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    SD II PDF - OCR

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    Suraj Kumar
    Connections can be classified based on their method of fastening, rigidity, resistance, and location. Common connection methods include bolting, welding, pins, and rivets. Connections must transfer shear and moment forces between members. Connection failures can lead to catastrophic structural failures and are generally less ductile than member failures. For strength and economy, connections should develop the full strength of the members being joined.

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    SD II PDF - OCR

    Uploaded by

    Suraj Kumar
    40 views18 pages
    Connections can be classified based on their method of fastening, rigidity, resistance, and location. Common connection methods include bolting, welding, pins, and rivets. Connections must transfer shear and moment forces between members. Connection failures can lead to catastrophic structural failures and are generally less ductile than member failures. For strength and economy, connections should develop the full strength of the members being joined.

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    Connections can be classified based on their method of fastening, rigidity, resistance, and location. Common connection methods include bolting, welding, pins, and rivets. Connections must transfer shear and moment forces between members. Connection failures can lead to catastrophic structural failures and are generally less ductile than member failures. For strength and economy, connections should develop the full strength of the members being joined.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    40 views18 pages

    SD II PDF - OCR

    Uploaded by

    Suraj Kumar
    Connections can be classified based on their method of fastening, rigidity, resistance, and location. Common connection methods include bolting, welding, pins, and rivets. Connections must transfer shear and moment forces between members. Connection failures can lead to catastrophic structural failures and are generally less ductile than member failures. For strength and economy, connections should develop the full strength of the members being joined.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pdf or txt
    of 18

    CONNECTIONS

    Connections
    Classification of connections
    Method of fastening: Bolts, welding, pin, rivets.
    Connection rigidity: Simple, rigid or semi-rigid.
    Joint resistance: Bearing connections and friction connections.
    Fabrication location: Shop or field connections.
    Joint locations: Beam-column, beam-to-beam and column-to-foundation.
    Connection geometry: Single web angle, single plate, double web angle, top and
    seat angles (with and without stiffeners), end plates, or header plate, welded
    connections using plates and angles, etc.
    Type of force transferred across the structural connection: shear connections,
    shear and moment connection or simply moment connection, tension or
    compression, tension or compression with shear.
    A connection failure may lead to a catastrophic failure of the whole structure.
    Normally, a connection failure is not as ductile as that of a steel member failure.
    Connection failure may be avoided by adopting higher safety factor for the joints
    than the members.
    For achieving an economical design, it is important that connectors develop full
    or a little extra strength of the members, it is joining.
    CONNECTIONS
    Classification-Based on method of fastening
    • Bolted.
    • (Welded-Separate lecture).
    • Pin
    • Riveted

    5
    Bolted Connections

    tr.rFE=A72l nut runoMjt ■ttanft: radius kiead

    ----- tnread Iengin g^ip ifrrifiir*


    *-------------------------------- nominal lonqU ■

    6
    Bolted Connections
    Classification

    • Unfinished (Black/C grade/ordinary/rough/common) bolt and nut(IS 1363: 2002).

    • High Strength Friction Grip (HSFG) bolts (IS 3757:1985 and IS 4000:1992).

    • Finished (Turned) bolts IS 1364: 2002).

    7
    Though square heads cost less, hexagonal heads give better appearance, are
    easier to hold by wrenches, and require less turning space.
    HEXAGONA grade/ordinary/rougE/common) bolt and
    nut [IS 13631

    Bolt
    head
    <---------Length
    Shank—► w-Thread-^

    Q
    ID
    CD

    Nominal diameter
    0.8D
    0.65D
    DIMENSIONS OF G 4.6 (ISH364)-HEXAGONAE HEAD Unfinished (Black/C
    grade/ordinary/rough/common) bolt and nut

    Bolt Head Head Thread* Pitch of Washer (IS: 5370-1969)


    size diagonal thickness length if liead, Ou let Iimet Thickness,
    (</), mm (rh mm (kh mm (frh mm mm diameter, di ame ter. mm
    mm mm
    12 20.88 8 20 1.75 24 14 3
    16 26.17 10 23 2.0 30 18 3
    20 32.95 13 26 2.5 37 22 3
    22 35.03 14 2K 2.5 39 24 3
    24 39.55 15 30 3.0 44 26 4
    27 45.20 17 33 3.0 50 30 4
    30 50.85 19 35 3.5 56 33 4
    36 60.79 23 40 4.0 66 39 5

    ♦For length / £ 125 mm. For 125 < I £ 200, b is 6 mm more and for I > 200, b is 19 min more.
    Bolted Connections
    Tensile properties of iateners used in steel construction

    Properties
    Specification Grade/ Yield stress, Ultimate tensile Elongation pcrcen-
    classifieation MPa (Min) stress. MPa iMin) (age (Min)

    IS 1367-1991 4.6 240 400 22

    (ISO 898) 4.8 320 400 14


    Specifications of 5.6 300 500 20
    faMeneis-lh leaded 5.8 400 500 10
    steel for technical 8.8 640 800 12
    supply conditions 10.9 900 1000 9
    For grade 4.6 bolts, nuts of grade 4 arc used and for grade 6.6, nuts o/ grade 6 or i.0 arc used.

    • In property class 4.6, the number 4 indicates 1/100th the nominal ultimate
    tensile strength in N/mm2 and the number 6 indicates the ratio of yield stress to
    ultimate stress, expressed as a percemtage. Thus the ultimate tensile strength of
    class 4.6 bolt is 400 N/mm2 and yield strength is 0.6 times 400, which is
    240N/mm2.
    Made from mild steel rods with a square or hexagonal head.
    They are used as temporary fasteners during erection.
    They are primarily used in light structures under static loads such as small trusses,
    purlins etc.
    They are not recommended for connections subjected to impact, fatigue, or
    dynamic loads.
    Though bolts are least expensive, the connection may require a large number of
    such bolts they may not produce the least expensive connection.
    Bolted Connections High Strength Friction Grip (HSFG) bolts

    • They are made from bars of medium carbon steel.


    • The surface of the shank is kept unfinished as in the case of Black bolts
    • Special techniques are used for tightening the nuts to induce a specified imitial
    tension in the bolt (called the proof-load), which causes sufficient friction between the

    faying faces (members and washers). Due to friction, the slip in the joint is

    eliminated; joints with HSFG bolts are called non-slip connections or friction type

    connections. Since there is no-slippage in the joint, the shank of the bolt is
    not subjected to any shearing.

    13
    Bolted Connections
    High Strength Friction Grip (HSFG) bolts (IS 3757:1985)

    DIMENSIONS OF GRADE 4.6 (?)

    Diameter, </ nun M16 M20 (M22) M24 (M27) M30 M36
    Head diagonal, e nun 29.56 37.29 39.55 4520 50.85 55.37 66.44
    Head thickness. A nun 10 12.5 14 15 17 18.7 22.5
    Nut thickness, nun 13 16 18 19 22 24 26

    Washer outer diameter, *D 30 37 39 44 50 56 60


    Washer inner diameter, d mm 18 22 24 26 30 33 36
    Washer thickness. mm 4 4 4 4 5 5 5
    Thread length, **6 mm
    <100 31 36 38 41 44 49 56
    >100 38 43 45 48 51 56 63

    4 The outside diameter of a washer is an important dimension when detailing, for example, to
    avoid overlapping an adjacent weld.
    ♦*The thread length depends on the length of the bolt, which is calculated as grip length plus the
    allowance for grip.

    14
    Bolted Connections High Strength Friction Grip (HSFG) bolts (IS 3757:1985)

    • They are identified by manufacturers identification symbol and property class


    identification symbol 8Sor8.8SorlOS which will be embossed on the heads of
    these bolts.

    15
    BLACK BOLTS
    Disadvantages of Advantages of
    Black bolts Black bolts
    • Slip of the joint when • Material cost is low.
    subjected to.loading. • No special attention is to be
    • When large forces are to be given to workmanship.
    resisted, the space required for
    the joint is extensive.
    • Precautions such as the
    provision of special locking
    devices or the use of pre-
    loaded high-strength bolts are
    required in situations involving
    fluctuated loads.

    16
    HSFG BOLTS
    Advantages of Disadvantages of
    HSFG bolts HSFG bolts
    Do not allow any slip between • Material cost is about 50%
    the elements connected, thus higher than black bolts.
    providing rigid connection. • Require special workmanship for
    Due to the clamping action, installation.
    load is transmitted by the
    friction only and the bolts are
    not subjected to shear and
    bearing.
    Due to the smaller number of
    bolts, the gusset plate sizes are
    reduced.
    High fatigue strength.
    17
    Bolted Connections
    Finished (Turned) nolts

    • The shanks of these bolts are formed from a hexagonal rod .

    • The surface of these bolts are prepared and machined carefully (finished) to fit in the hole.
    • They are mainly used in some machines and where there are dynamic loads.

    18

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