WORK, ENERGY and POWER

-> any activity that requires muscular or mental effort

-> done by exerting force on an object w/c then undergoes displacement
-> requires energy
 
W  F d
 Fd cos θ
θ
W  F||d  Fd||
θ

-> SI unit – joule (J) after James Prescott Joule

1J 1 N m

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 θ
θ W   (positive)
 θ Work is done ON the body
d
Work is done BY the one exerting
force the body


θ
W   (negative)
θ
d Work is done BY the body
Work is done ON the one exerting
the body

θ W 0
 Zero work done
d
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
d 
d 
d

Gravity is really the one

doing the work!

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Try!  
 Read the following statements and determine
whether or not they represent examples of work.

 A teacher applies a force to a wall and becomes

exhausted. NO
 A book falls off a table and free falls to the ground. YES
 A waiter carries a tray full of meals above his head
by one arm straight across the room at constant
speed. NO
 A rocket accelerates through space. YES
***To Do Work, Forces Must Cause Displacements
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Example 1: Work done by a constant force
Steve exerts a steady force of 210 N on the stalled
car as he pushes it a distance of 18m. The car
also has a flat tire, so to make the car move
straight, Steve must push at an angle of 30.0o to
the direction of motion. (a) How much work does 
Steve do? (b) In a helpful mood, Steve pushes a F
second stalled car with a steady force of

F  (160 N)iˆ  (40 N) ˆj 
The displacement of the car is

d  (14m)iˆ  (11m) ˆj
How much work does Steve do in this case?

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Example 2: Work done by several forces.
A farmer hitches his tractor to a sled loaded with
firewood and pulls it a distance of 20m along level
ground. The total weight of the sled and load is
14700 N. The tractor exerts a 5000-N force at an
angle of 36.9o above the horizontal. There is a
3500-N frictional force opposing the motion. Find
the work done by each force acting on the sled and
the total work done by all the forces.

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Example 3: Work done by gravity.
A 75 kg painter climbs a ladder that is 2.75m long
leaning against a vertical wall. The ladder makes an
angle of 30.0o with the wall. (a) How much work does
gravity do on the painter? (b) does the answer in
part (a) depend on whether the painter climbs at
constant speed or accelerates up the ladder? 30.0o

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KINETIC ENERGY
-> energy due to motion (speed)

1 2
K  mv
2
Work-Energy Theorem for Kinetic Energy

Wtot  K  K f  Ki
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Example 4:
Suppose the 14700-N sled has an initial velocity of 2m/s. What is its speed after it
moved 20m? (Wtot=10kJ)

vi vf

20m

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Example 5: Comparing kinetic energies
Two iceboats hold a race on a frictionless lake.
The two iceboats have masses m and 2m. Each
iceboat has an identical sail, so the wind exerts
the same constant force on each of them. The
two ice boats start from rest and cross the
finish line a distance s away. Which ice boat
crosses the finish line with greater kinetic
energy?

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Example 6: Finding force using work-energy theorem
A sled with mass 8.00kg moves in a straight line on a frictionless horizontal surface. At
one point in its path, its speed is 4.00m/s; after it has travelled 2.50m beyond this
point, its speed is 6.00m/s. Find the constant force acting on the sled.

4.00 m/s 6.00 m/s

F F

2.50m

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 POTENTIAL ENERGY &
ENERGY CONSERVATION
POTENTIAL ENERGY -> energy associated with position (gravitational, elastic, electric)
-> potential (possibility) of work to be done

U g  mgy gravitational potential energy

Work-Energy theorem for

gravitational potential energy

Wg  U g
 U gi  U gf
work done by gravity

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-> potential energy for an elastic object (i.e. spring, rubber band)
 
F  kx elastic force required to stretch or compress a spring a distance x

1 2
U e  kx elastic potential energy associated for a spring

2
Work-Energy theorem for elastic potential energy

We  U e
 U ei  U ef work done by a spring

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 
d

 
d d

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MECHANICAL ENERGY -> total energy of a system (kinetic + potential)

E  K U
Principle of Conservation of Mechanical Energy
-> mechanical energy of the system doesn’t change
Ei  E f
K i  U gi  U ei  K f  U gf  U ef
If there are other forces (other than gravity and elastic force) present, mechanical
energy is not conserved

Ki  U gi  U ei  Wother  K f  U gf  U ef
general work-energy theorem

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-> a force that offers a two-way conversion between kinetic and potential energies
-> gravitational force, elastic force
-> doesn’t depend on the path, only on the initial and final position

PE

KE

Non-Conservative Forces -> dissipative force (causes mechanical energy to be lost)

-> frictional force

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Example 7: Height of a baseball
You throw a 0.145 kg baseball straight up in the air,
giving it an initial upward velocity of magnitude
20.0m/s. Find how high it goes, ignoring air
resistance (friction).

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Example 8: Work and energy in throwing a baseball
Suppose, in the previous example, your hand moves
up 0.50m while you are throwing the ball, w/c
leaves your hand with an upward velocity of
20.0m/s.
(a) Assuming that your hand exerts a constant
upward force on the ball, find the magnitude
of that force.
(b) Find the speed of the ball at a point 15.0m
above the point where it leaves your hand.

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Example 9: Motion w/ elastic potential energy
A block w/ mass 0.200 kg sits on a frictionless
horizontal floor, connected to a spring w/ 0.100m
spring constant k=5.00N/m. You pull the block, 0.080m

stretching the spring 0.100 m, and then release

it with no initial velocity. The block begins to
move back towards its equilibrium position(x=0). x=0
What is its velocity when x=0.080m?

Example 10: Motion w/ elastic potential energy & work done by other forces
Suppose the block is initially at rest at x=0 with the spring unstretched. You then apply
a constant force F in the +x direction with magnitude 0.610N to the block. What is the
block’s velocity when it has moved x=0.100m?

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-> time rate of doing work
-> time rate of expending energy

W
P average power
t
 
instantaneous power
P  F v
-> SI unit – watt (W)

J
1W  1 1hp  746 W
s
hp = horsepower

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Example 11: Power climb
A 50 kg marathon runner runs up the stairs to the
top of Chicago’s 443-m tall Sears
Tower. To lift herself to the top in 15.0 minutes,
what must be her average power in
watts? In kilowatts? In horsepower?

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Example 12: Force and power
Each of the two jet engines in a Boeing 767 airliner develops a thrust of 197,000 N
(44,300 lb). When the airplane is flying at 250 m/s, what horsepower does each engine
develop?

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Prob 1. A factory worker pushes a 30.0 kg crate a distance of 4.5m along a level floor at constant
velocity by pushing horizontally on it. The coefficient of kinetic friction between the crate and the
floor is 0.25. (a) What magnitude of work must the worker apply? (b) How much work is done by this
force? (c) How much is the work done by friction? By gravity? By the normal force? (d) What is the
total work done on the crate?

Prob 2. Two blocks are connected by a very light string passing over a massless and frictionless pulley.
Travelling at constant speed, the 20-N block moves 75cm to the right and the 12-N block moves
75-cm downward. During this process, how much work is done (a) on the 12-N block by (i) gravity
(ii) the tension in the string? (b) On the 20-N block by (i) gravity, (ii) the tension in the string,
(iii) friction, and (iv) the normal force? (c) Find the total work done on each block.

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Prob 3. You throw a 20-N rock vertically into the air from ground level. You observe that when it is
15m above the ground, it is travelling 25m/s upward. Find the rock’s speed just as it left the ground
and its maximum height.

Prob 4. A block of ice with mass 2kg slides 0.750m down an inclined plane that slopes downward at an
angle of 36.9o below the horizontal. If the block of ice starts from rest, what is its final speed?

Prob 5. How many joules of energy does a 100-watt light bulb use per hour? How fast would a 70-kg
person have to run to have that amount of kinetic energy?

Prob 6. An elevator has mass 600kg, not including the passengers. The elevator is designed to ascend,
at constant speed, a vertical distance of 20 m (5 floors) in 16s, and it is driven by a motor that can
provide up to40hp to the elevator. What is the maximum number of passengers that can ride the
elevator? Assume that an average passenger has mass 65kg.

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