Bio Investigatory Project

Index
S. No. CONTEXT PAGE No.

1. Certificate
2. Acknowlegment
3. Aim/Objective
4, Introduction to “MENSTRUATION”
5. Menstrual Cycle
6. Phases of Menstrual Cycle
7. Symptoms of getting period
8. Types of Hormones Released
9. Role of Hormones
10. Menarche & Menopause
11. Menstrual Disorders
12. Menstrual Hygiene
Objective
To study menstruation, menstrual cycle, phases of
menstrual cycle, types of hormones released, role of
hormones, menarche & menopause, menstrual diseases
and menstrual hygiene.
Introduction to
MENSTRUATION
Menstruation is the monthly shedding of lining of uterus.
Menstruation is also known by terms menses, menstrual
period, menstrual cycle or period – which is partly blood
and partly tissue from inside of uterus – flows from uterus
through cervix and out of body through vagina. One
ovum is released (ovulation) during middle of each
menstrual cycle. As stated menstrual cycle generally
starts between 12 and 15 years and continues until 45-50
years. It usually takes about a month for lining to build
up, then break down. That is why most girls and women
get their period around once a month.
Menstrual Cycle
A menstrual cycle begins when girls get period or
menstruate. This is when the lining of uterus starts
shedding. A typical cycle lasts between 24 and 38 days. T
he menstrual cycle is a term to describe sequence of
events that occur in body as it prepare for possibility of
pregnancy each month. Every person`s cycle is slightly
different, but process is same. The days between period
is known as menstrual cycle length. Generally it lasts for
28 days. However, cycles lasting as little as 21 days or as
long as 35 days can be considered normal.
Phases of Menstrual
Cycle
The rise and fall of hormones trigger the steps in
menstrual cycle. The hormones cause the organs of
reproductive tract to respond in certain ways. This
specific events that occur during your menstrual cycle
are:
1. Menstrual Phase
2. Follicular Phase
3. Ovulatory Phase
4. Luteal Phase
1. MENSTRUAL PHASE
This phase begins on the first day of your period. It`s

when then the lining of uterus sheds through vagina if
pregnancy hasn`t occurred. Most peope bleed for three
to five days, but a period lasting ony three days to as
many as seven days is usually not a cause for worry.
2. FOLLICULAR PHASE
This phase begins on the day of period and ends at

ovulation(it overlaps with the menses phase and ends
when ovulation starts ). During this time, the level of the
hormone estrogen rises, which causes the lining og your
uterus (the endometrium) to grow and thicken. Tn
addition, another hormone – follicle stimulating
hormone(FSH) – causes follicles in ovaries to grow. During
days 10 to 14, one of the developing follicles will form a
fully mature egg or ovum.
3. OVULATORY PHASE
This phase occurs roughly at about day 14 in a 28 – day

menstrual cycle. A sudden increase in another hormone –
luteinizing hormone(LH) – causes ovary to release its
egg. This event is ovulation.
4. LUTEAL PHASE
This phase lasts from about day 15 to day 28. Your egg
leaves your ovary and begins to travel through fallopian
tubes to uterus. The level of the hormone progesterone
rises to help prepare your uterine lining for pregnancy. If
the egg becomes fertilized by sperm and attaches itself
to uterine wall(implantation), pregnancy occurs. If
pregnancy doesn`t occur, estrogen and progesterone
levels drop and thick lining of your uterus sheds during
your period.
What are the symptoms of
getting period?
Some people experience symptoms of menstruation and others
don`t. the intensity of these symptoms can also vary. The most
common symptom is cramps. The the cramping girls feel in their
pelvic area is uterus contracting to release its lining.
Other signs of getting period are:

• Mood changes
• Trouble sleeping
• Headache
• Food cravings
• Bloating
• Breast tenderness
• Acne
Types of Hormones
released
• Gonadotropin – releasing Hormone (GnRH)
• Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
• Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
• Estrogen
• Progesterone
Gonadotropin – releasing Hormone
(GnRH)
Produced in the brain`s hypothalamus, GnRH travels to the pituitary
gland via the bloodstream and binds to receptors that signal the
gland to make other hormones that play critical roles in the
menstrual cycle – FSH and LH.
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

FSH does its work during the time when a girl might be
still bleeding. The pituitary gland releases FSH to
stimulate the follicles in your ovaries to mature.
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
LH is one of the hormones released by the pituitary gland
after the gland receives a signal from GnRH, LH is responsible
for causing the dominant follicle to release an egg from the
ovary during ovulation.
Estrogen
Estrogen is one of the major sex hormones in a woman`s body.
It regulates many things, but it`s primarily involved with the
endometrium (lining og the uterus) during the menstrual cycle.
At the benning of a cycle, estrogen levels are low, but they
continue to rise and send messages for the uterus to grow a
new lining to replace the one that was shed in the previous
menstrual cycle.
Progesterone
The other major sex hormone a women`s body produces

is progesterone, which the ovaries produce after
ovulation. The ovaries release progesterone after
receiving a signal from the hypothalamus. Progesterone
does its job near the end of the enstrual cycle. If a
woman`s egg is not fertilized by sperm, progesterone
signals the body to start a new cycle and begin bleeding.
When fertilization does occur, progesterone stimulates
glands responsible for providing nutrition to the embryo.
MENARCHE
• Menarche is the beginning of the menstrual cycle in females.
• On reaching the puberty stage, menarche starts.
• Beginning of menarche is approximately between the age
group of 11 – 16 years.
• During the menarche, there is an increase in the bone mass.
• It signifies the beginning of the reproductive cycle of females.
• Estrogen level increases during menarche.
• Acne, irritability, mood swings are the general signs of
menarche (onset of the menstrual cycle).
• This is the onset of reproductive ability of a woman (the
female is now completely able to conceive).
MENOPAUSE
• Menopause is the ending phase of the menstrual cycle in
females.
• This occurs when the hormonal level decreases.
• Generally, menopause may occur between the age group of 45
– 50 years.
• With the increasing age and significant hormonal changes
during the menopausal time, the bone mass starts deterioting.
• It signifies the end of the reproductive cycle of the females.
• Estrogen level starts decreasing slowly during menopause and
then further declines( this is also the reason for the low bone
density in the old age of females).
• Weight gain, lack of sleep, skin dryness, anxiety, low bone
Menstrual Disorders
1. Amenorrhea(Absence of Menstruation)
Having no menstrual bleeding for 90 days or longer is called
amenorrhea; it can be classified as primary and secondary
according to the onset:
• Primary Amenorrhea: The onset of menstruation in females,
known as menarche , usually occurs at the age of 12.5 . Primary
amenorrhea refers to the absence of menses (menarche)
initiation by age 16.
• Secondary Amenorrhea: It refers to the discontinuation of menses
( menstrual bleeding ) after the onset of menarche.
In this condition , the woman has normal periods, but they
suddenly stop for three months or longer.

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Index

S. No. CONTEXT PAGE No.

This phase begins on the first day of your period. It`s

This phase begins on the day of period and ends at

This phase occurs roughly at about day 14 in a 28 – day

Other signs of getting period are:

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

The other major sex hormone a women`s body produces

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