUBLIC SPACE OF EDUCATION | M. Guaralda
la città e l’architettura SPECIAL ISSUE #1/2013
Eye on the Street? Sensory Experiences in Public Places
2012 QUThinking Conference, School of Design, QUT, Brisbane, 09 November 2012
REJUVENATING LOST AND DISUSED SPACE WITHIN

FORTITUDE VALLEY:
A Study into the Effectiveness of Urban Greenery in
Subtropical Public Space
MELISSA DRAKE1
DR MIRKO GUARALDA1
1
School of Design, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
ABSTRACT: An issue gaining prominence in our urban environments in the notion of lost space, the undesirable urban
areas that are in need of redesign, commonly caused by a focus on development as individual architectural entities,
without a greater view of the urban environment as a holistic entity.
Within the context of South East Queensland, the suburb of Fortitude Valley has been earmarked for development as an
extension of the current CBD. With lost and disused spaces already existing throughout the suburb due to rapid growth
and mismatched developments, recent planning regimes have proposed rejuvenation in the form of proposals that echo
typologies from other Australian regions, such as the laneway typology from Melbourne. Opportunities exist in these
spaces for design approaches that relate specifically to the individual and unique subtropical character of the area.
This research explores the relationship between innovative approaches towards urban greenery as a means to rejuvenate
lost and disused public space, and its suitability within a subtropical climate, specifically focused within the suburb of
Fortitude Valley. A trend gaining prominence is the notion of biophilic cities; cities that integrate urban greenery as a
means to provide vibrant public spaces, and meet the growing aesthetic, social, cultural and economic needs of our cities.
Through analysis of case studies showcasing greenery in an inventive way, observations of public using subtropical
public space, and a discussion of the current policy frameworks at place within Fortitude Valley, innovative uses of urban
greenery is proposed as viable placemaking technique in subtropical urban environments.
Keywords: lost space, disused space, South East Queensland, Fortitude Valley, rejuvenation, subtropical, placemaking,
biophilia, urban greenery, innovative design
INTRODUCTION urban settings that integrate automobile uses with the

urban fabric successfully, it was Roger Trancik who first
Fast paced development, in conjunction with a focus developed this concept into the term ‘lost space’. Within
on the automobile and public transportation systems has his text, ‘Finding Lost Space: Theories of Urban Design’
led to cities developing into disjointed urban (1986), Trancik discussed in great detail the negative
environments. Due to this fragmented development of impact the automobile has had upon the urban fabric of
urban milieus, underused and deteriorating spaces have cities, particularly in regards to the displacement of focus
formed, creating cracks in what should be a unified city on external functional space towards internal building
environment. For designers, it is these lost spaces that organization. As stated by Trancik, “we have
provide interesting opportunities to reclaim crucial land transformed the city of collective spaces into a city of
within our city centres, and introduce new social and private icons” (1986, 17). This has in turn forced city
symbolic spaces to regenerate the city and its character. dwellers to create a social life based on personal,
controllable territory, instead of engaging with
The notion of lost space has been discussed broadly community existence centred around the street; a
in literature. Whilst there is thorough analysis of how lost substantial criteria within placemaking ideologies
space occurs, there is little development in regards to (Trancik 1986).
specific solutions. Whilst Jane Jacobs first discussed the
concept behind the idea of lost space in her 1961 text This emphasis on internal environments, in
“The Death and Life of Great American Cities”, in which conjunction with an increased focus on vehicular
she outlined societies incompetency to create viable transportation systems, resulted in these ‘lost spaces’;
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“the undesirable urban areas that are in need of redesign The purpose of this study is to decipher the
– antispaces, making no positive contribution to the successfulness of innovative uses of greenery in
surroundings or users” (Trancik 1986, 3). These spaces previously lost or disused spaces, through case study
are typically ill defined, and fail to connect elements in a analyses of proposals against public place theories. These
coherent way. Examples of such spaces are given as case studies are coupled with observations in regards to
surface parking lots, edges of freeways, abandoned the responsiveness of the public to greenery in urban
waterfronts, train yards, deteriorated parks, and forgotten public spaces in an inner city suburb of Brisbane. The
laneways. Lost space can even include lifeless walls of findings of this research contribute towards a greater
buildings, or poor linkages between the ground plane and body of research in aid of a possible development of a
high-rise buildings (Trancik 1986, 3). It is necessary to new framework for the treatment of these lost and
rethink this mono-functional realm of infrastructure, disused spaces in subtropical urban environments, with
discusses Mossop, stating, “it is time to engage with particular focus upon the Fortitude Valley suburb of
these landscapes that have been so poorly served by Brisbane.
design. They have been a kind of shadow city, inhabited
only by default” (2006, 173). EXISTING LITERATURE
Within the context of South East Queensland, the With the increasing urban populations across the
fastest growing region in Australia, fractures are already world, inner city lost space is an essential aspect in
becoming apparent in the inner urban fabric of the capital creating a more compact and collective urban pattern.
city, Brisbane. Whilst some of these ‘lost spaces’ are When discussing urban environments and public spaces,
earmarked for redevelopment and rejuvenation by it is crucial to understand that there is more to a city than
taskforces such as ‘Urban Renewal Brisbane’, design its buildings (Gehl 2010). Streets and in between spaces
approaches commonly lack an ingrained understanding should be spatial entities, rather than what is merely left
of the unique aspects of these lost spaces that could over after the buildings are built. An understanding of the
potentially inform a greater, more sensitive and importance of these public spaces between buildings is
innovative way of use. The subtropical character of these crucial to positive urban design within city environments
environments is sometimes disregarded when in the future. An in-depth background study into urban
approaching the rejuvenation of lost or disused public public space theories, alongside research in regards to
space, in favour for proposals that mimic typologies from biophilic benefits within urban environments, provides
other (climatic) regions in Australia, such as the theoretical insight into successful public spaces and how
Melbourne laneway typology (Feeney 2012). Whilst such these can be enhanced through urban greenery. As
proposals may seem a viable option for the rejuvenation public space plays an important role in the social,
of lost and disused spaces, they lack an embedded environmental and economic fabric of all cities, for a
connection to the specific place, and character of the public place to succeed it is essential the space provide
space itself. appropriate facilitation of the needs of the users, and a
connection to the place in which the public space is
Inspired by a key aspect of subtropical environments, located. For this reason, the following theoretical
vegetation, the notion of incorporating greenery into research is discussed in regards to two greater categories;
urban environments is providing to be a beneficial tool in the needs in public space, and placemaking in public
not only enhancing public space visually, but also within space.
its function. The widespread benefits of greenery in
urban environments has been widely discussed, primarily Needs In Public Space
stemming from the term ‘biophilia’ which refers to the The value of public space as areas for people to use in
hypothesis developed by Edward Wilson in which a magnitude of ways is vital in ensuring public spaces
“nature holds the key to our aesthetic, intellectual, can function to serve societies needs. As discussed by
cognitive and even spiritual satisfaction” (1984). Humans Sieh and Tiesdell, “good places have good connectivity,
seem to have an instinctive connection with other living mixed uses, active frontages and are pedestrian friendly.
systems, becoming a “paradoxical part of the human More than this however, good places are sustainable and
spirit” (1984, 10). This hypothesis has found its way into successful: they are places where people want to live,
the architectural realm as a way to improve the built work, rest, play and invest” (2010, 39). Discussing public
environment. Whilst the incorporation of greenery in space from a human perspective, Sieh and Tiesdell
public spaces is unmistakably already a popular notion, (2010) continue to discuss the symbolic function of
the opportunities involved with incorporating innovative public space, and how value should be placed on these
uses of greenery, particularly into lost and disused space spaces due to the interaction within day-to-day life it
as a placemaking technique, is currently undervalued. facilitates.
http://in_bo.unibo.it 138
This notion of designing for the human perspective is promote the use of greenery as a strategic tool,
supported by Carr, Francis, Rivlin and Stone (1992), who particularly within urban environments (Kellert 2005).
discuss the importance of public places functioning to
serve these needs. An understanding of public places,
and their use by people is essential in order to speculate Placemaking in Public Space
and design for such qualities. Carr, et. al. (1992) calls An important aspect of public space design is the
attention to the needs for spaces that are comfortable and structure and underlying dynamic activity; it is crucial to
properly oriented, spaces that account for people’s needs conceptualise fully what the meaning of place within an
in public spaces; focusing predominantly on the areas of urban environment means. The notion of placemaking
comfort, relaxation, passive engagement with the and sensory experience in relation to how one perceives a
environment, active engagement with the environment, space reinforces the importance that activities, events and
and discovery. The place itself must provide the the sites’ relationship to the greater context holds in
stimulation that enables users’ interest to endure for an regards to influencing ones perception.
extended period of time, or the space will fail (Carr et. al.
1992). Gehl (2010) promotes similar ideologies within Jane Jacobs’ ‘The Death and Life of Great American
his discussion of the lively city and the lifeless city. Gehl Cities’ (1961) discusses the notion of placemaking within
states that “life is a city space is all-encompassing: from cities as fuelled by intricate and close-grained diversity
momentary glances to minor events, to the largest of uses that give each other constant, mutual support.
collective manifestations. Walking through common city Urban quality is produced through this mutual
space can be a goal in itself – but also a beginning” relationship, thus the cities are given the capability of
(2010, 29). This supports the notion that there is a crucial providing something for everybody (1961). This layer of
link between the human dimension and how one supported activity within urban environments creates
perceives the general quality of city space. Through the lively, diverse and intense cities, which “contain the
treatment of city edges and to activate street frontages, seeds of their own regeneration, with energy enough to
minor changes that can impact ones perception of a space carry over for problems and needs outside themselves”
can reinstall new life into an urban environment (Gehl (1961, 448). Kevin Lynch discusses this concept
2010). Through renovation of a single space, people are somewhat similarly in ‘The Image of the City’ (1960),
invited to a totally new pattern of use (Gehl 2010). stating that this support network is based upon the
inhabitants individual perceptions. As stated by Lynch,
Urban greenery can be used as a way to respond to “nothing is experienced by itself, but always in relation
this aspect of human perspective; Kaplan, Kaplan and to its surrounding, the sequences of events leading up to
Ryan’s text ‘With People in Mind’ (1998) discusses the it, the memory of past experiences” (1960, 1). Lynch
role of everyday nature as a means to enhance and discusses the notion of individuals producing ‘mental
provide interest in every day life. As discussed by maps’ which use their sense to decipher if a space is
Kaplan, Kaplan and Ryan, “people tend to be fascinated inviting or successful (Lynch 1960). This discussion
with natural processes, such as growth, succession, positions public space as an object that must have some
predation, and even survival itself” (1998, 20). Using meaning to the observer, fuelling further production of
greenery to reinforce the areas of comfort, relaxation, properties that can create such meaning; the use of paths,
passive engagement, active engagement and discovery edges, districts, nodes and landmarks within urban
can help reduce stress and refresh the mind. By providing environments (Lynch 1960). The outcome of Lynch’s
restorative settings experienced through greenery, one discussion is a spaces ability to change, its open-
can recover from the “mental fatigue of urban life” endedness, and the opportunity for individuals to
(Kaplan, Kaplan and Ryan 1998). This notion of “continue to investigate and organise reality” (1960, 9).
restorative benefits is supported by Brengman, Joye,
Willems and Wolf (2009) who discuss the healing effects This notion of a connected network within a city
greenery has upon human individuals. By emotionally environment can be achieved through the incorporation
relating to natural elements in positive ways, the mind is of greenery. As discussed by Wall (1988), landscape
able to refresh and restore the ability to focus and direct within urban environments can be seen as an active
attention (Brengman et.al. 2009). This is also echoed by surface, which structures the conditions for new
Kellert (2005), who documents the diverse psychological relationships and interactions among the things it
and health related benefits of peoples contacts with supports. Wall emphasises the urban surface as dynamic
nature; including reductions in stress, increased peace of and responsive; “like a catalytic emulsion, the surface
mind, enhanced coping mechanisms, improved physical literally unfolds events in time” (1988, 233). Through
fitness and greater creativity levels. With studies looking at urban greenery as a network of connected
showing that green environments are consistently spaces, “it allows for the transformation of the ground-
preferred over non-green urban settings or environments plane into a living, connective tissue between
dominated by artefacts, there is substantial evidence to
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increasinglyy disparate fragments and unforeeseen by Beatley “exxperiencing naature in citiess is as muchh
programs” ((1988, 235). aboout hearing, smmelling and fe
feeling as it is about seeing””
(20011, 36). Thiis incorporatiion of sensess is a cruciall
Individuual exploratiion within public spacce is facctor in the creeation and suuccess of publlic spaces. Ass
supported bby Montgomeery’s (1998) discussion
d on what suppported by K Kellert (2005),, biophilic citty design cann
constitutes quality withinn public spacee, and the sennse of im
mprove societyy’s sense of connection, aaffiliation andd
space. Moontgomery diiscusses thatt whilst phyysical attaachment to thhe places theey work and reside; it cann
elements produce urrban qualityy (for exam mple, enhhance peoplee’s physical aand mental connection
c too
architecturaal form, landdmarks, vistass, meeting pllaces, natture and culturre.
etc), the nootion of place is produced tthrough the soocial,
psychologiccal and culturaal dimensionss of a place (1998). Bioophilic Citiess
Based on a correlation of prior studdied conducteed by In order to discuss innoovative methoods of urbann
Jacobs, Gehhl and Lynch,, Montgomeryy outlines the three greeenery integrration, it is essential to discuss how w
crucial asppects that creeate a successsful urban sspace; greeenery has beeen positioned and discussedd in regards too
activity, immage and foorm (refer too Figure 1.)) By urbban environmeents. Previoussly, too much emphasis hass
combining these three crrucial aspects, a sense of pplace, beeen placed upoon open spacee being placedd within urbann
and therefore a diverse annd engaging ppublic space can be envvironments; oopen spaces tthat are only green in thee
created. sennse of being somewhat vegetated. As discussed byy
Tuurner (2005), it is essentiial to create networks off
envvironmentallyy sustainable public
p space thhroughout ourr
urbban environm ments. Biophiilic cities alllows man too
coeexist with natture in an urbban context; “too “ often onee
hass the feeling that our civiilisation is obbliterating thee
nattural environmment” (Turnerr 2005, 275). T Turner (2005))
conntinues to disccuss the imporrtance in eachh space havingg
its own special character; it’ss role within the city, withh
quaalitative ratherr than quantitaative demandss. As stated byy
Keellert (2005, 1223);
“We will nevver achieve ann ethical archiitecture that iss
beaautiful and suustainable unttil nature is inntegral and att
thee core and at tthe substance oof being of the architecture,
b sustainable.
nott added on. Iff it aint beautiiful, it can’t be
Buuildings must sshelter and insspire.”
Nature must be integral too our urban sppaces in orderr
Figure 1. Componentts of a sense of place (Reddrawn to pprovide a spacce full on vitallity, diversity and identity.
from Montggomery 1998, 96)
must be considdered as a critical system
Greenery mu m
witthin our citiees. Spirn (1985) discussess the need too
This anaalogy is suppoorted by Bain, Gray and Rodgers undderstand and design for bboth the naturral ecosystem,
within the book
b ‘Living Streets – Straategies for Craafting andd the social syystem that is driven by culttural, politicall
Public Spacce’ (2012), whho state that pllacemaking spprings andd economic prrocesses. The city’s physicaal environmentt
from underrstanding the llocal conditioons of an areaa, and is the common ground betw ween the naturral ecosystem m
recognisingg the opportuunities that thhe conditionss and andd the culturall, political andd economic pprocesses; it iss
culture can offer. It is thee unique locall culture of a sspace thiis environmeent that beecomes mostt crucial too
that providdes a sense off place, and a setting to w which reiinvigorating uurban space (S Spirn 1985). Landscape
L hass
inhabitants can centre themselves (Bain, Grey and com me to encom mpass much m more than simmple parks orr
Rodgers 20012). Bain, G Gray and Roddgers (2012) place garrdens; engaginng disused spaace and the exxploding needss
emphasis uupon placemakking incorporaating the abiliity to of the populationn - landscape is replacing aarchitecture ass
cultivate coonnectedness; the interchaange of ideass and thee basic buildding block oof contemporary urbanism m
shared expeerience bringss vibrancy to a place. As public
p (W
Waldheim, 2006).
spaces are “important hhearts of civicc life” (2012,, 22),
emphasis shhould be placeed upon the connection bettween Literature suuggests that nature
n holds the power inn
inhabitants and the phhysical city itself,i as weell as hellping humanisse and reinviggorate distresssed cities andd
between thee people in it. buiilt environmeents, whilst stiill bringing oout the best inn
hummanity. As sstated by Keellert, “despitee the evidentt
Urban greenery
g can provide
p opporttunities for sennsory connnections, conntemporary soociety still faills to recognisee
experiencess within the uurban environm
ment. As discuussed andd defend the iimportance off healthy and ddiverse naturall
systems too sustaining the quality of o people’s lives, Vaalley suburb, which is in just j as much,, if not more,
i urban areaas” (2005, 3). It is these sppaces
especially in neeed of rejuvenaation (Calligeeros 2009). W
Whilst there aree
surroundingg buildings and streets that presentt the othher regeneration schemes ffor the suburbb of Fortitudee
opportunityy to inject andd insert naturaal elements. Whilst
W Vaalley, these ddo not place emphasis on the lost andd
it becomes increasingly difficult to reeimage the exiisting dissused spacess scattered throughout the suburb.
hard surfaces of our buillt environmennts as opportunnities Prooposals that nnurture the individual ideentity of eachh
for insertingg green life, oopportunities exist
e in verticaal and spaace are necesssary to ensure vibrant spacess that embracee
horizontal surfaces to infuse natuure. Green w walls, thee subtropical nature
n of the reegion.
elevated eenvironments and sidewaalks provide the
possibility of reintegratioon of greeneryy in urban setttings Identity, in conjunction w with understannding the usee
where it is least expecteed in society’s lost and dissused of the space is paramount inn this researcch area; whenn
spaces, prooducing profouund positive iimpacts withinn our disscussing lost sspace within tthe urban enviironment, it iss
urban enviironments thaat respond diistinctively too the exttremely important to uunderstand thhe differencee
context of eeach space (Keellert 2005). bettween lost sppace and disuused space. W Whilst disusedd
spaace may displaay similar quaalities to lost sspace, they aree
CH CONTEX
RESEARC XT: FORTIT
TUDE VALLE
EY stilll providing a functional aaspect to the uurban quality,
thuus are crucial to the urban ffabric. Disusedd spaces, suchh
In the context
c of the South East Q
Queensland reegion, as laneways, muust be considerred with utmost diligence too
there have been recentt initiatives tto rejuvenatee and proovide spaces tthat display a sense of identtity and place,
revitalise ooverlooked and forgotten sppaces in Brissbane. whhilst still perfoorming their fuunctions.
The ‘Vibraant Lanewayss and Small Spaces’ proggram,
initiated byy Urban Rennewal Brisbanne, aims to ccreate
places thaat celebrate the creativee arts, improves
pedestrian access withinn the city cenntre, and prommotes
shopping, ddining, mixinng and minglling (BCC 22011).
Whilst this scheme can be faulted forr only focusinng on
the lanewayy typology, iit is a distinct step forwarrd for
discussions relating to lost and disuused space inn the
context of SSouth East Quueensland.
Lanewaays are cruciall spaces withiin cities acrosss the

world. Moore recently, as discussedd by Farquhharson
(2009), theey are being positioned ass opportunitiees for
internal urbban growth thhat promotes increased dennsity,
preventing sprawl. As thhey make up typically 20 tto 30
percent of uurban space, thhere are substaantial opportunnities Figure 2. Fortiitude Valley Loccation (Google Maps 2012)
for lanewayys to add to thet vibrancy oof neighbourhhoods
and downtoown areas (Faarquharson 20009). Howeveer, as Fortitude Vaalley, locatedd one kilomeetre from thee
discussed bby Guaralda and Kowalikk (2011), plannning cenntral businesss district is one of Brisbane’s oldestt
programs and
a initiativess in the Southh East Queennsland subburbs, well knnown for its enntertainment precinct, whichh
region havve been faullted in the past for creeating connsists predomminantly of nigghtclubs, barss and marketss
typologies that are thenn delivered inn fragmented ways (reefer to Figure 2). Developmment in Fortituude Valley hass
without ann overall straategy or connsideration off site beeen heavily inffluenced by thhe railway linne, which runss
identity. Thhis has createdd a somewhatt doubtful respponse thrrough the ccentre of thee suburb. Consisting C off
to such scheemes. ressidential, induustrial and commercial
c d
developments ,
Fortitude Valleyy has been a focal point inn many urbann
As discuussed by Fennney (2012), Brrisbane locals have rejuvenation schhemes over reecent years, hhowever thesee
voiced conncerns in reggards to the capacity for such aree focused on key traffic aareas of the precinct, andd
proposals to flourish witthin the locall environmentt, and dissregard many sectors of thhe Fortitude V Valley suburb.
the blatant copying of the laneway typology at place Cuurrently, theree are multiplee lost and ddisused spacess
within Mellbourne. Withh the Brisbanee laneway scheme witthin Fortitudee Valley, maany of whichh are locatedd
marily throughh government support, therre has
fuelled prim witthin service aaccess areas, oor disused cornners of streetss
been conceerned raised abbout the urbaan quality thatt may (reefer to Figurre 3). Futuree planning ddirections forr
result from
m such initiatiives (Fenney 2012). Criticcisms Fortitude Valleyy earmark the suburb as a continuation off
have also bbeen made in regards to thee segregated nature
n thee CBD, with higher densiity developmeents scatteredd
of the progrram which focuses only onn the inner CB BD of thrroughout the suburb. W With developm ment projectss
Brisbane, aand disregardds the neighhbouring Forttitude groowing steadilyy within the area,
a it is cruucial to ensuree
positive and innnovative apprroaches are m made towardss
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public spacce in Fortitudee Valley, especially in regarrds to

lost and disused spacce opportunitties. Due too the
opportunitiees presented through redevvelopments w within
the area, Foortitude Valleyy has been choosen as the priimary
site for disscussion of urrban greeneryy initiatives inn lost
and disusedd spaces for this study.
Figure 3. L
Lost and Dissused Space iin Fortitude Valley
V
METHODOLOGY Ingrained In depth Carr, Francis,

Understanding development and Rivlin and Stone,
Whilst it is invigorating to see government initiatives of Use understanding of 1992
supporting the rejuvenation of disused and lost space previous use, and
within Brisbane, current proposals tend to disregard the the needs
unique, subtropical character of the region. associated with
the space
In order to develop a greater body of knowledge in Human Scale appropriate Gehl, 2010
regards to the opportunities for incorporating innovative Dimension design
uses of greenery into the Fortitude Valley environment, Renovation of Innovative and Gehl, 2010
research investigations focus on analysing exemplars in Use respectable
which greenery has been used to rejuvenate a previously reinvigoration of
lost or disused space. There is a growing body of projects use
that incorporate the reinvigoration of lost or disused
space through the integration of urban greenery, however Placemaking Techniques
many of these are located in an international context, Web of Multiple layers of Jacobs, 1961
displaying different climatic, cultural and social values to Diversity activity and
those apparent within the subtropical environment of purpose within the
South East Queensland. This research paper aims to greater space
analyse these projects purely based on their success and Relationship to Physical and Lynch, 1960
approach towards what was a lost space, and their Surroundings mental
incorporation of greenery in an innovative way. In order connections to
to gather suitable knowledge on the appropriateness of surrounding uses
greenery in a subtropical environment, public spaces in Psychological Meaning to the Montgomery,
Fortitude Valley have been observed and analysed in Dimension observer, 1998
order to gain an understanding in regards to how interpretation of
greenery informs a change of use within a subtropical image
public space. Social Understanding of Montgomery,
Dimension social groups and 1998
Case Study Analysis Framework purposes – who
An analysis framework has been developed to assess uses the space?
the case studies to ensure a thorough understanding in
Cultural Response to Montgomery,
regards to how greenery can be used, and how it is
Dimension unique local 1998
relevant to reinvigorating dense urban environments. For
conditions
the purpose of this study, the analysis framework has
Interchange of Open arena to Bain, Gray and
been developed based upon past studies undertaken by
Ideas / facilitate Rodgers, 2012
experts within the public space and placemaking fields.
Experiences communication
Table 1 outlines the analysis framework, including
Sensory Experience Montgomery,
informing literature and greater explanation of each
Experience extending to sight, 1998
criterion.
sound, touch,
smell and taste
Table 1: Case Study Analysis Criteria.
Case Study Analysis Criteria
Public Space Needs

Connectivity Connections to Sieh and
outside uses, and Tiesdell, 2010 Case Study Selection
uses within the The below case studies have been chosen for the
space purpose of this research, as they each represent a unique
Mixture of Multifaceted Sieh and and innovative approach towards the rejuvenation of a
Uses approach towards Tiesdell, 2010 previously underused or lost space. The case studies
space design and range from permanent and fixed structures, through to
use greenery initiatives that are transportable and mobile.
Stimulation Arousal of the Carr, Francis,
user experience Rivlin and Stone,
1992
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Case Studyy Location

n Foortitude Valleey Observatioons
Promenadee Plantée Paris, Fr
France Naame Location Descriiption
Fixed viaduuct structure w which has beeen reallocatedd as a Bruunswick Brunswick Sttreet, The m
main public
public park. Strreet Mall Fortitude Vallley. space in Fortitude
Guerrilla GGardening Worldwiide Observed Valleyy, the
Greenery initiative thaat focuses predominantly
p y on weekday onlyy Brunsw wick Street
derelict spaaces; no extentt to what can oor can’t be donne (due to markeets Mall acts
a as a
Parklets San Fraancisco on weekends)), thorouughfare, as
Transportabble and removvable installattion to reinviggorate during fine well as a meeting
parking spaaces weather. place. The Mall
depictts a significantt
Table 2: Casse Study Selectioon. incorpporation of
greeneery
Informaation pertaininng to each of thhe case studiees has througghout its
been gatherred through a combination
c o
of; enviroonment.
• Analysis of existing literature disccussing the sppaces,

their previoous use and thhe transformatiion to their cuurrent
use.
• Experienntial descriptions of the spaaces.
• Informaation from designers and govverning bodies that
outline the ppurposes of thhe space.
This vvariation in data alloows a thorrough

understandiing of qualittative and qquantitative vvalues
associated w
with the case sstudies, and iff in each indivvidual
case, greeneery succeeds iin achieving tthe requiremennts of
what constiitutes a successsful public spaace.
Figgure 4. Brunswiick Street Mall (M.Guaralda
( 20007).
Observatioons
In orderr to understannd the currentt attitudes tow
wards
Chhina Town Duncan Street, Recenntly
greenery inn a subtropicaal environmennt, public spacces in
Maall Fortitude Vallley. redeveeloped, the
Fortitude VValley, Brisbaane have beenn observed. T These
Observed China Town Mall
observationns have been uused to develoop an intricatee map
weekday and depictts an
of how ussers use publlic space witthin a subtroopical
weekend, during integraation of
environmennt, focusing prredominantly on the relationnship
fine weather. culturaally
between urbban greenery eelements and how the publiic use
signifiicant locationss
the space. OObservations aare used to maap areas withiin the
with m
moderate
public spacces in which nnodes of activvity take placee, and
disperrsal of
how this coorrelates with the
t integrationn of urban greeenery
greeneery elements.
in the envvironment. Obbservation loccations have been
chosen due to high activvity levels in tthe spaces, noot due
to their succcess as a publiic space.
Two loccations have bbeen chosen, oone with signifficant

and one with moderaate amounts of greeneryy, to
determine the affect vaarying levels of greenery have
within a puublic space. Naames, locationns and descripptions
of public pllaces to be obsserved are listeed in Table 3.
Figgure 5. China T
Town Mall (The Lighting Societty, 2011).
Tabble 3: Fortitudee Valley Observvation Locationss.
The anaalysis of the aforementioneed case studiees, in Pu

ublic Space Neeeds
conjunctionn with the obbservations disscussing the effect
e
greenery haas upon use inn public spacee has been ussed to Coonnectivity - Linear natuure, fuelled frfrom the reusee
develop a greater undeerstanding off the impactt and of the ttrain viaducct, enhancess
benefits of greenery withhin lost and dissused space, and
a to connections between the park and outt
determine if it is appplicable particularly withhin a into Paris
subtropical environment such as Fortituude Valley. - Stitches thhe different ssegments andd
communitiess of the city toogether
CASE STU UDY RESULT TS Miixture of - Uses aree fuelled byy the uniquee
Informationn pertaining too each case sstudy, as welll as a Usses structure of tthe viaduct
list of resoources used too gather suchh informationn, has - Retail andd commercial spaces in thee
been includded within Apppendix 1. arches of thee viaduct
- Elevated puublic parkwayy realm above
Promenadee Plantée, Parris - Open spacce and activiities mutuallyy
Locatedd in the twelffth arrondissem ment of Pariss (the fuel each othher
Arrondissem ment de Reuillly), the Promeenade Plantée is an - Intricatelyy intertwined uses; life iss
elevated grreenway whicch runs 4.7 kkilometres thrrough fuelled fromm one another
Paris, on w which used too be known as the Vinceennes Stiimulation - Greenery eenhances the eexperience andd
railway linee (Mairie de Paris 2012). WhilstW many more stimulation
recent urbaan parks, suchh as the High Line in New York - Various ‘ooutdoor roomss’ create pathss
have taken inspiration frrom the Promeenade Plantée, it is that are filledd with endlesss possibilities
still the onlyy urban park tthat in locatedd on a viaduct. - Formal andd informal lanndscape designn
enhances thee inspiration aand purpose off
The reinnvigorating usse of the viadduct has createed an the greenwayy
innovative use with the elevated parkkway above (w which Inggrained - Understannds the notionn of ‘escape’’
displays seeveral differennt “rooms” allong the parkkways Unnderstanding associated w with the Promeenade Plantée
length), andd shops beloww in the viaducct arches. Nott only of Use - Acting as an outlet thaat incorporatess
has the Proomenade Planttée created a vviable public sspace biophilia priinciples to rejuvenate thosee
that incorpoorates greenerry for Paris, it
i has also revvived who use the space
the commerrcial and cultuural aspects previously lostt with Huuman - Celebrates the pedestriann
the disestabblishment of thhe Vincennes rrailway line. Dimmension -Integrates thhe needs of thhe public withh
the needs of a public spacee
-Landscape sstyles and sizes emphasisess
the spatial experience aand enhancess
awareness
Reenovation of - Refashionned into a vibrant
v publicc
Usse space
- Connectioon retained too its originall
purpose, raather than a completee
redesign or ddemolition
-Enhanced connectiion andd
understandinng underlies thhe purpose off
the space
- Valuable coonnection betw ween past andd
present; im mpacts on the publicss
perception of the space
Figure 6. Proomenade Plantéée (Blaser, 20099).
Plaacemaking Teechniques
Weeb of - Relationshiip between thhe functions off
Divversity the greenw way and thee commerciall
activities
- Mutuallyy beneficial connectionn
created
- Purposes are
a enhanced; feeds off onee
another
- Life createed from comm
mercial, peacee
created from
m greenery
ISSN 2036 1602 145

Relationship - Emphaasises the histoory of the disttrict thee night to avoid apprehension or termiination of thee
to - Recallls the originnal purpose oof the acttivity from leggal forces (Migguel 2009).
Surroundinggs neighboourhood (artisans and
craftspeerson’s) Guerrilla garrdening aims to understandd the use of a
- Restoores connectiions to the past spaace, or the com
mmunity wherre it is locatedd, to ensure thee
purposees in the archess of the viaducct outtcome is a spaace that is useaable, successfu
ful and tailoredd
- Createes vistas and uunique connecctions to the communitty’s needs. Thhe incorporatioon of biophilicc
to neigghbouring buiildings, comm monly priinciples alongg with comm munity garden initiatives inn
unseen from street level, enhanncing somme projects eensures the gguerrilla gardeening projectss
experiennces and relatiionships proovide multifacceted benefits to the greater community.
Psychologiccal - Heighht and purposee of the Promeenade
Dimensionss Plantée enhances thee “escape” nnotion
associatted
- Biopphilic elemennts enhance this;
psychollogically rejuvvenates and reelaxes
those who visit
- Visitoors can becom me removed from
ever dayy life; findingg joy in naturaalistic
environm ment
Social - Multtiple uses hhelps connecctions
Dimensionss betweenn locals and toourists
- Ownerrship felt by alla members oof the
communnity
- Improoved communiication througgh the
positivee feelings the ssuccess generaates
Cultural - Suppports the rom mantic stereootype
Dimensionss associatted with the Paris environnment
and cultture Figgure 7. Guerrillla Gardening inn Toronto (Miguuel, 2009).
- Recallls and recreattes the presennce of
artisans; enhances coommunity charracter
and idenntity Puublic Space Neeeds
- Culturre enhanced tthrough contraast of Coonnectivity - Restores what was previously a
what used to be, and what
w it now iss disused spaace into som mething whichh
Interchangee of - The suuccess of the public
p realm aallows serves the grreater communnity
Ideas / greater and more open connecctions - Perceived connection tto communityy
Experiencess betweenn members of the communitty through indivviduals workiing together too
- Sharedd experiential values througgh the make somethhing of a derellict space
popularity of the greeenway Miixture of - Designs coommonly provvide more thann
Sensory - Greennery elementts respond too all Usses one purposse to the space; eg.
Experience sensory experiences; the smell, toouch, Reinvigorating a bus stop to incorporatee
taste, soound and sightt. gardens, food, or activity centres
c for thee
local commuunity
Stiimulation - Many desiigns incorporaate strange orr
Guerrilla G Gardening, W Worldwide unique adapptations to previous
p use;
Guerrillla gardening is a worlldwide moveement allows userss to think andd interact withh
gaining popularity throuugh the reinvvigoration of land the spaces
owned byy another inndividual (moost commonnly a - Greeneryy enhancess the userr
governmentt organisationn). Guerrilla gardeners diisplay experience through biiophilic typee
motivation from a varriety of areaas, predominnantly connections
political or health relatedd, developing the movemennt into - Stimulates individualss to becomee
a form of prroactive activiism (Khankhooje 2007). better connnected with their ownn
community
Most guuerrilla gardeening cases innvolve an areea of Inggrained - Sites are generally reefurbished byy
land that haas become derrelict due to a misunderstannding Unnderstanding local membeers of the com mmunity whoo
of ownershhip or a disreggard for the puurpose of the land. of Use understand tthe needs off those in thee
Due to the movement beeing considereed illegal, gueerrilla area
gardeners ppredominantlyy reinvigorate the spaces dduring - Designs allso respond tto the lack off
ownershhip in some spaces, using hardy h parrallel parking spaces alongg streets. Now
w appearing inn
plants too flourish morre successfullyy maany cities acrross the worldd, including tthe Australiann
Human - Use oof space creaates and enhaances cityy of Adelaaide, Parkletss display aan innovativee
Dimension experiennces for the geeneral public reffashioning off use within underused sppaces throughh
- Purpoose is to prodduce more viibrant insstallations thaat are not alw
ways necessariily permanentt
spaces ffor the greaterr community (Paavement to Paarks 2012).
- Respoonds to the hum man mind; positive
outcomees create posittive outlooks This mobile aspect of Paarklets designn provides ann
Renovationn of - Key criteria
c for selection of spacces is intteresting case study into hhow to ensuree some spacess
Use if it is ddeteriorating orr lost thaat may be lost or disused, buut still require some form off
- All deesign reinvigoorate the use oof the acccess (such as laneways)
l cann be reinvigoraated for publicc
space, sometimes ppaying homagge to usee in a way thaat does not incconvenience tthe underlyingg
what it oonce was usee of the spacee. The tempoorary nature oof the Parkletss
- Creatiing somethingg beautiful whhere it alsso provides ann opportunity for creative anda innovativee
otherwiise may not occcur thiinking from a variety of individuals w who may nott
alwways have the opportunityy to design a public placee
Placemakin ng Techniquees witthin an urban environment.
Web of - Facilittates a web ofo guerrilla gaarden
Diversity spaces aacross a widerr community; may
not havve a specific web of diveersity
within thet one project, but playys an
integral part in the greater gueerrilla
gardeninng scheme
Relationship - Spacees are generaally revitaliseed by
to members of the comm munity who feeel the
Surroundinggs space is in need of hellp
- Designns are sensitivve and relate tto the
communnity and widerr environment
Psychologiccal - Biophiilic principless are beneficiial to
Dimensionss communnity memberss, as well ass the
guerrillaa gardeners
- Throuugh integratinng ‘green’ beeauty, Figgure 8. Parklet in San Franciscco (Mission Disstrict, 2012).
psycholoogically one feeels closer to ppeace
Puublic Space Neeeds
Social - Enhannces the comm munity’s feelinng of
Coonnectivity - Enhances connection between thee
Dimensionss purpose,, or what couldd be achieved
street and coommercial dw wellings; pullss
- Aims tto create viablle spaces for aall, in
public aspects into a ppredominantlyy
a very puublic realm
private atmoosphere
Cultural - Promottes a utopian vvision of socieety
- Creates a ggreater networkk / connectionn
Dimensionss - Respoonds to the direct needs oof the
to Parklets accross the city
culture iin question asa it is createed by
- Connecttion improvve betweenn
individuuals
communitiess and businessses
Interchangee - Guerrilla gardeningg can incorpporate
Miixture of - Supportss both bussinesses andd
of Ideas / greater messages annd notions; uusing
Usses communitiess through prooviding spacee
Experiencess greeneryy as a tool to communnicate
that enhancces the environment, itss
values or beliefs
purpose and the economy.
- Creattes a greateer, more hoolistic
- Purpose off the Parklets ccan vary fromm
connectiion betweeen those in
something reelatively comm mercialised, too
neighbouurhoods, localls feel like theey are
a Parklet thhat promotes solitude in a
making a change towaards a better fuuture
community eenvironment
Sensory - Biophhilic elements respond too all
Stiimulation - The uniquue nature off the Parkletss
Experience sensory experiences; the smell, toouch,
stimulates tthe mind, innspiring moree
taste, souund and sight of the greenerry.
innovative ssolutions to sspaces peoplee
commonly ooverlook
Inggrained - Mobile Parklets unnderstand thee
Parklets, SSan Franciscoo
Unnderstanding requirementss of some diisused spaces,
Parkletss originated w
within San Franncisco as a w
way to
of Use and the seervice requirrements theyy
revitalise sstreet life thrrough refashiioning the usse of
ISSN 2036 1602 147

embody. Sensory - Biophilic elements respond to all

- Mobile aspects allow community use Experience sensory experiences; the smell, touch,
during down times, with the primary taste, sound and sight of the greenery.
purpose of the space (as a service bay)
reinstated during applicable hours. This OBSERVATION RESULTS
creates a more effective and useful
urban environment. Brunswick Street Mall
Human - Concept is focused around enhancing The below dot points discuss the observations made
Dimension street life, and provided spaces for the while watching the public use Brunswick Street Mall.
public to call their own. The findings have also been mapped to display the
- Cultivation of a pedestrian lifestyle in information clearly.
an urban core.  The public tend to gather in areas close to
Renovation of - The change in use improves clusters of greenery, particularly at either end of
Use walkability, pedestrian environments Brunswick Street Mall.
and perceptions of streetscapes.  Generally, the public do not sit and stay in
Brunswick Street Mall, but rather gather and
Placemaking Techniques then move elsewhere.
Web of - The greater Parklet scheme involves  When travelling through the mall, the public
Diversity creating a large number within certain tend to predominantly walk a route that is close
areas, with locations of each easily to greenery at the western end, before walking
available – creating a holistic entity of through the central walkway at the eastern end
small public spaces across the city in of the Mall.
what seem to be unusable spaces.  Patrons dining outside of restaurants and bars,
Relationship - Design tailored to the street and its when given the choice tend to sit closer to
to uses planter boxes, despite these locations being
Surroundings - General inspired, designed, initiated, closer to the main public thoroughfare
built and planted by locals who  Public do not tend to gather in the central “core”
understand the area and the street of the Brunswick Street Mall, but prefer to
environment gather at either end of the strip
Psychological - Psychologically, the innovative  When travelling through the “core”, the public
Dimensions approach towards the reuse of a parking predominantly choose the route that travels
space creates inspiration within the close to the greenery barrier near the stage.
minds of users
- The integration of naturalistic
elements into a heavily urbanised and
concrete realm creates a refreshing
approach towards public space design
Social - The initiatives helps connect members
Dimensions of the community, and refashion a
typical way of use
- Innovative solutions to small and
disused spaces are promoted, creating
greater public awareness and larger
opportunities for enhanced
environments
Cultural - The bottom up approach towards PUBLIC GATHERING
Dimensions Parklets helps create a new dynamic PUBLIC TRAVELLING
within the community, enhancing local OUTDOOR DINING ZONES
identity CONCENTRATION OF PUBLIC DINING
Interchange of - Beautify areas where community
Ideas / members can congregate Figure 9. Brunswick Street Mall Observation Analysis
Experiences - Facilitates interaction between
community members in a way that
enhances discussion of innovative China Town Mall
approaches towards public space Observations of the public using China Town Mall
- Begins a conversation in regards to has also been listed in dot point form, along with a
what city inhabitants really want mapping exercise to clearly display the findings.
 Greater body of public appear to sit and into the key policy aspects behind Urban
contemplate in the China Town Mall when Renewal Brisbane; and
compared to the Brunswick Street Mall.  Earmarking and discussion of possible
 Sitting locations of the public, including integration and installation of such initiatives in
smokers, tend to be around key greenery areas, specific lost and / or disused space in Fortitude
most likely due to lack of exposure to the main Valley.
thoroughfare path
 Despite the western end being a shared traffic Determined through the case study analysis of a
zone, the public gather near greenery elements variety of innovative approaches towards lost and
on the outskirts. disused space, it has been found that urban greenery is a
 Patrons dining outside of restaurants and bars, relevant approach towards rejuvenating dense inner city
when given the choice tend to sit closer to lost space. Integration of greenery into public spaces
planter boxes, despite these locations being helps meet various principles of successful public space
closer to the main public thoroughfare design, particularly within the aspect of placemaking,
 Public travelling through the Mall tend to walk whilst also incorporating the benefits associated purely
along the outskirts, in areas shaded by greenery with greenery on its own (‘biophilia’). The
or sculptural devices. psychological, social and cultural benefits associated
with greenery improve the public’s perceptions of the
 Public tend to be attracted to areas with larger
public space, creating unique, successful and relevant
trees (providing shade), than shorter and smaller
public space design. Innovative uses of lost or disused
landscaping.
space must be sensitive to the space’s previous purpose,
as well as the local community’s needs, in order for an
enhanced connection to occur. The human connection
with greenery has the ability to enhance ones relationship
to public space. Through incorporating greenery into
public space, in conjunction with the already established,
ingrained relationship between humans and greenery
outlined within the biophilia hypothesis, meaningful
spaces that provide innovative approaches can transpire.
Opportunities exist in these spaces for more meaningful
relationships across a variety of urban scales, with spatial
and experiential qualities that are immeasurable to the
user.
Research findings have also shown there is a direct

PUBLIC GATHERING
relationship between the integration of greenery in
PUBLIC TRAVELLING
subtropical public space, and how the public tend to use
OUTDOOR DINING ZONES
these spaces due to this relationship. In both cases of the
CONCENTRATION OF PUBLIC DINING
observations, the public tend to (whether intentionally or
inadvertently) alter their path through public spaces,
Figure 10. China Town Mall Observation Analysis
based on the application of greenery. During times where
a user may be waiting, sitting or dwelling in a public
DISCUSSION space, the location in which this takes place is also highly
reactive to the incorporation of greenery in the public
The aforementioned analysis of case studies and space. This is most likely due to sense of safety, cover or
observations provide new insights in to the opportunities shelter that may be associated with various levels of
for greenery initiatives as a placemaking tool in public greenery. The subtropical climate, a key factor in this
space in Fortitude Valley, as well as possible innovative study, tends to enhance this relationship. The typically
greenery strategies to be used to rejuvenate lost and clear weather and moderate temperatures associated with
disused space. The following discussion has been subtropical climates enhance the need to associate ones
examined in three parts; comfort (in terms of body temperature) with surrounding
shade devices, which in most public spaces is provided
 The initial, key findings from the
by greenery. This is also supported by larger
aforementioned case studies and observations;
congregations of the public occurring within areas of
 How these findings can be transposed into the
dense greenery, rather than smaller or softer landscaping.
context, and future direction of Fortitude Valley
as a subtropical urban area, focusing on how
these initiatives support and can be integrated
ISSN 2036 1602 149

Integration and Relationship to Fortitude Valley It has been found that these laneway approaches
Policy Framework undervalue the opportunities associated with lost and
As discussed previously within the body of research, disused space in Brisbane, focusing predominantly on
Fortitude Valley is currently earmarked for development simplistic outcomes that do not effectively create a
as a continuation of the Brisbane CBD, and is currently relationship to the individual context of each site. By
undergoing urban regeneration projects that enhance the using greenery as a technique to achieve and enhance
urban environment associated with Fortitude Valley. placemaking within these urban spaces, frameworks can
Whilst there are several ‘laneway’ proposals for be improved to provide more social, economically and
Fortitude Valley, these are still currently under physically sustainable urban spaces. The following
construction. For this reason, Brisbane’s first rejuvenated discussion aims to first discuss how these innovative
and now functioning laneway, Burnett Lane, has been ideas can be integrated within the current framework in
briefly analysed against the case study framework to Fortitude Valley, and to also outline some opportunities
pinpoint which aspects of public space are currently within the suburb for these proposals.
lacking in these developments.
Urban Regeneration Brisbane (URB), the taskforce
Public Space Needs behind urban regeneration schemes within the inner 5
Connectivity - Creates a connection between Albert Street kilometres of Brisbane, are responsible for preparing
and George Street; a link which was strategies and planning frameworks that embody
previously unusable by the public “sustainable urban design right through from the
Mixture of Uses - Predominantly provides hospitality
overarching urban structure, down to neighbourhood
functions (cafes, etc), alongside the key
access use.
level and local placemaking” (Urban Renewal Brisbane
Stimulation - Use of different colours and artworks to 2011, 6). The following discussion aims to;
provide stimulation
Ingrained - Sometimes misunderstands why the public  Examine the existing URB framework, which
Understanding would use the space; still places too much has informed such policies as the ‘Fortitude
of Use emphasis on the access purpose of the Valley Neighbourhood Plan’ and the ‘Vibrant
laneway, stamping out other users at times. Laneways and Small Spaces Program’;
- Lacks innovation in finding a way to take  Determine the similarities between the strategies
advantage of the unique climate in Brisbane of the URB framework, and the outputs of urban
Human - Space is designed around truck and car greenery initiatives as found within this body of
Dimension access (despite this only being needed for a
research; and
few hours each day), and at times lacks the
human perspective.  Propose innovative urban greenery approaches
Renovation of - The space has not necessarily been as an initiative to meet the requirements of the
Use renovated; just made more accessible. The URB strategies, with basic proposals for urban
original purpose is still associated. greenery initiatives moving forward.
Placemaking Techniques The URB framework places emphasis on urban

Web of - Simplistic layers of social and economic environments at a variety of scales; from master planned
Diversity functions. areas with interlinked uses, down to the character of
Relationship to - Some artworks relate to the namesake of small urban spaces. These key strategies can be grouped
Surroundings Burnett Lane, James Charles Burnett. into two sections; the quality of spaces, and governance.
Psychological - Unique artwork creates an interesting The key strategies under these sections are paramount to
Dimensions environment within the CBD of Brisbane.
- Begins to establish a sense of escape, but
the success of the URB’s proposed positive urban
does not quite achieve this. environments;
Social - Provides opportunities for interactions at
Dimensions cafes.  High quality architecture and public spaces
Cultural - Provides some educational aspects into the  Local character
Dimensions history of who the lane was named after.  Mixed uses
Interchange of - Opportunities provided only in cafe  Green infrastructure
Ideas / settings; no real opportunities for out of the  Creativity and cultural expression
Experiences box experiences.
 Placemaking
Sensory - Sight, sound and smell are the predominant
Experience sense within Burnett Lane due to artwork  Urban consolidation
and cafe surroundings. Other senses are  Sustainable urban governance
disregarded, or only achieved minimally.  Relationships and involvement with
key stakeholders
 Engagement with the community
With thhe key them mes within U URB’s frameework innnovative instaallations withhin Fortitudee Valley thatt
displaying strong correlaations to the aanalysis frameework resspond to the aforementionedd needs currenntly lacking inn
used withinn this body off research, it can
c be stated (from
( thee URB framew work. Using pprevious mappping studies off
the findinggs presented within this paper) that urban u losst and disuseed space in Fortitude Vaalley, variouss
greenery is capable of prroviding posittive and succeessful loccations for such installaations have been noted.
solutions too the strategiees outlined. W
Whilst schemees are Loocations have bbeen determinned based on tthe underlyingg
generally exxecuted by deesign and plannning agenciess (and purrpose of the sppace – whetheer it is commuunity oriented,
sometimes altered in favour of larger oorganisations,, over a sspace which rrequired vehiccular movemeent, or a spacee
the needs ofo the communnity), opportuunities arise foor the witth historic rrelevance. Whilst
W these spaces notedd
inhabitants of Fortitudde Valley too be inspiredd by proovide opportuunities for insstallations simmilar to thosee
innovative greenery usees – promotiing a new, place disscussed within the case sstudies, it is important too
specific typpology of use. Urban greeneery, in a subtroopical undderstand that these are genneric examplees that can bee
environmennt, provides paarticular outcoomes that reprresent altered and imprroved to ensurre the individuual qualities off
strong perssonal relationsships betweenn the user and the eacch site are connsidered. It is proposed thatt the exampless
environmennt. The use of greenery as an innovvative sugggested be uused as a baasic guide onn the type off
proposal foor reinvigorating lost space supports U URB’s insstallation, witth more reseearch developped into thee
strategy too consolidatee and strenggthen inner urban u inddividual needss and context of the site (refer to Figuree
environmennts through appropriatee, site speecific 11)).
developmennts.
This researcch article prrovides a fooundation forr
The appproaches to llost space ouutlined in the case insspiration and formulation oof possibilities surroundingg
study analyysis provide ssome possiblee opportunitiees for thee integration oof innovative urban
u greeneryy installations..
Figure 11. Lost and Disusedd Space Opporttunities
ISSN 2036 1602 151

Case study exemplars can provide a starting point for or disused space in Fortitude Valley, time and funding
innovative greenery installations. Laneways provide constraints prevent this from occurring. Instead, basic
opportunities for reinvigoration through the incorporation propositions for lost space “types” have been noted.
of Parklets, which have been designed to facilitate the
unique and specific needs of the laneway. Practical Implications for Further Research
aspects, such as servicing needs are able to be facilitated The findings of this study provide many opportunities
through the mobile aspect of the greenery initiative. for further study. Whilst innovative use of greenery has
Historical structures, such as the walls of existing proven to be successful in many cases, it may not be
heritage buildings provide opportunities to enhance the entirely appropriate in some climates. Further studies
unique, mix matched architecture within Fortitude Valley into how the public use public space in relation to
through the contrast of greenery. Vacant green spaces greenery elements could be undertaken in different
and corner sites have the chance to be revived through climates, to provide a wider range of analysis for
small community gardens that improve the residents’ comparison. Whilst this study maps current lost and
perception and relationship to the site. Endless disused space in Fortitude Valley, additional study could
opportunities exist to revitalise, rejuvenate and inspire a further analyse the specific needs of particular lost spaces
new urban life in Fortitude Valley. Creating a sense of in Fortitude Valley. This analysis could help develop a
place through greenery techniques provides valuable framework for establishing where varying levels of
opportunities to enhance social, political and innovative greenery initiatives could occur.
environmental aspects associated with dense urban
environments. With imminent redevelopment and rejuvenation on
the horizon for the Fortitude Valley suburb, it is essential
that vibrant public spaces are provided for the greater
CONCLUSION community; public spaces that understand the underlying
use, place and purpose of each individual space, and its
This research study has aimed to provide an relationship to the greater community. Opportunities
exploration into the use of greenery as a placemaking exist in the lost and disused spaces of subtropical urban
tool, with particular focus on innovative uses of greenery environments across the world for innovative approaches
and its ability to reinvigorate lost and disused space. that enhance the natural, subtropical environment of the
Through the examination of case studies and region. With renovation of these spaces through the
observations of the public in subtropical public space, incorporation of greenery, people are invited to
relationships between the impact of greenery within experience these spaces in an entirely new and
subtropical environments, and the success of innovative stimulating pattern of use, creating lively spaces that
approaches towards lost and disused space design has benefit the greater community physically, socially,
been established. With vegetation seen as a key attribute economically and mentally.
in subtropical public space, using greenery as a solution
to poor public space design provides opportunities for
future proposals. Analysis of current Fortitude Valley
policy frameworks has provided an understanding of how
innovative urban greenery initiatives can succeed in
meeting these strategies. Mapping of lost and disused
spaces in Fortitude Valley, in conjunction with
opportunities for possible installations in such spaces,
based on the analysis and information presented within
this body of research, aims to create a wider public
discussion in regards to the future of these under looked
spaces and how they can be reinvigorated for public use.
Limitations
Due to the limited time constraints associated with
this study, this research has been strictly limited to
ensure only appropriate depth into the chosen field of
study. Observations and research focuses predominantly
on the relationship between the use of public space and
urban greenery, thus in turn neglects other urban design
elements, such as street furniture, materials, shading
devices and so forth. Whilst it would also be beneficial to
physically apply the outcomes and findings of this
research in a detailed, physical design proposal for a lost
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MIGUEL, S. (2009). Guerrilla Gardening Development Blog.
BAIN, L., B. GRAY AND D. RODGERS. (2012). Living Accessed October 5, 2012.
Streets – Strategies for Crafting Public Space. New Jersey: http://guerrillagardening.wordpress.com/2009/05/17/my-first-
John Wiley and Sons. time-doing-real-life-guerrilla-gardening/
BCC (BRISBANE CITY COUNCIL). (2011). “Vibrant MISSION DISTRICT. (2012). Parklets Tour of San Francisco.
laneways and small spaces”. Accessed May 2, 2012. Accessed June 18, 2012. http://sf.funcheap.com/parklets-tour-
http://www.brisbane.qld.gov.au/planning-building/current- san-francisco-mission-dist/
planning-projects/neighbourhood-planning/neighbourhood- MONTGOMERY, J. (1998). “Making a City: Urbanity,
plans-in-your-area/brisbane-city-centre-master-plan/completed- Vitality and Urban Design.” Journal of Urban Design 3 (1): 93-
projects/vibrant-laneways-small-spaces/index.htm. 116.
BEATLEY, T. (2011). Biophilic Cities: Integrating Nature into MOSSOP, E. (2006). “Landscapes of Infrastructure”. In The
Urban Design and Planning. Washington D.C.: Island Press. Landscape Urbanism Reader, edited by Charles Waldheim,
BLASER, S. (2009). La Promenade Plantée: Walk on Air! 153-177. New York: Princeton Architectural Press.
Accessed June 18, 2012. http://hipparis.com/2009/12/08/le- MUMFORD, L. (1989). The city in history: its origins, its
promenade-plantee-walk-on-air/ transformations, and its prospects. San Diego: Harcourt Brace
BRENGMAN, M., J. YANNICK, K. WILLEMS AND K. & Co.
WOLF. (2009). "The effects if urban retail greenery on ON TOPIC MEDIA. (2012). Brunswick Street. Accessed
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(1): 57-64. doi: 10.1016/j.ufug.2009.10.001. PAVEMENT TO PARKS. (2012). Parklets. Accessed July 28,
CALLIGEROS, M. (2009). “Valley needs Vibrant Laneways 2012. http://sfpavementtoparks.sfplanning.org/parklets.html
too”. Brisbane Times, October 7. Accessed May 2, 2012. SIEH, L. AND S. TIESDELL. (2010). "Urban design and
http://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/entertainment/your- planning: challenges and opportunities." Urban Design and
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CARR, S., M. FRANCIS, L. G. RIVLIN AND A. M. STONE. SPIRN, A.W. (1985). The Granite Garden: Urban Nature and
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FARQUHARSON, V. (2009). “Laneways: next frontier”. http://www.iesanz.org/about/iesanz-news/2011/china-town-
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http://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/entertainment/restaurants- URBAN RENEWAL BRISBANE. (2011). Urban Renewal
and-bars/the-between-streets-of-your-town-20120302- Brisbane – 20 Years. Accessed October 3, 2012.
1u7pi.html http://www.aila.org.au/aaud/2011/BCC/index.pdf
GEHL, J. 2010. Cities for People. Washington D.C.: Island WALDHEIM, C., ed. (2006). The Landscape Urbanism
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GUARALDA, M. AND M. KOWALIK. (2011). "Mapping WALL, A. (1988). “Programming the Urban Surface.” In
resilience: A framework for changing cities." In Proceedings of Recovering Landscape, edited by James Corner, 233-249. New
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Ltd. University Press.
JACOBS, J. (1961). The Death and Life of Great American
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KAPLAN, R., S. KAPLAN AND R. L. RYAN. (1998). With
People in Mind: Design and Management of Everyday Nature.
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KELLERT, S. (2005). Building for Life: Designing and
Understanding the Human-Nature Connection. Washington
D.C.: Island Press.
KHANKHOJE, M. (2007). Guerrilla Gardening: A
Manualfesto. Accessed August 28, 2012.
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garde.html
LYNCH, K. (1960). The Image of the City. Massachusetts: MIT
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MAIRIE DE PARIS. (2012). Promenade Plantée. Accessed
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gardens-and-cemeteries/gardens/promenade-
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APPENDIX 1
Case Study Resource Information

The below information outlines the multiple resources used to gather information on the case studies used within the
research. Resources chosen provide personal experiential descriptions, as well as quantitative data.
PROMENADE PLANTÉE
Personal Reviews  ARTICLE ALLEY. (2012). Promenade Plantée. Accessed September 3, 2012.
http://riteborges.articlealley.com/promenade-plante-2403722.html
 BLASER, S. (2009). La Promenade Plantée: Walk on Air! Accessed June 18, 2012.
http://hipparis.com/2009/12/08/le-promenade-plantee-walk-on-air/
 LLANWARNE, A. (2010). Promenade Plantée, Paris, France. Accessed August 25,
2012.http://www.walkingstories.com/story_details.cfm/story_ID/250/menu_ID/2/title/
Promenade_Plantee_Paris_France
 LONELY PLANET. (2010). The Promenade Plantée in Paris. Accessed September
28, 2012. http://www.lonelyplanet.com/thorntree/thread.jspa?threadID=1916765
 TRIP ADVISOR. (2012). Promenade Plantée. Accessed August 20, 2012.
http://www.tripadvisor.com/Attraction_Review-g187147-d652872-Reviews-
Promenade_plantee-Paris_Ile_de_France.html
General Resources  ABRAHAMS, T. (2012). Viaducts: new urban encounters. Accessed August 30, 2012.
http://www.architonic.com/ntsht/viaducts-new-urban-encounters/7000516
 CAMPBELL, R. (2002). "A Paris Match? Boston Can Learn Something About
Creating New Civic Space from the City of Light." The Boston Globe, March 12.
Accessed June 14, 2012.
http://www.boston.com/beyond_bigdig/cases/paris/index.shtml
 CLEMENS, M. (2000). "Three Green Miles: A Planted Promenade Provides a Linear
Greenspace for Eastern Paris." Landscape Architecture 90 (2)): 58-65.
 MAIRIE DE PARIS. (2012). Promenade Plantée. Accessed July 28, 2012.
http://www.paris.fr/english/parks-woods-gardens-and-cemeteries/gardens/promenade-
plantee/rub_8212_stand_34230_port_18987
 URBAN REDEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY. (2011). How Others Did It. Accessed
August 26, 2012. http://www.ura.gov.sg/railcorridor/ideas/ideas.htm
 VAN DER VELDE, R. (2012). Tag Archives: Promenade Plantée. Accessed October
2, 2012. http://howdoyoulandscape.wordpress.com/tag/promenade-plantee/
Blog Entries  CARLSON, A. (2012). Catacombs, Sacre Coeur, Promenade Plantée, and more!
Accessed September 3, 2012.
http://downeasteralexa218.blogspot.com.au/2012/09/catacombs-sacre-coeur-
promenade-plantee.html
 HORTON, R. P. (2011). The High Line’s French Ancestor: La Promenade Plantée.
Accessed August 26, 2012. http://www.urbangardensweb.com/2011/09/23/the-high-
lines-french-ancestor-la-promenade-plantee/
 JANS, M. (2012). Promenade Plantée. Accessed October 5, 2012.
http://marthajans.blogspot.com.au/2012/06/promenade-plantee.html
 ROCHELEAU, S. (2012). Gay Paree. Accessed August 20, 2012.
https://rockyontheroad.wordpress.com/tag/promenade-plantee/
 SPURR, K. (2012). Paris Trip Journal: A Walk Along the Promenade Plantée.
Accessed August 30, 2012. http://bitesizedtravel.wordpress.com/2012/05/02/paris-
trip-journal-a-walk-along-the-promenade-plantee/
Articles  EXPLOGUIDE. (2012). La Promenade Plantée Park. Accessed October 2, 2012.
http://www.exploguide.com/explo/la-promenade-plantee-park-paris-12
 HURWITZ, S. (2012). Promenade Plantée is One of Paris’ Best Kept Secrets.
Accessed August 26, 2012.

http://www.bostonglobe.com/lifestyle/travel/2012/02/19/promenade-plantee-one-
paris-best-kept-secrets/FFg6nyYnEUmcc5e8HVx39J/story.html?camp=pm
 PARIS WALKING TOURS. (n.d.). Promenade Plantée. Accessed August 20, 2012.
http://www.paris-walking-tours.com/promenadeplantee.html
 TRAUB, C. (2012). Exploring the Viaduc des Arts and Promenade Plantée in Paris.
Accessed August 30, 2012.
http://goparis.about.com/od/parksgardensandsquares/a/viaduc-des-arts-promenade-
plantee-paris.htm
GUERRILLA GARDENING
Articles  GREEN, M. (2008). Guerrilla Gardeners: When Push Comes To Shovel. Accessed
August 18, 2012. http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Guerrilla-gardeners-When-
push-comes-to-shovel-3289216.php
 KHANKHOJE, M. (2007). Guerrilla Gardening: A Manualfesto. Accessed August 28,
2012. http://www.3quarksdaily.com/3quarksdaily/2007/09/guerrilla-garde.html
 SALTMARSH, N. (2010). Guerrilla Gardening for Sustainable Cities. Accessed
August 23, 2012. http://sd.defra.gov.uk/2010/03/guerilla-gardening-for-sustainable-
cities/
 SPOTTED BY LOCALS. (2012). Guerrilla Gardening – Brightening the city streets.
Accessed September 20, 2012. http://www.spottedbylocals.com/blog/guerilla-
gardening-brightening-the-city-streets/
General Resources  BRACE, B. (2012). A Bed for the Guerrilla Gardener; Questioning Public Space and
Challenged Land. Accessed September 3, 2012.
http://www.academia.edu/1258372/A_bed_for_the_guerrilla_gardener_questioning_p
ublic_space_and_challenged_land
 CRANE, A. (2011). “Intervening with agriculture: a participatory action case study of
guerrilla gardening in Kingston, Ontario.” Thesis diss., Queens University Department
of Environmental Studies. Accessed June 14, 2012.
http://www.queensu.ca/ensc/undergraduate/courses/ensc501-
2/pastprojects502/CraneENSC502.pdf
 HARDMAN, M. (2011). Understanding Guerilla Gardening: an exploration of illegal
cultivation in the UK. Birmingham: Birmingham City University. Accessed June 14,
2012.
http://www.bcu.ac.uk/_media/docs/CESR_Working_Paper_1_2011_Hardman.pdf
 POWERS, A. (2012). “Guerrilla gardening.” The Architectural Review 231 (1382):
96.
 ZANETTI, O. (2007). “Guerrilla Gardening. Georaphers and Gardeners, Actors and
Networks: Reconsidering Urban Public Space.” MA/MSc diss. Accessed June 14,
2012. http://www.guerrillagardening.org/books/ZanettiGG.pdf
Blog Entries  BRIDGE CITY GUERRILLA GARDENERS. (2012). Month in Review. Accessed
October 3, 2012. http://bridgecityguerrillagardens.wordpress.com
 GWEN, Z. (2012). Guerrilla Gardening. Accessed October 5, 2012.
http://nphile.wordpress.com/2012/04/22/guerilla-gardening/
 LUNDBERG, J. (2009). Guerrilla Gardening Gets Going. Accessed September 20,
2012. http://www.culturechange.org/cms/content/view/496/65/
 MIGUEL, S. (2009). Guerrilla Gardening Development Blog. Accessed October 5,
2012. http://guerrillagardening.wordpress.com/2009/05/17/my-first-time-doing-real-
life-guerrilla-gardening/
 URBAN TRAVEL BLOG. (2012). Guerrilla Gardening London. Accessed September
23, 2012. http://www.urbantravelblog.com/green/guerilla-gardening
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Personal Reviews  POPVILLE. (2012). Dear PoPville – What are your thoughts on guerrilla gardeners?
Accessed October 5, 2012. http://www.princeofpetworth.com/2012/03/dear-popville-
what-are-your-thoughts-on-guerilla-gardeners/
PARKLETS
Articles  BREEN, M. (2012). Parklets Here, Parklets There. Accessed October 5, 2012.
http://www.otheravenues.coop/wp-content/uploads/2009/12/summer2012final-1.pdf
 CARROLL, R. (2012). The Mini Parks That Could Transform Los Angeles.
Accessed September 5, 2012. http://www.psfk.com/2012/09/mini-parks-los-
angeles.html
 GILLIES, B. (2012). Pop-up Parklets Help Beautify Neighbourhoods. Accessed
September 30, 2012. http://beaconnews.ca/calgary/2012/09/pop-up-parklets-help-
beautify-neighbourhoods/
 HENRY, S. (2012). Berkeley hopes to emulate San Francisco with Creation of
Parklets. Accessed September 24, 2012.
http://blog.sfgate.com/inberkeley/2012/08/31/berkeley-hopes-to-emulate-san-
francisco-with-creation-of-parklets/
 NICHOLS, C. (2012). Roads and Rails: Roads to Give Way to ‘Parklets’ in LA.
Accessed September 25, 2012.
http://www.nctimes.com/blogsnew/news/transportation/roads-rails-roads-to-give-
way-to-parklets-in-l/article_ffe7c6dc-2ad1-59cb-98cd-f2aa032233f5.html
 PATTON, Z. (2012). Parklets: The Next Big Tiny Idea in Urban Planning. Accessed
August 23, 2012. http://www.governing.com/topics/energy-env/gov-parklets-next-
big-idea-in-urban-planning.html
 SHARPE, A. (2012). Parklets and Plazas. Accessed October 6, 2012.
http://www.generocity.org/2012/parklets-and-plazas-university-city-district/
 SHYONG, F. (2012). L.A. Council Oks pilot program to turn parking spots into
‘Parklets’. Accessed September 8, 2012.
http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/lanow/2012/08/council-votes-to-test-program-that-
turns-parking-spots-into-tiny-parklets.html
General Resources  ADELAIDE CITY COUNCIL. (2012). Come and experience a Parklet. Accessed
October 4, 2012. http://www.adelaidecitycouncil.com/council/media-centre/media-
releases/come-and-experience-a-parklet/
 BERG, N. (2010). “From Parking to ‘Parklets’.” Planning 76 (6): 5.
 MAYOR’S OFFICE OF TRANSPORT AND UTILITIES. (2012). The Power of
Parklets. Accessed June 14, 2012. http://phillymotu.wordpress.com/2012/05/04/the-
power-of-parklets/
 PRATT, L. (2010). Divisadero Trial Parklet Impact Report. Accessed June 14, 2012.
http://sfgreatstreets.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/DivisaderoReportPart1.pdf
 SAN FRANCISCO GREAT STREETS PROJECTS. (2012). Parklets. Accessed June
14, 2012. http://sfgreatstreets.org/parklets/
 PAVEMENT TO PARKS. (2012). Parklets. Accessed July 28, 2012.
http://sfpavementtoparks.sfplanning.org/parklets.html
 STUDIO ONE ELEVEN. (2012). Parklets. Accessed August 28, 2012.
http://carlsbad-village.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Studio111-
ParkletPresentation.pdf
 JENSEN, S. (2012). Parklets. Accessed September 28, 2012.
http://www.wrtdesign.com/offsite/91
 MISSION DISTRICT. (2012). Parklets Tour of San Francisco. Accessed June 18,
2012. http://sf.funcheap.com/parklets-tour-san-francisco-mission-dist/
Blog Entries  MOORCROFT, S. (2012). Small Scale Green Spaces Can Pack a Big Punch in
Cities. Accessed October 10, 2012.
http://www.innovationmanagement.se/2012/09/26/small-scale-green-spaces-can-
pack-a-big-punch-in-cities/
 MOTU, P. (2012). Parklets are Popping up all around. Accessed September 3, 2012.
http://phillymotu.wordpress.com/2012/09/13/parklets-are-popping-up-all-around-
philadelphia/
 OPEN. (2012). Asheville’s Creative Placemaking Forum. Accessed September 28,
2012. http://openasheville.org/tag/parklet
Personal Reviews  BIPEDIALITY. (2012). Parklets? Accessed October 9, 2012.
http://bipediality.wordpress.com/2012/09/29/parklets/
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lication in the following source:

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Notice: Changes introduced as a result of publishing processes such as

Eye on the Street? Sensory Experiences in Public Places

2012 QUThinking Conference, School of Design, QUT, Brisbane, 09 November 2012

REJUVENATING LOST AND DISUSED SPACE WITHIN

INTRODUCTION urban settings that integrate automobile uses with the

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Eye on the Street? Sensory Experiences in Public Places

Eye on the Street? Sensory Experiences in Public Places

Lanewaays are cruciall spaces withiin cities acrosss the

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public spacce in Fortitudee Valley, especially in regarrds to

Eye on the Street? Sensory Experiences in Public Places

METHODOLOGY Ingrained In depth Carr, Francis,

Public Space Needs

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Case Studyy Location

• Analysis of existing literature disccussing the sppaces,

This vvariation in data alloows a thorrough

Two loccations have bbeen chosen, oone with signifficant

Tabble 3: Fortitudee Valley Observvation Locationss.

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The anaalysis of the aforementioneed case studiees, in Pu

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embody. Sensory - Biophilic elements respond to all

Eye on the Street? Sensory Experiences in Public Places

Research findings have also shown there is a direct

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Placemaking Techniques The URB framework places emphasis on urban

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Figure 11. Lost and Disusedd Space Opporttunities

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Eye on the Street? Sensory Experiences in Public Places

2012 QUThinking Conference, School of Design, QUT, Brisbane, 09 November 2012

Case Study Resource Information

Eye on the Street? Sensory Experiences in Public Places

Accessed August 26, 2012.

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Eye on the Street? Sensory Experiences in Public Places

Eye on the Street? Sensory Experiences in Public Places

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