EPIinfo AND SAS

SAS
SAS (previously "Statistical Analysis System") is a software suite developed by SAS Institute
for advanced analytics, multivariate analyses, business intelligence, data management, and
predictive analytics.
SAS was developed at North Carolina State University from 1966 until 1976, when SAS
Institute was incorporated. SAS was further developed in the 1980s and 1990s with the addition
of new statistical procedures, additional components and the introduction of JMP.
SAS is a software suite that can mine, alter, manage and retrieve data from a variety of sources
and perform statistical analysis on it. SAS provides a graphical point-and-click user interface
for non- technical users and more advanced options through the SAS language.
Interface
SAS software, by default has five main SAS windows open:
• The Explorer
• Enhanced Editor,
• Log
• Output
• Results windows
These SAS Windows help you explore and manage your files, enter and submit SAS programs,
view messages, and view and manage your output.
Start the SAS program by clicking on the Start button, Programs, The SAS system for Windows
V9. The SAS System logo appears, followed by the LOG, PROGRAM EDITOR, and SAS
EXPLORER windows. There is a Window bar at the bottom of the SAS Workspace that Works
like the Windows taskbar. Within this windowing environment you issue
commands to perform tasks such as retrieving, editing submitting and resubmitting all or part
of a SAS program within the same SAS session.
1. Editor
In the Windows operating environment, you can use one or more ENHANCED EDITOR
windows to enter, edit, and submit SAS programs. The EDITOR provides a number of useful
editing features, including color-coding and syntax checking of the SAS language. It should be
located at the bottom of the Screen.
The initial EDITOR window title is Editor Untitled until you open a file or save the contents
of the editor to a file. Then the window title changes to reflect that file name. When the
contents of the editor are modified, an asterisk in added to the title until the file is saved In the
Windows operating environment, the EDITOR window is used to enter, edit, and
submit SAS programs
2. Log
The window at the top is the LOG window where the activities of the session will be
documented, The LOG window displays messages about your SAS session and any submitted
SAS programs.
3. Output
The OUTPUT window, where the SAS procedure results will be displayed is underneath. In
the OUTPUT Window, you can browse output from SAS programs you have submitted. By
default, the OUTPUT window is positioned behind the EDITOR and LOG windows. When
you create output, the OUTPUT window automatically moves to the front of your display
4. Results
The RESULTS window helps you navigate and manage output from SAS programs you
submit. You can view, save, and print individual procedure results from the output window.
By default, the Results window is positioned behind the EXPLORER window on the left side
of the screen and is empty until you submit a SAS program that creates output. Then it moves
to the front of your display.
5. Explorer
In the EXPLORER window, you can view and manage your SAS files and create shortcuts to
non-SAS files. Use this window to create new libraries and SAS files; open any SAS
file; and perform most file management tasks such as moving, copying, and deleting files. You
can choose to display the Explorer window with or without a tree view of its contents
using the VIEW menu.
Advantages:
• Anyone can learn SAS easily.

• It handles large database easily
• It is very easy to debug, error messages are more comprehensible
• Implemented algorithm thoroughly tested before added in SAS
• Dedicated customer support
• Security provided to your data
Disadvantages:
• SAS is an expensive tool

• Other software’s has implemented new algorithms related to machine learning much
more quickly compared to SAS
• Other software’s has advanced graphical capabilities
• For text mining SAS uses SAS enterprise/ Text Miner while it is free in others
Applications in Pharmaceutical Industry
o Modelling the biological mechanism of the treatment.
o Using a regression model to explore the dose-effect profile of a treatment

o Modelling a study or studies simulating pseudo-subjects in a drug development program.
o Model/simulate the working of the three phases, automating a mechanism for choosing doses
at end of each phase.
o Model/simulate the working of the three phases, automating a mechanism for choosing doses
at end of each phase.
phase la >phase llb: choose highest safe dose
phase llb phase llI: choose safe dose with highest model-predicted efficacy
o Probability of finding viable dose
o Probability of finding the best dose (most efficacious dose that is safe )
Epl Info
Epi Info is a series of freely-distributable tools and utilities for Microsoft Windows for use by
public health professionals to conduct outbreak investigations, manage databases for public
health surveillance and other tasks, and general database and
Statistics applications. t enables physicians, epidemiologists, and other public health and
medical officials to rapidly develop questionnaire or form, customize the data entry process,
and enter and analyse data.
Epi Info is free of charge and can be downloaded from the Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention (CDC) website at http://www.cdc.gov/epiinfo
Epi Info Tools
• For Designer - Create the questionnaire, form, or form to collect and view data.
• Enter- Enter data and show existing records in the form.
• Classic Analysis- Run statistical analyses, lists, tables graphs, charts, etc.
• Map - Create maps from Map Server or Shape Files
• Options - User custom configuration of Epi Info
Additional Utilities:
Stat Calc- Epidemiologic calculators for statistics of summary data.
Epi Info Main Features:
• Rapidly create electronic form with data customization and validation.

• Enter data and manage data entry.
• Data Analysis: including
➢ Listing, Sorting and Selecting data.
➢ Frequencies & Means.
➢ Cross tabulations.
➢ Basic and advance statistical tests
Interface
Selecting from the navigation menu opens modules and provides access to utilities and custom
settings.
➢ FILE allows you to "Exit" Epi Info.

➢ VIEW allows you to show the status bar and view the program log.
➢ TOOLS allows you to access the main Epi Info 7 modules- Form Designer, Enter,
Classic Analysis, the Visual Dashboard, and Maps.
➢ The Tools menu also enables you to set default options which include Language
Translations
➢ StatCalc- ls a sample slze calculator.
➢ HELP- provides access to the online help videos, an Epi lInfo discussion forum,
instructions on how to contact the Help Desk, and an About Epi Info page.
Clicking the menu buttons allows easy access to the most used modules: Form Designer, Enter,
Classic Analysis, the Visual Dashboard, Maps, the Epi Info website (requires Internet
connection), and the ability to exit the application.
Advantages:
➢ Free for all users

➢ Easy to select subsets of data for analysis, without having to delete records or make
multiple copies of datasets.
➢ Keeps a saveable record of the analysis steps you have performed.
➢ Automatically includes al VALID data points in calculations/tests.
➢ Performs both descriptive statistics and lot of basic to intermediate analysis
(comparison of means, proportions and many regression models)
➢ Can be used for data entry uses an Access-like data storage system.
Disadvantages:
➢ Runs under Windows only.
➢ Can be difficult to learn
➢ Limited analysis options beyond the basic methods.
➢ Graphics can look quite sloppy and are difficult to scale/export for
publication/presentation.

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SAS

• Anyone can learn SAS easily.

• SAS is an expensive tool

Applications in Pharmaceutical Industry

o Modelling the biological mechanism of the treatment.

o Using a regression model to explore the dose-effect profile of a treatment

phase la >phase llb: choose highest safe dose

o Probability of finding viable dose

Epi Info Tools

Stat Calc- Epidemiologic calculators for statistics of summary data.

Epi Info Main Features:

• Rapidly create electronic form with data customization and validation.

➢ FILE allows you to "Exit" Epi Info.

➢ Free for all users

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