RT8561C

High Voltage 8-CH LED Driver

General Description Features
The RT8561C is a 40V 8-CH LED driver capable of z High Voltage : VIN up to 24V, VOUT up to 40V
delivering 30mA to each channel with 10 LEDs (3.6V per z Programmable Channel Current from 10mA to 30mA
diode), for a total of 80 LEDs with one driver. The RT8561C and Matched to 1.5%
is a current mode boost converter that operates at 1MHz, z Current Mode PWM 1MHz Boost Converter
with a wide VIN range from 4.5V to 24V and an on chip z Easy and High Accuracy Digital Dimming by PWM
current switch rated at 2.5A. Signal
z Programmable Soft-Start
The PWM output voltage loop regulates the LED pins to
z Automatic Detection of Unconnected and/or Broken
0.6V with an auto adjustment circuit allowing voltage
Channel
mismatches between LED strings. The RT8561C automati
z Programmable Over Voltage Protection
cally detects and disconnects any unconnected and/or
z Disconnects LED in Shutdown
broken strings during operation from the PWM loop to
z No Power Sequence Concern
prevent VOUT from over voltage.
z VIN Under Voltage Lockout
The 1.5% matched LED currents on all channels can be z Over Temperature Protection
simply programmed with a resistor or a current sink. A z Current Limiting Protection
very high contrast ratio true digital PWM dimming can be z Small 24-Lead WQFN Package
achieved by driving the PWM pin with a PWM signal. z RoHS Compliant and Halogen Free
Other protection features include programmable output
over voltage protection, LED current limit, PWM switch Applications
current limit and thermal shutdown. z UMPC and Notebook Computer Backlight
The RT8561C is available in a WQFN-24L 4x4 package. z GPS, Portable DVD Backlight
z Desk Lights and Room Lighting
Ordering Information
RT8561C
Package Type
Pin Configurations
QW : WQFN-24L 4x4 (W-Type) (TOP VIEW)
GND
GND
GND
GND

Lead Plating System

LX
LX

G : Green (Halogen Free and Pb Free)

24 23 22 21 20 19

Note : LED1 1 18 VCC

Richtek products are : LED2 2 17 CREG

LED3 3 16 LED8
` RoHS compliant and compatible with the current require- GND
LED4 4 15 LED7
ments of IPC/JEDEC J-STD-020.
LED5 5 14 LED6
` Suitable for use in SnPb or Pb-free soldering processes. 25
OVP 6 13 EN
7 8 9 10 11 12

Marking Information
SS

ACTL
VC
NC

NC
RISET

E4= : Product Code

E4=YM YMDNN : Date Code WQFN-24L 4x4
DNN

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RT8561C
Typical Application Circuit
VOUT
L1 40V MAX
VIN 10µH D1
4.5V to 24V C5
C1
R4 10µF 10µF
10 : :
... ::: :
RT8561C
: : : 8 x 10 LED String
18
VCC LX 19, 20 : : :
C6 R7 C7 : : : :
1µF
R5
1k 13 1
5V EN LED1
2
R6 1k LED2
11 ACTL

...

...
15
PWM Signal LED7
7 VC 16
LED8
R1 17 R2
C8 1.8k CREG OVP 6 VOUT
9 SS
C3 RISET 10 R3
C2 4.7µF C4
3.9nF RISET
0.1µF
4.75k

21, 22, 23, 24, ILED (mA) = 20 x 4.75

25 (Exposed Pad) RISET (kΩ )
GND

Note :
Due to the limitation of maximum duty, 5V input can support typically to VOUT = 33V.

Figure 1. 1MHz, 20mA Full Scale Current PWM Dimming Control

Function Block Diagram

LX

OSC
VCC - LED1
S
4.2V + +
R
-
OVP + R
1.2V -

EN -
-
+

LED2
1.6V +
Shutdown +
- .
5V
CREG
LDO .
.
VOUT
VC Regulation LED7
Unit +
-
5V
5µA
SS

LED8
+
ACTL +
-
GND -

RISET

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 RT8561C
Functional Pin Description
Pin No. Pin Name Pin Function
LED1, LED2,
Channel 1 to Channel 5 LED current sink. Leave the pin unconnected if not
1, 2, 3, 4, 5 LED3, LED4,
used.
LED5
Over Voltage Protection. PWM boost converter turns off when VOVP goes
6 OVP
higher than 1.2V.
7 VC PWM boost converter loop compensation node.
8 NC No Internal Connection.
9 SS Soft Start Pin, a capacitor of at least 10nF is required for soft start.
10 RISET A resistor or a current from DAC on this pin programs the full LED current.

Analog/Digital dimming control. When using analog dimming,

11 ACTL
ILED (mA) = 20 x 4.75 for VACTL ≥ 1.2V.
RISET (k Ω)
12 NC No Internal Connection.
13 EN Chip enable pin, when pulled low, chip is in shutdown mode.
LED6, LED7, Channel 6 to Channel 8 LED current sink. Leave the pin unconnected if not
14, 15, 16
LED8 used.
4.7μF capacitor should be placed on this pin to stabilize the 5V output of the
17 CREG
internal regulator. This regulator is for chip internal use only.
18 VCC Power supply of the chip. For good bypass, a low ESR capacitor is required.
19, 20 LX PWM boost converter switch node.
21, 22, 23, 24, Ground pin of the chip. The exposed pad must be soldered to a large PCB
GND
25 (Exposed Pad) and connected to GND for maximum power dissipation.

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RT8561C
Absolute Maximum Ratings (Note 1)
z Supply Voltage, VCC ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 28V
z LX Pin Voltage at Switching Off ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 50V
z LED1 to LED8 Pin --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 50V
z ACTL, EN ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 24V
z OVP -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- −0.3V to 5.5V
z Power Dissipation, PD @ TA = 25°C
WQFN-24L 4x4 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1.923W
z Package Thermal Resistance (Note 2)
WQFN-24L 4x4, θJA ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 52°C/W
WQFN-24L 4x4, θJC ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 7°C/W
z Junction Temperature ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 150°C
z Lead Temperature (Soldering, 10 sec.) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 260°C
z Storage Temperature Range -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- −65°C to 150°C
z ESD Susceptibility (Note 3)
HBM (Human Body Mode) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2kV
MM (Machine Mode) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 200V

Recommended Operating Conditions (Note 4)

z Supply Input Voltage, VCC ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4.5V to 24V
z Junction Temperature Range -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- −40°C to 125°C
z Ambient Temperature Range -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- −40°C to 85°C

Electrical Characteristics
(VCC = 17V, TA = 25°C, unless otherwise specified)
Parameter Symbol Test Conditions Min Typ Max Unit
Supply Current IVCC VC ≤ 0.2V (Switching off) -- 3 5 mA
VIN Under Voltage Lockout VIN Rising -- 4.2 4.5
VUVLO V
Threshold Hysteresis -- 0.3 --
Shutdown Current ISHDN VEN = 0V -- -- 10 μA
EN Threshold Logic-High VEN_H 1.6 -- 5
V
Voltage Logic-Low VEN_L -- -- 0.65
ACTL Threshold Logic-High VACTL_H 1.3 -- 5
V
Voltage Logic-Low VACTL_L -- -- 0.65
EN Pin Input Current IEN VEN ≤ 5V -- -- 0.1 μA
LED Current Programming
LED Current ILED 2V > VLED > 0.6V, RISET = 4.75kΩ 19 20 21 mA
2V > VLED > 0.6V, RISET = 4.75kΩ
LEDs Current Matching Calculating -- -- 1.5 %
(I (MAX) − I(MIN)) / IAverage x 100%
RISET Pin Voltage VRISET 3.6kΩ ≤ RISET ≤ 9.6kΩ, VACTL > 1.2V 1.17 1.2 1.23 V
Input Current of ACTL IACTL VACTL = 1.3V -- 1 2 μA
VLED Threshold Un-connection -- 0.1 -- V
To be continued
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 RT8561C
Parameter Symbol Test Conditions Min Typ Max Unit
PWM Boost Converter
Switching Frequency 0.8 1 1.2 MHz
Minimum On Time -- 100 -- ns
Regulated VLED Highest Voltage LED String 0.5 0.6 0.7 V
Amplifier (gm) Output Current 2.4V > VC > 0.2V -- ±15 -- μA
VC Threshold PWM Switch Off 0.1 0.2 -- V
LX RDS(ON) -- 0.3 0.5 Ω
LX Current Limit I LIM 2.5 -- -- A
OVP & Soft Start
OVP Threshold VOVP 1.1 1.2 1.3 V
OVP Input Current I OVP VOVP ≤ 3V -- -- 50 nA
Soft Start Current I SS VSS ≤ 2.5V 3 5 8 μA
Thermal Shutdown
TSD -- 150 -- °C
Temperature
Thermal Shutdown Hysteresis -- 20 -- °C

Note 1. Stresses listed as the above “Absolute Maximum Ratings” may cause permanent damage to the device. These are for
stress ratings. Functional operation of the device at these or any other conditions beyond those indicated in the
operational sections of the specifications is not implied. Exposure to absolute maximum rating conditions for extended
periods may remain possibility to affect device reliability.
Note 2. θJA is measured in the natural convection at TA = 25°C on a high effective four layers thermal conductivity test board of
JEDEC 51-7 thermal measurement standard. The case point of θJC is on the expose pad for the WQFN package.
Note 3. Devices are ESD sensitive. Handling precaution is recommended.
Note 4. The device is not guaranteed to function outside its operating conditions.

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RT8561C
Typical Operating Characteristics
Efficiency vs. Input Voltage LED Current vs. Input Voltage
100 22.0
90 21.6
80LEDs
80 21.2

LED Current (mA)

70 20.8
Efficiency (%)

60 20.4

50 20.0 LED1
LED2
40 19.6 LED3
LED4
30 19.2
LED5
20 18.8 LED6
LED7
10 18.4
LED8
0 18.0
4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
Input Voltage (V) Input Voltage (V)

LED Current vs. Temperature VRISET vs. Temperature

24 1.24

23 1.22

22
LED Current (mA)

1.20
21
VRISET (V)

1.18
20
1.16
19
1.14
18

17 1.12
VIN = 12V VIN = 12V
16 1.10
-50 -25 0 25 50 75 100 125 -50 -25 0 25 50 75 100 125
Temperature (°C) Temperature (°C)

VRISET vs. Input Voltage LED Current vs. PWM Duty Cycle
1.25 25

1.24
1.23 20
LED Current (mA)

1.22
15
VRISET (V)

1.21
1.20
PWM = 200Hz
1.19 10 PWM = 1kHz
PWM = 10kHz
1.18 PWM = 30kHz
1.17 5

1.16
VPWM = 0V to 3V, VIN = 12V
1.15 0
4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 0
0 10
0.1 20
0.2 30 0.4
0.3 40 0.5
50 0.6
60 0.7
70 0.8
80 0.9
90 100
1
Input Voltage (V) Duty Cycle (%)

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 RT8561C

Shutdown Current vs. Input Voltage Shutdown Current vs. Temperature

10 6

5
Shutdown Current (μA)1

Shutdown Current (μA)1

8

4
6
3
4
2

2
1

VEN = 0V VIN = 12V, VEN = 0V

0 0
4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 -50 -25 0 25 50 75 100 125
Input voltage (V) Temperature (°C)

Switch Off Current vs. Input Voltage SS Current vs. Temperature

4.0 8.0
3.8 7.6
Switch Off Current (mA)

3.6 7.2
3.4 6.8
SS Current (μA)

3.2 6.4
3.0 6.0
2.8 5.6
2.6 5.2
2.4 4.8
2.2 4.4
VCOMP = 0V VIN = 12V, CSS = 0.1μF
2.0 4.0
4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 -50 -25 0 25 50 75 100 125
Input Voltage (V) Temperature (°C)

SS Current vs. Input Voltage OVP Voltage vs. Temperature

6.0 1.30
1.28
5.8 1.26
OVP Voltage (V)

1.24
SS Current (μA)

5.6 1.22
1.20
5.4 1.18
1.16
5.2 1.14
1.12
CSS = 0.1μF VIN = 12V
5.0 1.10
4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 -50 -25 0 25 50 75 100 125
Input Voltage (V) Temperature (°C)

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RT8561C

OVP Voltage vs. Input Voltage Line Transient Response

1.4 14V

1.2 12V

1.0
10V
OVP Voltage (V)

0.8 IOUT
(100mA/Div)
0.6

0.4

0.2 VIN
VIN = 10.8V to 13.2V
0.0
4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 Time (50ms/Div)
Input Voltage (V)

Power On from EN

EN
(2V/Div)

VOUT
(20V/Div)

LX
(20V/Div)
I IN
(100mADiv)
VIN = 12V

Time (10ms/Div)

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 RT8561C
Applications Information
The RT8561C is a current mode boost converter operating If VIN is close to VOUT and smaller than VOUT, the control
at 1MHz to power up to 80 white LEDs with a loop may turn on the power switch with minimum on time
programmable current for uniform intensity. The part and then skip cycles to maintain LED current regulation.
integrates current sources, soft-start, and easy analog
and digital dimming control. The protection block provides Brightness Control
the circuitry for over temperature, over voltage and current The RT8561C features digital dimming control scheme.
limit protection features. A very high contrast ratio true digital PWM dimming can
be achieved by driving the ACTL pin with a PWM signal at
Input UVLO the recommended PWM frequency range from 100Hz to
The input operating voltage range of the RT8561C is 4.5V 10kHz.
to 24V. An input capacitor at the VCC pin can reduce Dimming frequency can be sufficiently adjusted from
ripple voltage. It is recommended to use a ceramic 10μF 100Hz to 30kHz. However, LED current cannot be 100%
or larger capacitor as the input capacitor. This IC provides proportional to duty cycle especially for high frequency
an Under Voltage Lockout (UVLO) function to enhance and low duty ratio because of physical limitation caused
the stability during startup. by inductor rising time. Refer to Table 1 and Figure 2.

Soft-Start Table 1.
The RT8561C employs a soft-start feature to limit the inrush Dimming Frequency (Hz) Duty (Min.) Duty (Max.)
current. The soft-start circuit prevents excessive inrush 100 < fPWM ≤ 200 0.16% 100%
200 < fPWM ≤ 500 0.40% 100%
current and input voltage droop. The soft-start time is
500 < fPWM ≤ 1k 0.80% 100%
determined by the capacitor, C4, which is connected to 1k < fPWM ≤ 2k 1.60% 100%
the SS pin with 5μA constant current. The value of capacitor 2k < fPWM ≤ 5k 4.00% 100%
C4 is user defined to satisfy the designer's requirement. 5k < fPWM ≤ 10k 8.00% 100%
10k < f PWM ≤ 20k 16.00% 100%
LED Connection
Note : The minimum duty in Table 1 is based on the application
The RT8561C provides an 8-CH LED driver with each circuit and does not consider the deviation of current linearity.
channel capable of supporting up to 10 LEDs. The 8 LED
strings are connected from VOUT to pins 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 14, LED Current vs. PWM Duty Cycle
25
15, and 16 respectively. If one of the LED channels is not
in use, the LED pin should be tied to ground directly.
20
LED Current (mA)

Setting and Regulation of LED Current

The LED current can be calculated by the following 15

equation : PWM = 200Hz

10 PWM = 1kHz
ILED (mA) = 20 x 4.75 PWM = 10kHz
RISET (kΩ) PWM = 30kHz
5
where, RISET is the resistor between the RISET pin and
GND. VPWM = 0V to 3V, VIN = 12V
0
This setting is the reference for the LED current at LED1 0
0 10
0.1 20
0.2 30 0.4
0.3 40 0.5
50 0.6
60 0.7
70 0.8
80 0.9
90 100
1
to LED8 and represents the sensed LED current for each Duty Cycle (%)
string. The DC/DC converter regulates the LED current
Figure 2. LED Current vs. PWM Dimming Duty Cycle
according to the setting.

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RT8561C
Over Voltage Protection Hence, even when VIN is ready, the control circuit will
The RT8561C equips an Over Voltage Protection (OVP) still wait for the arrival of PWM and EN before the LEDs
function. When the voltage at the OVP pin reaches a can react :
threshold of approximately 1.2V, the MOSFET driver VIN
output (LX) will be turned “OFF”. The MOSFET driver UVLO

output (LX) will be turned “ON” again once the voltage at

VOUT
OVP drops below the threshold voltage 1.2V.
Thus, the output voltage can be clamped at a certain EN
voltage level as shown in the following equation :

VOUT, OVP = VOVP × ⎛⎜ 1+ R2 ⎞⎟ ACTL

⎝ R3 ⎠
Figure 3. EN/ACTL Prior to VIN
where
R2 and R3 are the resistors in a voltage divider connected
VIN
to the OVP pin. UVLO

VOVP is typically 1.2V.

VOUT
If at least one string is in normal operation, the controller
will automatically ignore the open strings and continue to EN
regulate the current for the string(s) in normal operation.
ACTL
Current Limit Protection
Figure 4. VIN Tums Off Prior to EN/ACTL
The RT8561C can limit the peak current to achieve over
current protection. The RT8561C senses the inductor
current through the LX pin during the switch on period. VIN
The duty cycle depends on the current sense signal
summed up with the internal slope compensation and
VOUT
compared to the VC signal. The internal N-MOSFET will
be turned off when the current signal is larger than the
COMP signal. In the off period, the inductor current will EN

descend. The internal MOSFET is turned on by the

oscillator in the next beginning cycle.
ACTL

Over Temperature Protection Figure 5. EN Prior to ACTL Signal

The RT8561C has an Over Temperature Protection (OTP)
function to prevent excessive power dissipation from
VIN
overheating the device. The OTP will shut down switching
operation when the junction temperature exceeds 150°C.
The main converter will start switching again once the VOUT

junction temperature cools down approximately by 20°C.

EN
Power Sequence
ACTL
The RT8561C can apply these power on/off sequences
among VLED, EN and ACTL as shown in the charts below.
Figure 6. EN Prior to ACTL Signal

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 RT8561C
VIN
Diode Selection
Schottky diode is a good choice for an asynchronous boost
converter due to its small forward voltage. However, when
VOUT
selecting a Schottky diode, important parameters such
as power dissipation, reverse voltage rating and pulsating
EN
peak current should all be taken into consideration.
ACTL Choose a suitable diode with reverse voltage rating greater
than the maximum output voltage.
Figure 7. ACTL Prior to EN Signal
Capacitor Selection
VIN_POK The input capacitor reduces current spikes from the input
ACTL LED_ON supply and minimizes noise injection into the converter.
EN For most applications, a 10μF ceramic capacitor is
sufficient. A value higher or lower may be used depending
Figure 8
on the noise level from the input supply and the input
current to the converter.
Inductor Selection
The value of the output inductor (L), where the transition It is recommended to choose a ceramic capacitor based
from discontinuous to continuous mode occurs is on the output voltage ripple requirements. The minimum
approximated by the following equation : value of the output capacitor COUT is approximately given
by the following equation :
(VOUT − VIN ) × VIN2
L= (VOUT − VIN ) × IOUT
2 × IOUT × f × VOUT 2 COUT =
η × VRIPPLE × VOUT × f
where,
Thermal Considerations
VOUT = maximum output voltage.
For continuous operation, do not exceed absolute
VIN = minimum input voltage. maximum junction temperature. The maximum power
f = operating frequency. dissipation depends on the thermal resistance of the IC
IOUT = sum of current from all LED strings. package, PCB layout, rate of surrounding airflow, and
difference between junction and ambient temperature. The
η is the efficiency of the power converter.
maximum power dissipaton can be calculated by the
The boost converter operates in discontinuous mode over following formula :
the entire input voltage range when the L1 inductor value
PD(MAX) = (TJ(MAX) − TA) / θJA
is less than this value L. With an inductance greater than
L, the converter operates in continuous mode at the where TJ(MAX) is the maximum junction temperature, TA is
minimum input voltage and may be discontinuous at higher the ambient temperature, and θJA is the junction to ambient
voltages. thermal resistance.

The inductor must be selected with a saturation current For recommended operating condition specifications of
rating greater than the peak current provided by the RT8561C, the maximum junction temperature is 125°C
following equation : and TA is the ambient temperature. The junction to ambient
thermal resistance, θJA, is layout dependent. For WQFN-
IPEAK = VOUT × IOUT + VIN × T ⎛⎜ VOUT − VIN ⎞⎟ 24L 4x4 packages, the thermal resistance, θJA, is 52°C/
η × VIN 2 × L ⎝ VOUT ⎠ W on a standard JEDEC 51-7 four-layer thermal test board.
The maximum power dissipaton at TA = 25°C can be
calculated by the following formula :

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RT8561C
PD(MAX) = (125°C − 25°C) / (52°C/W) = 1.923W for Place these components
as close as possible. VOUT
WQFN-24L 4x4 package
C5
The maximum power dissipation depends on the operating D GND
C1
ambient temperature for fixed T J(MAX) and thermal
VIN
resistance, θJA. For the RT8561C package, the derating L

GND
GND
GND
GND
GND

LX
LX
curve in Figure 9 allows the designer to see the effect of
R4
rising ambient temperature on the maximum power 24 23 22 21 20 19
C6
dissipation. LED1 1 18 VCC
Locate the C6 as
LED2 2 17 CREG close to VCC pin as
2.40
Four-Layer PCB LED3 3 16 LED8 possible.
Maximum Power Dissipation (W)1

GND
LED4 4 15 LED7
2.00
LED5 5 14 LED6
OVP 6 25 13 EN
1.60
7 8 9 10 11 12

1.20

SS
VC
NC

RISET

NC
ACTL
0.80 C8 R1 Locate the compensation
components to VC pin as
0.40 C2 close as possible.

0.00 GND
0 25 50 75 100 125
Figure 10. PCB Layout Guide
Ambient Temperature (°C)

Figure 9. Derating Curve for RT8561C Package

Layout Guideline
PCB layout is very important for designing power switching
converter circuits. Some recommended layout guides that
should be strictly be followed are shown as follows :
` The power components L1, D1, CVIN1, COUT1 and COUT2
must be placed as close as possible to reduce the ac
current loop. The PCB trace between power components
must be short and wide as possible due to large current
flow these trace during operation.
` Place L1 and D1 connected to LX pin as close as possible.
The trace should be short and wide as possible.
` Recommend place CVIN2 close to VCC pin.
` Pin7 is the compensation point to adjust system
stability. Place the compensation components to pin7
as close as possible, no matter the compensation is
RC or capacitance.

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 RT8561C
Outline Dimension

D2 SEE DETAIL A
D

L
1

E E2

1 1

2 2

e b
DETAIL A
A
A3 Pin #1 ID and Tie Bar Mark Options
A1
Note : The configuration of the Pin #1 identifier is optional,
but must be located within the zone indicated.

Dimensions In Millimeters Dimensions In Inches

Symbol
Min Max Min Max
A 0.700 0.800 0.028 0.031
A1 0.000 0.050 0.000 0.002
A3 0.175 0.250 0.007 0.010
b 0.180 0.300 0.007 0.012
D 3.950 4.050 0.156 0.159
D2 2.300 2.750 0.091 0.108
E 3.950 4.050 0.156 0.159
E2 2.300 2.750 0.091 0.108
e 0.500 0.020
L 0.350 0.450 0.014 0.018

W-Type 24L QFN 4x4 Package

Richtek Technology Corporation Richtek Technology Corporation

Headquarter Taipei Office (Marketing)
5F, No. 20, Taiyuen Street, Chupei City 5F, No. 95, Minchiuan Road, Hsintien City
Hsinchu, Taiwan, R.O.C. Taipei County, Taiwan, R.O.C.
Tel: (8863)5526789 Fax: (8863)5526611 Tel: (8862)86672399 Fax: (8862)86672377
Email: [email protected]

Information that is provided by Richtek Technology Corporation is believed to be accurate and reliable. Richtek reserves the right to make any change in circuit
design, specification or other related things if necessary without notice at any time. No third party intellectual property infringement of the applications should be
guaranteed by users when integrating Richtek products into any application. No legal responsibility for any said applications is assumed by Richtek.

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