Electrolytes PDF
Electrolytes PDF
Electrolytes PDF
Electrolytes
I. Introduction
Ions capable of carrying an electric charge
Two types of Ions:
A. Anions B. Cations
Carry (-) charge and move toward the anode Carry (+) charge and move toward the cathode
E.g. Cl-, HCO3-, PO4- E.g. Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2
Functions of Electrolytes
1. Volume and osmotic regulation (Na+, Cl-, K+) 5. Regulation of ATPase ion pumps (Mg2+)
2. Myocardial rhythm and contractility (K+, Mg2+, Ca2+) 6. Acid-base balance (HCO3-, K+, Cl-)
3. Neuromuscular Excitability (K+ ,Mg2+, Ca2+) 7. Production and use of ATP from glucose (Mg2+, PO4-)
4. Cofactors in enzyme activation (Mg2+, Ca2+, Zn2+)
II. Water
A. Introduction
40-75% of body weight
Function Transport nutrients to the cells and Removes waste products
Location: ICF: 2/3 E CF: 1/3 Intravascular (25%) and interstitial fluid (75%)
B. Osmolality:
• Concentration of ions is maintained by: 1. Passive Transport
• Passive movement of ions across a membrane
2. Active Transport
• Requires energy to move ions across a membrane
• ATPase-dependent ion pumps
i. Definition: Conc. of solutes per Kg of solvent (millimoles/kg)
ii. Regulation
a. Thirst Sensation • Response to consume more fluids
• Prevents water deficit
b. Arginine vasopressin hormone (AVP) • Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
• ↑ rea sorptio of ater i kid e s
• Suppressed in excess H2O load
• Activated in water deficit
c. Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone • ↑ Na+ retention, aldosterone release, vessel constriction
system
d. Atrial natriuretic Peptide (ANP) • ↑ Na+ excretion in the kidney
e. Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) • ↑ / ol. e pa sio a d ↓ / ol. depletio
iii. Determination
Any substance dissolve in a solvent will:
• ↓ freezing point by 1.858°C • ↓ freezing point by 1.858°C
• ↑ boiling point by 0.52°C • ↑ boiling point by 0.52°C
Main contributors are Na, Cl, Urea and Glucose
Distribution of Body Water in Adult
Compartment (%) of Body Weight (%) of Total Body H2O
Extracellular
Plasma 5 8
Interstitial 15 25
Intracellular 40 67
Total Body Water 60 100
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CLINICAL CHEMISTRY 2
II. Electolytes
A. Sodium (Na+)
B. Potassium (K+)
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CLINICAL CHEMISTRY 2
C. Potassium (K+)
E. Magnesium (Mg)
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F. Calcium (Ca+2)
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CLINICAL CHEMISTRY 2
F. Phosphate
G. Lactate
• Mathematical approximation of difference between the concentration of unmeasured cations & unmeasured anions
• (Na+) – (Cl- + HCO3-)
• 7-16 mEq/L
• ↑ A io gap
• ↑ u easured a io s
• Uremia
• Ketoacidosis
• Lactic acidosis
• ↑i easured atio s
• Hypernatremia
• ↓ A io gap
• ↓ u easured a io s
• Hypoalbuminemia
• ↑ i u easured atio s:
• Hypermagnesemia
• Hypercalcemia
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