FIG. 1-1 Graphic relationships of SI units with names (U.S. National Bureau of Standards, LC 1078, December 1976.

1-2
TABLE 1-1 SI Base and Supplementary Quantities and Units TABLE 1-2b Additional Common Derived Units of SI
SI unit symbol Quantity Unit Symbol
(“abbreviation”);
Use roman acceleration meter per second squared m/s2
Quantity or “dimension” SI unit (upright) type angular acceleration radian per second squared rad/s2
angular velocity radian per second rad/s
Base quantity or “dimension” area square meter m2
length meter m concentration (of amount of mole per cubic meter mol/m3
mass kilogram kg substance)
time second s current density ampere per square meter A/m2
electric current ampere A density, mass kilogram per cubic meter kg/m3
thermodynamic temperature kelvin K electric-charge density coulomb per cubic meter C/m3
amount of substance mole* mol electric-field strength volt per meter V/m
luminous intensity candela cd electric-flux density coulomb per square meter C/m2
Supplementary quantity or “dimension” energy density joule per cubic meter J/m3
plane angle radian rad entropy joule per kelvin J/K
solid angle steradian sr heat capacity joule per kelvin J/K
heat-flux density, watt per square meter W/m2
* When the mole is used, the elementary entities must be specified; they may irradiance
be atoms, molecules, ions, electrons, other particles, or specified groups of such luminance candela per square meter cd/m2
particles. magnetic-field strength ampere per meter A/m
molar energy joule per mole J/mol
molar entropy joule per mole-kelvin J/(mol⋅K)
molar-heat capacity joule per mole-kelvin J/(mol⋅K)
moment of force newton-meter N⋅m
TABLE 1-2a Derived Units of SI that Have Special Names permeability henry per meter H/m
permittivity farad per meter F/m
Quantity Unit Symbol Formula radiance watt per square-meter- W/(m2⋅sr)
frequency (of a periodic phenomenon) hertz Hz l/s steradian
force newton N (kg⋅m)/s2 radiant intensity watt per steradian W/sr
pressure, stress pascal Pa N/m2 specific-heat capacity joule per kilogram-kelvin J/(kg⋅K)
energy, work, quantity of heat joule J N⋅m specific energy joule per kilogram J/kg
power, radiant flux watt W J/s specific entropy joule per kilogram-kelvin J/(kg⋅K)
quantity of electricity, electric charge coulomb C A⋅s specific volume cubic meter per kilogram m3/kg
electric potential, potential difference, volt V W/A surface tension newton per meter N/m
electromotive force thermal conductivity watt per meter-kelvin W/(m⋅K)
capacitance farad F C/V velocity meter per second m/s
electric resistance ohm Ω V/A viscosity, dynamic pascal-second Pa⋅s
conductance siemens S A/V viscosity, kinematic square meter per second m2/s
magnetic flux weber Wb V⋅s volume cubic meter m3
magnetic-flux density tesla T Wb/m2 wave number 1 per meter 1/m
inductance henry H Wb/A
luminous flux lumen lm cd⋅sr
illuminance lux lx lm/m2
activity (of radionuclides) becquerel Bq l/s
absorbed dose gray Gy J/kg TABLE 1-3 SI Prefixes
Multiplication factor Prefix Symbol
1 000 000 000 000 000 = 1018
000 exa E
1 000 000 000 000 = 1015
000 peta P
1 000 000 000 = 1012
000 tera T
1 000 000 = 109
000 giga G
1 000 = 106
000 mega M
000 = 103
1 kilo k
100 = 102 hecto* h
10 = 101 deka* da
0.1 = 10−1 deci* d
0.01 = 10−2 centi c
0.001 = 10−3 milli m
0.000 001 = 10−6 micro µ
0.000 000 001 = 10−9 nano n
0.000 000 000 001 = 10−12 pico p
0.000 000 000 000 001 = 10−15 femto f
0.000 000 000 000 000 001 = 10−18 atto a
*Generally to be avoided.

1-3
TABLE 1-4 Conversion Factors: U.S. Customary and Commonly Used Units to SI Units
Conversion factor; multiply
Customary or commonly Alternate customary unit by factor to
Quantity used unit SI unit SI unit obtain SI unit
Space,† time
Length naut mi km 1.852* E + 00
mi km 1.609 344* E + 00
chain m 2.011 68* E + 01
link m 2.011 68* E − 01
fathom m 1.828 8* E + 00
yd m 9.144* E − 01
ft m 3.048* E − 01
cm 3.048* E + 01
in mm 2.54* E + 01
in cm 2.54 E + 00
mil µm 2.54* E + 01
Length/length ft/mi m/km 1.893 939 E − 01
Length/volume ft/U.S. gal m/m3 8.051 964 E + 01
ft/ft3 m/m3 1.076 391 E + 01
ft/bbl m/m3 1.917 134 E + 00
Area mi2 km2 2.589 988 E + 00
section ha 2.589 988 E + 02
acre ha 4.046 856 E − 01
ha m2 1.000 000* E + 04
yd2 m2 8.361 274 E − 01
ft2 m2 9.290 304* E − 02
in2 mm2 6.451 6* E + 02
cm2 6.451 6* E + 00
Area/volume ft2/in3 m2/cm3 5.699 291 E − 03
ft2/ft3 m2/m3 3.280 840 E + 00
Volume cubem km3 4.168 182 E + 00
acre⋅ft m3 1.233 482 E + 03
ha⋅m 1.233 482 E − 01
yd3 m3 7.645 549 E − 01
bbl (42 U.S. gal) m3 1.589 873 E − 01
ft3 m3 2.831 685 E − 02
dm3 L 2.831 685 E + 01
U.K. gal m3 4.546 092 E − 03
dm3 L 4.546 092 E + 00
U.S. gal m3 3.785 412 E − 03
dm3 L 3.785 412 E + 00
U.K. qt dm3 L 1.136 523 E + 00
U.S. qt dm3 L 9.463 529 E − 01
U.S. pt dm3 L 4.731 765 E − 01
U.K. fl oz cm3 2.841 307 E + 01
U.S. fl oz cm3 2.957 353 E + 01
in3 cm3 1.638 706 E + 01
Volume/length (linear bbl/in m3m 6.259 342 E + 00
displacement) bbl/ft m3/m 5.216 119 E − 01
ft3/ft m3/m 9.290 304* E − 02
U.S. gal/ft m3/m 1.241 933 E − 02
L/m 1.241 933 E + 01
Plane angle rad rad 1
deg (°) rad 1.745 329 E − 02
min (′) rad 2.908 882 E − 04
sec (″) rad 4.848 137 E − 06
Solid angle sr sr 1
Time year a 1
week d 7.0* E + 00
h s 3.6* E + 03
min 6.0* E + 01
min s 6.0* E + 01
h 1.666 667 E − 02
mµs ns 1
Mass, amount of substance
Mass U.K. ton Mg t 1.016 047 E + 00
U.S. ton Mg t 9.071 847 E − 01
U.K. cwt kg 5.080 234 E + 01
U.S. cwt kg 4.535 924 E + 01
lbm kg 4.535 924 E − 01
oz (troy) g 3.110 348 E + 01
oz (av) g 2.834 952 E + 01
gr mg 6.479 891 E + 01

1-4
TABLE 1-4 Conversion Factors: U.S. Customary and Commonly Used Units to SI Units (Continued )
Conversion factor; multiply
Customary or commonly Alternate customary unit by factor to
Quantity used unit SI unit SI unit obtain SI unit
Amount of substance lbm⋅mol kmol 4.535 924 E − 01
std m3(0°C, 1 atm) kmol 4.461 58 E − 02
std ft3 (60°F, 1 atm) kmol 1.195 30 E − 03
Enthalpy, calorific value, heat, entropy, heat capacity
Calorific value, enthalpy Btu/lbm MJ/kg 2.326 000 E − 03
(mass basis) kJ/kg J/g 2.326 000 E + 00
kWh/kg 6.461 112 E − 04
cal/g kJ/kg J/g 4.184* E + 00
cal/lbm J/kg 9.224 141 E + 00
Caloric value, enthalpy kcal/(g⋅mol) kJ/kmol 4.184* E + 03
(mole basis) Btu/(lb⋅mol) kJ/kmol 2.326 000 E + 00
Calorific value (volume Btu/U.S. gal MJ/m3 kJ/dm3 2.787 163 E − 01
basis—solids and liquids) kJ/m3 2.787 163 E + 02
kWh/m3 7.742 119 E − 02
Btu/U.K. gal MJ/m3 kJ/dm3 2.320 800 E − 01
kJ/m3 2.320 800 E + 02
Btu/ft3 kWh/m3 6.446 667 E − 02
MJ/m3 kJ/dm3 3.725 895 E − 02
kJ/m3 3.725 895 E + 01
kWh/m3 1.034 971 E − 02
cal/mL MJ/m3 4.184* E + 00
(ft⋅lbf)/U.S. gal kJ/m3 3.581 692 E − 01
Calorific value (volume cal/mL kJ/m3 J/dm3 4.184* E + 03
basis—gases) kcal/m3 kJ/m3 J/dm3 4.184* E + 00
Btu/ft3 kJ/m3 J/dm3 3.725 895 E + 01
kWh/m3 1.034 971 E − 02
Specific entropy Btu/(lbm⋅°R) kJ/(kg⋅K) J/(g⋅K) 4.186 8* E + 00
cal/(g⋅K) kJ/(kg⋅K) J/(g⋅K) 4.184* E + 00
kcal/(kg⋅°C) kJ/(kg⋅K) J/(g⋅K) 4.184* E + 00
Specific-heat capacity (mass kWh/(kg⋅°C) kJ/(kg⋅K) J/(g⋅K) 3.6* E + 03
basis) Btu/(lbm⋅°F) kJ/(kg⋅K) J/(g⋅K) 4.186 8* E + 00
kcal/(kg⋅°C) kJ/(kg⋅K) J/(g⋅K) 4.184* E + 00
Specific-heat capacity (mole Btu/(lb⋅mol⋅°F) kJ/(kmol⋅K) 4.186 8* E + 00
basis) cal/(g⋅mol⋅°C) kJ/(kmol⋅K) 4.184* E + 00
Temperature, pressure, vacuum
Temperature (absolute) °R K 5/9
K K 1
Temperature (traditional) °F °C 5/9(°F − 32)
Temperature (difference) °F K, °C 5/9
Pressure atm (760 mmHg at 0°C or 14,696 psi) MPa 1.013 250* E − 01
kPa 1.013 250* E + 02
bar 1.013 250* E + 00
bar MPa 1.0* E − 01
kPa 1.0* E + 02
mmHg (0°C) = torr MPa 6.894 757 E − 03
kPa 6.894 757 E + 00
bar 6.894 757 E − 02
µmHg (0°C) kPa 3.376 85 E + 00
µ bar kPa 2.488 4 E − 01
mmHg = torr (0°C) kPa 1.333 224 E − 01
cmH2O (4°C) kPa 9.806 38 E − 02
lbf/ft2 (psf) kPa 4.788 026 E − 02
mHg (0°C) Pa 1.333 224 E − 01
bar Pa 1.0* E + 05
dyn/cm2 Pa 1.0* E − 01
Vacuum, draft inHg (60°F) kPa 3.376 85 E + 00
inH2O (39.2°F) kPa 2.490 82 E − 01
inH2O (60°F) kPa 2.488 4 E − 01
mmHg (0°C) = torr kPa 1.333 224 E − 01
cmH2O (4°C) kPa 9.806 38 E − 02
Liquid head ft m 3.048* E − 01
in mm 2.54* E + 01
cm 2.54* E + 00
Pressure drop/length psi/ft kPa/m 2.262 059 E + 01

1-5
TABLE 1-4 Conversion Factors: U.S. Customary and Commonly Used Units to SI Units (Continued )
Conversion factor; multiply
Customary or commonly Alternate customary unit by factor to
Quantity used unit SI unit SI unit obtain SI unit
Density, specific volume, concentration, dosage
Density lbm/ft3 kg/m3 1.601 846 E + 01
g/m3 1.601 846 E + 04
lbm/U.S. gal kg/m3 1.198 264 E + 02
g/cm3 1.198 264 E − 01
lbm/U.K. gal kg/m3 9.977 633 E + 01
lbm/ft3 kg/m3 1.601 846 E + 01
g/cm3 1.601 846 E − 02
g/cm3 kg/m3 1.0* E + 03
lbm/ft3 kg/m3 1.601 846 E + 01
Specific volume ft3/lbm m3/kg 6.242 796 E − 02
m3/g 6.242 796 E − 05
3
ft /lbm dm3/kg 6.242 796 E + 01
U.K. gal/lbm dm3/kg cm3/g 1.002 242 E + 01
U.S. gal/lbm dm3/kg cm3/g 8.345 404 E + 00
Specific volume (mole basis) L/(g⋅mol) m3/kmol 1
ft3/(lb⋅mol) m3/kmol 6.242 796 E − 02
Specific volume bbl/U.S. ton m3/t 1.752 535 E − 01
bbl/U.K. ton m3/t 1.564 763 E − 01
Yield bbl/U.S. ton dm3/t L/t 1.752 535 E + 02
bbl/U.K. ton dm3/t L/t 1.564 763 E + 02
U.S. gal/U.S. ton dm3/t L/t 4.172 702 E + 00
U.S. gal/U.K. ton dm3/t L/t 3.725 627 E + 00
Concentration (mass/mass) wt % kg/kg 1.0* E − 02
g/kg 1.0* E + 01
wt ppm mg/kg 1
Concentration (mass/volume) lbm/bbl kg/m3 g/dm3 2.853 010 E + 00
g/U.S. gal kg/m3 2.641 720 E − 01
g/U.K. gal kg/m3 g/L 2.199 692 E − 01
lbm/1000 U.S. gal g/m3 mg/dm3 1.198 264 E + 02
lbm/1000 U.K. gal g/m3 mg/dm3 9.977 633 E + 01
gr/U.S. gal g/m3 mg/dm3 1.711 806 E + 01
gr/ft3 mg/m3 2.288 351 E + 03
lbm/1000 bbl g/m3 mg/dm3 2.853 010 E + 00
mg/U.S. gal g/m3 mg/dm3 2.641 720 E − 01
gr/100 ft3 mg/m3 2.288 351 E + 01
Concentration (volume/volume) ft3/ft3 m3/m3 1
bbl/(acre⋅ft) m3/m3 1.288 931 E − 04
vol% m3/m3 1.0* E − 02
U.K. gal/ft3 dm3/m3 L/m3 1.605 437 E + 02
U.S. gal/ft3 dm3/m3 L/m3 1.336 806 E + 02
mL/U.S. gal dm3/m3 L/m3 2.641 720 E − 01
mL/U.K. gal dm3/m3 L/m3 2.199 692 E − 01
vol ppm cm3/m3 1
dm3/m3 L/m3 1.0* E − 03
U.K. gal/1000 bbl cm3/m3 2.859 403 E + 01
U.S. gal/1000 bbl cm3/m3 2.380 952 E + 01
U.K. pt/1000 bbl cm3/m3 3.574 253 E + 00
Concentration (mole/volume) (lb⋅mol)/U.S. gal kmol/m3 1.198 264 E + 02
(lb⋅mol)/U.K. gal kmol/m3 9.977 644 E + 01
(lb⋅mol)/ft3 kmol/m3 1.601 846 E + 01
std ft3 (60°F, 1 atm)/bbl kmol/m3 7.518 21 E − 03
Concentration (volume/mole) U.S. gal/1000 std ft3 (60°F/60°F) dm3/kmol L/kmol 3.166 91 E + 00
bbl/million std ft3 (60°F/60°F) dm3/kmol L/kmol 1.330 10 E − 01
Facility throughput, capacity
Throughput (mass basis) U.K. ton/year t/a 1.016 047 E + 00
U.S. ton/year t/a 9.071 847 E − 01
U.K. ton/day t/d 1.016 047 E + 00
t/h 4.233 529 E − 02
U.S. ton/day t/d 9.071 847 E − 01
t/h 3.779 936 E − 02
U.K. ton/h t/h 1.016 047 E + 00
U.S. ton/h t/h 9.071 847 E − 01
lbm/h kg/h 4.535 924 E − 01

1-6
TABLE 1-4 Conversion Factors: U.S. Customary and Commonly Used Units to SI Units (Continued )
Conversion factor; multiply
Customary or commonly Alternate customary unit by factor to
Quantity used unit SI unit SI unit obtain SI unit
Throughput (volume basis) bbl/day t/a 5.803 036 E + 01
m3/d 1.589 873 E − 01
3
ft /day m3/h 1.179 869 E − 03
bbl/h m3/h 1.589 873 E − 01
ft3/h m3/h 2.831 685 E − 02
U.K. gal/h m3/h 4.546 092 E − 03
L/s 1.262 803 E − 03
U.S. gal/h m3/h 3.785 412 E − 03
L/s 1.051 503 E − 03
U.K. gal/min m3/h 2.727 655 E − 01
L/s 7.576 819 E − 02
U.S. gal/min m3/h 2.271 247 E − 01
L/s 6.309 020 E − 02
Throughput (mole basis) (lbm⋅mol)/h kmol/h 4.535 924 E − 01
kmol/s 1.259 979 E − 04
Flow rate
Flow rate (mass basis) U.K. ton/min kg/s 1.693 412 E + 01
U.S. ton/min kg/s 1.511 974 E + 01
U.K. ton/h kg/s 2.822 353 E − 01
U.S. ton/h kg/s 2.519 958 E − 01
U.K. ton/day kg/s 1.175 980 E − 02
U.S. ton/day kg/s 1.049 982 E − 02
million lbm/year kg/s 5.249 912 E + 00
U.K. ton/year kg/s 3.221 864 E − 05
U.S. ton/year kg/s 2.876 664 E − 05
lbm/s kg/s 4.535 924 E − 01
lbm/min kg/s 7.559 873 E − 03
lbm/h kg/s 1.259 979 E − 04
Flow rate (volume basis) bbl/day m3/d 1.589 873 E − 01
L/s 1.840 131 E − 03
3
ft /day m3/d 2.831 685 E − 02
L/s 3.277 413 E − 04
bbl/h m3/s 4.416 314 E − 05
L/s 4.416 314 E − 02
ft3/h m3/s 7.865 791 E − 06
L/s 7.865 791 E − 03
U.K. gal/h dm3/s L/s 1.262 803 E − 03
U.S. gal/h dm3/s L/s 1.051 503 E − 03
U.K. gal/min dm3/s L/s 7.576 820 E − 02
U.S. gal/min dm3/s L/s 6.309 020 E − 02
ft3/min dm3/s L/s 4.719 474 E − 01
ft3/s dm3/s L/s 2.831 685 E + 01
Flow rate (mole basis) (lb⋅mol)/s kmol/s 4.535 924 E − 01
(lb⋅mol)/h kmol/s 1.259 979 E − 04
million scf/D kmol/s 1.383 45 E − 02
Flow rate/length (mass basis) lbm/(s⋅ft) kg/(s⋅m) 1.488 164 E + 00
lbm/(h⋅ft) kg/(s⋅m) 4.133 789 E − 04
Flow rate/length (volume basis) U.K. gal/(min⋅ft) m2/s m3/(s⋅m) 2.485 833 E − 04
U.S. gal/(min⋅ft) m2/s m3/(s⋅m) 2.069 888 E − 04
U.K. gal/(h⋅in) m2/s m3/(s⋅m) 4.971 667 E − 05
U.S. gal/(h⋅in) m2/s m3/(s⋅m) 4.139 776 E − 05
U.K. gal/(h⋅ft) m2/s m3/(s⋅m) 4.143 055 E − 06
U.S. gal/(h⋅ft) m2/s m3/(s⋅m) 3.449 814 E − 06
Flow rate/area (mass basis) lbm/(s⋅ft2) kg/(s⋅m2) 4.882 428 E + 00
lbm/(h⋅ft2) kg/(s⋅m2) 1.356 230 E − 03
Flow rate/area (volume basis) ft3/(s⋅ft2) m/s m3/(s⋅m2) 3.048* E − 01
ft3/(min⋅ft2) m/s m3/(s⋅m2) 5.08* E − 03
U.K. gal/(h⋅in2) m/s m3/(s⋅m2) 1.957 349 E − 03
U.S. gal/(h⋅in2) m/s m3/(s⋅m2) 1.629 833 E − 03
U.K. gal/(min⋅ft2) m/s m3/(s⋅m2) 8.155 621 E − 04
U.S. gal/(min⋅ft2) m/s m3/(s⋅m2) 6.790 972 E − 04
U.K. gal/(h⋅ft2) m/s m3/(s⋅m2) 1.359 270 E − 05
U.S. gal/(h⋅ft2) m/s m3/(s⋅m2) 1.131 829 E − 05

1-7
TABLE 1-4 Conversion Factors: U.S. Customary and Commonly Used Units to SI Units (Continued )
Conversion factor; multiply
Customary or commonly Alternate customary unit by factor to
Quantity used unit SI unit SI unit obtain SI unit
Energy, work, power
Energy, work therm MJ 1.055 056 E + 02
kJ 1.055 056 E + 05
kWh 2.930 711 E + 01
U.S. tonf⋅mi MJ 1.431 744 E + 01
hp⋅h MJ 2.684 520 E + 00
kJ 2.684 520 E + 03
kWh 7.456 999 E − 01
ch⋅h or CV⋅h MJ 2.647 780 E + 00
kJ 2.647 780 E + 03
kWh 7.354 999 E − 01
kWh MJ 3.6* E + 00
kJ 3.6* E + 03
Chu kJ 1.899 101 E + 00
kWh 5.275 280 E − 04
Btu kJ 1.055 056 E + 00
kWh 2.930 711 E − 04
kcal kJ 4.184* E + 00
cal kJ 4.184* E − 03
ft⋅lbf kJ 1.355 818 E − 03
lbf⋅ft kJ 1.355 818 E − 03
J kJ 1.0* E − 03
(lbf⋅ft2)/s2 kJ 4.214 011 E − 05
erg J 1.0* E − 07
Impact energy kgf⋅m J 9.806 650* E + 00
lbf⋅ft J 1.355 818 E + 00
Surface energy erg/cm2 mJ/m2 1.0* E + 00
Specific-impact energy (kgf⋅m)/cm2 J/cm2 9.806 650* E − 02
(lbf⋅ft)/in2 J/cm2 2.101 522 E − 03
Power million Btu/h MW 2.930 711 E − 01
ton of refrigeration kW 3.516 853 E + 00
Btu/s kW 1.055 056 E + 00
kW kW 1
hydraulic horsepower—hhp kW 7.460 43 E − 01
hp (electric) kW 7.46* E − 01
hp [(550 ft⋅lbf)/s] kW 7.456 999 E − 01
ch or CV kW 7.354 999 E − 01
Btu/min kW 1.758 427 E − 02
(ft⋅lbf)/s kW 1.355 818 E − 03
kcal/h W 1.162 222 E + 00
Btu/h W 2.930 711 E − 01
(ft⋅lbf)/min W 2.259 697 E − 02
Power/area Btu/(s⋅ft2) kW/m2 1.135 653 E + 01
cal/(h⋅cm2) kW/m2 1.162 222 E − 02
Btu/(h⋅ft2) kW/m2 3.154 591 E − 03
Heat-release rate, mixing power hp/ft3 kW/m3 2.633 414 E + 01
cal/(h⋅cm3) kW/m3 1.162 222 E + 00
Btu/(s⋅ft3) kW/m3 3.725 895 E + 01
Btu/(h⋅ft3) kW/m3 1.034 971 E − 02
Cooling duty (machinery) Btu/(bhp⋅h) W/kW 3.930 148 E − 01
Specific fuel consumption (mass lbm/(hp⋅h) mg/J kg/MJ 1.689 659 E − 01
basis) kg/kWh 6.082 774 E − 01
Specific fuel consumption (volume m3/kWh dm3/MJ mm3/J 2.777 778 E + 02
basis) U.S. gal/(hp⋅h) dm3/MJ mm3/J 1.410 089 E + 00
U.K. pt/(hp⋅h) dm3/MJ mm3/J 2.116 806 E − 01
Fuel consumption U.K. gal/mi dm3/100 km L/100 km 2.824 807 E + 02
U.S. gal/mi dm3/100 km L/100 km 2.352 146 E + 02
mi/U.S. gal km/dm3 km/L 4.251 437 E − 01
mi/U.K. gal km/dm3 km/L 3.540 064 E − 01

1-8
TABLE 1-4 Conversion Factors: U.S. Customary and Commonly Used Units to SI Units (Continued )
Conversion factor; multiply
Customary or commonly Alternate customary unit by factor to
Quantity used unit SI unit SI unit obtain SI unit
Velocity (linear), speed knot km/h 1.852* E + 00
mi/h km/h 1.609 344* E + 00
ft/s m/s 3.048* E − 01
cm/s 3.048* E + 01
ft/min m/s 5.08* E − 03
ft/h mm/s 8.466 667 E − 02
ft/day mm/s 3.527 778 E − 03
m/d 3.048* E − 01
in/s mm/s 2.54* E + 01
in/min mm/s 4.233 333 E − 01
Corrosion rate in/year (ipy) mm/a 2.54* E + 01
mil/year mm/a 2.54* E − 02
Rotational frequency r/min r/s 1.666 667 E − 02
rad/s 1.047 198 E − 01
Acceleration (linear) ft/s2 m/s2 3.048* E − 01
cm/s2 3.048* E + 01
Acceleration (rotational) rpm/s rad/s2 1.047 198 E − 01
Momentum (lbm⋅ft)/s (kg⋅m)/s 1.382 550 E − 01
Force U.K. tonf kN 9.964 016 E + 00
U.S. tonf kN 8.896 443 E + 00
kgf (kp) N 9.806 650* E + 00
lbf N 4.448 222 E + 00
dyn mN 1.0 E − 02
Bending moment, torque U.S. tonf⋅ft kN⋅m 2.711 636 E + 00
kgf⋅m N⋅m 9.806 650* E + 00
lbf⋅ft N⋅m 1.355 818 E + 00
lbf⋅in N⋅m 1.129 848 E − 01
Bending moment/length (lbf⋅ft)/in (N⋅m)/m 5.337 866 E + 01
(lbf⋅in)/in (N⋅m)/m 4.448 222 E + 00
Moment of inertia lbm⋅ft2 kg⋅m2 4.214 011 E − 02
Stress U.S. tonf/in 2
MPa N/mm2 1.378 951 E + 01
kgf/mm2 MPa N/mm2 9.806 650* E + 00
U.S. tonf/ft2 MPa N/mm2 9.576 052 E − 02
lbf/in2 (psi) MPa N/mm2 6.894 757 E − 03
lbf/ft2 (psf) kPa 4.788 026 E − 02
dyn/cm2 Pa 1.0* E − 01
Mass/length lbm/ft kg/m 1.488 164 E + 00
Mass/area structural loading, U.S. ton/ft2 Mg/m2 9.764 855 E + 00
bearing capacity (mass lbm/ft2 kg/m2 4.882 428 E + 00
basis)
Miscellaneous transport properties
Diffusivity ft2/s m2/s 9.290 304* E − 02
m2/s mm2/s 1.0* E + 06
ft2/h m2/s 2.580 64* E − 05
Thermal resistance (°C⋅m2⋅h)/kcal (K⋅m2)/kW 8.604 208 E + 02
(°F⋅ft2⋅h)/Btu (K⋅m2)/kW 1.761 102 E + 02
Heat flux Btu/(h⋅ft2) kW/m2 3.154 591 E − 03
Thermal conductivity (cal⋅cm)/(s⋅cm ⋅°C)2
W/(m⋅K) 4.184* E + 02
(Btu⋅ft)/(h⋅ft2⋅°F) W/(m⋅K) 1.730 735 E + 00
(kJ⋅m)/(h⋅m2⋅K) 6.230 646 E + 00
(kcal⋅m)/(h⋅m2⋅°C) W/(m⋅K) 1.162 222 E + 00
(Btu⋅in)/(h⋅ft2⋅°F) W/(m⋅K) 1.442 279 E − 01
(cal⋅cm)/(h⋅cm2⋅°C) W/(m⋅K) 1.162 222 E − 01
Heat-transfer coefficient cal/(s⋅cm2⋅°C) kW/(m2⋅K) 4.184* E + 01
Btu/(s⋅ft2⋅°F) kW/(m2⋅K) 2.044 175 E + 01
cal/(h⋅cm2⋅°C) kW/(m2⋅K) 1.162 222 E − 02
Btu/(h⋅ft2⋅°F) kW/(m2⋅K) 5.678 263 E − 03
kJ/(h⋅m2⋅K) 2.044 175 E + 01
Btu/(h⋅ft2⋅°R) kW/(m2⋅K) 5.678 263 E − 03
kcal/(h⋅m2⋅°C) kW/(m2⋅K) 1.162 222 E − 03

1-9
TABLE 1-4 Conversion Factors: U.S. Customary and Commonly Used Units to SI Units (Continued )
Conversion factor; multiply
Customary or commonly Alternate customary unit by factor to
Quantity used unit SI unit SI unit obtain SI unit
Volumetric heat-transfer Btu/(s⋅ft3⋅°F) kW/(m3⋅K) 6.706 611 E + 01
coefficient Btu/(h⋅ft3⋅°F) kW/(m3⋅K) 1.862 947 E − 02
Surface tension dyn/cm mN/m 1
Viscosity (dynamic) (lbf⋅s)/in2 Pa⋅s (N⋅s)/m2 6.894 757 E + 03
(lbf⋅s)/ft2 Pa⋅s (N⋅s)/m2 4.788 026 E + 01
(kgf⋅s)/m2 Pa⋅s (N⋅s)/m2 9.806 650* E + 00
lbm/(ft⋅s) Pa⋅s (N⋅s)/m2 1.488 164 E + 00
(dyn⋅s)/cm2 Pa⋅s (N⋅s)/m2 1.0* E − 01
cP Pa⋅s (N⋅s)/m2 1.0* E − 03
lbm/(ft⋅h) Pa⋅s (N⋅s)/m2 4.133 789 E − 04
Viscosity (kinematic) ft2/s m2/s 9.290 304* E − 02
in2/s mm2/s 6.451 6* E + 02
m2/h mm2/s 2.777 778 E + 02
ft2/h m2/s 2.580 64* E − 05
cSt mm2/s 1
Permeability darcy µm2 9.869 233 E − 01
millidarcy µm2 9.869 233 E − 04
Thermal flux Btu/(h⋅ft2) W/m2 3.152 E + 00
Btu/(s⋅ft2) W/m2 1.135 E + 04
cal/(s⋅cm2) W/m2 4.184 E + 04
Mass-transfer coefficient (lb⋅mol)/[h⋅ft2(lb⋅mol/ft3)] m/s 8.467 E − 05
(g⋅mol)/[s⋅m2(g⋅mol/L)] m/s 1.0 E + 01
Electricity, magnetism
Admittance S S 1
Capacitance µF µF 1
Charge density C/mm3 C/mm3 1
Conductance S⍀ S 1
(mho) S 1
Conductivity S/m
⍀ S/m 1
/m S/m 1
⍀
m /m mS/m 1
Current density A/mm2 A/mm2 1
2
Displacement C/cm C/cm2 1
Electric charge C C 1
Electric current A A 1
Electric-dipole moment C⋅m C⋅m 1
Electric-field strength V/m V/m 1
Electric flux C C 1
Electric polarization C/cm2 C/cm2 1
Electric potential V V 1
mV mV 1
Electromagnetic moment A⋅m2 A⋅m2 1
Electromotive force V V 1
Flux of displacement C C 1
Frequency cycles/s Hz 1
Impedance Ω Ω 1
Linear-current density A/mm A/mm 1
Magnetic-dipole moment Wb⋅m Wb⋅m 1
Magnetic-field strength A/mm A/mm 1
Oe A/m 7.957 747 E + 01
gamma A/m 7.957 747 E − 04
Magnetic flux mWb mWb 1

1-10
TABLE 1-4 Conversion Factors: U.S. Customary and Commonly Used Units to SI Units (Continued )
Conversion factor; multiply
Customary or commonly Alternate customary unit by factor to
Quantity used unit SI unit SI unit obtain SI unit
Magnetic-flux density mT mT 1
G T 1.0* E − 04
gamma nT 1
Magnetic induction mT mT 1
Magnetic moment A⋅m2 A⋅m2 1
Magnetic polarization mT mT 1
Magnetic potential A A 1
difference
Magnetic-vector potential Wb/mm Wb/mm 1
Magnetization A/mm A/mm 1
Modulus of admittance S S 1
Modulus of impedance Ω Ω 1
Mutual inductance H H 1
Permeability µH/m µH/m 1
Permeance H H 1
Permittivity µF/m µF/m 1
Potential difference V V 1
Quantity of electricity C C 1
Reactance Ω Ω 1
Reluctance H−1 H−1 1
Resistance Ω Ω 1
Resistivity Ω⋅cm Ω⋅cm 1
Ω⋅m Ω⋅m 1
Self-inductance mH mH 1
Surface density of change mC/m2 mC/m2 1
Susceptance S S 1
Volume density of charge C/mm3 C/mm3 1
Acoustics, light, radiation
Absorbed dose rad Gy 1.0* E − 02
Acoustical energy J J 1
Acoustical intensity W/cm2 W/m2 1.0* E + 04
Acoustical power W W 1
Sound pressure N/m2 N/m2 1.0*
Illuminance fc lx 1.076 391 E + 01
Illumination fc lx 1.076 391 E + 01
Irradiance W/m2 W/m2 1
Light exposure fc⋅s lx⋅s 1.076 391 E + 01
Luminance cd/m2 cd/m2 1
Luminous efficacy lm/W lm/W 1
Luminous exitance lm/m2 lm/m2 1
Luminous flux lm lm 1
Luminous intensity cd cd 1
Radiance W/m2⋅sr W/m2⋅sr 1
Radiant energy J J 1
Radiant flux W W 1
Radiant intensity W/sr W/sr 1
Radiant power W W 1

1-11
TABLE 1-4 Conversion Factors: U.S. Customary and Commonly Used Units to SI Units (Concluded )
Conversion factor; multiply
Customary or commonly Alternate customary unit by factor to
Quantity used unit SI unit SI unit obtain SI unit
Wavelength Å nm 1.0* E − 01
Capture unit 10−3 cm−1 m−1 1.0* E + 01
10−3 cm−1 1
m−1 m−1 1
Radioactivity Ci Bq 3.7* E + 10
* An asterisk indicates that the conversion factor is exact.
† Conversion factors for length, area, and volume are based on the international foot. The international foot is longer by 2 parts in 1 million than the U.S. Survey
foot (land-measurement use).
NOTE: The following unit symbols are used in the table:

Unit symbol Name Unit symbol Name

A ampere lm lumen
a annum (year) lx lux
Bq becquerel m meter
C coulomb min minute
cd candela ′ minute
Ci curie N newton
d day naut mi U.S. nautical mile
°C degree Celsius Oe oersted
° degree Ω ohm
dyn dyne Pa pascal
F farad rad radian
fc footcandle r revolution
G gauss S siemens
g gram s second
gr grain ″ second
Gy gray sr steradian
H henry St stokes
h hour T tesla
ha hectare t tonne
Hz hertz V volt
J joule W watt
K kelvin Wb weber
L, ᐉ, l liter

NOTE: Copyright SPE-AIME, The SI Metric System of Units and SPE’s Tentative Metric Standard, Society of Petroleum Engineers, Dallas, 1977.

1-12
TABLE 1-5 Metric Conversion Factors as Exact Numerical Multiples of SI Units
The first two digits of each numerical entry represent a power of 10. For example, the entry “−02 2.54” expresses the fact that 1 in = 2.54 × 10−2 m.
To convert from To Multiply by To convert from To Multiply by
abampere ampere +01 1.00 fluid ounce (U.S.) meter3 −05 2.957 352
abcoulomb coulomb +01 1.00 foot meter −01 3.048
abfarad farad +09 1.00 foot (U.S. survey) meter −01 3.048 006
abhenry henry −09 1.00 foot of water (39.2°F) newton/meter2 +03 2.988 98
abmho mho +09 1.00 footcandle lumen/meter2 +01 1.076 391
abohm ohm −09 1.00 footlambert candela/meter2 +00 3.426 259
abvolt volt −08 1.00 furlong meter +02 2.011 68
acre meter2 +03 4.046 856 gal (galileo) meter/second2 −02 1.00
ampere (international of ampere −01 9.998 35 gallon (U.K. liquid) meter3 −03 4.546 087
1948) gallon (U.S. dry) meter3 −03 4.404 883
angstrom meter −10 1.00 gallon (U.S. liquid) meter3 −03 3.785 411
are meter2 +02 1.00 gamma tesla −09 1.00
astronomical unit meter +11 1.495 978 gauss tesla −04 1.00
atmosphere newton/meter2 +05 1.013 25 gilbert ampere turn −01 7.957 747
bar newton/meter2 +05 1.00 gill (U.K.) meter3 −04 1.420 652
barn meter2 −28 1.00 gill (U.S.) meter3 −04 1.182 941
barrel (petroleum 42 gal) meter3 −01 1.589 873 grad degree (angular) −01 9.00
barye newton/meter2 −01 1.00 grad radian −02 1.570 796
British thermal unit (ISO/ joule +03 1.055 06 grain kilogram −05 6.479 891
TC 12) gram kilogram −03 1.00
British thermal unit joule +03 1.055 04 hand meter −01 1.016
(International Steam Table) hectare meter2 +04 1.00
British thermal unit (mean) joule +03 1.055 87 henry (international of 1948) henry +00 1.000 495
British thermal unit joule +03 1.054 350 hogshead (U.S.) meter3 −01 2.384 809
(thermochemical) horsepower (550 ft lbf/s) watt +02 7.456 998
British thermal unit (39°F) joule +03 1.059 67 horsepower (boiler) watt +03 9.809 50
British thermal unit (60°F) joule +03 1.054 68 horsepower (electric) watt +02 7.46
bushel (U.S.) meter3 −02 3.523 907 horsepower (metric) watt +02 7.354 99
cable meter +02 2.194 56 horsepower (U.K.) watt +02 7.457
caliber meter −04 2.54 horsepower (water) watt +02 7.460 43
calorie (International Steam joule +00 4.1868 hour (mean solar) second (mean solar) +03 3.60
Table) hour (sidereal) second (mean solar) +03 3.590 170
calorie (mean) joule +00 4.190 02 hundredweight (long) kilogram +01 5.080 234
calorie (thermochemical) joule +00 4.184 hundredweight (short) kilogram +01 4.535 923
calorie (15°C) joule +00 4.185 80 inch meter −02 2.54
calorie (20°C) joule +00 4.181 90 inch of mercury (32°F) newton/meter2 +03 3.386 389
calorie (kilogram, joule +03 4.186 8 inch of mercury (60°F) newton/meter2 +03 3.376 85
International Steam Table) inch of water (39.2°F) newton/meter2 +02 2.490 82
calorie (kilogram, mean) joule +03 4.190 02 inch of water (60°F) newton/meter2 +02 2.4884
calorie (kilogram, joule +03 4.184 joule (international of 1948) joule +00 1.000 165
thermochemical) kayser 1/meter +02 1.00
carat (metric) kilogram −04 2.00 kilocalorie (International joule +03 4.186 74
Celsius (temperature) kelvin tK = tc + 273.15 Steam Table)
centimeter of mercury (0°C) newton/meter2 +03 1.333 22 kilocalorie (mean) joule +03 4.190 02
centimeter of water (4°C) newton/meter2 +01 9.806 38 kilocalorie (thermochemical) joule +03 4.184
chain (engineer’s) meter +01 3.048 kilogram mass kilogram +00 1.00
chain (surveyor’s or meter +01 2.011 68 kilogram-force (kgf) newton +00 9.806 65
Gunter’s) kilopond-force newton +00 9.806 65
circular mil meter2 −10 5.067 074 kip newton +03 4.448 221
cord meter3 +00 3.624 556 knot (international) meter/second −01 5.144 444
coulomb (international of coulomb −01 9.998 35 lambert candela/meter2 +04 1/π
1948) lambert candela/meter2 +03 3.183 098
cubit meter −01 4.572 langley joule/meter2 +04 4.184
cup meter3 −04 2.365 882 lbf (pound-force, newton +00 4.448 221
curie disintegration/second +10 3.70 avoirdupois)
day (mean solar) second (mean solar) +04 8.64 lbm (pound-mass, kilogram −01 4.535 923
day (sidereal) second (mean solar) +04 8.616 409 avoirdupois)
degree (angle) radian −02 1.745 329 league (British nautical) meter +03 5.559 552
denier (international) kilogram/meter −07 1.111 111 league (international meter +03 5.556
dram (avoirdupois) kilogram −03 1.771 845 nautical)
dram (troy or apothecary) kilogram −03 3.887 934 league (statute) meter +03 4.828 032
dram (U.S. fluid) meter3 −06 3.696 691 light-year meter +15 9.460 55
dyne newton −05 1.00 link (engineer’s) meter −01 3.048
electron volt joule −19 1.602 10 link (surveyor’s or Gunter’s) meter −01 2.011 68
erg joule −07 1.00 liter meter3 −03 1.00
Fahrenheit (temperature) kelvin tK = (5/9)(tF + lux lumen/meter2 +00 1.00
459.67) maxwell weber −08 1.00
Fahrenheit (temperature) Celsius tc = (5/9)(tF − meter wavelengths Kr 86 +06 1.650 763
32) micrometer meter −06 1.00
farad (international of 1948) farad −01 9.995 05 mil meter −05 2.54
faraday (based on carbon coulomb +04 9.648 70 mile (U.S. statute) meter +03 1.609 344
12) mile (U.K. nautical) meter +03 1.853 184
faraday (chemical) coulomb +04 9.649 57 mile (international nautical) meter +03 1.852
faraday (physical) coulomb +04 9.652 19 mile (U.S. nautical) meter +03 1.852
fathom meter +00 1.828 8 millibar newton/meter2 +02 1.00
fermi (femtometer) meter −15 1.00 millimeter of mercury (0°C) newton/meter2 +02 1.333 224

1-13
TABLE 1-5 Metric Conversion Factors as Exact Numerical Multiples of SI Units (Concluded )
The first two digits of each numerical entry represent a power of 10. For example, the entry “−02 2.54” expresses the fact that 1 in = 2.54 × 10−2
To convert from To Multiply by To convert from To Multiply by
minute (angle) radian −04 2.908 882 second (ephemeris) second +00 1.000 000
minute (mean solar) second (mean solar) +01 6.00 second (mean solar) second (ephemeris) Consult
minute (sidereal) second (mean solar) +01 5.983 617 American
month (mean calendar) second (mean solar) +06 2.628 Ephemeris
nautical mile (international) meter +03 1.852 and Nautical
nautical mile (U.S.) meter +03 1.852 Almanac
nautical mile (U.K.) meter +03 1.853 184 second (sidereal) second (mean solar) −01 9.972 695
oersted ampere/meter +01 7.957 747 section meter2 +06 2.589 988
ohm (international of 1948) ohm +00 1.000 495 scruple (apothecary) kilogram −03 1.295 978
ounce-force (avoirdupois) newton −01 2.780 138 shake second −08 1.00
ounce-mass (avoirdupois) kilogram −02 2.834 952 skein meter +02 1.097 28
ounce-mass (troy or apothecary) kilogram −02 3.110 347 slug kilogram +01 1.459 390
ounce (U.S. fluid) meter3 −05 2.957 352 span meter −01 2.286
pace meter −01 7.62 statampere ampere −10 3.335 640
parsec meter +16 3.083 74 statcoulomb coulomb −10 3.335 640
pascal newton/meter2 +00 1.00 statfarad farad −12 1.112 650
peck (U.S.) meter3 −03 8.809 767 stathenry henry +11 8.987 554
pennyweight kilogram −03 1.555 173 statmho mho −12 1.112 650
perch meter +00 5.0292 statohm ohm +11 8.987 554
phot lumen/meter2 +04 1.00 statute mile (U.S.) meter +03 1.609 344
pica (printer’s) meter −03 4.217 517 statvolt volt +02 2.997 925
pint (U.S. dry) meter3 −04 5.506 104 stere meter3 +00 1.00
pint (U.S. liquid) meter3 −04 4.731 764 stilb candela/meter2 +04 1.00
point (printer’s) meter −04 3.514 598 stoke meter2/second −04 1.00
poise (newton-second)/meter2 −01 1.00 tablespoon meter3 −05 1.478 676
pole meter +00 5.0292 teaspoon meter3 −06 4.928 921
pound-force (lbf newton +00 4.448 221 ton (assay) kilogram −02 2.916 666
avoirdupois) ton (long) kilogram +03 1.016 046
pound-mass (lbm kilogram −01 4.535 923 ton (metric) kilogram +03 1.00
avoirdupois) ton (nuclear equivalent of TNT) joule +09 4.20
pound-mass (troy or kilogram −01 3.732 417 ton (register) meter3 +00 2.831 684
apothecary) ton (short, 2000 lb) kilogram +02 9.071 847
poundal newton −01 1.382 549 tonne kilogram +03 1.00
quart (U.S. dry) meter3 −03 1.101 220 torr (0°C) newton/meter2 +02 1.333 22
quart (U.S. liquid) meter3 −04 9.463 529 township meter2 +07 9.323 957
rad (radiation dose joule/kilogram −02 1.00 unit pole weber −07 1.256 637
absorbed) volt (international of 1948) volt +00 1.000 330
Rankine (temperature) kelvin tK = (5/9)tR watt (international of 1948) watt +00 1.000 165
rayleigh (rate of photon 1/second-meter2 +10 1.00 yard meter −01 9.144
emission) year (calendar) second (mean solar) +07 3.1536
rhe meter2/(newton- +01 1.00 year (sidereal) second (mean solar) +07 3.155 815
second) year (tropical) second (mean solar) +07 3.155 692
rod meter +00 5.0292 year 1900, tropical, Jan., day second (ephemeris) +07 3.155 692
roentgen coulomb/kilogram −04 2.579 76 0, hour 12
rutherford disintegration/second +06 1.00 year 1900, tropical, Jan., day second +07 3.155 692
second (angle) radian −06 4.848 136 0, hour 12

1-14
TABLE 1-6 Alphabetical Listing of Common Conversions
To convert from To Multiply by To convert from To Multiply by
Acres Square feet 43,560 B.t.u. (60°F.) per degree Fahrenheit Calories per degree centigrade 453.6
Acres Square meters 4074 Bushels (U.S. dry) Cubic feet 1.2444
Acres Square miles 0.001563 Bushels (U.S. dry) Cubic meters 0.03524
Acre-feet Cubic meters 1233 Calories, gram B.t.u. 3.968 × 10−3
Ampere-hours (absolute) Coulombs (absolute) 3600 Calories, gram Foot-pounds 3.087
Angstrom units Inches 3.937 × 10−9 Calories, gram Joules 4.1868
Angstrom units Meters 1 × 10−10 Calories, gram Liter-atmospheres 4.130 × 10−2
Angstrom units Microns 1 × 10−4 Calories, gram Horsepower-hours 1.5591 × 10−6
Atmospheres Millimeters of mercury at 32°F 760 Calories, gram, per gram per degree C. Joules per kilogram per degree Kelvin 4186.8
Atmospheres Dynes per square centimeter 1.0133 × 106 Calories, kilogram Kilowatt-hours 0.0011626
Atmospheres Newtons per square meter 101,325 Calories, kilogram per second Kilowatts 4.185
Atmospheres Feet of water at 39.1°F 33.90 Candle power (spherical) Lumens 12.556
Atmospheres Grams per square centimeter 1033.3 Carats (metric) Grams 0.2
Atmospheres Inches of mercury at 32°F 29.921 Centigrade heat units B.t.u. 1.8
Atmospheres Pounds per square foot 2116.3 Centimeters Angstrom units 1 × 108
Atmospheres Pounds per square inch 14.696 Centimeters Feet 0.03281
Bags (cement) Pounds (cement) 94 Centimeters Inches 0.3937
Barrels (cement) Pounds (cement) 376 Centimeters Meters 0.01
Barrels (oil) Cubic meters 0.15899 Centimeters Microns 10,000
Barrels (oil) Gallons 42 Centimeters of mercury at 0°C. Atmospheres 0.013158
Barrels (U.S. liquid) Cubic meters 0.11924 Centimeters of mercury at 0°C. Feet of water at 39.1°F. 0.4460
Barrels (U.S. liquid) Gallons 31.5 Centimeters of mercury at 0°C Newtons per square meter 1333.2
Barrels per day Gallons per minute 0.02917 Centimeters of mercury at 0°C. Pounds per square foot 27.845
Bars Atmospheres 0.9869 Centimeters of mercury at 0°C. Pounds per square inch 0.19337
Bars Newtons per square meter 1 × 105 Centimeters per second Feet per minute 1.9685
Bars Pounds per square inch 14.504 Centimeters of water at 4°C. Newtons per square meter 98.064
Board feet Cubic feet 1
⁄12 Centistokes Square meters per second 1 × 10−6
Boiler horsepower B.t.u. per hour 33,480 Circular mils Square centimeters 5.067 × 10−6
Boiler horsepower Kilowatts 9.803 Circular mils Square inches 7.854 × 10−7
B.t.u. Calories (gram) 252 Circular mils Square mils 0.7854
B.t.u. Centigrade heat units (c.h.u. or p.c.u.) 0.55556 Cords Cubic feet 128
B.t.u. Foot-pounds 777.9 Cubic centimeters Cubic feet 3.532 × 10−5
B.t.u. Horsepower-hours 3.929 × 10−4 Cubic centimeters Gallons 2.6417 × 10−4
B.t.u. Joules 1055.1 Cubic centimeters Ounces (U.S. fluid) 0.03381
B.t.u. Liter-atmospheres 10.41 Cubic centimeters Quarts (U.S. fluid) 0.0010567
B.t.u. Pounds carbon to CO2 6.88 × 10−5 Cubic feet Bushels (U.S.) 0.8036
B.t.u. Pounds water evaporated from and Cubic feet Cubic centimeters 28,317
at 212°F 0.001036 Cubic feet Cubic meters 0.028317
B.t.u. Cubic foot-atmospheres 0.3676 Cubic feet Cubic yards 0.03704
B.t.u. Kilowatt-hours 2.930 × 10−4 Cubic feet Gallons 7.481
B.t.u. per cubic foot Joules per cubic meter 37,260 Cubic feet Liters 28.316
B.t.u. per hour Watts 0.29307 Cubic foot-atmospheres Foot-pounds 2116.3
B.t.u. per minute Horsepower 0.02357 Cubic foot-atmospheres Liter-atmospheres 28.316
B.t.u. per pound Joules per kilogram 2326 Cubic feet of water (60°F.) Pounds 62.37
B.t.u. per pound per degree Calories per gram per degree Cubic feet per minute Cubic centimeters per second 472.0
Fahrenheit centigrade 1 Cubic feet per minute Gallons per second 0.1247
B.t.u. per pound per degree Joules per kilogram per degree 4186.8 Cubic feet per second Gallons per minute 448.8
Fahrenheit Kelvin Cubic feet per second Million gallons per day 0.64632
B.t.u. per second Watts 1054.4 Cubic inches Cubic meters 1.6387 × 10−5
B.t.u. per square foot per hour Joules per square meter per second 3.1546 Cubic yards Cubic meters 0.76456
B.t.u. per square foot per minute Kilowatts per square foot 0.1758 Curies Disintegrations per minute 2.2 × 1012
B.t.u. per square foot per second Calories, gram (15°C.), per square cen- 1.2405 Curies Coulombs per minute 1.1 × 1012
for a temperature gradient of timeter per second for a tempera- Degrees Radians 0.017453
1°F. per inch ture gradient of 1°C. per centimeter Drams (apothecaries’ or troy) Grams 3.888

1-15
TABLE 1-6 Alphabetical Listing of Common Conversions (Concluded )
To convert from To Multiply by To convert from To Multiply by
Drams (avoirdupois) Grams 1.7719 Horsepower (British) Pounds water evaporated per hour 2.64
Dynes Newtons 1 × 10−5 at 212°F
Ergs Joules 1 × 10−7 Horsepower (metric) Foot-pounds per second 542.47
Faradays Coulombs (abs.) 96,500 Horsepower (metric) Kilogram-meters per second 75.0
Fathoms Feet 6 Hours (mean solar) Seconds 3600
Feet Meters 0.3048 Inches Meters 0.0254
Feet per minute Centimeters per second 0.5080 Inches of mercury at 60°F Newtons per square meter 3376.9
Feet per minute Miles per hour 0.011364 Inches of water at 60°F Newtons per square meter 248.84
Feet per (second)2 Meters per (second)2 0.3048 Joules (absolute) B.t.u. (mean) 9.480 × 10−4
Feet of water at 39.2°F. Newtons per square meter 2989 Joules (absolute) Calories, gram (mean) 0.2389
Foot-poundals B.t.u. 3.995 × 10−5 Joules (absolute) Cubic foot-atmospheres 0.3485
Foot-poundals Joules 0.04214 Joules (absolute) Foot-pounds 0.7376
Foot-poundals Liter-atmospheres 4.159 × 10−4 Joules (absolute) Kilowatt-hours 2.7778 × 10−7
Foot-pounds B.t.u. 0.0012856 Joules (absolute) Liter-atmospheres 0.009869
Foot-pounds Calories, gram 0.3239 Kilocalories Joules 4186.8
Foot-pounds Foot-poundals 32.174 Kilograms Pounds (avoirdupois) 2.2046
Foot-pounds Horsepower-hours 5.051 × 10−7 Kilograms force Newtons 9.807
Foot-pounds Kilowatt-hours 3.766 × 10−7 Kilograms per square centimeter Pounds per square inch 14.223
Foot-pounds Liter-atmospheres 0.013381 Kilometers Miles 0.6214
Foot-pounds force Joules 1.3558 Kilowatt-hours B.t.u. 3414
Foot-pounds per second Horsepower 0.0018182 Kilowatt-hours Foot-pounds 2.6552 × 106
Foot-pounds per second Kilowatts 0.0013558 Kilowatts Horsepower 1.3410
Furlongs Miles 0.125 Knots (international) Meters per second 0.5144
Gallons (U.S. liquid) Barrels (U.S. liquid) 0.03175 Knots (nautical miles per hour) Miles per hour 1.1516
Gallons Cubic meters 0.003785 Lamberts Candles per square inch 2.054
Gallons Cubic feet 0.13368 Liter-atmospheres Cubic foot-atmospheres 0.03532
Gallons Gallons (Imperial) 0.8327 Liter-atmospheres Foot-pounds 74.74
Gallons Liters 3.785 Liters Cubic feet 0.03532
Gallons Ounces (U.S. fluid) 128 Liters Cubic meters 0.001
Gallons per minute Cubic feet per hour 8.021 Liters Gallons 0.26418
Gallons per minute Cubic feet per second 0.002228 Lumens Watts 0.001496
Grains Grams 0.06480 Micromicrons Microns 1 × 10−6
Grains Pounds 1⁄ 7000 Microns Angstrom units 1 × 104
Grains per cubic foot Grams per cubic meter 2.2884 Microns Meters 1 × 10−6
Grains per gallon Parts per million 17.118 Miles (nautical) Feet 6080
Grams Drams (avoirdupois) 0.5644 Miles (nautical) Miles (U.S. statute) 1.1516
Grams Drams (troy) 0.2572 Miles Feet 5280
Grams Grains 15.432 Miles Meters 1609.3
Grams Kilograms 0.001 Miles per hour Feet per second 1.4667
Grams Pounds (avoirdupois) 0.0022046 Miles per hour Meters per second 0.4470
Grams Pounds (troy) 0.002679 Milliliters Cubic centimeters 1
Grams per cubic centimeter Pounds per cubic foot 62.43 Millimeters Meters 0.001

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TABLE 1-6 Alphabetical Listing of Common Conversions (Concluded )
To convert from To Multiply by To convert from To Multiply by
Grams per cubic centimeter Pounds per gallon 8.345 Millimeters of mercury at 0°C. Newtons per square meter 133.32
Grams per liter Grains per gallon 58.42 Millimicrons Microns 0.001
Grams per liter Pounds per cubic foot 0.0624 Mils Inches 0.001
Grams per square centimeter Pounds per square foot 2.0482 Mils Meters 2.54 × 10−5
Grams per square centimeter Pounds per square inch 0.014223 Minims (U.S.) Cubic centimeters 0.06161
Hectares Acres 2.471 Minutes (angle) Radians 2.909 × 10−4
Hectares Square meters 10,000 Minutes (mean solar) Seconds 60
Horsepower (British) B.t.u. per minute 42.42 Newtons Kilograms 0.10197
Horsepower (British) B.t.u. per hour 2545 Ounces (avoirdupois) Kilograms 0.02835
Horsepower (British) Foot-pounds per minute 33,000 Ounces (avoirdupois) Ounces (troy) 0.9115
Horsepower (British) Foot-pounds per second 550 Ounces (U.S. fluid) Cubic meters 2.957 × 10−5
Horsepower (British) Watts 745.7 Ounces (troy) Ounces (apothecaries’) 1.000
Horsepower (British) Horsepower (metric) 1.0139 Pints (U.S. liquid) Cubic meters 4.732 × 10−4
Horsepower (British) Pounds carbon to CO2 0.175 Poundals Newtons 0.13826
per hour
Pounds (avoirdupois) Grains 7000 Square feet Square meters 0.0929
Pounds (avoirdupois) Kilograms 0.45359 Square feet per hour Square meters per second 2.581 × 10−5
Pounds (avoirdupois) Pounds (troy) 1.2153 Square inches Square centimeters 6.452
Pounds per cubic foot Grams per cubic centimeter 0.016018 Square inches Square meters 6.452 × 10−4
Pounds per cubic foot Kilograms per cubic meter 16.018 Square yards Square meters 0.8361
Pounds per square foot Atmospheres 4.725 × 10−4 Stokes Square meters per second 1 × 10−4
Pounds per square foot Kilograms per square meter 4.882 Tons (long) Kilograms 1016
Pounds per square inch Atmospheres 0.06805 Tons (long) Pounds 2240
Pounds per square inch Kilograms per square centimeter 0.07031 Tons (metric) Kilograms 1000
Pounds per square inch Newtons per square meter 6894.8 Tons (metric) Pounds 2204.6
Pounds force Newtons 4.4482 Tons (metric) Tons (short) 1.1023
Pounds force per square foot Newtons per square meter 47.88 Tons (short) Kilograms 907.18
Pounds water evaporated from Horsepower-hours 0.379 Tons (short) Pounds 2000
and at 212°F. Tons (refrigeration) B.t.u. per hour 12,000
Pound-centigrade units (p.c.u.) B.t.u. 1.8 Tons (British shipping) Cubic feet 42.00
Quarts (U.S. liquid) Cubic meters 9.464 × 10−4 Tons (U.S. shipping) Cubic feet 40.00
Radians Degrees 57.30 Torr (mm. mercury, 0°C.) Newtons per square meter 133.32
Revolutions per minute Radians per second 0.10472 Watts B.t.u. per hour 3.413
Seconds (angle) Radians 4.848 × 10−6 Watts Joules per second 1
Slugs Gee pounds 1 Watts Kilogram-meters per second 0.10197
Slugs Kilograms 14.594 Watt-hours Joules 3600
Slugs Pounds 32.17 Yards Meters 0.9144
Square centimeters Square feet 0.0010764

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TABLE 1-7 Common Units and Conversion Factors*
Mass (M) 1 atm = 760 millimeters of mercury at 0°C
1 pound mass = 453.5924 grams (density 13.5951 g/cm3)
= 0.45359 kilograms = 29.921 inches of mercury at 32°F
= 7000 grains = 14.696 pounds force/square inch
1 slug = 32.174 pounds mass = 33.899 feet of water at 39.1°F
1 ton (short) = 2000 pounds mass = 1.01325 × 106 dynes/square centimeter
1 ton (long) = 2240 pounds mass = 1.01325 × 105 Newtons/square meter
1 ton (metric) = 1000 kilograms Density (M/L3)
= 2204.62 pounds mass 1 pound mass/cubic foot = 0.01601846 grams/cubic centimeter
1 pound mole = 453.59 gram moles = 16.01846 kilogram/cubic meter
Length (L) Energy (H or FL)
1 foot = 30.480 centimeters 1 British thermal unit = 251.98 calories
= 0.3048 meters = 1054.4 joules
1 inch = 2.54 centimeters = 777.97 foot-pounds force
= 0.0254 meters = 10.409 liter-atmospheres
1 mile (U.S.) = 1.60935 kilometers = 0.2930 watt-hour
1 yard = 0.9144 meters 2
Diffusivity (L /θ)
Area (L2) 1 square foot/hour = 0.258 cm2/s
1 square foot = 929.0304 square centimeters = 2.58 × 10−5 m2/s
= 0.09290304 square meters Viscosity (M/Lθ)
1 square inch = 6.4516 square centimeters 1 pound mass/foot hour = 0.00413 g/cm s
1 square yard = 0.836127 square meters 0.000413 kg/m s
Volume (L3) 1 centipoise = 0.01 poise
1 cubic foot = 28,316.85 cubic centimeters = 0.01 g/cm s
= 0.02831685 cubic meters = 0.001 kg/m s
= 28.31685 liters = 0.000672 lbm/ft s
= 7.481 gallons (U.S.) = 0.0000209 lbfs/ft2
1 gallon = 3.7853 liters Thermal conductivity [H/θL2(T/L)]
= 231 cubic inches 1 Btu/hr ft (°F/ft) = 0.00413 cal/s cm2 (°C/cm)
2

Time (θ) = 1.728 J/s m2 (°C/m)

1 hour = 60 minutes Heat transfer coefficient
= 3600 seconds 1 Btu/hr ft2 °F = 5.678 J/s m2 °C
Temperature (T) Heat capacity (H/MT)
1 centigrade or Celsius degree = 1.8 Fahrenheit degree 1 Btu/lbm °F = 1 cal/g °C
Temperature, Kelvin = T°C + 273.15 = 4184 J/kg °C
Temperature, Rankine = T°F + 459.7 Gas constant
Temperature, Fahrenheit = 9/5 T°C + 32 1.987 Btu/lbm mole °R = 1.987 cal/mol K
Temperature, centigrade or Celsius = 5/9 (T°F − 32) = 82.057 atm cm3/mol K
Temperature, Rankine = 1.8 T K = 0.7302 atm ft3/lb mole °F
Force (F) = 10.73 (lbf /in.2) (ft3)/lb mole °R
1 pound force = 444,822.2 dynes = 1545 (lbf /ft2) (ft3)/lb mole °R
= 4.448222 Newtons = 8.314 (N/m2) (m3)/mol K
= 32.174 poundals Gravitational acceleration
Pressure (F/L2) g = 9.8066 m/s2
Normal atmospheric pressure = 32.174 ft/s2
NOTE: U.S. customary units; or British units, on left and SI units on right.
*Adapted from Faust et al., Principles of Unit Operations, John Wiley and Sons, 1980.

TABLE 1-8 Kinematic-Viscosity Conversion Formulas TABLE 1-9 Values of the Gas-Law Constant
Range of Kinematic viscosity, Temp. Press. Vol. Wt. Energy
Viscosity scale t, sec stokes scale units units units units R
Saybolt Universal 32 < t < 100 0.00226t − 1.95/t Kelvin g-moles calories 1.9872
t > 100 0.00220t − 1.35/t g-moles joules (abs) 8.3144
Saybolt Furol 25 < t < 40 0.0224t − 1.84/t g-moles joules (int) 8.3130
t > 40 0.0216t − 0.60/t atm. cm3 g-moles atm cm3 82.057
Redwood No. 1 34 < t < 100 0.00260t − 1.79/t atm. liters g-moles atm liters 0.08205
t > 100 0.00247t − 0.50/t mm. Hg liters g-moles mm Hg-liters 62.361
Redwood Admiralty 0.027t − 20/t bar liters g-moles bar-liters 0.08314
Engler 0.00147t − 3.74/t kg/cm2 liters g-moles kg/(cm2)(liters) 0.08478
atm ft3 lb-moles atm-ft3 1.314
mm Hg ft3 lb-moles mm Hg-ft3 998.9
lb-moles chu or pcu 1.9872
Rankine lb-moles Btu 1.9872
lb-moles hp-hr 0.0007805
lb-moles kw-hr 0.0005819
atm ft3 lb-moles atm-ft3 0.7302
in Hg ft3 lb-moles in Hg-ft3 21.85
mm Hg ft3 lb-moles mm Hg-ft3 555.0
lb/in2abs ft3 lb-moles (lb)(ft3)/in2 10.73
lb/ft2abs ft3 lb-moles ft-lb 1545.0

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TABLE 1-10 United States Customary System of Weights TABLE 1-11 Temperature Conversion Formulas
and Measures °F = (°C × 5/9) + 32
Linear Measure °C = (°F − 32) × 5/9
12 inches (in) or (″) = 1 foot (ft) or (′) °R = °F + 459.69
3 feet = 1 yard (yd) °K = °C + 273.15
°K = °R × 5/9
16.5 feet
5.5 yards 冧 = 1 rod (rd)
Temperature difference, ⌬T
°F = °C × 9/5
冧
5280 feet
= 1 mile (mi)
320 rods NOTE: An extensive table of temperature conversions may be found in the
1 mil = 0.001 inch sixth edition of the Handbook (Table 1-12).
Nautical:
6080.2 feet = 1 nautical mile
6 feet = 1 fathom
120 fathoms = 1 cable length
1 knot = 1 nautical mile per hour
60 nautical miles = 1° of latitude
Square Measure
144 sq. inches (sq. in) or (in2) or (ⵧ″) = 1 sq. foot (ft2) or (ⵧ′)
9 sq. feet (ft2) (ⵧ′) = 1 sq. yard (yd2)
30.25 sq. yards = 1 sq. rod, pole, or perch

冦 冧
10 sq. chains
160 sq. rods = = 1 acre
43,560 sq. ft
640 acres = 1 sq. mile = 1 section
1 circular inch (area of
circle of 1 inch diameter) = 0.7854 sq. inch
1 sq. inch = 1.2732 circular inch
1 circular mil = area of circle of 0.001
inch diameter
1,000,000 circular mils = 1 circular inch
Circular Measure
60 seconds (″) (sec) = 1 minute (min) or (′)
60 minutes (′) = 1 degree (°)
90 degrees (°) = 1 quadrant
360 degrees (°) = 1 circumference
= 1 radian (rad.)
57.29578 degrees 冦
= 57° 17′ 44.81″

Volume Measure
Solid:
1728 cubic in (cu. in) (in3) = 1 cubic foot (cu. ft)(ft3)
27 cu. ft = 1 cubic yard (cu. yd)
Dry Measure:
2 pints = 1 quart
8 quarts = 1 peck
4 pecks = 1 bushel
1 United States
Winchester bushel = 2150.42 cubic inches
Liquid:
4 gills = 1 pint (pt)
2 pints = 1 quart (qt)
4 quarts = 1 gallon (gal)
7.4805 gallons = 1 cubic foot
Apothecaries’ Liquid:
60 minims (min. or ) = 1 fluid dram or drachm
8 drams ( ) = 1 fluid ounce
16 ounces (oz. ) = 1 pint
Avoirdupois Weight
16 drams = 437.5 grains = 1 ounce (oz)
16 ounces = 7000 grains = 1 pound (lb)
100 pounds = 1 hundredweight (cwt)
2000 pounds = 1 short ton: 2240 pounds = 1 long ton
Troy Weight
24 grains = 1 pennyweight (dwt)
20 pennyweights = 1 ounce (oz)
12 ounces = 1 pound (lb)
Apothecaries’ Weight
20 grains (gr) = 1 scruple ( )
3 scruples = 1 dram ( )
8 drams = 1 ounce ( )
12 ounces = 1 pound (lb)

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