1) A random variable is a function that associates a real number with each possible outcome of a random phenomenon. Random variables can be discrete or continuous.
2) Probability is a value between 0 and 1 that evaluates the likelihood of an event occurring, based on the number of possible outcomes. The probability of an event A is equal to the number of ways it can occur divided by the total number of possible outcomes.
3) Conditional probability is the probability of one event occurring given that another event has occurred. It is calculated as the probability of the events intersecting (both occurring) divided by the probability of the second event.
1) A random variable is a function that associates a real number with each possible outcome of a random phenomenon. Random variables can be discrete or continuous.
2) Probability is a value between 0 and 1 that evaluates the likelihood of an event occurring, based on the number of possible outcomes. The probability of an event A is equal to the number of ways it can occur divided by the total number of possible outcomes.
3) Conditional probability is the probability of one event occurring given that another event has occurred. It is calculated as the probability of the events intersecting (both occurring) divided by the probability of the second event.
1) A random variable is a function that associates a real number with each possible outcome of a random phenomenon. Random variables can be discrete or continuous.
2) Probability is a value between 0 and 1 that evaluates the likelihood of an event occurring, based on the number of possible outcomes. The probability of an event A is equal to the number of ways it can occur divided by the total number of possible outcomes.
3) Conditional probability is the probability of one event occurring given that another event has occurred. It is calculated as the probability of the events intersecting (both occurring) divided by the probability of the second event.
1) A random variable is a function that associates a real number with each possible outcome of a random phenomenon. Random variables can be discrete or continuous.
2) Probability is a value between 0 and 1 that evaluates the likelihood of an event occurring, based on the number of possible outcomes. The probability of an event A is equal to the number of ways it can occur divided by the total number of possible outcomes.
3) Conditional probability is the probability of one event occurring given that another event has occurred. It is calculated as the probability of the events intersecting (both occurring) divided by the probability of the second event.
PROBABILITY Stat12 - Probability and Statistics Classical Probability Random Variable A random variable is a function that associates a real number with each element in the sample space. Example Two balls are drawn in succession without replacement from an urn containing 4 red balls and 3 black balls. What are the possible outcomes? Outcomes Assigned X RR 2 RB 1 BR 1 BB 0 Types of random variables Discrete Random Variable Sample space contains a finite number of elements. Continuous Random Variable Sample space contains an infinite number of possibilities. Probability A set real numbers ranging from 0 to 1 that evaluates the likelihood of the occurrence of an event resulting from statistical experiments. number of ways event A can occur 𝑃 𝐴 = total number of possible outcomes 𝑛 𝐴 𝑃 𝐴 = 𝑛 𝑆 Example If a pair of dice is rolled, then determine the probability of the following: a. Event of getting a sum of 5 b. Event of getting a sum of at most 4 Example A student in a statistics class was able to compute the probability of passing the subject to be equal to 0.46. based on this information, what is the probability that he is not going to pass the subject? Approaches 1. Subjective Probability 2. Probability of the Relative Frequency 3. Classical Probability Example What is the probability that you will pass the board exam? Efficiency No. of
Example Rating
70-75 Employees
75 Last year, the efficiency ratings 76-81 86 of the 406 employees of a certain 82-87 105 company were taken and 88-93 80 presented in a frequency 94-99 60 distribution table on the right. Total 406 What is the probability that an employee will have a minimum efficiency rating of 88? Example If a die is rolled, what is the probability of getting a. An odd number? b. An even number? c. A perfect square? Example If two coins are tossed, what is the probability of getting both heads? Example A box has 3 red, 4 green, and 6 yellow balls. If a ball is drawn from the box, what is the probability that a. It is green? b. It is not red? Example A box contains 7 red and 6 green balls. If 2 balls are drawn from the box, what is the probability of getting a. Both green? b. 1 red and 1 green? Addition Rule The event that at least one of the events A or B will happen is denoted by 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵. The event that both events A and B will occur is denoted by 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵. Addition Rule 𝑃 𝐴∪𝐵 =𝑃 𝐴 +𝑃 𝐵 −𝑃 𝐴∩𝐵 𝑛 𝐴 𝑛 𝐵 𝑛 𝐴∩𝐵 𝑃 𝐴∪𝐵 = + − 𝑛 𝑆 𝑛 𝑆 𝑛 𝑆 Mutually exclusive – if both events cannot occur at the same time; 𝑃 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = 0 Addition rule – 𝑃 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = 𝑃 𝐴 + 𝑃 𝐵 Example Consider the activity of rolling a die. Determine the probability of getting a. An odd or an even number b. An even number or a perfect square Conditional Probability Conditional probability is the probability that a second event will occur if the first event already happened. 𝑃 𝐴∩𝐵 𝑃 𝐴𝐵 = , provided 𝑃 𝐵 ≠ 0 𝑃 𝐵 𝑛 𝐴∩𝐵 𝑃 𝐴𝐵 = 𝑛 𝐵 Example Suppose that P(A)=0.7, P(B)=0.3, and 𝑃 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = 0.2. a. What is the probability that only event A occurs? b. What is the probability that either event A or B occurs? c. Given that the outcome of the experiment belongs to B, what is then the probability of A? Example A card is drawn from a deck of 52 playing cards. Given that the card drawn is a face card, then what is the probability of getting a. A king? b. A spade? c. A red card? Example A vendor has 35 balloons on strings. Twenty balloons are yellow, 8 are red, and 7 are green. A balloon was selected at random and sold. Given that the balloon selected and sold is yellow, what is the probability that the next balloon selected and sold at random is a. Also yellow? b. Red or yellow? Example A box contains 6 black and 5 yellow marbles. Two marbles are drawn from the box in succession without replacement. What is the probability of getting a. Black on the first draw? b. Black on the second draw given that it is black on the first draw? c. Black on the second draw given that it is yellow on the first draw? Multiplication Rule The probability that both events occur is given by: 𝑃 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = 𝑃 𝐴 𝐵 𝑃(𝐵) Independent events – if the occurrence of A does not affect the probability of occurrence of B, or vice versa For independent events: 𝑃 𝐴 𝐵 = 𝑃 𝐴 ; 𝑃 𝐵 𝐴 = 𝑃(𝐵) 𝑃 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = 𝑃 𝐴 𝑃(𝐵) Example A box contains 3 red and 8 black balls. If two balls are drawn in succession without replacement, what is the probability that a. both are red? b. The first ball is red and the second ball is black? Example Box A contains 5 blue and 4 white balls. Box B has 2 blue and 5 white balls. One ball is drawn at random from box A and transferred to box B without looking at the color of the ball that is drawn. What is the probability of drawing a. a white ball from box B? b. a blue ball from box A?
