<University>

Child and Adolescence Mental Health

By

Your Name

Date

Lecturer Name

<Your Name> 2017 1

 This essay will assess and analyse the risks and protective factors of a case

study of David and Heather. More so, the essay will present an argument concerning

the mental health of children with reference to the case study of David and Heather.

Moreover, the essay will assess both children in the case study individually against

vulnerability risk verses resilient factors. The essay will also look at the issue of

family structure and other internal temperaments in the case study of David and

Heather. The mental health of children is not only affected by internal temperaments

but also external temperaments. For this reason, the essay will analyse critically other

external temperaments that affect a child's mental health. From the case study, the

essay will analyse the parent's role towards the children's' mental health. Additionally,

it will analyse other factors like the community itself, the economic status as well as

the schooling of the children in the case study.

Life is a continuous journey. There are so many barriers in this journey, which

hinder one from having a successful life. Therefore, the essay will analyse these

hindrances especially the ones that hinder children's mental growth and development.

It will assess common causes of the risk factors as well as the protective factors. More

so, it will assess the reasons for concerns of these risk factors during their adolescence

as well as later during adulthood. Finally, the essay will analyse and assess reasons for

failure to address mental health issues among the children.

Children need to live to their full potential. More so, children need to live lives filled

with willingness and full potential to do the best for themselves and any person

around them. For this to happen, good mental health is needed (Daniel and Wassell

2002). Many factors affect a child’s mental health. They can be either positive or

negative. In order to ensure children have productive lifestyles, they need

environments that demonstrate trust, love, compassion as well as understanding. This

enhances a child’s positive mental status. David was unfortunate that he did not
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receive this kind of lifestyle. Contrary to this, Heather’s lifestyle was different from

David’s lifestyle.

In the United Kingdom, many children's childhood is filled with resentment, distrust,

angst as well as negativity. For this reason, they have difficulties to cope with their

emotions. Therefore, the best way to ensure they have lived a stable life is to make

them go through mental health programs. David’s emotions are unstable. More so, her

own parents have destabilized Heather’s emotions. It is not only difficult to overcome

this adversity in children but also in adults. However, by being proactive and doing all

it takes to the growing child’s mental health can help him/her to have some positive

fashion with life (Adolescence 2011).

Some children are born with mental issues. These mental issues are due to

nature and not nurture. Therefore, the child will have more difficulties in dealing with

his/her emotional state (Daniel, Wassell, and Campbell 2002). Sometimes children

just feel depressed naturally. Moreover, others have anxiety issues that are not

brought about by any external factor. They just come naturally. Actually, if these

issues are not dealt with early enough and in proper fashion, it becomes difficult for

children to grow with a sound mind. Most of these children will suffer from low self-

esteem, which later affects their academic performance (Daniel and Wassell 2010).

Both David and Heather have an emotional imbalance. We see David being affected

adversely. This confirms the fact that a child with unstable emotions cannot do well in

school.

It is difficult for children with mental issues to cope with different situations.

Mental instability affects children in all situations negatively. Their studies are

adversely affected. Additionally, their social life is affected. They withdraw and

isolate themselves from others. This is evident with David who does not make many

friends. He does not also play with his colleagues in the school due to his mental
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issues. Heather, on the other hand, is seen to intermingle and socialize with her

colleagues in her previous school. If these problems are not dealt with at all, they not

only affect these children at that time but also their children when they become

parents. They tend to have very low self-esteem and unhealthy lifestyles. Their ability

to make decisions is also highly affected. Therefore, measures should be put in place

to ensure these children live a promising life. Actually, they can live happy and

productive lives if all is overcome. They can live lives filled with harmony, love and

sound mental status (Daniel and Wassell 2004).

Mental illnesses are caused by several factors. In some instances, theories

have been put across to explain their causes. However, these theories differ about risk

factors, protective factors as well as mental disorder classifications. Additionally, the

theories put a difference in terms of the mind philosophy as to whether the mind is

separate from the brain (Greeff, 2005). In the past years, there was a common belief

that mental illness is caused by poor child-parent relationship only. Today, research

shows that parental relationship contributes very little towards mental illness. Then,

what are the major causes of mental illnesses?

Biological and genetic factors are nowadays the risk factors for mental illnesses.

However, research is still on going in this area to establish other risk factors. Two

models are used to give the distinction of the risk factors. The medical model and the

social model clarify not only the risk factors but also the protective factors. Both of

these models can be seen in David's case. The mother is suffering and out of the

illness, she develops a mental disorder. From it, her son is affected socially. Due to

the responsibilities and social withdrawal, David suffers a mental illness. This view

indicates that a combination of these models is a cause of the risk factors. Social,

biological, as well as psychological factors, result in a primary biopsychosocial

model. According to Daniel, Wassell and Gilligan (2010), genetics contribute about
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40% towards a child’s susceptibility to mental illness. More so, environmental and

psychological factors account for 60%. However, this statistics may be misapplied

and neglected due to the relativity nature of the factors. This is evident in both case

studies of Heather and David. Although it is a bit difficult for one to isolate these

models of the risk factors, the fact is that environmental stressors, as well as genetic

disposition trigger mental disorders (Engdahl 2010).

The psychoanalytic theory focuses on relational and internal unresolved

conflicts that cause mental disability. Although the theory is in use, more stress inlaid

on the biopsychosocial model. More so, acceptance of psychoanalysis subtypes mix is

made. It lays more emphasis on the human behaviour. According to Sharma and

Cockerill (2014), three types of personality exist. They are the id, the ego, and the

superego. The first one, which is id operates under the principle of pleasure. On the

other hand, the principle of ego operates under the principle of reality. Finally, the

personality of the superego is a conscience. For this reason, it incorporates what the

society accepts together with what it does not. This theory has five psychosexual

stages of a child’s growth and development. These stages include the oral, anal,

phallic, latency, and the genital stage. Therefore, when one receives either too little or

too much gratification in any of the five stages can cause mental illness. On the

occasion that this may happen, then he/she is said to have been fixated in that

particular stage (Dissarro, 2013).

The other theory used to describe the child’s development and mental health is

the attachment theory. The theory focuses on the role of early child’s caregiver. The

caregiver relationship with the child has an impact towards the life of the child and

the adulthood life. According to this theory, the better the attachment a child receives,

the better his/her relationships even later in life (Causes | Mind, the Mental Health

Charity - Help for Mental Health Problems 2013). There are four main attachment
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patterns. These are the secure, avoidant, disorganized, and the ambivalent

attachments. The attachments are cross-cultural. A secure attachment reflects trust

between the caregiver and the child. The security of a child reflects the cognitive,

emotional as well as social competence in life (Jones 2015)

Researchers tell more about a child’s mental health. They use evolutionary

theory. It focuses on mental modules dysfunction because of social environments and

the ancestral physical (Lachman 2012). In addition, mental illness can be traced back

from the species where human beings evolved. Therefore, according to this theory,

the species are the major beneficial factors of mental illnesses. Lastly, the human

brain is a product of the natural selection with specific functions. The theory identifies

the child’s mental development being determined greatly by the environment

(Introduction to Adolescence and Its Disorders 2012).

The biomedical theory is highly supported by psychiatrists. It gives them more

esteem in their profession. More so, it is highly recommended and supported by

families with mentally ill persons. This is because it gives them less blame. However,

patients who see doctors of the same ethnicity are likely to support other models

(Hazen, Goldstein, Goldstein, and Jellinek 2011).

The biological factors that cause mental illness are many. They include

genetics, infections, brain defects, prenatal damage, chemical imbalances, substance

abuse and exposure to toxins. According to experts, the brain biology and nervous

system are the sole causes of mental illnesses (Hagell, Sandberg, and Macdonald

2012).

How does genetics cause mental illness? At what stage in life can the genetic

chemistry result to mental illness? Research shows that genes interaction and the

environmental events cause mental illness. During early development of a child,

genes interact. They should interact freely inside the brain. More so, the
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environmental events find a way as genes interact. If by any chance the complex

interaction between the genes and the environmental events does not work as

expected, it results in a mental disorder. The hereditary behavioural traits that are

associated with mental disorders are greater in environments that are permissive as

opposed to environments that are restrictive. On the other hand, susceptibility genes

work well in both physiological pathways and social as well as behavioural pathways

(Lachman 2012). Most of the mental conditions are polygenic. This means no one

specific gene is responsible for the defect. For example, Alzheimer's and

Schizophrenia are hereditary disorders. There is, however, a continued understanding

of neuroplasticity, which raises concerns as to whether mental illnesses are

responsible for brain differences (Levesque 2011).

How does prenatal care affect the mental health of a child? Research has

shown that any damage to the foetus in the mother's womb will result in prenatal

damage. If a pregnant mother uses either drugs or alcohol then she risks the unborn to

infections. This can later result in mental illnesses for the foetus and after birth.

Certain illnesses like autism are caused by disruption during foetus brain development

(Mechem 2013). Pregnancy environmental events play a key role towards a child’s

mental health. More so, after birth environment events have a role to play towards the

mental status. Maternal exposure including psychological trauma and stress to a

growing child is a risk factor. Other risk factors are famine conditions, birth

complications, infections as well as gestational to cocaine or alcohol. These factors

affect specific neurodevelopmental areas within the general context of development.

In addition, birth weight and preterm birth are associated with most of the

neurological defects of children. Birth weight is affected by several factors. They are

demographic factors, social economic factors, and environmental factors, prenatal

behavioural and medical conditions during pregnancy (MedicineNet 2017).

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 Several mental disorders are also associated with microbial pathogens

especially virus. Although there are only a few cases of mental disorders associated

with infectious diseases, there is still a promise that they cause mental disorders.

Findings report that parasite Toxoplasma Gondii is a risk factor especially

schizophrenia. More so, a number of white matter diseases show some symptoms of

mental disorders. Mental patients have poor health. This is highly contributed by both

psychological and sociological factors. They include substance use, socioeconomic

factors, exercise levels, bacterial infections, and diet. Other chronic diseases result in

mental disorders. For example, HIV AIDS. The infections trigger a brain chemistry

change, which develops to become a mental disorder (Olson 2011).

Brain defects and injuries are other common causes of mental disorders. The

brain controls the nervous system together with other parts of the body. This means

without the brain the body will never function. Any traumatic brain injury causes

some fault in the brain. It may cause mood disorders, substance abuse or even

psychotic disorders. Head traumas either can be open head or closed end injuries. For

an open one, the skull is penetrated and brain tissue is damaged. On the other hand,

for the closed injury, the skull is not penetrated but the brain is impacted by the skull,

which can eventually cause a permanent structural damage. The longer one stays in an

unconscious situation, the longer the risk of developing complicated mental issues.

On the other hand, brain tumors are of two categories. It can be either benign or

malignant. More so, it can be intrinsic or extrinsic. The progressive cognitive

disorders caused by tumor include, confusion, dementia, and poor comprehension.

The symptoms depend on the specific location of the tumor. For instance, those that

are found on the forehead, cause impaired judgment, behaviour disorder as well as

apathy (Strong-Willed Child: Surviving Birth Through Adolescence (member Book)

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2014). Other symptoms associated with mental illnesses due to injuries or tumors are

attention disorders.

What is the effect of chemical imbalances in the brain? A chemical imbalance

is a brain circuit disorder. Damage to the neurotransmitters causes some mental

disorder. Some of the mental disorders caused by chemical imbalances are

schizophrenia and depression. Abnormal dopamine levels activity results in serious

disorders. More so, serotonin dysfunction together with some other monoamine

neurotransmitters like norepinephrine results in complex mental illnesses. Some of

these illnesses include phobias, obsessive-compulsive disorder, generalized anxiety

disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder (Song, 2017).

Does substance abuse lead to mental disorders? If it leads, how does it do so?

Long-term substance abuse leads to multiple mental disorders. Substance abuse may

lead to deep depression as well as anxiety disorders. Some of the substances that lead

to mental illnesses include cannabis, caffeine, alcohol, and cocaine. Caffeine causes

anxiety and suicide thoughts. On the other hand, alcohol and cocaine stimulate certain

parts of the brain, especially during adolescence. Thus, they affect the brain

development of the child, especially adolescents. This later develops to mental

disorders as discussed above. On the other hand, cannabis worsens depression as well

as lessening a child's motivation. Lastly, alcohol damages the white matter. For this

reason, it affects one's memory and thinking. Many people across the world consume

alcohol excessively. Thus, people have serious mental issues in many countries. 40%

of the people in the world consume alcohol in excess (Sheridan, Sharma, and

Cockerill, 2014).

Life experiences and environmental factors is another common cause of

mental disorders. These include one’s life stressors. Concerning the case of David, his

life has so many stressors. David has assignments to complete. He has friends he is
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supposed to play with but does not. More so, he has a mother to take care of. Lastly,

David has chores to undertake for his own comfort. These chores are bigger than his

age is. Therefore, the life stressors lower someone's self-esteem. This is evident in the

case of David. He is unable to interact with his friends and the classmates like

Heather. For this reason, it is clear that environmental factors are more psychological.

Thus, they are related. Events that result in loss or damage are also likely to cause

mental disorder. This includes poor relationships, home life, and poverty.

Generational patterns are other causes of mental disorders under the above (Sharma,

Cockerill, and Sharma 2014).

A child's life events and emotional stress determine his or her mental health. Life

events such as abuse lead to high risk of developing mental issues. This may include

such forms of abuse as sexual, emotional, physical, bullying or domestic violence.

Among the mental complications that may result are negative thoughts, stress, and

mood and anxiety disorders. The main risks here appear to be a combination of

consistent life experiences. However, a single major trauma can also lead to

psychopathology. The resilience of these victims varies. One may show resistance to

some experiences but on the other hand be susceptible to others. There are many

resilient features, which include coping patterns, temperamental characteristics,

cognitive set as well as genetic vulnerability (Sharma and Cockerill 2014).

How does parenting cause mental illnesses? A number of illnesses are

associated with poor parenting and separation. The common illnesses caused by poor

parenting are anxiety and depression. On the other hand, separation and child trauma

cause psychosis and schizophrenia. Children are more susceptible to psychological

disorders from trauma than adult people are. The effect if a traumatic event varies

from one person to another. More so, it varies depending on the age of an individual.

This is influenced by several factors. It may be influenced by the length of exposure

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of the person to the traumatic event, the type of the traumatic event, and the extent the

family was affected by the event. Either the traumatic events can be natural or man

created. The man-made traumatic events affects children more than the natural

traumatic events (Shaffer and Kipp 2014).

The person’s self-image determines their potential. How someone views

himself/herself determines who he/she is and what he/she can do. Too low self-esteem

or too high self-esteem determines one’s mental health. Ones’ self-esteem determines

his/her quality of life. More so, it determines one’s level of happiness. Otherwise,

very high self-esteem or very low self-esteem is a cause of violence, aggression,

anxiety, and many other mental disorders (Santrock, 2011).

There are studies to support a correlation between poverty and mental illness.

Therefore, children brought up in lower social economic status are likely to develop

mental illnesses as compared to those brought up in higher social economic status.

More so, children from economically underclass families are more likely to develop

low levels of self-worth and self-efficiency. Actually, child development theorists

argue that persistent poverty levels lead to high psychopathological levels and poor

self-concepts. Therefore, families must deal with these life stressors. They should deal

with such economic stressors like unemployment, and poor housing. This way will

improve their children's' mental health. A child's social economic class determines

his/her mental health. It outlines the environmental, behavioural, biomedical and

psychosocial risk factors. Finally, findings indicate that there is a strong correlation

between poverty and drug and substance abuse. Substance abuse is addictive.

Moreover, it deters one from either finding or maintaining a job. Failure to find a job

or maintain one leads to other risk factors as well. This later affects the children’s

mental health particularly those that come from these families (Olson 2011).

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 Culture and community play a key role towards the mental health of not only a

child but also the adults. More so, it affects the child from birth to adulthood. This

eventually passes over from generation to generation. There are several cultural and

community factors that are associated with mental illnesses. These include

unemployment, migration, and social cohesion, among others. Strains and stresses are

also linked to mental disorders. Personal as well as community resources have an

implication on the mental health of children. More so, the social economic factors of

the neighbourhood have an impact towards the mental status of a child. Minority

ethnic groups are at higher risks of developing mental illnesses as compared to other

ethnic groups. This is attributed to factors like ethnicity, racism, and insecurity.

Therefore, children brought up in these places are more vulnerable to mental illnesses

(Adolescence 2011).

There is need to devise protective factors against mental disorders. A healthy

mind leads one to a productive life. It is therefore important for one to increase

resilience in order to boost self-esteem. It is important to take steps in order to

minimise and control stress and other mental illnesses. Paying attention to mental

illness signs is the first step towards protecting the worsening of the conditions. If a

child portrays symptoms of mental illness, it is important to consult a specialist. The

parents should take steps to ensure they consult either a therapist or a doctor. The

specialist will assist one to notice any changes in one's behaviour. More so, it is

important to involve friends and other family members. This helps in noting any

worrying symptoms of the illness. Therefore, it will become easy for one to make the

necessary decisions against the illness (Daniel and Wassell 2010).

The other protective factor against mental disorder is routine medical care. One

should not neglect routine check-ups. More so, one should not skip visits to the health

caregiver. This helps in preventing any anticipated feelings. For example, it is

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possible for one to have other medical problems whose symptoms are similar to those

of mental illnesses. Additionally, the symptoms could be side effects of some

medication (Engdahl 2010).

Mental illnesses demand that they are resolved early enough. It is difficult to

treat long-term illnesses. When symptoms worsen, it may be difficult to prevent a

relapse. Therefore, once one realizes he/she has some mental illnesses, then it is good

that he/she seeks treatment as early as possible (Engdahl 2010).

Lastly, as a protective measure against mental illnesses, one should take good care of

him/herself. In case of a child, one should as well take good care of the child. This

can be done by eating healthy and having sufficient sleep. More so, one should

ensure he/she undertakes regular physical exercises. Therefore, if by any chance one

has any challenge then he/she should talk openly to the healthcare provider. The

healthcare provider will devise better strategies to help one take care of him/her

(Engdahl 2010).

Putting into place, the protective measure not only boosts the child’s intrinsic

and extrinsic motivation, but also enables his/her to lead a productive life in future.

For this reason, it is important to raise concerns and create awareness of mental

illnesses. This will enable the world to raise populations that are more productive

(Santrock, 2011). Parents should take the life of their children serious and do all that

is humanly possible to protect them against risk factors for mental disorders.

However, many people are not aware of the risk factors for mental disorders. When

children start behaving weirdly some think it is normal. Others associate the

behaviour with some beliefs depending on the environment and the culture they are

in. Additionally, some associate the behaviours with spirituality. As much as we

recognize and appreciate the cultural diversities and beliefs, it is important to seek

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medical treatment when we notice anything weird to not only children but also adults

around us.

The resilience matrix of Daniel, Gillian and Wassell 2010 has been used to

assess the case study of David and Heather. The health practitioners benefit a lot from

the resilience matrix. It provides them with a framework that helps them recognize the

negative risk factors of mental illnesses against the protective factors. The resilience

matrix encompasses an ecological framework. The ecological framework places a

child in the middle, the relationships surrounding the child and the community at large

(Santrock, 2011).

Through the resilience matrix, both David and Heather share some common

risk factors. Despite the fact that Heather at first had a different lifestyle, we find her

getting adversely affected just as David. Both children suffer from withdrawal.

Heather feels will miss her old friends from the old School and will not interact freely

with the new friends in the new school. More so, David does not interact freely with

his colleagues but instead withdraws to take up other responsibilities. David’s mother

does not want to seek any help. She decides to go it alone. She is, however, unable to

take up some responsibilities. This stresses David so much. On the other hand,

Elizabeth and her husband do not seem to care much about Heather's mental status by

relocating. Heather does not seem to welcome her father’s promotion. For this reason,

she feels she will miss her friends and does not welcome the idea of relocating to

Aberdeen. Parents, therefore, have a great role to play towards the children's mental

health. There is a lot they can do improve the negative risk factors towards mental

health. More so, there is a lot they can do to enhance the positive risk factors.

Devising protective measures is also paramount.

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 The biopsychosocial model is inevitable in both cases of Heather and David.

The psychological aspect affects both children. The nature of their families affects

their mental stability adversely.

There are, however, no such effects of the children’s mental problem

concerning psychoanalytic theory. The case study does not show the psychosexual

stages affecting these children. However, this does not mean that these stages did not

affect their mental health. More so, this does not mean that the stages do not affect.

The attachment theory is also inevitable towards the mental wellbeing of the

two children. David is supposed to be taken care of by the mother. However, due to

the failure of the mother due to her health condition, David suffers some mental

problems. The same is witnessed in Heather where the parents who are the caregivers

fail to reveal to her about relocation. They do not reveal to her that she will need to

change her school. However, after revealing she feels displeasure, which affects her

mental health.

The case study of Heather and David is highly affected by environmental

factors and life experience. Their mental instability is due to what they go through at

their homes. There low resilience concerning these risk factors. David’s everyday life

is accredited with risk factors. David takes up the responsibilities in the house. His

father’s death caused depression to her mother. The mother was diagnosed with

multiple sclerosis about two years ago. This is the reason for her inability to take up

responsibilities. The fact that her mother does not want to seek any help gives David

stress. This has great consequences towards in David's schooling. He is unable to

complete assignments and hand them in in time. He is also unable to play and interact

freely with his peers. He does not have time even play on weekends since he is busy

taking up responsibilities at home. He is taking care of his sick mother. Therefore, the

nature of the surrounding of David has highly contributed towards his mental
<Your Name> 2017 15
disorder. This has affected not only his behavior but also his emotional and mood

stability.

The risk factors of Heather at first are are low. She does not suffer from any

mental disorder. Her mother who is on her maternity leave with her younger brother is

staying at home. Heather is enjoying her full parenting from both the parents. She

feels confident since she is very popular in school. More so, she has many friends.

The environment from which she comes from attributes this. His father is a banker

and has just been promoted. Her mother is employed although she is on her maternity

leave. This means that poverty does not affect Heather in any way. She gets most of

her basics, unlike David whose mother quitted a job due to her medical condition.

This means David lacks some of the basics. David and his mother also live in a semi-

detached three-bedroom house. This shows that David’s social economic class is low

and due to this, he is likely to suffer some mental illnesses. Children whose families

are of a lower social economic class are more vulnerable to mental disorders as

compared to those whose social economic classes are high (Daniel and Wassell 2010).

From the case study, Heather comes from a higher social economic class as compared

to David. Therefore, her esteem is not as low as the one for David. Children with high

self-esteem have stronger and more productive lives. They also make many friends

and perform well is schools (Daniel and Wassell 2010). This is the reason we find

heather being popular in school and having very many friends.

Child's life events and emotional stress play a key role towards a child's

mental health. David's father died when he was just five. Her mother, an adult, is

unable to accept and move on. She is depressed by her husband's death. This is

transmitted to David. David is also stressed by the condition of her mother. At this

age, if protective factors are not put in place, David's life may end up being

unproductive. His confidence and emotions are low. These negative stressful life
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events are implications for various mental disorders. Among these mental disorders

are anxiety and mood disorders. (Daniel and Wassell 2010). Heather, on the other

hand, has all the parents and they are socially and economically stable. However, the

decision to relocate is disturbing her. Her parents seem not to worry about the impact

their decision will have on their daughter. She feels displeasure and uncomfortable to

leave her friends in the old school. She withdraws completely. This change in her

mood and anxiety is because of the emotional stress brought up by her own parents.

Alice and Elizabeth should put a number of protective factors to stabilize the

mental health of their children. Alice should accept and admit that her husband died.

She should seek help from a specialist. This will relieve the stressful condition of her

son. Heather's parents should not ignore the withdrawal of their daughter. If they are

unable to make her understand the reasons for relocation, they should seek a

professional help to restore their daughter mental stability.

Risk factors for a child's mental health are complex. A child encounters all forms of

these risk factors during his/her development. The home of the child holds many of

the risks. Unfortunately, the child has no control over the risk factors at home.

Ranging from maternal illnesses, poverty, marital discord and the community's

economic status creates a challenge in the child's mental health. For children to

overcome the potential risks, they need support. Children need secure attachments,

support from peers as well as the good temperament of inner strength.

<Your Name> 2017 17

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