Designation: D 1423 – 02

Standard Test Method for

Twist in Yarns by Direct-Counting1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 1423; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.

1. Scope responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-

1.1 This test method covers the determination of the amount priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
and direction of twist at the completion of any stage of twisting bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
in single (spun or filament), plied, cabled, or novelty (exclusive 2. Referenced Documents
of long-term repeat patterns) yarns. The procedures are de-
signed primarily for yarns in packages, but, with special 2.1 ASTM Standards:
precautions, they are applicable to yarns taken from fabrics. D 123 Terminology Relating to Textiles2
The procedure for spun yarn in 9.2 is also applicable to D 1059 Test Method for Yarn Number Based on Short-
rovings. Length Specimens2
1.2 For plied yarns, this test method covers the determina- D 1422 Test Method for Twist in Single Spun Yarns by the
tion of the twist of the plied yarns and the twist of the single Untwist-Retwist Method2
yarn before plying. For cabled yarns, the test method covers the D 1425 Test Method for Unevenness of Textile Strands
determination of the cable or hawser twist; the twist of the Using Capacitance Testing Equipment2
plied yarn after plying, but prior to the last twisting operation; D 1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textiles for 2
and the twist of the single yarn before plying. Procedures are D 1907 Test Method for Yarn Number by the Skein
also included for the determination of the twists of the single Method2
and plied yarn components as they lie in the final structure. D 2258 Practice for Sampling Yarn for Testing2
Also, directions are included for the determination of twist in D 3888 Terminology Relating to Open-End Spinning3
plied yarn made with direct cabling technology. D 4849 Terminology Relating to Fibers and Yarns3
1.3 This test method is not intended for yarns that extend 3. Terminology
more than 5.0 % when tension is increased from 2.5 to 7.5
mN/tex (0.25 to 0.75 gf/tex). Following the procedures of this 3.1 Refer to Terminology D 4849 for definitions of the
test method for such yarns would be independent of the bias following terms used in this standard: direction of twist, single
and precision determined for this test method. The report from yarn, spun yarn, twist, twist factor, twist multiplier, and yarn.
such testing should include the tension used for this testing. 3.2 Refer to Terminology D 123 and Terminology D 3888
1.4 The values stated in either inch-pound or SI units are to for definitions of other terms used in this standard.
be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the SI units 4. Summary of Test Method
are shown in parentheses. The values stated in each system are
not exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used 4.1 A specified length of specimen is mounted in a twist
independently of the other. Combining values from the two device. One end is rotated until all the elements are free of
systems may result in nonconformance within this test method. twist. The number of turns is counted and the turns per unit
length are calculated.
NOTE 1—For a more rapid but less accurate method of determining 4.2 The amount of twist in the component elements of a
twist in single spun yarns, refer to Test Method D 1422. plied or cabled yarn is determined by either of two options.
NOTE 2—This test method has been evaluated for use in determining
twist in open end yarns and is not recommended.
4.2.1 In the procedure for determining original twist, one
end of the yarn is fixed while the other end is rotated until the
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the structural components are parallel. Any one or all of these
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the components may then be used as test specimens.
4.2.2 In the procedure for determining final twist in com-
1
ponents, both ends of one component of the yarn are held fixed
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 on Textiles,
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.58 on Yarn Test Methods,
General.
2
Current edition approved Sept. 10, 2002. Published November 2002. Originally Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 07.01.
3
published as D 1423 – 56 T. Last previous edition D 1423– 99. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 07.02.

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 D 1423 – 02
while all the other components are removed and discarded. The NOTE 3—The difference in twist between unwinding from the side and
twist is then determined in the remaining component. over-end is 1/pd, where d is the diameter of the package.4 Thus, for a
25-mm (1-in.) diameter package, the difference would be about 13 tpm or
about 1⁄3 tpi.
5. Significance and Use
5.5 When a yarn is taken from a more complex yarn
5.1 Test Method D 1423 for testing twist in yarns by
structure or from a fabric, the resultant twist should be
direct-counting is considered satisfactory for acceptance test-
considered only an approximation of the original value because
ing of commercial shipments because current estimates of
of alterations that may have occurred as a result of the effects
between-laboratory precision are acceptable and the method
of unwinding, handling, and mechanical strains met in process-
has been used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing.
ing.
5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance be- 5.6 The optimum amount of twist depends upon the use for
tween reported test results for two laboratories (or more),

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which the yarn is intended. The amount of twist affects both the
comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is strength and elongation properties of the yarn with increased
a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical twist being associated with increased elongation. The relation-
assistance. As a minimum use the samples for such compara- ship between twist and strength is more complex.
tive tests as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the same lot 5.6.1 In filament yarns, some twist up to 280 tpm (7 tpi) or
of material that resulted in the disparate test results and a suitable sizing is required to facilitate textile operations. A
randomly in equal numbers to each laboratory. The test results small increase in twist results in a slight increase in strength,
from the laboratories involved should be compared using a but a further increase results in a loss in strength. However,
statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen higher twist in such yarns may be used to subdue luster or
prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause increase elongation, or to secure other special effects, as in
must be found and corrected, or future test results for that crepe fabrics.
material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias. 5.6.2 In conventional ring spun yarns a certain minimum
5.2 The determination of twist in a straight section of a yarn amount of twist is necessary to bind or hold the individual
is not the simple straightforward operation it appears to be, for fibers together to produce a useful yarn. A limited increase in
the test results may be greatly influenced by variations in test twist will result in an increase in strength until the critical twist
procedures and techniques. In all manipulations, extreme care level for the particular yarn involved has been reached, but
is necessary to prevent specimen rotation altering the twist further increase in twist results in a loss in strength.
level before testing begins. 5.7 The same amount of twist in yarns of different sizes
5.3 The twist in a yarn before it is packaged may be (diameter) will produce yarns with different degrees of com-
different from that of the yarn after it has been withdrawn from pactness, twist character, and twist angles. The twist multiplier
the package because of changes in tension and the effect of the or twist factor is approximately proportional to the tangent of
method of withdrawal. If the yarn is withdrawn over-end, a the angle that the surface fibers make with the axis of the yarn.
slight increase or decrease in twist will take place, depending Therefore, the greater the angle, the greater the twist multiplier.
upon the direction of the twist in the yarn, the direction of A constant twist multiplier indicates comparable compactness
winding on the package, and the length of the wrap on the and degree of liveliness in yarns of different sizes and
package. conversely a difference in twist multiplier indicates a difference
5.4 When a yarn is incorporated into or removed from a in compactness in yarns of the same size. Yarns intended for
more complex structure, alterations may occur as a result of the different uses are frequently made with different twist multi-
plying, untwisting, or raveling operation. For example, when pliers, for example, warp yarns and filling yarns.
determining the twist in plied yarn by the procedure for 5.8 Different cabling processes will influence the calcula-
determining original twist, as the plied yarn is untwisted, a tion of twist from single component twist measurement. The
comparable amount of twist is reinserted in, or removed from, length of cabled yarn before untwisting is used for the
the single-yarn components. As a consequence, the single yarns calculation of twist for single components using direct cabling
have approximately the original twist prior to the plying technology. In case of 2 or more step twist technology the
operation but not the twist they have when they are functioning length of the cabled yarn after untwisting is used for calcula-
as components of the plied yarn. The latter or final twist may tion of the twist level in the single yarn components.
be estimated by adding the ply twist to (or subtracting it from)
the single-yarn twist depending on the directions of the ply and 6. Apparatus
singles twist. For a more precise determination, the test 6.1 Twist Tester, consisting of a pair of clamps, one of which
procedure must be modified. There are thus two different is rotatable in either direction and positively connected to a
procedures for preparing specimens of the component elements revolution counter. The tester may be hand- or power-driven.
of a plied or cabled yarn for twist determination. The procedure The position of one clamp (or both clamps) shall be adjustable
for the original twist measures the twist in a component of a to accommodate specimens of the lengths specified in 9.2 and
complex strand after the components have been untwisted. The 9.3 and to permit measuring the change in length during
procedure for final twist measures the twist in a component as
it lies in the complex strand. Although the original twist
procedure is most often used, selection of a particular proce- 4
Woods, H. J., “The Kinematics of Twist, I, The Definition of Twist,” Journal of
dure will depend on the type of information needed. Textile Science, Vol 4, 1931, pp 33–36.

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 D 1423 – 02
untwisting. Means shall be provided for applying the specified take filling specimens at random through the whole laboratory
tensions to the specimen and for determining the specimen sample to obtain as representative data as possible. A strip
length with an accuracy of 60.5 mm (0.02 in.). The movable about 2 m (2 yd) long is recommended as a source for filling
but nonrotatable clamp shall be capable of being traversed with yarn specimens.
substantially no friction to permit determining the untwisted 7.4.4 For weft-knit fabric, known to be multi-feed, take
length of the specimen under the specified tension. The specimens from successive courses in one portion of laboratory
counting device shall be resettable to zero count and shall sample. For weft-knit fabric known to be single-feed or for
indicate the total number of turns to the nearest 0.1 turn. which the method of feed is not known take specimens at
6.2 Dissecting Needle or Stylus. random from the whole laboratory sample.
6.3 Gage or Calipers. 7.4.5 For warp-knit fabric, prepare specimens as directed in
6.4 Magnifying Glass with Stand. Test Method D 1059. Cut strips from which the test specimens
6.5 Equipment for Reeling Laboratory Sample Skeins, op- can be raveled for testing as needed (Note 4). Cut these strips
tional. so as to provide yarn specimens at least 75 mm (3 in.) longer
than the specimen length and to contain more than the required
7. Sampling and Test Specimens number of specimens for test. If several strips are cut, divide
7.1 Lot Sample—Select one or more shipping units taken at the number of specimens among the strips as nearly equally as
random to represent an acceptance sampling lot and used as a possible. Use care to avoid loss of twist prior to testing.
source of laboratory samples.
NOTE 4—To minimize changes in twist, specimens should not be
7.2 Laboratory Sampling Unit—From each primary sam-
unraveled from the strips until they are to be placed in the twist tester.
pling unit, take a laboratory sample as specified in 7.2.1 and
7.2.2 8. Conditioning
7.2.1 For packaged yarns, take a minimum of five packages. 8.1 Bring the sample to moisture equilibrium for testing in
7.2.2 For rolls, take a full width of sufficient length that will the standard atmosphere for testing textiles as directed in
provide the 25 yarn specimens described in 7.3 and 7.4. Practice D 1776, except that preconditioning is not necessary.
7.3 Test Specimens:
7.3.1 Spun Yarn Singles—Take 25 specimens from each 9. Procedure
laboratory sampling unit of spun yarn singles. 9.1 General Directions:
7.3.2 Filament Yarn Singles—Take eight specimens from 9.1.1 Test all specimens in the standard atmosphere for
each laboratory sampling unit of filament yarn singles contain- testing textiles which is a temperature of 21 6 1°C (70 6 2°F)
ing 100 tpm or 2.5 tpi or less, and five specimens per laboratory and a relative humidity of 65 6 2 %.
sampling unit of filament yarn singles containing more than 9.1.2 Check the twist tester to ensure that the longitudinal
100 tpm or 2.5 tpi. play and radial play of the clamp assemblies are small enough
7.3.3 Plied and Cabled Yarns——Take five specimens per to ensure the required precision.
laboratory sampling unit of plied and cabled yarns for each 9.1.3 Determine the twist with the precision stated in Table
component to be tested. 1.
7.4 Selection of Specimens: 9.1.4 When the nominal yarn number is not known, deter-
7.4.1 Take an approximate equal number of specimens from mine the yarn number of the sample as directed in Test
each package or unit of the laboratory sample. Take the Methods D 1059 or D 1907.
specimens from each package in a random manner to minimize
the effect of cyclic variations introduced during the manufac- PROCEDURE FOR ORIGINAL TWIST
turing processes. When preparing specimens, conditioning
9.2 Spun Single Yarns:
them or inserting them in the tester, take care to avoid any
9.2.1 Set the movable clamp to obtain a gage length as long
change in twist.
as convenient but somewhat less than the staple length of the
7.4.2 For packaged yarns, remove and discard the first 25 m
fiber used to spin the yarn. For yarns spun on the cotton
(25 yd) of yarn. Using a minimum of tension, take specimens
spinning system use a gage length of 15, 20, or 25 mm (0.5,
at random intervals greater than 1 m (1 yd) along the yarn.
0.75, or 1.0 in). For yarns spun on the worsted spinning system
Withdraw the yarn from the package in the direction of normal
and the woolen spinning system use a gage length of 25 or 50
use, either from the side or over-end, if known. If the direction
mm (1.0 or 2.0 in.). Set the counter at zero. Mount the
is not known withdraw the yarn from the side (Note 3). When
specimen in the clamps under a tension of 0.25 6 0.05 cN/tex
more than five specimens are taken from an individual pack-
(0.25 6 0.05 gf/tex). Avoid any change in the twist while
age, take groups of five or less at intervals of several yards. Do
handling the yarn. Cut the specimen free from the package and
not cut the specimen free from the package or from the yarn to
be discarded until after the yarn is secured in the clamps of the
twist tester. When possible, take the specimen from near the TABLE 1 Required Precision for Given Twist Level
center of the traverse and not at the traverse reversals. Turns of Twist in Test Specimen 3 Length Precision
tpm (or tpi) 3 metres (or inches) min, in revolutions
7.4.3 For woven fabric, take warp specimens from separate
ends, since each represents a separate package. Because the 5 or less 0.1
Over 5 through 15 0.5
fabric may have been woven on any of a variety of looms Over 15 1.0
which are random quilling, sequential quilling or shuttleless,
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 D 1423 – 02
from the yarn to be discarded, leaving less than 25 mm (1 in.) determine the total number of turns and direction of hawser or
of the specimen protruding from each clamp. cable twist in the cabled specimen and its length before and
9.2.2 Remove the twist completely by turning the rotatable after untwisting. (See Note 5.)
clamp until the yarn elements are parallel, as determined by 9.5.2 Remove the tension and cut away all but one of the
visual examination, or by passing a needle or stylus between plied strands. Adjust the tension to 2.5 6 0.5 mN/tex (0.256
the untwisted elements from one clamp to the other. 0.75 gf/tex) based on the linear density of the individual strand
9.2.3 Note the direction of twist as indicated on the twist of plied yarn. Note its length and determine the plied yarn twist
tester, or as determined by inspection of the specimen accord- as directed for filament single yarns in 9.3.2. Record the
ing to the definition given in Terminology D 4849. Record the number of turns and direction of twist in the plied yarn
initial length, the direction of twist, and the number of turns in specimen and, if requested, its length after untwisting. (Notes
the specimen with the precision described in Table 1. 6 and 7).
9.2.4 Repeat the operation until the required number of 9.5.3 Remove the tension and cut away all but one of the
specimens has been tested. strands (Notes 5 and 6) to obtain an individual end of the single
9.3 Filament Single Yarns: yarn. Proceed as directed in 9.4.3.
9.3.1 Set the clamps to secure a gage length of 250 6 0.5 9.5.4 Repeat the operations until the required number of

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mm (10 6 0.02 in.). Set the counter at zero. Mount the specimens has been tested.
specimen in the clamps under a tension of 0.25 6 0.05 cN/tex
(0.256 0.05 gf/tex) and cut both ends free as directed in 9.2.1. PROCEDURE FOR FINAL TWIST
Measure and record the length between clamps to the nearest 9.6 Final Twist in Complex Yarn Components:
0.5 mm (0.02in.) before untwisting (initial length). 9.6.1 To determine the twist in a plied yarn as it lies in a
9.3.2 Remove the twist completely by turning the rotatable cabled yarn or the twist in a single yarn as it lies in a plied yarn,
clamp until the yarn elements are parallel as determined by set the movable clamp at a distance greater than that required
visual examination, or by passing a needle or stylus between for testing the component yarn. Mount the specimen in the
the untwisted elements from one clamp to the other. Measure clamps without tension. Cut all components of the yarn near
and record the length, direction of twist and the number of one clamp except the strand which is to be tested. Without
turns in the specimen with the precision specified in Table 1. disturbing the twist of the strand to be tested, carefully unwind
9.3.3 Repeat the operation until the required number of the other strand or strands. Cut the loose strands near the
specimens has been tested. second clamp and discard them. Proceed as directed in 9.2 or
9.4 Plied Yarns and Original Twist in Single-Yarn Compo- 9.3.
nents of Plied Yarn: 9.6.2 To determine the final twist in single yarn components
9.4.1 Proceed as directed for filament yarns in 9.3 to of cabled yarns or cords, proceed as in 9.6.1, removing first all
determine the total number of turns and direction of ply twist but one of the plied-yarn components and then all but one of
in the specimen. the single-yarn components of the remaining strand of plied
NOTE 5—When the twist in the different component levels is in the yarn. Proceed as directed in 9.2 or 9.3.
same direction there is contraction in specimen length during the
untwisting operation. Allowances should be made in the movable clamp 10. Calculation
position to compensate for the change in length.
10.1 For each specimen, calculate the amount of twist as
9.4.2 Remove the tension and cut away all but one of the turns per metre to the nearest whole number or turns per inch
strands (Note 6 and Note 7) to obtain an individual end of the to one decimal, using Eq 1:
single yarn. T 5 R/L (1)
NOTE 6—The directions given in 9.4.2 assume that all components of
the plied yarn have the same direction and amount of twist. If this is not where:
known, it must be verified. If any difference in kind exists, each T = twist, tpm (tpi),
component yarn must be tested and reported separately. R = counter reading, and
NOTE 7—If the single yarns are spun yarns, additional specimens will L = specimen length, m (in.).
be required. It is, therefore, recommended to save the cut-away strands 10.1.1 When calculating twist of single yarn or strand
without change in twist, as a source of additional specimens. components of a cord, use the length of the specimen noted
9.4.3 When the single yarn is a spun yarn remove the strand after all but one of the components have been cut from the
from the clamps and, being careful not to disturb the twist, untwisted cord.
proceed as directed in 9.2. When the yarn is a filament yarn, 10.1.2 In case of a cord made by direct cabling technology,
adjust the tension, based on the linear density of the single yarn use the length of the cord before untwisting when calculating
component, to 0.25 6 0.05 cN/tex (0.25 6 0.75 gf/tex). Note the twist of a single yarn component.
the specimen length and proceed as directed in 9.3.2. 10.2 twist factor, TF, n, if requested, for each specimen,
9.4.4 Repeat the operations until the required number of calculate the twist factor to nearest one decimal, using Eq 2:
specimens has been tested. Twist factor ~TF! 5 tpcm 3 =T (2)
9.5 Cabled Yarns and Original Twist in Single and Plied
Yarn Components of Cabled Yarns: where:
9.5.1 Proceed as directed for single-filament yarns in 9.3 to tpcm = twist, turns per centimetre,

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T = yarn number expressed in tex. 11.2.8 Length used in calculation of twist.

10.2.1 Twist multiplier and twist factor are a measure of the 12. Precision and Bias
“twist hardness” of yarn because they are approximately
proportional to the tangent of the angle between fibers on the 12.1 Summary—In comparing two averages, the differences
outer yarn surface and the axis of the yarn; the larger this angle, should not exceed the critical differences in 95 cases out of 100
the harder the twist. Furthermore, this angle is a function of when all the observations are taken by the same well-trained
both the twist content (turns per unit length) and the number of operator using the same piece of equipment and specimens
fibers per yarn cross section (yarn number). Hence, twist randomly drawn from the same sample of material (see Table
content alone cannot provide a measure of the twist hardness of 2). The size of the observed differences is likely to be affected
a yarn. Twist multiplier and twist factor are proportional to by different circumstances. Accuracy is good with no known
each other and differ only in the units used. The two are related bias in the test results. Sections 12.2-12.4 explain the basis for
by Eq 3 and Eq 4: this summary and for evaluations made under other conditions.
12.2 Interlaboratory Test Data:5
TF 5 k 3 TM (3) 12.2.1 Spun Yarn Singles—In the first of two tests six
laboratories tested the following types of spun yarn singles—
k 5 277.29/=L (4) polyester-cotton blend, combed cotton, carded cotton, worsted
and woolen. These yarns varied in size from 15 to 155 tex and
where:
a 25.4-mm (1-in.) nominal gage length was used for all
L = length in yards of the hank used to define the indirect
specimens except the woolen spun yarn which was tested using
yarn number of the type,
N = hanks/lb. In particular for cotton system, a nominal gage length of 50.8 mm (2 in.). The same yarn
k = 9.567 and Eq 3 becomes Eq 5: packages were circulated to each laboratory in turn where each
operator made 25 determinations for each sample. Two labo-
TF 5 9.567 3 TM (5)
ratories ran duplicate tests using different operators. The
10.3 twist multiplier, TM, n, If requested, calculate the twist components of variance expressed as coefficients of variation
multiplier to the nearest one decimal by determining the are listed in Table 3.
quotient of the twist expressed in turns per inch and the square
NOTE 8—Because the interlaboratory test was conducted using inch-
root of the yarn number in an indirect system. pound units the critical differences and components of variance are
Twist multiplier ~TM! 5 tpi/=N (6) reported in these units. Comparable units in SI units may vary slightly
from the mathematical equivalents.
where: 12.2.2 Filament Yarn Singles (above 100 tpm or 2.5 tpi),
N = yarn number in an indirect system, the cotton system
Plied, and Cabled Yarns—A second interlaboratory test was
unless otherwise specified.
run to determine the twist in filament yarn singles, plied, and
10.4 If requested, calculate the percent take-up using Eq 7:
cabled yarns using a 254-mm (10-in.) nominal gage length.
Twist take2up, % 5 @~U2T!/U# 3 100 (7) Five laboratories tested five yarns using the same package in
turn. Ten determinations per sample were made by each of the
where:
two operators at each laboratory. The samples varied in size
U = length of specimen after untwisting, and
T = length of specimen before untwisting. from 34 to 308 tex and included rayon, polyester-cotton blend,
10.5 Calculate the average twist of all the specimens tested. nylon, and plied cotton yarns. The components of variance
10.6 For plied and cabled yarns, calculate the amount of expressed as coefficients of variation are listed in Table 3.
twist separately for each component of the yarn. 12.2.3 Filament Yarn Singles (100 tpm or 2.5 tpi or less)—
10.7 If requested, calculate the coefficient of variation of the Although no interlaboratory test has been run, the single-
twist. operator component of variance has been generally accepted as
the values listed in Table 1.
11. Report 5
Data from the interlaboratory test for single spun yarns are on file in ASTM
11.1 State that the specimens were tested as directed in Test Research Report No. D-13-1002. Data for single filament, plied, and cabled yarns
Method D 1423. Describe the material or product sampled and are filed in RR No. D-13-1005. A copy of each report is available on loan from
the method of sampling used. ASTM Headquarters, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428.
11.2 Report the following information:
11.2.1 Average single, plied, and cabled yarn twist. If final TABLE 2 Critical Differences at 95 % Confidence Level
twist of component yarns has been determined, state the fact. Type of Yarn Being Examined Critical Difference
11.2.2 Direction of each twist. Spun yarn singles 8.6 % of the grand averageA
11.2.3 Average twist multiplier or twist factor, if calculated. Filament yarn singles:
Less than 40 tpm or 1.0 tpi 4.0 tpm (0.10 tpi)B
11.2.4 Average percent take-up, if calculated. 40 tpm to 100 tpm (1.0 tpi to 4.8 tpm (0.12 tpi)B
11.2.5 Coefficient of variation of twist in each yarn, if 2.5 tpi)
More than 100 tpm (2.5 tpi) 6.4 % of the grand averageC of 5)
determined. Plied yarns and cabled yarns 6.4 % of the grand averageC of 5)
11.2.6 Length of the test specimens before and after un- A
Averages of 25.
twisting. B
Averages of 8.
11.2.7 Tension used, if different from that specified. C
Averages of 5.
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TABLE 3 Components of Variance as Standard Deviations or as significantly different at the 95 % probability level if the
Coefficients of Variation (Units as Indicated) difference equals or exceeds the critical differences listed in
Between- Table 4.
Single-Operator Within-Labora-
Laboratory
Component tory Component
Component
NOTE 9—The critical differences listed in Table 4 constitute a general
Spun yarn singles 15.45A 5.45A statement, particularly with respect to between-laboratory precision.
Filament yarn singles: Before a meaningful statement can be made about two specific laborato-
Less than 40 tpm or 0.14B
1.0 tpi
ries, the amount of statistical bias, if any, between them must be
40 tpm to 100 tpm 0.18B established, with each comparison being based on recent data obtained on
or 1.0 to 2.5 tpi randomized specimens from one sample of material to be tested.
More than 100 tpm 5.2A 0.0A 0.9A
or 2.5 tpi 12.4 Bias—The procedure described in this test method
Plied yarns and cabled 5.2A 0.0A 0.9A produces a test value that can be defined only in terms of a test
yarns
A
method. There is no independent, referee method by which bias
Coefficients of variation as percentages of the average.
B
Standard deviations expressed in tpi.
may be determined. This test method has no known bias.

13. Keywords
12.3 Precision—For the components of variance listed in
Table 1, two averages of observed values should be considered 13.1 twist; twist factor; twist multiplier; twist take-up; yarn

TABLE 4 Critical Differences for the Conditions Noted

(Units as Indicated)A
Number of
Single- Within- Between-
Ob-
Operator Laboratory Laboratory
servations In
Precision Precision Precision
Each Average
Spun yarn singlesB 5 19.2 24.4
10 13.5 20.3
25 8.6 17.4
50 6.1 16.3
Filament yarn singles:
Less than 40 tpm or 1 0.27
1.0 tpiC 4 0.14
8 0.10
16 0.07

--`,```,```,,,`,```,`,,,``,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
40 tpm to 100 tpm 1 0.35
or 1.0 to 2.5 tpiC 4 0.18
8 0.12
16 0.09

More than 100 tpm 3 8.3 8.3 8.7

or 2.5 tpiC 5 6.4 6.4 6.9
10 4.6 4.6 5.2

Plied and cabled yarnsB 3 8.3 8.3 8.7

5 6.4 6.4 6.9
10 4.6 4.6 5.2
A
The critical differences were calculated using the value t = v 1.960, which is
based on infinite degrees of freedom.
B
Critical differences are expressed as a percentage of the grand average. To
convert the values of the critical differences to units of measure, multiply the
average of the two specific sets of data being composed by the critical differences
expressed as a decimal fraction.
C
Critical differences are expressed as tpi. Multiply twist as tpi by 39.4 to obtain
tpm.

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