(Solid) (Liquid) (Gas) : Fluid
(Solid) (Liquid) (Gas) : Fluid
(Solid) (Liquid) (Gas) : Fluid
-
-
1-1 1-2
Fluid Flow
(Solid) ---
Fluid
(Liquid) ---
(Gas) ---
Flow
(Fluid) (Flow)
20oC 1 cm3
2.5x1019 10-6 cm
1 cm x 1 cm x 1 cm
(Fluid element)
(Fluid element)
1 cm
1-5 1-6
1
(Continuum Hypothesis)
Axial force
(Shear force)
(Moment)
(Torsion)
(Continuum)
1-7 1-8
(Shear force)
F
(Shear stress) A x
u(y)
y
F
A
x
(Strain)
F A y
1 x x 1 u
(rate of strain)
t t y t y y
1-9 1 - 10
(Velocity gradient) x
F
u(y)
y
y
du x
u y
dy y
( )
du
1 - 11
t dy 1 - 12
2
(Dimension) (Unit)
(Dimension uniformity)
[ ] C, K F
1 - 15 1 - 16
(Pressure)
(Density)
3
1. (Pressure)
1 - 19 1 - 20
2. (Density)
1
1 atm = 1.013 105 N/m2
= 101.3 kPa h
= 1013 mbar
[M/L3]
= 760 mm-Hg
= 14.6 psi
1 - 21 1 - 22
2. (Density)
1000
990 PV nR u T
Density (kg/m3)
980 p T ( oK = oC + 273) n
970 Ru = 82.05 cm -atm-g/ K/mol = 8.314 J/oK/mol
3 o
960
950
0
4
50 100 nM Ru
P T
V M
Temperature (C)
M
4 oC
nM
1000 kg/m3
1 - 23
V 1 - 24
4
2. (Density)
Gas Constant of Water Vapor
P RT Ru H H
R
Mw O
R = Ru/M
R = 8.314 J K 1 mol 1
1 - 25 1 - 26
[F L3]
g (= 9.81 m/s2)
A = 9810 N/m3 P
A water
RT
4oC
101,300 N / m 2
1.20 kg / m3
287 J / o K / kg 293.15o K
S = 13.6
g 1.20 kg / m3 9.81 m / s 2 11.77 N / m3
(Density) (Specific weight)
11.77 N / m3
(Specific gravity) S air air
9810 N / m3
0.0012
water water
1 - 29 1 - 30
5
5. (Concentration) 5. (Concentration)
Conc.
Conc.
1.0
[M/L3] 1.0g 1.0
mg 1 (=1.0 kg)
1.0 ppm (= part per million = 10-6 )
1.0 g/liter = 1.0 kg/m3 1.0 ppm = 1.0 mg/kg =
1.0 mg/liter 1.0 ppb (= part per billion = 10-9
) = 1.0 g/kg = 1.0 g/liter
1 - 31 1 - 32
Conc.
1 - 33 1 - 34
6. (Viscosity)
F du
dy u(y)
( )
du
dy
[F T/L2]
1 - 35 1 - 36
6
(Viscosity)
Joule’s experiment
1 - 37 1 - 38
• (Kinematic viscosity)
[L2/T]
1 - 39 1 - 40
(Viscosity) du
dy
• (Newtonian fluid) ( )
• (Non-Newtonian fluid)
du
( ) dy
1 - 41 1 - 42
7
Newtonian vs. Non-Newtonian
Toothpaste
Paint U 0.036 Ns/m2
Water
U = 10 cm/s
u(y)
y d = 5.0 mm
Corn x
Starch
No slip
1 - 43 1 - 44
U = 10 cm/s
0.1 m / s
0.036 N s / m 2 0.72 N / m 2
u(y) 0.005 m
y d = 5.0 mm
x
FD A
y=0 u=0
A
y=d u=U
y
u ( y) U
d
du U U = 10 cm/s
dy y d
d u(y)
y d = 5.0 mm
du U x
dy y 0
d 1 - 45 1 - 46
[F/L]
360
0
1 - 47 1 - 48
8
7. (Surface Tension) (Capillary Tube)
h
h
d2 4 cos
h( d2/4) d cos h h
4 d
(Water Strider)
d
1 - 49 1 - 50
Pi Pe
15 C 1000 cal/kg/ C =
2 r Pi Pe r2 4184 J/kg/ C 880 J/kg/ C
r
2
Pi Pe
r
1 - 51 1 - 52
P
EV
V/V
P V
V/V
[F/L2]
P1 P2
Gas V1
Gas V2
1 - 53 1 - 54
9
9. (Bulk modulus) 10. (Vapor pressure)
(vaporize)
Ev = 2.19x109 Pa
1.0 % 216
(Incompressible Fluid)
(Compressible Fluid)
1 - 55 1 - 56
(Water Vapor)
8000
7000
6000 100%
(Pa)
5000
1 100oC
4000
3000
100oC
liquid 2000 101.3 kPa
1000
0
0 10 20 30 40 100 oC
( C)
(Cavitation)
(Hydrostatics)
(Hydrodynamics)
(Hydraulics)
(Hydrology)
1 - 59 1 - 60
10
– (Aerodynamics) – (Magneto-hydrodynamics)
1 - 61 1 - 62
(Bio-Fluid Mechanics)
MIT
1 - 63 1 - 64
2. (Field Measurement) –
1. (Analytic Solution) –
P1 V12 P2 V22
z1 z2
2g 2g
1 - 65 1 - 66
11
3. (Numerical Simulation) – 4. (Laboratory Experiment) –
1 - 67 1 - 68
Any Questions ?
Suggested exercises:
1.5, 1.7, 1.11, 1.18
1 - 69
12