Mehran University Research Journal of Engineering & Technology

Vol. 39, No. 1, 63-70, January 2020

p-ISSN: 0254-7821, e-ISSN: 2413-7219
DOI: 10.22581/muet1982.2001.07

Human Hair as Fiber Reinforced Concrete for Enhancement

of Tensile Strength of Concrete
HUMMAIRA KANWAL*, MUHAMMAD SHAHZAD ASLAM*, TAYYABA LATIF MUGHAL***,
MUHAMMAD ASIM*, AND REENA MAJID MEMON**

RECEIVED ON 08.08.2018, ACCEPTED ON 31.04.2019

ABSTRACT
FRC (Fibre Reinforced Concrete) is fibrous material which increases its structural integrity, resists
explosive spalling in case of environmental affects, improves mix cohesion, improves ductility, reduces
steel reinforcement requirements and reduces the voids due to good stiffness. It contains short
discrete fibres that are uniformly distributed. Mostly, natural fibers are the waste material which
may have negative impact on environment. Synthetic fibres include steel fibres and glass fibres but
natural fibres are coconut fibres and human hair fibres which tend to vary the properties to concrete.
In addition, the character of FRC changes with varying concrete, fibre material, geometries,
distribution, orientation and densities. Hair fibre concrete gives a practical, cost-effective and
convenient method to avoid cracks and deficiencies regarding strength and proper mixing ratio
which occurs at a longer period. Fibres have been used to reduce plastic shrinkage and drying
shrinkage in concrete. In some structural elements, fibrous concrete can be used to reduce the cost
of structure. Different fibres are used to improve the tensile strength of concrete. Human hair are
strong in tension. Hair fibres can be utilized as a strengthening material. Hair fibre is a non decayable
matter and available at a cheap rate. Experiments have been performed on fibrous concrete cylinders
containing various percentages of human hair which is 0, 0.5, 1 and 1.5% by the weight of cement.
A total of seventy-two cylinders have been prepared with FRC having different %ages of hair
content. Workability, compressive strength and split tensile strength have been checked at three
curing ages i.e. 7, 14 and 28 days. This research will open a new wicket in the horizon of reuse of
waste material efficiently in construction industry. This innovation in construction industry will
save our natural resources and use fibre in productive and an effective approach.

Key Words: Fibre Reinforced Concrete, Human Hair, Workability, Compressive Strength,
Tensile Strength.

1. INTRODUCTION

C
oncrete is the most commonly used construction [1].  It  has  little  resistance  to  cracking. All  structural
material which is the backbone of construction members  of  building  have  been  made  by  this  like
industry. It has low tensile strength and ductility foundations, beams, slabs, columns and roofs [2]. By
Authors E-Mail:  ([email protected], [email protected], [email protected],
[email protected], [email protected])
* Department of Civil Technology,The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.
** Department of Architecture & Planning, Dawood University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi, Pakistan.
*** Fatima Jinnah Medical College, Lahore

This is an open access article published by Mehran University Research Journal of Engineering and Technology, Jamshoro under the CC by 4.0 International License.
63
 Human Hair as Fiber Reinforced Concrete for Enhancement of Tensile Strength of Concrete

adding fiber in concrete, properties of concrete can either  Human Hair Fibre: Human hair fibers have been
be increased or decreased like compressive strength and collected from salons and parlours of WAPDA
tensile strength[3-4]. Concrete is fibrous material and Town which are shown in Fig. 1.
addition of any kind of fibre in powder form or very
small  pieces  will  give  the  better  results  in  wet  areas  Treatment has been done by the use of acetone
where environmental effects deteriorate the buildings to clean hair fibre.
[5-6].
 Water:  Fresh  tap  water  of  concrete  lab  (The
Fibre is a small piece of reinforcing material possessing University of Lahore).
certain  properties. Addition  of  hair  fibre  to  concrete
 Fine aggregate: Locally available sand passing
affects  the  mechanical  properties  of  concrete  which
through 4.75mm sieve size.
depends on the percentage, length and type of fibre [7].
A good fibre must be compatible with binder. However,
 Coarse aggregate: Margallah crush (aggregate
hair  fibres  are  added  in  concrete  to  increase  the
size is 20 mm down).
mechanical properties of concrete[8-9]. Voids are left
even  after  proper  mixing  of  ordinary  concrete.  To 2.2 Mix Design
overcome this issue fibres are used to fill the voids and
reduced impact of cracking. Presence of fibrous material Concrete strength 25MPa (4000 Psi) have been assumed.
in concrete can enhance the durability of structure [10- Concrete mixing ratios for all mixes are 1:2:4 and water
11]. cement ratios are 0.6 [2,11].

In  our  country,  different  catagories  of  human  hair  are 2.3 Mixing Detail
present  in  different  regions  may  be  due  to  the
environmental change as a waste material[12]. Thickness Four types of mixes (M1, M2, M3 and M4) with different
and stiffness can vary from person to person. It creates a percentages of human hair fibre have been used in this
lot  of  environmental  issues  and  disturbs  our  sewerage research.
system too [13-14].This is creating a negative impact on
the environment [15-16]. The main objective of this study
is to explore the possibility to use human hair as fibrous
material  to  improve  the  mechanical  characteristics  of
concrete.

2. METHODOLOGY

2.1 Collection of Raw Material

Materials used in this study are:

 OPC  (Ordinary  Portland  Cement):53  grade

cement FIG. 1. SAMPLE OF HUMAN HAIR FIBRE

Mehran University Research Journal of Engineering & Technology, Volume 39, No. 1, January, 2020 [p-ISSN: 0254-7821, e-ISSN: 2413-7219]
64
 Human Hair as Fiber Reinforced Concrete for Enhancement of Tensile Strength of Concrete

 M1  =  Hair  Fibre  (0%)  and  coarse  aggregate  Separating:  Hair  fibres  have  been  collected
(Margallah) from  salons  which  may  contain  solid  wastes
depending  upon  the  source. It has  been taken
 M2 = Hair Fibre (0.5%) and coarse aggregate
off.
(Margallah)
 Washing: After categorization, hair fibres are
 M3 = Hair Fibre (1.0%) and coarse aggregate
washed with acetone to remove impurities.
(Margallah)
 Drying: The  hair  is  dried  under  sun  or  oven.
 M4 = Hair Fibre (1.5%) and coarse aggregate
(Margallah) After drying, the hair can be stored.

2.4 Workability 3.2 Tests

Workability  of  these  M1,  M2,  M3  and  M4  mixes  are Following tests are performed to check the mechanical
measured using the slump test (ASTM C 143). characteristics of all mixes.

2.5 Casting
 Slump Test
Casting of cylinders have been done after measuring the  Compression Test
workability of concrete. Seventy-two cylinders in total  Split Tensile Test
(Nine cylinders for each type of hair fibre percentage)
were casted in accordance with the (ASTM C-192), to 3.3 Workability of Concrete
test the cylinders at different ages (7, 14 and 28). The
detail of the cylinders is given in Table 1. Workability is the ease by which concrete has been mixed,
transported, molded and compacted. The usual range of
2.6 Curing
workability  is  taken  as  40-60mm  for  the  use  in
Casted  cylinders  have  been  immersed  in  normal  fresh foundations, slabs, beams and columns etc. Workability
water for curing. Three curing ages (7, 14 and 28 days) has  been  measured  using ASTM  C  143  and  shown  in
have been selected for four types of mixes (M1,M2,M3 Fig. 2.
and M4).
3.4 Compressive Strength of Concrete
3. EXPERIMENTAL WORK
Compressive strength has been measured by testing of
3.1 Treatment of Hair Fibre
concrete  cylinders  at  room  temperature  under  control
Treatment of hair fibres are required before the mixing compression  testing  machine  as  per  ASTM  C  39.
of concrete samples. Some steps have been followed. Cylinders  were  taken  out  from  curing  tank  at  the
TABLE 1. NUMBER OF CYLINDERS CASTED

Description Days 0.0% (M1) 0.5% (M2) 1.0% (M3) 1.5% (M4)

72 Cylinders 14 3+3 3+3 3+3 3+3

28

Mehran University Research Journal of Engineering & Technology, Volume 39, No. 1, January, 2020 [p-ISSN: 0254-7821, e-ISSN: 2413-7219]
65
 Human Hair as Fiber Reinforced Concrete for Enhancement of Tensile Strength of Concrete

respective days, wiped off and kept at room temperature 3.5 Split Tensile Strength of Concrete

for 2 hours. Then cylinders were caped with plaster of
paris  which  is  shown  in  Fig.  3.  Caped  cylinders  were Split Tensile strength tests have been performed for the
placed in the control compression testing machine which cylinders  of  150mm  diameter  and  300mm  length  at
is shown in Figs. 4-5. Load was applied at a constant rate different curing ages are specified as above 2.4.
2.5MPa/min  up  to  the  ultimate  (crushing)  strength.
Similarly,  all  the  cylinders  were  tested  at  the 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
corresponding ages.
4.1 Workability

Results are tabulated on each type of mix as shown in
below Table 2. Workability of all mixes are within the
acceptable range.

FIG. 2. MEASURING THE WORKABILITY OF CONCRETE (UOL

LAB)

FIG. 5. COMPRESSION TESTING MACHINE (UOL LAB)

TABLE 2. RESULTS OF SLUMP TEST (AUTHOR)

No. Description Slump Value (mm)

1. M1 50

2. M2 60

3. M3 55
FIG. 4. CONCRETE CYLINDERS READY FOR TESTING (UOL
LAB) 4. M4 40

Mehran University Research Journal of Engineering & Technology, Volume 39, No. 1, January, 2020 [p-ISSN: 0254-7821, e-ISSN: 2413-7219]
66
 Human Hair as Fiber Reinforced Concrete for Enhancement of Tensile Strength of Concrete

Workability of concrete for M1, M2, M3 and M4 mixes 4.2 Compressive Strength

are shown in Fig. 6 which is between 40-60mm.
Compressive strengths are calculated by taking average
of three tested samples for each type of mix at different
ages. The results of compressive strength are shown in
below Table 3 and graph has been plotted in Fig. 7.

Compressive Strength of concrete mix M1, M2, M3 and
M4 are shown in Fig. 8 at the age specified in as above
4.2.

4.3 Split Tensile Strength

Tensile strengths are calculated by taking average of three
tested samples for each type of mix at different ages. The
results of tensile strength are shown in below Table 4 and
graphs have been plotted in Fig. 8.

5. CONCLUSION

The  following  conclusions  have  been  drawn  from  the

FIG. 6. CRUSHING FAILURE (UOL LAB)
experimental results.

TABLE 3. RESULTS OF COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH

Compressive Strength (MPa)
No. Number of days
M1 M2 M3 M4

1. 7 12.42 12.64 13.12 13.46

2. 14 16.38 15.90 16.88 17.42

3. 28 24.35 24.08 25.34 25.63

FIG. 6. SLUMP OF M1, M2, M3 AND M4 (AUTHOR)

Mehran University Research Journal of Engineering & Technology, Volume 39, No. 1, January, 2020 [p-ISSN: 0254-7821, e-ISSN: 2413-7219]
67
 Human Hair as Fiber Reinforced Concrete for Enhancement of Tensile Strength of Concrete

(i) Workability of the concrete made with Human (ii) Compressive  Strength  (fc’)  of  all  the  mixes
hair of different percentage (0, 0.5, 1 and 1.5%) increased  with  age.  The  strength  of  concrete
(M4) made with 1.5% of human hair is higher
lies between 40-70mm, which is adequate for
than concrete (M2) made with 0.5% and concrete
normal  use  of  concrete.  The  workability  of
(M3)  made  with  by  using  1.0%.It  shows  that
concrete with 0.5% of human hair is highest and human hair as a fiber can be used to achieve the
for concrete with 1.5% human hair is lower. strength more than normal concrete.

TABLE 4. RESULTS OF SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH

Split Tensile Strength (N/mm2)
No. Number of days
M1 M2 M3 M4

1. 7 2.26 2.40 2.48 2.60

2. 14 2.61 2.72 2.88 2.98

4. 28 3.1 3.28 3.44 3.54

FIG. 7. COMPARISON OF COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF DIFFERENT MIXES

FIG. 8. COMPARISON OF SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH OF M1, M2, M3 AND M4 AT 7,14 AND 28 DAYS (AUTHOR)

Mehran University Research Journal of Engineering & Technology, Volume 39, No. 1, January, 2020 [p-ISSN: 0254-7821, e-ISSN: 2413-7219]
68
 Human Hair as Fiber Reinforced Concrete for Enhancement of Tensile Strength of Concrete

(iii) Maximum compressive strength is achieved at [3] Manaf, A., Arshad, M.V., Jomichan, A., and Varghese M.G.,

1.5% of human hair which is 5% of the normal “Human  Hair  Fibre  Reinforced  Concrete”,  International

Journal ofEngineering Research & Technology, Volume 6,
concrete.
No. 3,pp. 460-465, 2017.

(iv) Split  Tensile  Strength  (fc’)  of  all  the  mixes [4] Yang, Y., and Yang, W., “Structure and Mechanical Behavior
increased  by  adding  different  percentages  of of  Human  Hair”,  Material  Science  and  Engineering,
human hair. The strength of concrete (M4) made Volume 73, pp. 152-163, April, 2017.

with  1.5%  of  human  hair  is  higher  than  the

[5] Sreevani,  G.,  and Ajitha,  B.S.,  “Human  Hair  as  Fibre
concrete  (M3  and  M2)  made  with  1.0%  and Reinforcement  in  Concrete”,  International  Journal  of
0.5% respectively. Engineering  Science  and  Computing,  Volume  7,  No.  5,
pp. 11358-11364, 2017.
(v) As the strength of M4 is highest so treated human
[6] Mani,  K.,  and  Manisundar, A.,  “Study  on  Concrete  with
hair  can  be  used  for  mixing  and  curing  of
Human  Hair  Fibre  Reinforced  Concrete”,  Article  ID
concrete. ICACIEM 119 eAID ICACIEM, 2017.

(vi) Fibrous concrete increases the binding properties [7] Agrawal, A., “A Concept of Improving Strength of Concrete

and  reduces  the  voids  resultantly  cracks  in Using Human Hair as Fibre Reinforcement”, International

Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and
concrete.
Technology, Volume 5, No. 5, pp. 8624-8629, 2016.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT [8] Ansari,  U.S.,  “Effect  of  Human  Hair  on  Compressive
Strength  of  Concrete”,  Shri  Guru  Gbbind  Institute  of
The  authors  gratefully  acknowledge  the  assistance Engineering & Technology, Volume 22, 2016.
provided by The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.
[9] Nila, V.M., Raijan, K.J., Antony, S., Riya, B.M., and Davis,
Authors also thankful staff of concrete laboratory of The
N.R., “HairFibre Reinforced Concrete”, International Journal
University  of  Lahore,  who  provide  us  assistance  to of Research in Advent Technology, (E-ISSN: 2321-9637),
complete our research. Special  Issue  International  Conference  on  Technological
Advancements in Structures and Construction, Volume 32,

REFERENCES 10-11 June, 2015.

[10] Ahmd, S., Ghani, F., and Hassan, M.,”Use of Waste Human
[1] Correal,  J.F.,  Herran,  C.A.,  Carrillo,  J.,  Reyes,  J.C.,  and
Hair as Fibre Reinforcement in Concrete”, Material Science
Hermida,  G.,  “Performance  of  Hybrid  Fibre  Reinforced
and Engineering, Volume 71, 2015
Concrete for Low Rise Housing with Thin Walls”, Journal
of  Construction  and  Building  Materials,  Volume  185,
[11] Katib, A. W., “Design and Performance of Sustainable/Green
No. 2, pp. 519-529, 2018.
Concrete”, M.Sc. Thesis, American University of Sharjah,
Sharjah, UAE, 2015.
[2] Antonio,  M.,  and  Giuseppe,  T.,  “The  Effect  of  Fibre
Orientation  on the  Post Cracking  Behavior  of Steel  Fiber [12] Khansaheb, A.P., “Experimental Investigation on Properties
Reinforced Concrete under Bending  and  Uniaxial Tensile of Concrete Using Human Hair andSugarcane Bagasse Ash”,
Tests”,  Cement  and  Concrete  Composites,  Volume  93, International Journal of Innovative and Emerging Research
No. 3, pp. 274-288, 2018. in Engineering, Volume 32, No. 4, 2015.

Mehran University Research Journal of Engineering & Technology, Volume 39, No. 1, January, 2020 [p-ISSN: 0254-7821, e-ISSN: 2413-7219]
69
 Human Hair as Fiber Reinforced Concrete for Enhancement of Tensile Strength of Concrete

[13] Naveen,  T.K.,  “Experimental  Study  on  Mechanical [15] Sameer, A., “Preparation of Eco-Friendly Natural Hair Fiber

Properties of Human Hair Fibre Reinforced Concrete”, IOSR Reinforced Polymeric Composite(FRPC)Material by Using
of  Polypropylene  and  Fly Ash: A  Review”,  International
International Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering,
Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, 2014.
Volume 12, No. 3,pp. 65-75, 2015.

[16] Batebi, Y., Mirzagoltabr, A., Shahanina, S.M., and Sara, F.,
[14] Tomas,  U.,  and  Ganiron,  J.,  “Effects  of  Human  Hair
“Experimental  Investigation  of  Shrinkage  of  NanoHair
Additives  in  Compressive  Strength  of Asphalt  Cement
Reinforced  Concrete”,IJEE An  Official  Peer  Reviewed
Mixture”,  International  Journal  of Advanced  Science  and Journal  of  Babol  Noshirvani  University  of
Technology, Volume 67, No. 3, pp. 11-22,2014. Technology,Volume 2, pp. 68-72,2013.

Mehran University Research Journal of Engineering & Technology, Volume 39, No. 1, January, 2020 [p-ISSN: 0254-7821, e-ISSN: 2413-7219]
70