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    This document discusses the physiology of menstruation. It begins by defining menstruation and distinguishing it from the menstrual cycle. It then explains that menstruation is one phase of the menstrual cycle, which involves natural monthly changes in the uterus and ovaries to allow for reproduction. The roles of hormones like estrogen, LH, FSH, and progesterone in regulating the development of the uterine lining and determining if menstruation will occur are also summarized. Problems that can arise from issues with these hormones, like amenorrhea and abnormal bleeding, are briefly mentioned.

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    Final PPT-1 PDF

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    This document discusses the physiology of menstruation. It begins by defining menstruation and distinguishing it from the menstrual cycle. It then explains that menstruation is one phase of the menstrual cycle, which involves natural monthly changes in the uterus and ovaries to allow for reproduction. The roles of hormones like estrogen, LH, FSH, and progesterone in regulating the development of the uterine lining and determining if menstruation will occur are also summarized. Problems that can arise from issues with these hormones, like amenorrhea and abnormal bleeding, are briefly mentioned.

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    This document discusses the physiology of menstruation. It begins by defining menstruation and distinguishing it from the menstrual cycle. It then explains that menstruation is one phase of the menstrual cycle, which involves natural monthly changes in the uterus and ovaries to allow for reproduction. The roles of hormones like estrogen, LH, FSH, and progesterone in regulating the development of the uterine lining and determining if menstruation will occur are also summarized. Problems that can arise from issues with these hormones, like amenorrhea and abnormal bleeding, are briefly mentioned.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    39 views23 pages

    Final PPT-1 PDF

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    subi
    This document discusses the physiology of menstruation. It begins by defining menstruation and distinguishing it from the menstrual cycle. It then explains that menstruation is one phase of the menstrual cycle, which involves natural monthly changes in the uterus and ovaries to allow for reproduction. The roles of hormones like estrogen, LH, FSH, and progesterone in regulating the development of the uterine lining and determining if menstruation will occur are also summarized. Problems that can arise from issues with these hormones, like amenorrhea and abnormal bleeding, are briefly mentioned.

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    of 23

    PHYSIOLOGY OF

    MENSTRUATION
    BY DEPARMENT OF OBSTETRICS AND
    GYNAECOLOGY, BMC SAGAR
    1. What is menstruation?
    2. Significance
    3. Which hormones play a role in
    menstruation?
    4. Significance of eachhormone
    5. What medical conditions will arise due
    to problems in hormones associated?
    The process in a woman of discharging
    blood and other material from the
    lining of the uterus at intervals of
    about one lunar month (28 days) from
    puberty until the menopause, except
    during pregnancy.
    Menstruation is not the same as the menstrual
    cycle.
    The Menstrual cycle describes thecyclic
    changes in a woman’s body going through
    menstruation, the follicular phase, ovulation,
    the luteal phase and back to menstruation
    again to begin the cycle.
    Menstruation is therefore one of the 4 phases
    ofthe menstrual cycle.
    1. Cycleof natural changesthat occursin
    the uterus and ovary as an essential part of
    making sexual reproductionpossible.
    2. Essential for the production of eggs.
    3. Preparationof the uterus for pregnancy.
    4. Fertile period of a woman’slife between
    menarche and menopause.
    Primary amenorrhea: Absence of menstruation
    despite signs of puberty
    Secondary amenorrhea: Absence of menstruation
    for 3-6 months in a woman who previously
    menstruated
    Dysfunctional uterine bleeding: Irregular bleeding
    due to anovulation or anovulatory cycle
    Menorrhagia: Regular menstrual intervals,
    excessive flow andduration
    Metrorrhagia: Irregular menstrual intervals,
    excessive flow andduration
    Oligomenorrhea: Menstrual interval greater
    than 35days
    Anovulation / anovulatory: Menstrual cycle
    without ovulation
    Dysmenorrhea: Menstrualcramping/pain
    1. Duration ofmenstrual flow
    2. Quality of the menstruum,
    3. Amount ofblood loss,
    4. The flow patternand
    5. Associated symptoms.
    Last from 3 to 7days.
    The exact duration varies from woman to woman.
    It however shows little or no variation for the
    same woman from cycle to cycle.
    Most women do not experience cycle to cycle
    changes more than 1or 2 days.
    It is unusual for the same woman to have wide
    swings such as 3days duration in one cycle and 7
    days in another.
    Menstrual blood is normally bright or light
    red in color like the bleeding that occurs after
    a knifecut or similar injury.
    It could look brown in some few
    women and still be normal menstruation.
    It must not have a foul odor.
    Small clots may be a normal part of menstrual
    blood.
    The average blood loss during normal
    menstruation is about 35 ml, with a
    range of 10 to 80 ml.
    Usually understood from the number of
    pads soaked.
    Normally, as menses begin to flow, the
    amount of blood loss seems to increase
    gradually until it attains a maximum and
    then starts diminishing as the end of the
    flow draws near.
    This pattern is described as crescendo-
    decrescendo pattern.
    Normal menstruation may be accompanied by other
    symptoms suchas
    Breasts fullness,
    Mild lower abdominal pain or Irritability.
    Fluid retention
    Cramping
    Mood swings
    Weight gain
    Breast tenderness
    Diarrhea
    Constipation

    These symptoms are neverdebilitating.


    Begins when estrogen levels are low
    Anterior pituitary secretes FSH and
    LH, stimulation follicle to develop
    Cells around egg enlarge, releasing
    estrogen
    This causes this uterine lining to
    thicken
    LH and FSH still being released, for
    another 3-4 days
    Follicle ruptures, releasing ova into
    the Fallopian tubes
    Now empty follicle changes to a yellow
    colour, becomes corpusluteum
    Continues to secrete estrogen, but now
    beings to release progesterone
    Progesterone further develops uterine
    lining
    If pregnant, embryo will release
    hormones to preserve corpus luteum
    If no embryo, the corpus luteum begins
    to disintegrate
    Progesterone levels drop, uterine lining
    detaches, menstruation canbegin
    Tissue, blood, unfertilized egg all
    discharged
    Can take from 3-7 days
    Hormonal
    Regulation
    of Menstruation
    WITHOUT
    ESTROGEN AND
    PROGESTERONE,
    ENDOMETRIUM
    BREAKS DOWN –
    MENSTRUATION
    OCCURS.

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