CONTROL NO.

________

CRONASIA FOUNDATION COLLEGE, INC.

Andres- Dizon Bldg., Pioneer Avenue
General Santos City, 9500
[email protected]
(083) 554-6323

MODULE IN
MATHEMATICS 8
Second Quarter
LESSON 5-7
(SIMPLIFYING RATIONAL EXPRESSION)
SEMI- FINAL
GRADE 8 - MOREDO

Name: ______________________________________________
Grade & Section: ___________________________________
Contact Number: ___________________________________
Class Adviser _______________________________________

JENICE MARIE G. PALMA

MATHEMATICS 8 PREPARED BY: JENICE MARIE G.
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 Teacher
Objectives:
a. Describe and Illustrate a rational algebraic expression.
b. Recall the basic rule of fractions.
c. Simplify rational algebraic expressions
LESSON 5: RATIONAL EXPRESSIONS
 An expression that is a quotient of two expressions is called an algebraic fraction or
a rational expression.
 The denominator of a rational expression must not be equal to 0. When the
denominator is 0, the expression is undefined.
Example:
( x− y )( x + y )
( x− y ) 2
 To simplify we first factor the polynomials then cancel any common factors.
( x− y )( x + y ) x+ y
= (x-y)2 is equal to (x-y)(x-y) so we can
( x− y ) 2 x− y
cancel out one of the (x-y)

Dividing Out Common Factors

Step 1 – Identify any factor which are common to both the numerator and the denominator.
5x
5(x−7)  The numerator and
denominator have a common
factor.
 Five is the common factor

Step 2 – Divide out the common factors.

5x x
 5 can be divided to 1 5(x−7) = x−7
 The x remain in the numerator
 The (x – 7) remains in the denominator

Factoring the Numerator and Denominator 3 x 2+9 x

12 x 3
MATHEMATICS 8 PREPARED BY: JENICE MARIE G.
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  Factor the Numerator
 Factor the Denominator
 Divide out the common factors.
 Write in Simplified form

Step 1: Look for common factors to both terms in the numerator

3 x 2+9 x
- Both 3 and 9 can be factor 3
12 x 3
 Both x2 and x can be factor to x
Step 2: Factor the numerator
3 x 2+9 x 3 x (x +3)
12 x 3 12 x 3
Step 3: Look for common factors to the terms in the denominator and factor
3 x 2+9 x
 The denominator only has one term. The 12 and
12 x 3
x3 can be factored.
 12 can be factored into 3 x 4
 X3 can be written as x x2

x 2−7 x +12
Example: Simplify
9−x 2
x 2−7 x +12
Solution:
9−x 2
(x−4)( x−3)
= Factor the numerator and denominator
(3−x )(3+ x)
(x−4 )(x−3)
= Factor – 1 out of (3 – x) to get (-3 + x)
(−1)(−3+ x )(3+ x)
(x−4 )(x−3)
= Cancel since (x – 3) and (-3 + x) are equivalent
(−1)(−3+ x )(3+ x)
( x−4)
= Multiply (x – 4) by -1 to get – x + 4
(−1 ) (3+ x)
−x+ 4 4−x
= or
3+ x 3+ x
MATHEMATICS 8 PREPARED BY: JENICE MARIE G.
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 CRONASIA FOUNDATION COLLEGE, INC.
Andres- Dizon Building,
Pioneer Avenue, General Santos City, 9500
Tel No. (083) 554-6323/ 5524051
E-mail Address: [email protected]

ACTIVITY NO. 5 COMPLETE ME

In a National Spelling Bee, the winning word means “a careless or indifferent

person”. What word is it?

To find out, match the expression with its simplest form. Write the letter above the
correct answer.

−2 x +6 x+ 8 x 2−1
O. A. E.
−4 x x 2−64 x+1

m−5 x 2−4 x 2−25

C. T. N.
5−m x−2 x 2−x−20

8x4 x +3 12( x−5)( x+2)

U. P. R.
12 x 3 x 2+6 x +9 8(x−5)(x+ 2)

ANSWER:

1 x−3 x−3 2
-1 -1 x
X +3 2x 2x 3

3 1 x−5
x+2 x–1
2 x−8 x−4

MATHEMATICS 8 PREPARED BY: JENICE MARIE G.

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 LESSON 6: Simplifies Rational Algebraic Expression
Objectives:
a. Recall multiplication and division of rational numbers.
b. Multiply rational expressions.
c. Divide rational expressions.

MULTIPLYING AND DIVIDING RATIONAL EXPRESSION

- A rational expression is in simplified form when its numerator and denominator
have no common factors (other than ± 1)
- Works the same as multiplying fractions: Multiply numerators, Multiply
denominators, Simplify
Example: Multiply
p 2−4 p+ 4 p 2+2 p+4 ( p−2)( p−2) p 2+2 p+4
a. =
p 3−8 p+2 ( p−2)( p 2+2 p+ 4) p+2

( p−2)( p−2) p 2+2 p+4

=
( p−2 ) ( p 2+2 p+ 4) p+2
p−2
=
p+2
2 x 2−12 x 3 x 2+17 x−6 2 x( x −6) (x +6)(3 x−1)
b. =
6−x x 2−36 (−1)(x−6) ( x+ 6)(x−6)
2 x (3 x−1)
=
x−6

MATHEMATICS 8 PREPARED BY: JENICE MARIE G.

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DIVIDING RATIONAL EXPRESSIONS
- To divide rational expressions, follow the same rules used for dividing fractions.
Example: Divide
3 9 3 16
a. ÷ = x
10 16 10 9
3 16
= x
10 9
8
=
15
Example: Find each quotient
12m 5 n2 24 m5 12m 5 n2 25 n2
a. ÷ = Multiply the reciprocal of the divisor
5 mn 25 n2 5 mn 24 m5
12m 5 n2 25 n2
= Cancel the common factors.
5 mn 24 m5
5 n3
=
2m

x 2−1 15 x x 2−1 3 x +3
b. ÷ = Multiply the reciprocal of the divisor
x 2+2 x+1 3 x +3 x 2+2 x+1 15 x
(x +1)(x −1) 3(x+ 1)
= Factor
( x +1 ) (x +1) 15 x
(x +1)(x −1) 3( x+ 1)
= Cancel the common factors.
( x +1)(x+1) 15 x
x−1
=
5x

2 y 3+16 3 y 2− y−14 2 y 3+16 4 y2

c. ÷ =
y 2−2 y + 4 4 y2 y 2−2 y + 4 3 y 2− y−14
4 y2
= 2( y +2)( y 2−2 y + 4) Factor
¿¿ ( y +2)(3 y−7)
2( y +2)( y 2−2 y + 4) 4 y2
= Cancel the common factors.
( y 2−2 y+ 4) ( y +2)(3 y−7)
8 y2
=
3 y−7
MATHEMATICS 8 PREPARED BY: JENICE MARIE G.
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 Operations with rational numbers is consistently one of the least mastered
topic in mathematics. Students have a hard time adding, subtracting,
multiplying, and dividing fractions.

CRONASIA FOUNDATION COLLEGE, INC.

Andres- Dizon Building,
Pioneer Avenue, General Santos City, 9500
Tel No. (083) 554-6323/ 5524051
E-mail Address: [email protected]

ACTIVITY NO. 6
I. Multiply and simplify the result.
x3 y 6 y
1.
3 xy xy 2
9 x2 z3 y
2.
zy 6 y 3
−4 y 3 21
3.
7 y
3m 8n
4.
12n 3 6 m2
y+ 5 6 y 4
5.
3y y +5

MATHEMATICS 8 PREPARED BY: JENICE MARIE G.

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 II. Divide and simplify the result.
15 x 7 3 x7
1. ÷
8 y3 20 y 5
24 a 8 8a3
2. ÷
7b6 35 ab 4
8 8 x+16
3. ÷
3x 6x 2
a−1 2 a−2
4. ÷
a+2 a+2
16 m5 2m 3
5. ÷
3 9

III. Perform the indicated operations.

4 x 7 9 y 3 15 y 2
1. ÷
3 x 16 x 5

m 2+8 m+ 12 m2+2 m−15 m2−m−6

2. ÷
m2+11 m+18 m 2+ 4 m−5 m2+6 m−7

5 x 2+3 x−2 3 x 2−17 x−6 x 2−3 x−18

3. ÷
6 x 2−x−1 10 x 2+ x−2 4 x 2−1

x 4−81 y 4 ( x−3 y ) 2 x 2+9 y 2

4. ÷
x 2 z−6 xyz +9 y 2 z x 2+6 xy +9 y 2 x +3 y

b 2+3 b 2b−6 4b3

5. ÷
b2−9 b 14

Objectives:
a. Recall addition and subtraction of fraction
b. Add and subtract rational expressions with like and unlike denominators.

LESSON 7
ADDING AND SUBTRACTING RATIONAL EXPRESSIONS
Adding and Subtracting Rational Expression with like denominator.
- If a, b and c represent real numbers, and c ≠ 0, then
MATHEMATICS 8 PREPARED BY: JENICE MARIE G.
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 a b a+b a b a−b
+ = and - =
c c c c c c
Example: Find each sum or difference.
3 4 7 9 5 4
a. + = b. - =
14 14 14 10 10 10
1 2
= =
2 5

A similar process is used to combine rational expressions.

Example: Find each sum or difference. Write in simplest form.
6x 9 6 x+ 9
a. + = the common denominator is 2x + 3. Combine the
2 x +3 2 x +3 2 x +3
numerators.
3(2 x+3)
= Factor the numerator
2 x+3
3(2 x+3)
= Cancel the common factors
2 x+3
=3
9 y 2 y 2+16 y 9 y 2−( y 2+16 y)
b. - = Subtract the numerator
y−2 y −2 y −2
9 y 2− y 2−16
= Apply the distributive property
y−2
8 y 2−16 y
= Simplify
y −2
8 y ( y−2)
= Factor
y−2
8 y ( y−2)
= Cancel
y−2
= 8y
Let’s consider an example where the denominators of the rational expressions are additive
inverses of each other.
Example 3: Add.

MATHEMATICS 8 PREPARED BY: JENICE MARIE G.

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 5x2 x 2+1
+
2 x−1 1−2 x
Solution:
The rational expressions are dissimilar since the denominators are not the same but notice
that 2x – 1 is the additive inverse of 1 -2x. Hence, we can rewrite the expressions as;
5x2 x 2+1 5x2 x 2+ 1
+ = +
2 x−1 1−2 x 2 x−1 −1(2 x −1)
5x2 −1(x 2+1)
= +
2 x−1 2 x −1
5 x 2−x 2−1
= Apply the distributive property.
2 x−1
4 x 2−1
= Simplify
2 x−1
(2 x+1)(2 x−1)
= Factor
2 x−1
(2 x+1)(2 x−1)
= Cancel
2 x−1
= 2x – 1

Adding and subtraction of dissimilar fractions.

Reminder:
1. Find the LCD of the given fractions.
2. Change the fractions into similar fractions. “Always express the
3. Add. answer in lowest terms.”

Example:
7 2 8 x 3x 4
a. , b. , c. ,
3 x 3 6 x2 y x−2 x+2 4 x 2−9 2 x 2+ x−3

Solution: Factor each denominator

a. 3x3 = 3 x x x
6x2y = 3 2 x x y

MATHEMATICS 8 PREPARED BY: JENICE MARIE G.

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 3 2 x x x y
The LCD is 3 2 x x x y = 6x3y.
Notice that x and y are used the greatest number of times they occur in any one
denominator.

b. The denominators have no common factor. The LCD is (x – 2)(x + 2)

c. Factor each denominator
4x2 – 9 = 2x + 3 2x – 3
2
2x + x – 3 = 2x + 3 (x – 1)
The LCD is 2x + 3 2x – 3 (x – 1)
Example: Combine operation of addition and subtraction.
x 5 x
1. 2 + 2 - 2
x +11 x +30 x +9 x +20 x +10 x+ 24
x 5 x
2. Solution: 2 + 2 - 2
x +11 x +30 x +9 x +20 x +10 x+ 24
x 5 x
= + - Factor the
(x +5)(x+ 6) (x ¿¿ 2+5)(x+ 4) ¿ (x +6)( x+ 4)
denominator
x ( x+ 4 )+ 5 ( x +6 )−x (x+ 5)
= The LCD is (x + 5)(x + 6)(x + 4)
( x+ 5 ) (x+ 6)(x+ 4)

x2 + 4 x+ 5 x +30−x2 −5 x
=
( x +5)(x+ 6)(x+ 4)
4 x+30
=
(x +5)( x+ 6)(x + 4)

MATHEMATICS 8 PREPARED BY: JENICE MARIE G.

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PALMA
 CRONASIA FOUNDATION COLLEGE, INC.
Andres- Dizon Building,
Pioneer Avenue, General Santos City, 9500
Tel No. (083) 554-6323/ 5524051
E-mail Address: [email protected]

ACTIVITY NO. 7
Add or Subtract and Simplify.

4 5
1. +
2 x−5 (2 x−5)2
2x 2
2. -
x−1 (x−1)2
7 5
3. 2 +¿2 x−3 - 2
x ¿ x +5 x +6
2
x +4 x−5 2
4. +
2
x −2 x−3 x+1
5x x−2
5. 3 -
x + 4 x + 4 x 3 x 2−12
5 4

MATHEMATICS 8 PREPARED BY: JENICE MARIE G.

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