This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been

fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TSTE.2017.2747591, IEEE
Transactions on Sustainable Energy

Supervisory Power Quality Control Scheme

for a Grid-Off Microgrid
Hee-Sang Ko, Moon-Suk Jang, Kyung-Sang Ryu, Dae-Jin Kim, Byung-Ki Kim
Energy Convergence Laboratory
Korea Institute of Energy Research
Jeju, Korea
[email protected]

Abstract—Microgrids based on renewable energy sources are coupling (PCC) of a grid-off microgird. The proposed
presently requires proper control functions to meet of power approach considers that each DG unit may have somewhat
quality requirement in the distribution system. In order to different instantaneous active/reactive power outputs due to its
maintain the power generation/consumption balance and state of energy source availability and its contribution level to
necessary for stable functioning such as voltage and frequency of load consumption. Therefore, different available amounts of
microgrid, the power systems traditionally utilize necessary
active and reactive power are expected for achieving the main
control actions. However, the present practice requires the
independent power producers and/or developers who want to control objectives. The operating limits of each DG unit are
build a micrgrid for stable operation in both grid-off modes and also considered to ensure that all power converters operate in
grid-tie modes. Therefore, this paper proposes an innovative the stable operating region. In this paper, the main
supervisory power quality control scheme of a grid-off microgrid, consideration in the simulation environment is as follows:
especially voltage and frequency control objectives, at a given • System Coordinates
location. In doing so, the active and reactive power are The models have generally been developed in the
manipulated from the power conversion systems with taking into synchronous reference frame d-q coordinates. However, there
account their operating states and limits. are several disadvantages of this approach. Firstly, this
Keywords—Microgrid, supervisory control, voltage control,
approach assumes that loads, supply grids and models are
fequency control, power distribuiton, power quality perfectly balanced three-phase systems. A load however, is
typically a series of single-phase loads distributed among the
three-phases and it cannot therefore be guaranteed that the
I. INTRODUCTION load will be perfectly balanced, especially in a microgrid. Also,
As a microgrid control scheme, the hierarchical control a load is not necessarily a linear load and can very easily have
schemes such as primary control, secondary control and a high distortion or harmonic content. Therefore, in this paper,
tertiary control, are introduced about voltage/frequency models in abc-coordinates are used.
regulation, power balance and load sharing [1]. The • PLL (Phase locked loop)
decentralized droop-based control method also presents as a It is a realistic approach and in practice, the frequency
primary control option without requiring communication must be measured and PLLs are used for this. PLLs have their
infrastructure [2]. However, these presented control schemes response and characteristics and these characteristics are
exhibit the limitations as follows: important in simulation models as well as in control strategies.
• still noticed of frequency and voltage deviations from Also, d-q to a-b-c and a-b-c to d-q coordinate transformations
the rated values in a steady-state condition [3], are required for controlling various models (e.g. the 3-phase
• still noticed an inaccurate reactive power sharing inverter model) and PLLs are required to determine the angle.
among distributed generation (DG) units due to the line • Controller
voltage drops [4]. A controller output limitation method to selectively
To overcome such limitations is described in the realize the desired control objective, taking into account also
centralized secondary control, which requires bidirectional the line impedances in the model.
communication links between the central control unit and each This paper is organized as follows: the system description
DG unit [1], [3], [5]-[11]. However, the presented secondary is explained in Section II. In Section III, the supervisory
control schemes still do not address and/or report the power quality control scheme are described. In Section IV, the
limitations of zero-error voltage and frequency regulations simulations results are presented. The conclusion is finally
[12]. In addition, even though practical low voltage microgrid drawn in Section V.
systems must consider line impedances in the system model
for an accurate analysis, the presented researches neglect the II. SYSTEM DESCRIPTIONS
impact of such parameters [13], [14].
Motivated by the aforementioned limitations, this paper A. System Configuration
presents an innovative supervisory power control The proposed system as shown in Fig. 1 consists of the
methodology for a grid-off microgrid about voltage and battery storage system (BSS) branch and photovoltaic system
frequency control at a specified location, i.e., point of common (PVS) branch, and a load branch, which is consisted with a

1949-3029 (c) 2017 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission. See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TSTE.2017.2747591, IEEE
Transactions on Sustainable Energy

power factor compensator (PFC) and the consumer load. As a B. Point of Common Coupling (PCC)
traditional power quality control, the BSS is used for the The PCC is the interface between the various branches. The
voltage and frequency control while the PVS is functioned to PCC is not necessary to perform individual branch simulations;
provide supplementary active power for a load variation and however, it is intended to be used when more than one branch
charging of the BSS. Thus, the BSS is designed with a bi- is used and they are to be connected together in a simulation. In
directional power inverter model for charging and discharging this paper, the PCC is represented by the line impedance (RL).
the active power. The PVS branch is consisted with an C. Load Branch
intermediate DC-DC converter to provide a higher flexibility The load branch consists of the consumer loads (a linear
in selecting the PV array configuration and DC-AC inverter. resistive/inductive load) and PFC.
The battery system can be traditionally used to charge the
battery when excessive energy is available (solar irradiation) D. Battery Storage System (BSS)
using the bi-directional inverter and to discharge the battery The BSS, using a bi-directional static inverter connected to
when there is a need for additional energy on the microgrid. the battery with its associated controls is modeled [17], [18].
The battery system can also regulate the reactive power.
The PVS generally supplies the active power determined
by a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control
regulation together with the back-to-back converter depending
upon the amount of solar irradiation falling on the PV array.

Fig. 3. Battery storage system (BSS) branches.

1) Battery model
The battery model as based upon the Randle’s model
with the modification that the resistance.

Fig. 1. The structure of the proposed microgrid.

Fig. 4. Battery equivalent circuit model.
Fig. 2 shows the input-output relation of the branches
shown in Fig. 1. In Fig. 2, the Qcbss and Qcpvs are to utilize the 2) Battery storage system controller
reactive power for a voltage control. And, Pcbss is for the Fig. 5 shows the overall BSS control scheme and Fig. 6
frequency control by utilizing the active power. describes the battery system controller.

Fig. 2. Input-Output relation of each branches

In the configuration of the model, several conventions are

followed and certain notations are used. Firstly, the flow of
active and reactive power in diagrams is defined to be positive
when flowing out of a source or given branch and into a
consumer load. Therefore, current flowing into the consumer
load is defined to be positive and consequently, the active and
reactive powers flowing or being dissipated in a given load
will be positive.
The dynamic model is developed and demonstrated at a
simulation frequency of 50kHz to realize a real-time
simulation with average models [15], [16] of the power
converters only.
Fig. 5. BSS control scheme.

1949-3029 (c) 2017 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission. See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TSTE.2017.2747591, IEEE
Transactions on Sustainable Energy

Fig. 7. Photovoltaic system (PVS) branches.

1) PV cell model
The equivalent circuit used in this model is the one-diode
model with shunt and series resistance [19]. Although the two-
diode model is considered to be more accurate, it is only so if
the model parameters are accurately determined [19]. Due to
this fact, the widely-accepted one-diode model is selected here.
2) PVS control
The PVS controller controls the DC-DC converter and
inverter models operating under a solar array. The DC-DC
converter is to regulate intermediate DC voltage fed to the
three-phase inverter model. The active power output of the
inverter is controlled using a constant voltage MPPT
technique by regulating the output voltage of the PV array.
The reactive power of the inverter is controlled to the level of
reactive power required to contribute a voltage regulate.
The DC-DC converter is controlled in average current mode
control [15], [16] and it regulates its output voltage, which is
the input voltage to the inverter. The inverter d-component is
controlled by regulating the active power supplied by the
Fig. 6. Battery system control.
inverter into the microgrid according to its constant voltage
level for MPPT regulation. The q-component compensator
The BSS controller manages the discharge and charging of the
regulates the reactive power exchanged with the inverter and
battery by controlling the bi-directional three-phase inverter
the microgrid
model. The d-component PI (Proportional-Integral)
compensator regulates the active power level. The q-
component regulator regulates the reactive power exchanged
with the BSS branch.
E. Photovoltaic System (PVS)
The PVS branch consists of models of a PV array, DC-DC
converter, three-phase inverter, transformer and the associated
controls [19]-[21]. The DC-DC converter is included to
provide greater flexibilities as follows:
• Individual DC-DC converters can be used for various
parts of the PV array, each with their own localized
MPPT control for better efficiency during shading.
• The voltage range of the PV array itself can be much
more flexibly set, optimizing the number of PV
modules required.
• The DC-DC converters can be connected in series or
parallel at their outputs to have the optimized input
voltage to the inverter.
• A separate DC-DC converter for the MPPT control and
the inverter, which performs grid-tie alone.
• Better redundancy of the PV array where sections can
be easily isolated during faults.

Fig. 8. PVS control scheme.

1949-3029 (c) 2017 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission. See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TSTE.2017.2747591, IEEE
Transactions on Sustainable Energy

III. SUPERVISORY POWER QUALITY CONTROL SCHEME

This section presents an innovative supervisory power
quality control scheme that does not require installation of
additional compensating devices and is applicable to microgrid
of different configurations. The control regulates the
voltage/frequency at a specified location PCC by adjusting the
active/reactive power produced by the power conversion
systems of each DG, considering its operating limits.
In a realistic microgrid, each DG may have somewhat
different instantaneous output of active/reactive power due to
the state of energy source availabilities and load variations.
Consequently, the availability of active/reactive power
generation from the power conversion systems also different.

Fig. 9. PV system control.

F. Phase Locked Loop (PLL)

The Single-Order Generalized Integrator (SOGI) PLL is
modeled, which provides better PLL performance especially
unbalanced or distorted conditions [22].

G. Power factor compensator (PFC)

This three-phase reactive power compensator with current
input is a model of delta-connected power factor Fig. 11. Voltage control methodology.
compensation capacitors [23]. This block has a current input
and produces the voltage at the compensating capacitor In Fig. 11, the △Qcont in Step 1 is the required the reactive
terminals. It can be used together with blocks producing a power from the voltage controller to regulate the voltage at the
current output (voltage-controlled current sources). The three- PCC. Assuming a proportional distribution in Step 3 where
phase reactive power compensator controller determines the n is the total number of DG units, the portion of reactive power
required setting of a reactive power compensator block based to an individual power converter of DGs can be computed
upon the measured power. It is assumed that the power factor wherein controlling multiple DGs for a voltage control, it is
should be compensated to be close to unity. important that the operating limits of each power converter are
not exceeded, defined in Step 2, Step 4 and Step 5.
In Fig. 11, Q max
j , DG is the maximum available reactive
power (i.e., limit) that the power converter can provide
according to the instantaneous measured active power Pjmeas
, DG ,
and ∆Qcont is the total reactive power required for the voltage
regulation at the PCC. It is assumed that the nominal apparent
power of the converter is S max
j , DG , defined here as the converter

Fig. 10. Power factor compensator schematic (voltage input) rating where it also follows that − S max
j , DG ≤ Pj , DG ≤ S j , DG .
meas max

1949-3029 (c) 2017 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission. See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TSTE.2017.2747591, IEEE
Transactions on Sustainable Energy

In Fig. 12, the △Pcont in Step 1 is the required the active

power from the frequency controller to regulate the frequency
at the PCC. Step 2 is the maximum available active power,
which can be generated from the DGs. Assuming a
proportional distribution in Step 3, the portion of active power
to the DGs can be computed wherein controlling multiple DGs
for a frequency control, it is important that the operating limits
of each DG are not exceeded, which is defined in Step 2, Step
4 and Step 5.
In Fig. 12, ∆Pjmax, DG is the maximum available active power
(i.e., limit) that the power can provide, and ∆Pcont is the total
active power required for the frequency regulation at the PCC.
Here, Pjmax meas
, DG is the power rating of the converter and Pj , DG is
the measured value of active power generation on jth converter.
The block diagram of the proposed supervisory power
quality control scheme is depicted in Fig. 13.
In this section, the supervisory power quality scheme is
presented. As developed, the voltage regulation is achieved by
the power conversion system of BSS and PVS. However, the
frequency regulation can be limited to a certain DG, which can
be constrained by its energy source. Thus, the BSS is the only
DG to contribute the frequency regulation on the microgrid.
Fig. 12. Frequency control methodology. Since the overall control objective is to regulate the
voltage/frequency at a single location PCC, this supervisory
control scheme appears to be reasonable as well as justifiable.

IV. CASE STUDIES

This section shows the simulation studies conducted in
Matlab/Simulink environment [24]. The case studies are
simulated about the voltage and frequency regulation based
on the load variation and a sudden increase of solar
irradiation as follows:
1) BSS runs with 60kW of consumer load (voltage and
frequency regulation)
2) PVS is connected to the PCC at 1 sec.
3) Consumer load is increased by 50% (90.0kW) at 2sec.,
and decreased by the 30% (63kW) at 3sec., continued
for 4sec.
4) Consumer load is increaeed by 50% (94.5kW) at 4sec.
5) The PVS ramps up of its generation from 7.5kW at
5sec., and reaches 38kW at 5.25sec.

The corresponding transient responses of the system with

different control modes are depicted in Fig.14-16. As shown in
Fig. 14, since the frequency regulation because of the absence
of other rotating machines, the frequency responses are similar
because the BSS is the only DG to contribute. However, since
the power converter is applied to voltage regulation using both
BSS and PVS, the voltage response is significantly improved
without distorting active/reactive power generation and/or
consumption.

Fig. 13. Proposed supervisory power quality control scheme.

1949-3029 (c) 2017 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission. See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TSTE.2017.2747591, IEEE
Transactions on Sustainable Energy

power quality scheme. This is because the individual scheme

does not consider the line impedance such as RL at PCC. Thus,
the proposed supervisory control provides the most
active/reactive power support and better damping during a
load deviation and sudden increase of the solar irradiation.

Fig. 14. Voltage and frequency response at the PCC

Fig. 16. Reactive power response at the BSS, PVS and load
branch.

As shown in the simulation studies, the proposed control

scheme shows the overall power quality improvement in terms
of the voltage and frequency on the microgrid. Also the
control methodology takes into account of line impedances.
The individual voltage control scheme is briefly explained in
the Appendixes.

V. CONCLUSION
This paper demonstrated the power quality enhancement
methodology. This proposed supervisory power quality
control scheme considers the operating-point-dependent active
and reactive power limit of each DGs and DG’s power
converter was also taken into account. The overall
voltage/frequency control scheme and the control design
Fig. 15. Active power response at the BSS, PVS and load
methodology developed in this paper can be applied to
branch. different microgrid configurations. The case studies showed
the comparisons between the individual power quality control
In Fig. 15, the BSS is dominantly takes care of active and supervisory power quality control. The proposed scheme
power charging and discharging according to the load shows the significant improvement in the voltage performance
variation and the sudden increase of solar irradiation while and frequency that is achieved by the consideration of line
PVS does not have the charging operation mode. When it losses and decoupling of control actions from both DGs. This
comes to the reactive power response shown in Fig. 16, both paper also indicates the important of control methodology
of BSS and PVS are well performed in the proposed development such that system operating control scheme of
supervisory scheme. In Fig. 16, the individual control scheme grid-off microgrids have to be designed according to DG’s
shows a small discrepancy comparing with the supervisory dynamic characteristics.

1949-3029 (c) 2017 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission. See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TSTE.2017.2747591, IEEE
Transactions on Sustainable Energy

APPENDIXES reactive power has to be utilized to regulate the voltage and

loss information of the line impedances. This means higher
A. BSS branches uncertainties and risk of the discrepancy at the rated voltage
Parameter and controller malfunctions due to the no communication.
Input
Vbatt The measured battery voltage through a sensor
Ibatt The measured battery current through a sensor
Vmg The measured microgrid voltage at the PCC through a sensor
Io The measured BSS output current through a sensor
Theta The phase angle input of the output voltage
Pcbss The active power set-point from the supervisory controller
Qcbss The reactive power set-point from the supervisory controller
Output
d_i The d-axis output control level to control the bi-directional inverter
q_i The q-axis output control level to control the bi-directional inverter
Values
Nominal power 80 kW
Battery float voltage 735 V
DC voltage input sensor gain 1/1000 at Vbatt input
DC current input sensor gain 1/200 at the Ibatt input
(Micro)grid voltage input sensor gain 1/1000 at the Vmg input
(Micro)grid current input sensor gain 1/1000 at the Io input
d-component PI regulator proportional gain 0.4 Fig. B2. Independent control
d-component PI regulator integral gain 200
d-component PI regulator limit ±1
q-component PI regulator proportional gain 0.8 C. PVS branches
q-component PI regulator integral gain 100
d-component PI regulator limit ±1
Parameter
Input
Vpv The measured array voltage through a sensor
B. Individual voltage control scheme of the BSS Vdc Measured DC-DC converter output voltage through a sensor
iL Measured DC-DC converter inductor current through a sensor
Io Measured PVS output current through a sensor
Theta The phase angle input of the output voltage
Qcpvs The reactive power set-point from the supervisory controller
Output
DC The duty cycle control output for the DC-DC converter
di The d-axis output control level to control the 3-phase inverter
qi The q-axis output control level to control the 3-phase inverter
CV The constant voltage level for the MPPT regulation
Values
Nominal DC-DC converter output voltage 730 V
DC-DC converter output voltage sensor gain 1/1000
DC-DC converter PI voltage regulator proportional gain 5
DC-DC converter PI voltage regulator integral gain 500
DC-DC converter PI voltage regulator limit ±1
DC-DC converter PI current regulator proportional gain 1
DC-DC converter PI current regulator integral gain 1000
DC-DC converter PI current regulator low limit -0.5
DC-DC converter PI current regulator high limit +0.35
MPPT constant voltage level (CV) 360V
Initial value of CV level 470V
Slope of ramp to the set value -400V/sec
PV array output voltage, input sensor gain 1/1000 at the Vpv input
MPPT d-component PI regulator proportional gain 1
MPPT d-component PI regulator integral gain 2
MPPT d-component PI regulator limit ±1
(Micro)grid voltage input sensor gain 1/1000 at the Vmg input
Fig. B1. Individual power quality control scheme (Micro)grid current input sensor gain 1/1000 at the Io input
(Micro)grid q-component PI regulator proportional gain 0.1
Fig. B1 and Fig. B2 shows the individual power quality (Micro)grid q-component PI regulator integral gain 5
control scheme for the voltage regulation in the BSS. The (Micro)grid q-component PI regulator limit ±1
main characteristic of this individual control scheme is to
utilize q-component switching signal in order to regulate the D. Controller parameters of supervisory power quality control
voltage at the PCC by the independent voltage controller. The Voltage controller
independent controller directly utilizes the voltage at PCC. Proportional gain 0.07
However, this methodology does not have a link how much Integral gain 120

1949-3029 (c) 2017 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission. See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TSTE.2017.2747591, IEEE
Transactions on Sustainable Energy

PI regulator limits ±1 [17] H. S. Ko, T. Niimura, J. Jatskevich, H. C. Kim, and K. Y. Lee, “Power
Frequency controller quality control of hybrid wind power generation with battery storage
Proportional gain 0.05 using fuzzy-LQR controller,” in IEEE Power Engineering Society
Integral gain 150 Meeting, Denver, Colorado, pp. 1722–1728, Jun. 2004.
PI regulator limits ±1 [18] G. Perez, I. Gandiaga, M. Garmendia, J. F. Reynaud and U. Viscarret,
“Modelling of Li-ion batteries dynamics using impedance spectroscopy
and oluse fitting: EVs application,” International Battery, Hybrid and
Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle Symposium, pp. 1–9, 2013.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT [19] N. Femia, G. Petrone, G. Spagnuolo, M. Vitelli: Power Electronics and
This work was conducted under framework of the research Control Techniques for Maximum Energy Harvesting in Photovoltaic
Systems, CRC Press, 2013
and development program of the Korea Institute of Energy
[20] R. Teodorescu, M. Liserre, P. Rodriguez: Grid Converters for
Research (B7-2442) Photovoltaic and Wind Power Systems, Wiley-IEEE Press, 2011.
[21] T. Suntio, et al: Issues on Solar-Generator Interfacing with Current-Fed
REFERENCES MPP-Tracking Converters, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics,
Vol. 25 No. 9, Sept 2010.
[1] J. M. Guerrero, J. C. Vasquez, J. Matas, D. Vicuna, L. Garc´ıa, and M. [22] S. Golestan, M. Monfared, F. D. Freijedo and M. Guerrero, “Dynamics
Castilla, “Hierarchical control of droop-controlled ac and dc assessment of advanced single-phase PLL structure,” IEEE Transactions
microgridsła general approach toward standardization,” IEEE on Industrial Electronics, Vol. 60, no. 6, pp. 2167-2177, 2013.
Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 58, no. 1, pp. 158–172, 2011. [23] P. Kunder, Power System Stability and Control. New York: McGraw-
[2] J. M. Guerrero, M. Chandorkar, T.-L. Lee, and P. C. Loh, “Advanced Hill, 1994.
control architectures for intelligent microgrids, part i: decentralized and [24] Matlab/Simulink Toolbox, 2016, The Math-Works Inc., Natick, MA.
hierarchical control,” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol.
60, no. 4, pp. 1254–1262, 2013.
[3] H. Mahmood, D. Michaelson, and J. Jiang, “Accurate reactive power
BIOGRAPHIES
sharing in an islanded microgrid using adaptive virtual impedances,” Hee-Sang Ko received his B.S. degree in Electrical
IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 30, no. 3, pp. 1605–1617, Engineering from Jeju National University, Jeju,
2015. Korea, in 1996, his M.Sc. degree in Electrical
[4] A. Bidram, A. Davoudi, and F. L. Lewis, “A multiobjective distributed Engineering from Pennsylvania State University,
control framework for islanded ac microgrids,” IEEE Transactions on University Park, USA, in 2000, and his Ph.D. in
Industrial Informatics, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 1785–1798, 2014. Electrical and Computer Engineering from the
[5] V. Nasirian, Q. Shafiee, J. Guerrero, F. Lewis, and A. Davoudi, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada, in
“Droopfree distributed control for ac microgrids,” IEEE Transactions on 2006. He worked for Samsung Heavy Industries in
wind power division from 2008 to 2013. He is
Power Electronics, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 1600–1617, 2016. currently a researcher in KIER since 2013. His research interests include
[6] F. Guo, C. Wen, J. Mao, and Y.-D. Song, “Distributed secondary voltage microgrids, distribution network, power systems stability, neural network,
and frequency restoration control of droop-controlled inverterbased fuzzy logic, control design, and system identification.
microgrids,” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 62, no. 7,
Moon-Seok Jang received the Ph.D. from the
pp. 4355–4364, 2015. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hanyang
[7] `A. Bidram, A. Davoudi, F. L. Lewis, and J. M. Guerrero, “Distributed University, Seoul, Korea, in 1994. In 1994, he joined
cooperative secondary control of microgrids using feedback Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER) and since
linearization,” IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 2002, he has been a Principal researcher. He is former
3462–3470, 2013. Director of Jeju Global Research Center, Korea
[8] Q. Sun, R. Han, H. Zhang, J. Zhou, and J. Guerrero, “A multiagent- Institute of Energy Research and the Vice president of
based consensus algorithm for distributed coordinated control of Korea Wind Energy Association.He works at system
distributed generators in the energy internet,” IEEE Transactions on convergence laboratory.
Smart Grid, vol. 6, no. 6, pp. 3006–3019, 2015. Kyung-Sang Ryu received the B.S. degree and M.S.
[9] J. Schiffer, T. Seel, J. Raisch, and T. Sezi, “Voltage stability and reactive in KOREATECH, Cheon-An, South Korea, in 2008,
power sharing in inverter-based microgrids with consensusbased 2013. He joined Korea Institute of Energy Research
distributed voltage control,” IEEE Transactions on Control Systems (KIER) and since 2013. He is currently working as
researcher at Jeju Global Research Center, Korea
Technology, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 96–109, 2016. Institute and Energy Research. His research interests
[10] Q. Shafiee, J. M. Guerrero, and J. C. Vasquez, “Distributed secondary include operation of power distribution systems,
control for islanded microgridsła novel approach,” IEEE Transactions on energy storage system and power quality.
Power Electronics, vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 1018–1031, 2014.
[11] L.-Y. Lu and C.-C. Chu, “Consensus-based droop control synthesis for Dae-Jin Kim received his B.S. degree in Mechatronics
multiple dics in isolated micro-grids,” IEEE Transactions on Power Engineering from Seoul National University of
Systems, vol. 30, no. 5, pp. 2243–2256, 2015. Technology, Korea, in 2007, and his M.S. degree in
[12] J. W. Simpson-Porco, F. D¨orfler, and F. Bullo, “Synchronization and Mechatronics Engineering from Seoul National
power sharing for droop-controlled inverters in islanded microgrids,” University of Technology, Korea, in 2009. He worked
Automatica, vol. 49, no. 9, pp. 2603–2611, 2013. in Wind Energy Division at the Daewoo Shipbuilding
[13] X. Wu, C. Shen, and R. Iravani, “Feasible range and optimal value of the Marine Engineering from 2009 to 2014. In 2014, he
virtual impedance for droop-based control of microgrids,” IEEE joined in Korea Institute of Energy Research. His
research interests include control system design and
Transactions on Smart Grid, 2016, early access article. Power-Hardware-In-Loop Simulator.
[14] Y. W. Li and C.-N. Kao, “An accurate power control strategy for
powerelectronics-interfaced distributed generation units operating in a Byung-Ki Kim received the B.S. degree, M.S. degree
lowvoltage multibus microgrid,” IEEE Transactions on Power and Ph.D degree in KOREATECH, Cheon-An, South
Electronics, vol. 24, no. 12, pp. 2977–2988, 2009. Korea, in 2008, 2012 and 2015. He is currently
[15] Maniktala, Sanjaya: Switching Power Suppliers A-Z, 2nd Ed., Newnes working as senior researcher at Jeju Global Research
Press, 2012 Center Korea Institute and Energy Research. His
research interests include operation of power
[16] R. W. Erikson, D. Maksimovic: Fundermentals of Power Electronics, 2nd distribution systems, dispersed storage, generation
Ed., Kluwer Academic, 2001. systems and power quality.

1949-3029 (c) 2017 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission. See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.