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Mechanical Properties
Why knowledge of Material Properties are important.
An engineer must have an intimate knowledge of the properties and
behavioral characteristics of the materials that he intends to use. While
designing a product you need to select materials to create the product. For
selecting materials, you must assess the properties of each material to
ensure that the selected material is appropriate for manufacturing the
desired product. The understanding of the properties of materials is highly
essential because, without this information & knowledge, the designing of
manufacturing process may be an expensive & complex task. The few
important and useful mechanical properties of engineering materials are
explained below.
1. Elasticity
It is defined as the property of a material to regain its original shape
after deformation when the external forces are removed.

It can also be referred to as the power of the material to come back to

its original position after deformation when the stress or load is
removed. It is also called as the tensile property of the material.

2. Proportional limit
It is defined as the maximum stress under which a material will
maintain a perfectly uniform rate of strain to stress.

Though its value is difficult to measure, yet it can be used as the

important applications for building precision instruments, springs, etc.

3. Elastic limit
Many metals can be put under stress slightly above the proportional
limit without taking a permanent set.

The greatest stress that a material can endure without taking up some
permanent set is called the elastic limit. Beyond this limit, the metal
does not regain its original form and the permanent set will occur.

4. Yield point
At a specific stress, ductile metals particularly ceases, offering
resistance to tensile forces. This means the metals flow and a relatively
large permanent set takes place without a noticeable increase in load.
This point is called the yield point.

Certain metals such as mild steel exhibit a definite yield point, in which
case the yield stress is simply the stress at this point.

5. Strength
Strength is defined as the ability of a material to resist the externally
applied forces with breakdown or yielding. The internal resistance
offered by a material to an externally applied force is called stress.

The capacity of bearing load by metal and to withstand destruction

under the action of external loads is known as strength.
 The stronger the material the greater the load it can withstand. This
property of material, therefore, determines the ability to withstand
stress without failure.

Strength varies according to the type of loading. It is always possible to

assess tensile, compressive, shearing, and torsional strengths. The
maximum stress that any material can withstand before destruction is
called its ultimate strength. The tenacity of the material is its ultimate
strength in tension.

6. Stiffness
It is defined as the ability of a material to resist deformation under
stress. The resistance of a material to elastic deformation or deflection is
called stiffness or rigidity.

The modulus of elasticity is the measure of stiffness.

A material that suffers slight or very less deformation under load has a
high degree of stiffness or rigidity. For instance suspended beams of
steel and aluminum may both be strong enough to carry the required
load but the aluminum beam will “sag” or deflect further.

That means the steel beam is stiffer or more rigid than an aluminum
beam. If the material behaves elastically with linear stress-strain
relationship under Hooks law, its stiffness is measured by the Young’s
modulus of elasticity (E).

The higher is the value of Young’s modulus, the stiffer is the material. In
tensile and compressive stress, it is called modulus of stiffness or
“modulus of elasticity”; in shear, the modulus of rigidity, and this is
usually 40% of the value of Young’s modulus for commonly used
materials; in volumetric distortion, the bulk modulus.

7. Plasticity
Plasticity is defined as the mechanical property of a material that retains
the deformation produced under load permanently. This property of the
material is required in forging, in stamping images on coins and
ornamental work.

It is the ability or tendency of the material to undergo some degree of

permanent deformation without its rupture or its failure. Plastic
 deformation takes place only after the elastic range of material has been
exceeded.

Such property of a material is important in forming, shaping, extruding,

and many other hot or cold working processes. Materials such as clay,
lead, etc. are plastic at room temperature and steel is plastic at forging
temperature. This property generally increases with an increase in the
temperature of materials.

8. Ductility
Ductility is termed as the property of a material enabling it to be drawn
into the wire with the application of tensile load.

A ductile material must be strong and plastic. The ductility is usually

measured by the terms, percentage elongation, and percent reduction in
area which is often used as empirical measures of ductility.

The materials that possess more than 5% elongation are called as

ductile materials. The ductile material commonly used in engineering
practice in order of diminishing ductility is mild steel, copper, aluminum,
nickel, zinc, tin, and lead.

9. Malleability
Malleability is the ability of the material to be flattened into thin sheets
under applications of heavy compressive forces without cracking by hot
or cold working means.

It is a special case of ductility which permits materials to be rolled or

hammered into thin sheets. A malleable material should be plastic but it
is not essential to be so strong.

The malleable materials commonly used in engineering practice in order

of diminishing malleability are lead, soft steel, wrought iron, copper,
and aluminum. Aluminum, copper, tin, lead, steel, etc. are recognized
as highly malleable metals.

10. Hardness
Hardness is defined as the ability of a metal to cut another metal. A
harder metal can always cut or put an impression on the softer metals
under its hardness.
 It is a very important property of the metals and has a wide variety of
meanings. It embraces many different properties such as resistance to
wear, scratching, deformation, and machinability, etc.

It also means the ability of a metal to cut another metal.

The hardness is usually expressed in numbers which are dependent on

the method of making the test.

The hardness of a metal may be determined by the following tests:

(a) Brinell hardness test, (b) Rockwell hardness test,
(c) Vickers hardness test and (d) Shore scleroscope.

11. Brittleness
Brittleness is the property of a material opposite to ductility. It is the
property of breaking of a material with little permanent distortion. The
materials having less than 5% elongation under loading behavior are
said to be brittle materials.

Brittle materials when subjected to tensile loads, snap off without giving
any sensible elongation. Glass, cast iron, brass, and ceramics are
considered brittle material.

12. Creep
When a metal part when is subjected to a high constant stress at high
temperature for a longer period, it will undergo a slow and permanent
deformation (in the form of a crack which may further propagate
towards creep failure) called creep.

13. Formability
It is the property of metals that denotes the ease in its forming into
various shapes and sizes. The different factors that affect the formability
are crystal structure of the metal, the grain size of metal hot and cold
working, alloying element present in the parent metal.

Metals with small grain sizes are suitable for shallow forming while metal
with size is suitable for heavy forming. Hot-working increases
formability. Low carbon steel possesses good formability.
14. Castability
Castability is defined as the property of metal, which indicates the ease
with it can be cast into different shapes and sizes. Cast iron, aluminum,
and brass are possessing good castability.

15. Weldability
Weldability is defined as the property of a metal which indicates the two
similar or dissimilar metals are joined by fusion with or without the
application of pressure and with or without the use of filler metal
(welding) efficiently.

Metals having weldability in the descending order are iron, steel, cast
steels, and stainless steels.

16. Toughness

Toughness is the ability of a material to absorb energy without

rupturing. The rubbers and most plastic materials do not shatter
(break), therefore they are tough. For example, if a rod is made of high-
carbon steel then it will be bend without breaking under the impact of
the hammer, while if a rod is made of glass then it will break by impact
loading.

The toughness of the material decreases when it is heated.

It is measured by the amount of energy that a unit volume of the

material has absorbed after being stressed up to the point of fracture

This property is desirable in parts subjected to shock and impact loads

17. Creep

When part is subjected to a constant stress at high temperature for a long

period of time, it will undergo a slow and permanent deformation called
creep. This property is considered in designing internal combustion
engines, boilers, and turbines.

18. Resilience

It is the property of a material to absorb energy and to resist shock and

impact loads. It is measure by the amount of energy absorbed per unit
volume within the elastic limit. This property is essential for spring
materials.

It is measured by the amount of energy absorbed per unit volume within

the elastic limit.

This property is essential for spring materials.

19. Thermal conductivity

This is the ability of the material to transmit heat energy by conduction.

20. Fatigue

A material fails at stresses below the yield point stresses when it is

subjected to repeated tensile and compressive stresses. This type of
failure of material is known as fatigue.

This property is considered in designing shafts, connecting rods, gears,

springs, etc.

The failure is caused by means of a progressive crack formation which is

usually fine and of microscopic size.

21. Electrical resistivity

It is the property of a material due to which it resists the flow of electricity

through it.

22. Electrical conductivity

It is the property of a material due to which it allows the flow of electricity

through it.

Difference between malleability and

ductility with example
 Sr.no. Ductility Malleability

Some Important Questions are :

1. What are elastic and plastic materials?
Elastic materials can regain their original shape after removal of the
deforming forces and within the elastic limit, the stress is proportional to
strain and have high elastic modulus.
Example: Steel, Brasses, Gold.
Plastic materials can undergo plastic deformation permanently in shape
and size by the deforming forces up to the ultimate strength without any
fracture.
Example: PVC, Polymers.
2. Define ductility and malleability of materials
Ductility is the wire drawing capacity of the material by plastic deformation
without fracture. Copper and platinum are highly ductile materials.
Malleability is the sheet formability of the material by hammering without
fracture. Gold and aluminum are highly malleable materials.
3. What are creep and creep resistance
Creep is the property of a material by which it deforms continuously
under a steady load (yielding). The deformation during creep is
 nonrecoverable. The creep can produce fracture or rupture even though
the applied stress is lower than the ultimate stress. So the creep in
materials should be avoided, particularly at high temperatures.

Creep resistance is the property of the material by which the

continuation of creep is stopped.

4. Distinguish between elasticity and plasticity.

Elasticity is the property of the material under which it can retain its
original shape and size after the removal of load.

Plasticity is the property of the material under which a permanent

deformation takes place whenever it is subjected to the action of
external forces.

5. What are the factors affecting mechanical properties?

Grain size,

Heat treatment,

Atmospheric exposure,

Low and high temperature.

6. Differentiate between ductility and malleability.

Ductility is the property of the material under which it can be drawn into
wires before rupture takes place.

Malleability is the property of the material under which it can withstand

deformation under compression without rupture.

7. What do you mean by toughness and stiffness?

Toughness is the property of the material under which it can absorb

maximum energy before fracture takes place.

Stiffness is the property of the material under which it resists

deformation.
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