Comparison of Effective width method, Pigeaud’s

theory and Westergaad’s method with SAP2000

Fem model.

Group members
Adhitya Chauhan MT19STR001
Akarsh K R MT19STR002
Shriram Asthakar MT19STR004
Faisal Khan MT19STR015
Apeksha Khandelwal MT19STR018
1. Effective Width Method: ( Single Axle load)
Data:
Span L = 10 m
Carriageway B = 8 m
Footpath + Kerb = 0 m
Edge Distance C = 1.2 m
Width of Wheel Ww = 0.86 m
Distance between Wheels c/c d = 1.93 m
Wearing Coat Wc = 0.075 m
Axle Load = 200 kN
Wheel Load = 100 kN

200 KN

5m 5m

a b c
Fig 1. Longitudinal section

100 KN 100 KN

1.63 1.93 4.44

d e f g

Fig 2. Transverse section

Now from Fig. 2,

Ww 0.86
Distance, de=C + =1.2+ =1.63 m
2 2

Distance,fg=B−d −de=8−1.93−1.63=4.44 m

B 8
& = =0.8
L 10
 Table 1
B/L α (SSS) α (Continuous)
0.1 0.4 0.4
0.2 0.8 0.8
0.3 1.16 1.16
0.4 1.48 1.44
0.5 1.72 1.68
0.6 1.96 1.84
0.7 2.12 1.96
0.8 2.24 2.08
0.9 2.36 2.16
1 2.48 2.24
1.1 2.6 2.28
1.2 2.64 2.36
1.3 2.72 2.4
1.4 2.8 2.48
1.5 2.84 2.48
1.6 2.88 2.52
1.7 2.92 2.56
1.8 2.96 2.6
1.9 3 2.6
2 3 2.6

B
From Table 1, For =0.8
L

α = 2.24 (For Simply Supported slab)

b 1=W w +2 ×W c =0.86+2 ×0.075=1.01m

{ Lx }+b
b eff =α × x × 1− 1

Where x = Distance of the axle from nearest transverse edge

5
∴ beff =2.24∗5∗ 1− { 10 }
+1.01

b eff =6.61 m

1.2 0.86 1.5

Wearing Coat = 0.075m

RC Slab

beff = 6.61

beff* = 6.865

Fig 3. Dispersion of Load

 0.86 6.61
b eff ¿ =1.2+ 0.86+1.5+ +
2 2

b eff ¿ =6.865 m

200
Therefore Load, W = =29.13 kN /m
6.865

WL 29.13∗10
Bending Moment, M = = =72.83 kNm /m
4 4

Comparison of Results with SAP2000:

Maximum moment:

At centre, moment = 78.09 kNm/m

 2. Westergaard’s Method:
−a
Case: Moment at P1 ( 4 ,0 ¿ due to four equal loads P1, P2, P3 and P4

 Each of concentrated load P1, P2, P3 and P4 is the resultant of wheel pressure distributed
over small area.
 To calculate moment under load P1 it has been considered that P1 is distributed over an
area while P2,P3 and P4 are taken as concentrated loads

P3 P4
P1 P2

b x
1 3
4 4
s s
Fig6.
2 Slab Supporting
2 Wheel Loads

Data
Span s = 3 m
Load Pi = 100 kN
Distance between P1 and P2 a = 2 m
Distance between P1 and P3 b = 2 m
Position of Load P1 from reference v = -0.5 m
axis

Wheel Dimensions B = 0.5 m

W = 0.5 m
Thickness of the slab h = 0.75 m

Now,

4∗B∗W 4∗0.5∗0.5
Diameter of wheel (c) =
√ π
=
√ π
= 0.564m

Equivalent diameter c1 = 2∗( √ 0.4∗c 2 +h2−0.675 h) ( for c < 3.45h)

 = 2∗( √ 0.4∗0.564 2+ 0.752−0.675∗0.75)

= 0.6486 m

A = cos h ( πbs )+ cos( 2πas ) = cos h ( π∗23 )+cos ( π∗2

2∗3 )
= 4.62

B3 = cos h ( πbs )−1 = cos h ( π∗23 )−1 = 3.12

B4 = cos h ( πbs )−cos ( πas ) = cos h ( π∗23 )−cos( π∗23 ) = 4.62

Increase in Moment at P1 due to Load P3 and P4

A2 Pb
M x =0.10536 P log ( )
B3 B 4
+0.10625
s
sin h
πb
s ( )( B1 + B1 − A2 )
3 4

A2 Pb
M y =0.10536 P log ( ) B3 B 4
−0.10625
s
sin h
πb
s( )( B1 + B1 − A2 )
3 4

Pb πa
M xy =−0.10625
s B4
sin
s ( )
Substituting the values in the above equation

4.622 100∗2
Mx = 0.10536 P log ( 3.12∗4.62 )
+0.10625
3
sin h
π∗2
3 ( )( 3.121 + 4.621 − 4.622 ) = 3.35 kNm
4.622 100∗2
My = 0.10536 P log (
3.12∗4.62
−0.10625) 3
sin h
π∗2
3 ( )( 3.121 + 4.62
1
−
2
4.62 )
= 0.241 kNm

100∗2 π∗2
Mxy = −0.10625
3∗4.62
sin
3( )
= -1.33 kNm

Increase in Moment at P1 due to Load P2

M x 1=0.21072 P2 log ( )
cot ( 4πas ) = 0.21072∗100∗log cot ( π∗2
4∗3 )
( ) = -1.3164 kNm
2 2

πa
M y 1=0.21072 P 2 log
(
( )
cot) 4s =
0.21072 P2 log ( )
cot ( 4πas ) = -1.3164 kNm
2 2

Priciple Moments

M 1=0.5∗ ( M x + M y )+ ( M x −M y )2 +4 M 2xy
{ √ }
2 2
¿ 0.5∗{( 3.35+0.241 ) + √( 3.35−0.241 ) + 4 (−1.33 ) } = 384 kNm

M 2=0.5∗ ( M x + M y )− ( M x −M y ) 2+ 4 M 2xy
{ √ }
2 2
¿ 0.5∗{( 3.35+0.241 ) −√ (3.35−0.241 ) +4 (−1.33 ) } = -0.248 kNm

2 M xy 2(−1.33)
tan2 φ= =tan2 φ= = - 0.854
M x −M y 3.3 .5−0.241

−a
Final Moment at P1 ( ,0 ¿ due to effect of all four Loads i.e P1, P2, P3 and P4
4

s πv
{ ( )
M xf =0.21072 P1 log
c1
cos
s }
+0.32206 +0.03382 P1 + M x + M x1

π∗(−0.5 )
{ (
¿ 0.21072∗100 log
3
0.6486
cos
3 ) }
+ 0.32206 +0.03382∗100+3.35+(−1.3164)

M xf = 24.90 kNm

s πv
{ ( )
M yf =0.21072 P 1 log
c1
cos
s }
+ 0.32206 −0.03382 P 1+ M y + M y 1

π∗(−0.5 )
{ (
¿ 0.21072∗100 log
3
0.6486
cos
3 ) }
+ 0.32206 −0.03382∗100+ 0.241+(−1.3164)

M yf =15.03 kNm
 Fig 7. 3m x 8m deck slab Westergaard’s model

Fig 8. Resultant Bending Moment contour for the applied wheel loads on the deck slab (M xf=M22)
Maximum Moment:

Moment under load P1 due to all 4 loads in longitudinal direction (Mxf=M22) = 24.05kNm/m

Moment under load P1 due to all 4 loads in transverse direction (Myf=M11) = 15.67kNm/m

Fig 9. Resultant Bending Moment contour for the applied wheel loads on the deck slab (M yf=M11)
 3. Pigeaud’s Method :
This method is applicable to rectangular slabs freely supported on all four edges and loaded
symmetrically as shown in Fig5

Data

IRC Class A wheel load P = 57 kN

Wheel Dimension b = 0.25 m
w = 0.5 m
Thickness of wearing Coat D = 80 mm
Thickness of slab t = 200 mm
Dimension of Slab L = 5 m
B = 4 m
Poisson’s ratio µ = 0.15

Main Girder

L
Wheel Load
v

Cross Girder

Fig10. Placement of Wheel Load

45o 45o Wearing coat

RC Slab
o
Fig11. Dispersion of Wheel Load
Dispersion Widththrough Wearing Coat at 45
Now,

K = B/L = 4/5 = 0.8

It is assumed that load will disperse through wearing coat only at 45o

Dispersion Length measured along B (u) = 0.5 + 2*0.08 = 0.66m

Dispersion Length measured along L (v) = 0.25 + 2*0.08 = 0.41m

u/B = 0.66/4 = 0.165

v/L = 0.41/5 = 0.082

Referring the chart For K = 0.8, u/B = 0.165, v/L = 0.082 , We get

Moment coefficients m1 = 0.22, m2 = 0.20

Now,

Short span bending moment, M b=W (m1+ µm2)=57∗( 0.22+ 0.15∗0.20)

∴ M b =14.25 kNm/m

Long span bending moment, M l=W (m2+ µm1)=57∗(0.20+0.15∗0.22)

∴ M l =13.281 kNm/m
Fig 12. Deck slab model 4m x 5m for Pigeaud’s Method
Fig 14. Resultant Bending Moment contour for the applied wheel load on the deck slab (M b=M22)

Maximum Moment:

Long Span bending moment (Ml=M11) = 15.4 kNm/m

Short Span bending moment (Mb=M22) = 15.3 kNm/m