CHAPTER 3 SOLUTIONS

2/20/10

3-1)

V0 Vmπ 170 / π
a ) I=
0 = = = 3.60 A.
R R 15
Vrms Vm 170
b) I =
rms = = = 5.66 A.
R 2 R 2(15)
c)=
P I=
2
= 480 W .
R 5.662 (15)
 170 
=
d ) S V=
rms I rms  =(5.66) 679 VA.
 2
P 480 W
e) pf= = = 0.707= 70.7%
S 679 VA

3-2)

V0
a ) I 0 = 12 A.; I 0 = → V0 = I 0 R = (12)(20) = 240 V .
R
Vm
=
Vo ;= oπ
Vm V= π 754 V .
240=
π
754
V=
rms = 533 V .
2
N1 240
= = 0.45
N 2 533
N2 12
I o ′ I o=
b)= = 26.7 A.
N1 0.45
3-3)

P P V V V
a ) pf= = ; I rms= s ,rms ; VR ,rms= m ; Vs ,rms= m
S Vs ,rms I rms R 2 2
 Vm 
2  / R
=
pf
V /R
=
R , rms  2  = =
2 1
Vs ,rms I rms  Vm   Vm  2 2
  2  / R
 2  
b) Displacement pf = cos(θ1 − φ= = 1
) cos(0)
V 1V 1
I1 = 1 = m ∠0; pf =cos(θ1 − φ1 ) DF ; ∴ DF =
R R 2 2

3-4) Using Eq. 3-15,

Vm V
i (ωt )
a) = sin(ωt − θ ) + m (sin θ )e −ωt /ωτ
Z Z
Z = R 2 + (ω L) 2 = 122 + (377(0.012)) 2 =12.8 Ω
−1  ω L  −1  377(0.012) 
=θ tan =   tan  =  0.361 rad
 R   12 
ω L 377(0.012)
ωτ
= = = 0.377
R 12
i (ωt ) =13.2sin(ωt − 0.361) + 4.67e −ωt /0.377 : β =
3.50 rad =
201°
b) I avg = 4.36 A. (numerical integration)
c)=
I rms 6.70 A. (numerical integration=
) P I=
2
rms R (6.70) 2=
(12) 538 W .
P 538
d ) pf= = = 0.67
S (120)(6.70)
3-5) Using Eq. 3-15,

Vm V
i (ωt )
a) = sin(ωt − θ ) + m (sin θ )e −ωt /ωτ
Z Z
Z = R 2 + (ω L) 2 = 102 + (377(0.015)) 2 =11.5 Ω
−1  ω L  −1  377(0.015) 
=θ tan =   tan  =  0.515 rad
 R   10 
ω L 377(0.015)
ωτ
= = = 0.565
R 10
t ) 14.8sin(ωt − 0.515) + 7.27e −ωt /0.565 :=
i (ω= β 3.657 rad
= 209.5°
b) I avg = 5.05 A. (numerical integration)
c) =
I rms 7.65 A. (numerical integration=
) P I=
2
rms R (7.65) 2=
(10) 584 W .
P 584
d ) pf= = = 0.637= 63.7%
S (120)(7.65)

3-6) Using Eq. 3-15,

Vm V
i (ωt )
a) = sin(ωt − θ ) + m (sin θ )e −ωt /ωτ
Z Z
Z = R 2 + (ω L) 2 = 152 + (377(0.08)) 2 =33.7 Ω
−1  ω L  −1  377(0.08) 
=θ tan =   tan  =  1.11 rad
 R   15 
ω L 377(0.08)
ωτ
= = = 2.01
R 15
i (ωt ) =10.1sin(ωt − 1.11) + 9.02e −ωt /2.01 : β =4.35 rad =250°
b) I avg = 4.87 A. (numerical integration)
c)=
I rms 6.84 A. (numerical integration=
) P I=
2
rms R (6.84) 2=
(15) 701 W .
P 701
d ) pf= = = 0.427= 42.7%
S (240)(6.84)
3-7) Using an ideal diode model, R = 48 Ω for an average current of 2 A.
3-8) Using Eqs. 3-22 and 3-23,

Vm V
i (ωt )
a) = sin(ωt − θ ) − dc + Ae −ωt /ωτ
Z R
 V V 
A = − m sin(α − θ ) + dc  eα /ωτ
 Z R 
Z = R 2 + (ω L) 2 = 102 + (377(.075) 2 =30.0 Ω
−1  ω L  −1  377(.075) 
=θ tan
=   tan  =  1.23 rad
 R   10 
ω L 377(0.075)
ωτ
= = = 2.83
R 10
−1 Vdc 100
=α sin= = 0.299 = rad 17.1°
Vm 240 2
i (ωt ) = 11.3sin(ωt − 1.23) − 10 + 21.2e −ωt /2.83 ; β = 3.94 rad = 226°
=
I avg 3.13 A. (numerical integration), = Pdc V= dc I avg = 313 W .
(100)(3.13)
b) =
I rms 4.81 A. (numerical integration)=
PR I=
2
rms R (4.81) 2=
(10) 231 W .
P 313 + 231
c) pf= = = 0.472
= 47.2%
S (240)(4.81)
3-9) Using Eqs. 3-22 and 3-23,

Vm V
i (ωt )
a) = sin(ωt − θ ) − dc + Ae −ωt /ωτ
Z R
 V V 
A = − m sin(α − θ ) + dc  eα /ωτ
 Z R 
Z = R 2 + (ω L) 2 = 122 + (377(0.12) 2 =46.8 Ω
−1  ω L  −1  377(0.12) 
=θ tan
=   tan  =  1.31 rad
 R   12 
ω L 377(0.12)
ωτ
= = = 3.77
R 12
Vdc 48
α sin −1 =
= = 0.287 rad = 16.4°
Vm 120 2
i (ωt ) = 3.63sin(ωt − 1.31) − 4.0 + 7.66e −ωt /3.77 ; β = 4.06 rad = 233°
=
I avg 1.124 A. (numerical integration), = Pdc V= dc I avg = 54.0 W .
(48)(1.124)
b) =
I rms 1.70 A. (numerical integration)=
PR I=
2
rms R (1.70) 2=
(12) 34.5 W .
P 54.0 + 34.5
c) pf= = = 0.435
= 43.5%
S (120)(1.70)

3-10) Using Eq. 3-33,

Vm V
i (ω=
(cos α − cos ωt ) + dc (α − ωt )
t)
ωL ωL
−1  Vdc  −1  48 
=α sin
=   sin =   0.287 rad .
 Vm   120 2 
i (ωt ) =4.68 − 4.50 cos(ωt ) − 1.23ωt A.; β = 4.483 rad =
257°
1 β
2π ∫α
=
Io i (ωt )d (=
ωt ) 2.00 A.;=
Pdc I= oVdc = 96 W .
2.00(48)
3-11)
3-12) L ≈ 0.14 H for 50 W (51 W).
3-13) Using Eq. 3-34,

a)

Vm 120 2 V0 54
V= = = 54.0 V .; I= = = 4.50 A.
0
π π 0
R 12

b)

n Vn Zn In
0 54.02 12.00 4.50
1 84.85 25.6 3.31
2 36.01 46.8 0.77
4 7.20 91.3 0.08
The terms beyond n = 1 are insignificant.

3-14)

Run a transient response long enough to achieve steady-state results (e.g., 1000ms). The peak-to-
peak load current is approximately 1.48 A, somewhat larger than the 1.35 A obtained using only
the first harmonic. (The inductance should be slightly larger, about 0.7 H, to compensate for the
approximation of the calculation.)
3-15)
a)

Vm 50
=
= = 3.98 A.
I0
π R 4π
V1 Vm / 2 25
=
=I1 = = = 0.05 I 0 0.199 A.
Z1 R 2 + (ω L) 2 R 2 + (ω L) 2
25
R 2 + (ω L) 2 =9 + (ω L) 2 = 125 Ω ≈ ω L
=
0.199
125
=L = 0.33 H
2π 60

b) A PSpice simulation using an ideal diode model gives 0.443 A p-p in the steady state. This
compares with 2(I 1 )=2(0.199)=0.398 A p-p.
3-16)

Vm 170
=
a) V = = 54.1 V
0
π π
V0 − Vdc 54.1 − 24
=I0 = = 3.01 A.
R 10
∆io ≤ 1 A. ≈ 2 I1 → I1 =0.5 A.
Vm 170
=
V1 = = 85 V
2 2
V1 85
Z=
1 = = 170 Ω= R 2 + (ω L) 2 ≈ ω L
I1 0.5
170
=
L = 450 mH .
377
b=
) Pdc I=
avgVdc = 72.2 W .
(3.01)(24)

c) PR = I rms
2
R; I rms = ∑I 2
n , rms ≈ (3.01) 2 + (0.5 / 2) 2 = 3.12 A.
= =
PR (3.12) 2
(10) 97.4 W .

3-17) a) τ = RC = 10310-3=1 s; τ/T = 60. With τ >> T, the exponential decay is very small
and the output voltage has little variation.
b) Exact equations:

θ= − tan −1 (ω RC ) + π =− tan −1 (377) + π =

1.5573 rad =90.15°
Vm sin θ 200sin(90.15
= = °) 199.9993
sin α − sin θ e − (2π +α +θ )/ω RC =0 → α =1.391 rad =79.72°
∆Vo= Vm (1 − sin α )= 3.21 V .

c) Approximation of Eq. 3-51:

V 200
=
∆Vo ≈ m = 3.33 V .
fRC (60)(103 )(10−3 )
3-18) a) R = 100 Ω: τ = RC (100)10-3 = 0.1 s; τ/T = 6.

θ= − tan −1 (ω RC ) + π =− tan −1 (37.7) + π =

1.5973 rad =91.52°
Vm sin θ 200sin(91.52
= = °) 199.93
sin α − sin θ e − (2π +α +θ )/ω RC ) =0 → α =1.0338 rad =59.23°
∆Vo= Vm (1 − sin α )= 28.16 V . (exact )
V 200
=
∆Vo ≈ m = 33.3 V . (approximation)
fRC (60)(100)(10−3 )

b) R = 10 Ω: τ = RC (10)10-3 = 0.01 s; τ/T = .6.

θ= − tan −1 (ω RC ) + π =− tan −1 (3.77) + π =

1.830 rad =
104.9°
Vm sin θ 200sin(104.9
= = °) 193.3
sin α − sin θ e − (2π +α +θ )/ω RC ) =0 → α =0.2883 rad =16.5°
∆Vo= Vm (1 − sin α )= 143.2 V . (exact )
V 200
∆=
Vo ≈ m = 333 V . (approximation)
fRC (60)(10)(10−3 )

In (a) with τ/T=6, the approximation is much more reasonable than (b) where τ/T=0.6.

3-19) a) With C = 4000 µF, RC = 4 s., and the approximation of Eq. 3-51 should be reasonable.

Vm 120 2
∆Vo ≈ = = 0.707 V .
fRC (60)(4)

b) With C = 20 µF, RC = 0.02, which is on the order of one source period. Therefore,
the approximation will not be reasonable and exact equations must be used.

θ= − tan −1 (ω RC ) + π =− tan −1 ((377)(1000)(20(10) −6 ) + π =

1.703 rad =97.6°)
α= 0.5324 rad = 30.5° (numerically from Eq. 3 − 43)
∆Vo = Vm − Vm sin α = 83.6 V .
3-20) a) With C = 4000 µF, RC = 2 s., and the approximation of Eq. 3-51 should be reasonable.

Vm 120 2
∆Vo ≈= = 1.41 V .
fRC (60)(2.0)

b) With C = 20 µF, RC = 0.01, which is on the order of one source period. Therefore,
the approximation will not be reasonable and exact equations must be used.

θ= − tan −1 (ω RC ) + π =− tan −1 ((377)(500)(20(10) −6 ) + π =

1.83 rad =
104.9°)
α= 0.2883 rad = 16.5° (numerically from Eq. 3 − 43)
∆Vo = Vm − Vm sin α = 121 V .

3-21) From Eq. 3-51

Vm 120 2
=C = = 1,886 µ F
fR∆Vo 60(750)(2)
 ∆Vo  −1  2 
α ≈ sin −1 1 −  =sin 1 − =1.417 rad =81.2°
 Vm   120 2 
 sin α 
I D=, peak Vm  ωC cos α + =  18.7 A.
 R 
V
I D ,avg ≈ m = 0.226 A.
R

3-22) Assuming V o is constant and equal to V m ,

Vo2 Vm2 V 2 (120 2) 2

P≈ ≈ → R= m = = 576 Ω
R R P 50

From Eq. 3-51

Vm 120 2
=C = = 3, 270 µ F
fR∆Vo 60(576)(1.5)
 ∆Vo  −1  1.5 
α ≈ sin −1 1 −  =sin 1 − =1.438 rad =82.4°
 Vm   120 2 
 sin α 
I D=, peak Vm  ωC cos α + =  28.1 A.
 R 
Vm
= =
I D ,avg 0.295 A.
R
3-23) Using the definition of power factor and Vrms from Eq. 3-53,
2 2
P Vrms /R Vrms /R Vrms
pf= = = =
S (Vs ,rms )( I s ,rms ) (Vs ,rms )(Vrms / R) Vs ,rms
Vm α sin 2α
1− +
π 2π = 1 α sin 2α 1 α sin 2α
= 2 1− + = − +
Vm / 2 2 π 2π 2 2π 4π

3-24)

Vm 120 2
a) =
Vo α)
(1 + cos= (1 + cos 45=
°) 46.1 V .
2π 2π
2
Vrms V α sin 2α
b) =
P = m 1− +
; Vrms
R 2 π 2π
120 2 0.785 sin(2(0.785))
= 1− + = 80.9 V .
2 π 2π
80.92
=P = 65.5 W .
100
 80.9  P 65.5
c) S= Vs ,rms I rms= (120)  = 97.1 VA; pf= = = 0.674
= 67.4%
 100  S 97.1

3-25)

Vm
a)=
vo I=
oR = 75=
(2.5)(30) V (1 + cos α )
2π
 2π Vo   2π (75) 
α = cos −1  − 1= cos −1  − 1= 65.5° or 1.143 rad
 Vm   240 2 
Vo2,rms
b) P =
R
Vm α sin 2α 240 2 1.143 sin(2(1.143))
=
Vo ,rms 1− + = 1− + = 147.6 V .
2 π 2π 2 π 2π
147.62
=P = 726 W .
30
 147.6  P 726
=c) S V= s , rms I rms (240)  = 1181 VA; pf= = = 0.615
= 61.5%
 30  S 1181
3-26)

t ) 5.42sin(ωt − 0.646) + 1.33e −ωt /0.754 A.

a ) i (ω=
α= 25°= 0.524 rad , β= 3.79 rad= 217° (numerically )
β
1
2π α∫
=b) I o = i (ωt )d (ωt ) 1.80 A.

β
1 2
2π α∫
=
c) I rms i (ωt )d (ωt=
) 2.80 A.; P=
o P=
R
2
I rms = = 193 W .
R (2.80) 2 25

3-27)

t ) 3.46sin(ωt − 0.615) − 6.38e −ωt /0.707 A.

a ) i (ω=
α= 60°= 1.047 rad , β= 3.748 rad= 215° (numerically )
β
1
2π α∫
=b) I o = i (ωt )d (ωt ) 0.893 A.

β
1 2
2π α∫
=
c) I rms i (ωt )d (ωt=
) 1.50 A.; P=
o P=
R
2
I rms = = 90.3 W .
R (1.50) 2 40

3-28) α ≈ 46°. Do a parametric sweep for alpha. Use the default (Dbreak) diode, and use Ron =
0.01 for the switch. Alpha of 46 degrees results in approximately 2 A in the load.
3-29) α ≈ 60.5°. Do a parametric sweep for alpha. Use the default (Dbreak) diode, and use Ron
= 0.01 for the switch. Alpha of 60.5 degrees results in approximately 1.8 A in the load.
3-30) From Eq. 3-61,

i (ωt ) 4.29sin(ωt − 1.263) − 4.0 + 7.43e −ωt /3.142 A., 0.873 ≤ ωt ≤ 3.95 rad
a )=
β
1
2π α∫
=
Io i (ωt )d (=
ωt ) 1.04 A., =
Pdc I=
oVdc = 50.1 W .
(1.04)(48)

β
1 2
b) = ∫ i (ωt )d (=
ωt ) 1.67 A.;=
PR I= (1.67)=
2 2
I rms rms R 12 33.5 W .
2π α
P 50.1 + 33.5
c) pf= = = 0.417
= 41.7%
S (120)(1.67)

3-31) From Eq. 3-61,

i (ωt ) 2.95sin(ωt − 0.515) − 0.96 + 3.44e −ωt /0.565 A., 1.047 ≤ ωt ≤ 3.32 rad
a )=
β
1
2π α∫
=
Io i (ωt )d (=
ωt ) 0.454 A., =
Pdc I=
oVdc = 43.6 W .
(0.454)(96)

β
1 2
b) = ∫ i (ωt )d (=
ωt ) 0.830 A.;=
PR I= (0.830) 2=
2
I rms rms R 100 69.0 W .
2π α
P 43.6 + 69.0
c) pf= = = 0.565
= 56.5%
S (240)(0.830)
3-32) α ≈ 75°. Alpha = 75 degrees gives 35 W in the dc voltage source. An Ron = 0.01 for the
switch and n = 0.001 for the diode (ideal model).
3-33) From Eq. 3-61,

i (ωt ) 5.99sin(ωt − 1.50) − 24.0 + 29.3e −ωt /14.1 A., 0.873 ≤ ωt ≤ 4.24 rad
a )=
β
1
2π α∫
=
Io i (ωt )d (=
ωt ) 1.91 A., =
Pdc I=
oVdc = 91.6 W .
(1.91)(48)

β
1 2
b) = ∫ i (ωt )d (=
ωt ) 2.93 A.;=
PR I= =
2 2
I rms rms R (2.93) 2 17.1 W .
2π α

3-34) α ≈ 81°

3-35)

di (t )
=L Vm sin ωt − Vdc
dt
di (t ) 1
= [Vm sin ωt − Vdc ] or
dt L
di (ωt ) 1
= [Vm sin ωt − Vdc ]
d (ωt ) ω L
ωt
1
ω L α∫ m
=i (ωt ) (V sin ωt − Vdc )d (ωt )

Vm V
= (cos α − cos ωt ) + dc (α − ωt )
ωL ωL
i (ωt ) = 4.34 − 7.58cos ωt − 1.82ωt A., 1.309 ≤ ωt ≤ 4.249
β
1
2π α∫
=Io = i (ωt )d (ωt ) 1.91 A.
3-36)

v 0 = v s when S 1 on, v 0 =0 when D 2 on

π
Vo 1 Vm
=
Io
R
=
, Vo ∫
2π α
Vm sin(ωt )d =
(ωt )
2π
(1 + cos α )

Vm
∴=
Io (1 + cos α )
2π R

3-37)

 I X 
cos −1 1 − L s  ;
u= Xs =ω Ls =
377(1.5)(10) −3 =
0.566 Ω
 Vm 
 5(0.452) 
cos −1 1 −
u= =
10.47°
 120 2 
V  X X  120 2  5(.566) 
Vo =m 1 − L s  = 1 − =53.57 V .
π  2Vm  π  2 2(120) 
V
(compared to m = 54.0 V .)
π

PSpice:

Use a current source for the constant load current:

D1 to D2
D2 to D1

3-38) u = 20°. Run the simulation long enough for steady-state results. From the Probe output,
the commutation angle from D1 to D2 is about 20 degrees, and from D2 to D1 is about
18 degrees. Note that the time axis is changed to angle in degrees here.
3-39) Run the simulation long enough for steady-state results. From the Probe output, the
commutation angle from D1 to D2 is about 16.5 degrees, and from D2 to D1 is about
14.7 degrees. Note that the time axis is changed to angle in degrees here.
3-40) At ωt = π, D 2 turns on, D 1 is on because of the current in L S (see Fig. 3-17).

diD1 di
KVL= sin ωt L=
; vLS Vm = ω LS d 1
d (ωt )
s
dt
ωt
diD1 Vm
=
d (ωt ) ω Ls ∫ sin(ωt )d (ωt ) + i
π
D1 (π )

Vm
at ωt = π + u , iD1 = 0 = [−1 − cos(π + u )] + I L
ω Ls
Vm V
cos(π + u ) =− cos u → 0 = (−1 + cos u ) + I L =− m cos u + I L
ω Ls ω Ls
 I X 
∴ u cos −1 1 − L s 
=
 Vm 
3-41) At ωt = α,
ωt
1 Vm
is (ωt )
= ∫
ω Ls α
Vm sin(ωt )d (=
ωt ) + 0
ω Ls
[cos α − cos ωt ]

Vm
iD 2 ( wt ) = I L − is = I L − [cos α − cos ωt ]
ω Ls
Vm
iD 2 (α + u ) =0 =I L − [cos α − cos(α + u )]
ω Ls
I Lω Ls
− − cos α + cos(α + u )
=
Vm
 I X 
=u cos −1 cos α − L s  − α
 Vm 

3-42) A good solution is to use a controlled half-wave rectifier with an inductor in series with the
48-V source and resistance (Fig. 3-15). The switch will change the delay angle of the
SCR to produce the two required power levels. The values of the delay angle depend on
the value selected for the inductor. This solution avoids adding resistance, thereby
avoiding introducing power losses.

3-43) Several circuit can accomplish this objective, including the half-wave rectifier of Fig. 3-2a
and half-wave rectifier with a freewheeling diode of Fig. 3-7, each with resistance added.
Another solution is to use the controlled half-wave rectifier of Fig. 3-14a but with no
resistance. The analysis of that circuit is like that of Fig. 3-6 but without V dc . The
resulting value of α is 75°, obtain from a PSpice simulation. That solution is good
because no resistance is needed, and losses are not introduced.

3-44 and 3-45) The controlled half-wave rectifier of Fig. 3-15 (without the resistance) can be
used to satisfy the design specification. The value of the delay angle depends on the value
selected for the inductor.