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Cardinal Rules

This document provides a reading guide that outlines the cardinal rules of statutory construction under Philippine law. It lists several cases and sources that discuss how different types of statutes should be interpreted, including legislative intent, liberal vs strict construction, statutes that restrict common rights or prescribe will formalities, naturalization laws, eminent domain laws, labor laws, tax laws, and election laws. It also discusses the prospective and retrospective application of laws and exceptions.

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Darby Mar
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72 views

Cardinal Rules

This document provides a reading guide that outlines the cardinal rules of statutory construction under Philippine law. It lists several cases and sources that discuss how different types of statutes should be interpreted, including legislative intent, liberal vs strict construction, statutes that restrict common rights or prescribe will formalities, naturalization laws, eminent domain laws, labor laws, tax laws, and election laws. It also discusses the prospective and retrospective application of laws and exceptions.

Uploaded by

Darby Mar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Reading guide: Cardinal Rules of Construction

Must read: Highlighted cases

Legislative intent, how ascertained.


Martin, Statutory Construction, 6th Ed., Reprinted 1980, p. 40, citing Aboitiz Shipping Corp. v. City of Cebu,
G.R. No. L-14526, Mar. 31, 1965
Sps. Sanojas v. CA, G.R. No. 102377, July 5, 1996
Sec. 70(2), third sentence, P.D. 1529, cited in Sps. Sanojas v. CA, G.R. No. 102377, July 5, 1996
Sec. 70(2), fourth sentence, P.D. 1529, cited in Sps. Sanojas v. CA, G.R. No. 102377, July 5, 1996
IBP Journal, Vol. XI, No. 3, p. 103, by Raymundo Blanco, cited in Sps. Sanojas v. CA, G.R. No. 102377, July 5,
1996
Aboitiz Shipping Corp. v. City of Cebu, G.R. No. L-14526, Mar. 31, 1965, cited in Sps. Sanojas v. CA, G.R. No.
102377, July 5, 1996
Sec. 17(w), Com. Act No. 58
Sec. 17(v), Com. Act No. 58
Aboitiz Shipping Corp., et al. v. City of Cebu, G.R. No. L-14526, Mar. 31, 1965 cited by Martin, Statutory
Construction, 6th Ed., Reprinted 1980, p. 40
Sec. 5.2.a., R.A. No. 9006, cited in SWS & Pulse Asia, Inc. v Comelec, G.R. No. 208062, Apr. 7, 2015
SWS & Pulse Asia, Inc. v Comelec, G.R. No. 208062, Apr. 7, 2015

Liberal or strict construction, determinants.


Martin, Statutory Construction, 6th Ed., Reprinted 1980, p. 45, citing 2 Sutherland, Stat. Const., 3rd Ed., p. 34

Statutes in derogation of common rights, how construed.


Martin, Statutory Construction, 6th Ed., Reprinted 1980, p. 45, citing 82 C.J.S., pp. 939, 940
Martin, Statutory Construction, 6th Ed., Reprinted 1980, p. 45, citing 82 C.J.S., p. 942

Statutes prescribing formalities of wills, how construed.


Martin, Statutory Construction, 6th Ed., Reprinted 1980, p. 45
Alvarado v. Gaviola Jr., 44 SCAD 731 (1993), cited in Paras, Civil Code of the Philippines Annotated, Wills and
Succession, 18th Ed., 2016, p. 106
Icasiano v. Icasiano, G.R. No. L-18979, June 30, 1964, cited in Paras, Civil Code of the Philippines Annotated,
Wills and Succession, 18th Ed., 2016, p. 107
In the Matter of the Testate Estate of Petronila Tampoy v. Alberastine, G.R. No. L-14322, Feb. 25, 1960, cited
in Martin, Statutory Construction, 6th Ed., Reprinted 1980, p. 46
Sec. 18, Act 190, as amended, cited in In the Matter of the Testate Estate of Petronila Tampoy v. Alberastine,
G.R. No. L-14322, Feb. 25, 1960, cited in Martin, Statutory Construction, 6th Ed., Reprinted 1980, p. 46
In the Matter of the Testate Estate of Petronila Tampoy v. Alberastine, G.R. No. L-14322, Feb. 25, 1960, cited
in Martin, Statutory Construction, 6th Ed., Reprinted 1980, p. 46

Naturalization laws, how construed.


Martin, Statutory Construction, 6th Ed., Reprinted 1980, p. 46
Co v. Republic, G.R. No. L-12150, May 26, 1960, cited in Martin, Statutory Construction, 6th Ed., Reprinted
1980, p. 46
Lee Cho v. Republic, G.R. No. L-12048, Dec. 1959, cited in Martin, Statutory Construction, 6th Ed., Reprinted
1980, p. 47
Velasco v. Republic, G.R. No. L-14214, May 25, 1960, cited in Martin, Statutory Construction, 6th Ed., Reprinted
1980, p. 47

Statutes conferring right of eminent domain, how construed.


Dillon, Municipal Corporations, 5th Ed., Sec. 1040, citing Tenorio v. Manila Railroad Co., 22 Phil. 411; City of
Manila v. Chinese Community, 40 Phil. 449, cited in Martin, Statutory Construction, 6th Ed., Reprinted 1980, p. 49
Martin, Statutory Construction, 6th Ed., Reprinted 1980, p. 48
Equitable Insurance Co. v. Smith Bell & Co., G.R. No. L-24383, Aug. 26, 1967, cited in Martin, Statutory
Construction, 6th Ed., Reprinted 1980, p. 49

Statutes granting rights to laborers, how construed.


Agpalo, Statutory Construction, 6th Ed., 2009, p. 105-106, citing Sec. 4, Labor Code
Union Trust Co. v. State, 24 LRA (NS) 111, cited in Martin, Statutory Construction, 6th Ed., Reprinted 1980, p.
49

Tax laws, how construed.


CIR v. Fortune Tobacco Corp., 581 Phil. 146, 168 (2008), cited in Medicard Phils., Inc. v. CIR, G.R. No. 222743,
Apr. 5, 2017
Medicard Phils., Inc. v. CIR, G.R. No. 222743, Apr. 5, 2017
Sec. 108, National Internal Revenue Code, cited in Medicard Phils., Inc. v. CIR, G.R. No. 222743, Apr. 5, 2017
https://www.bir.gov.ph/images/bir_files/old_files?pdf/26116rr16-2005.pdf visited, Mar. 7, 2017, cited in
Medicard Phils., Inc. v. CIR, G.R. No. 222743, Apr. 5, 2017

Exception.
Medicard Phils., Inc. v. CIR, G.R. No. 222743, Apr. 5, 2017
CIR v. San Roque Power Corp., G.R. No. 187485, Oct. 8, 2013
Commission of Customs v. Phil. Acetylene Co., Inc., G.R. No. L-22443, May 29, 1971, cited
in Martin, Statutory Construction, 6th Ed., Reprinted 1980, p. 53

Election laws, how construed.


Frivaldo v. Comelec, G.R. No. 120295, June 28, 1996
Espinosa v. Aquino, Electoral Case No. 9, Senate Electoral Tribunal (SET); Aznar v Comelec, (185 SCRA 703)
May 25, 1990, cited in Frivaldo v. Comelec, 257 SCRA 727 (1996)

Benito v. Comelec, 235 SCRA 436, 442 (1994); Juliano v. CA, 127 Phil. 207, 219 (1967); Tatlonghari v.
Comelec, 199 SCRA 849, 858-859 (1991), cited in Carlos v. Angeles, 346 SCRA 571, 582 (2000)
2

Criminal laws, how construed.


People v. Gatchalian, 104 Phil. 664 (1958), cited in People v. Sandiganbayan, G.R. No. 188165, Dec. 11,
2013

Prospective application of law, exceptions.


Cebu Portland Cement Co. v. Collector of Internal Revenue, G.R. No. L-20563, Oct. 29, 1968, cited in Martin,
Statutory Construction, 6th Ed., Reprinted 1980, p. 54
In re Davis Estate, 330 Mich., p. 647, cited in Martin, Statutory Construction, 6th Ed., Reprinted 1980, p. 53
82 C.J.S., p. 930, cited in Martin, Statutory Construction, 6th Ed., Reprinted 1980, p. 53
Cebu Portland Cement Co. v. Collector of Internal Revenue, G.R. No. L-20563, Oct. 29, 1968, cited in Martin,
Statutory Construction, 6th Ed., Reprinted 1980, p. 54
Systems Factors Corp. v. NLRC, G.R. No. 399 Phil. 721, 726-727 (2000), cited in Resident Marine Mammals of
Protected Seascape Tañon Strait v. Reyes, G.R. No. 180771, Apr. 21, 2015
Resident Marine Mammals of Protected Seascape Tañon Strait v. Reyes, G.R. No. 180771, Apr. 21,
2015
Santiago v. Bergensen D.Y. Philippines, 485 Phil. 162, 166 (2004), cited in Resident Marine Mammals of
Protected Seascape Tañon Strait v. Reyes, G.R. No. 180771, Apr. 21, 2015

Prospective and retrospective interpretation, distinguished.


Martin, Statutory Construction, 6th Ed., Reprinted 1980, p. 53, citing Black, Interpretation of Laws,
2nd Ed., pp. 380-381

Prospective and retrospective interpretation, how determined.


82 C.J.S., p. 930, cited in Martin, Statutory Construction, 6th Ed., Reprinted 1980, p. 53
In re Davis Estate, 330 Mich., p. 647, cited in Martin, Statutory Construction, 6th Ed., Reprinted
1980, p. 53
In re Casrade Fixture Co., 11 p. 2d., 991, 994, cited in Martin, Statutory Construction, 6th Ed.,
Reprinted 1980, p. 53
Commissioner of Internal Revenue v. Filipinas Compania de Seguros, G.R. No. L-14880, Apr. 29,
1960, cited in Martin, Statutory Construction, 6th Ed., Reprinted 1980, p. 53

Retrospective application of law, effects of.


Art. 4, R.A. 386 or the New Civil Code of the Philippines, cited in Martin, Statutory Construction, 6th
Ed., Reprinted 1980, p. 53
Harlan v. State, 18 So., 2d., p. 744, cited in Martin, Statutory Construction, 6th Ed., Reprinted 1980,
pp. 53-54
Morrison v. Lamaro, 75 R.I. 176; Dumesnil v. Reeves, 283 Ky. 563, cited in Martin, Statutory
Construction, 6th Ed., Reprinted 1980, p. 54

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