Social Determinants of Health
Social Determinants of Health
Social Determinants of Health
Determinants of Health
Anita Rieder
Institute of Social Medicine
Centre of Public Health
Medical University Vienna
Objectives
Health Determinants
Social Determinants
Health Inequalities
Policies
Public Health
„Ultimately public health sciences are aimed
at improving population health not just
furthering basic sciences related to
understanding the world around us“
Berkman, Ann Rev.Public Health, 2009
The epidemic revolutions
• The first epidemic revolution • The second epidemic revolution
Bodenheimer, et al Understanding Health Policy, 2009
The determinants of health
Ståhl T, Wismar M, et al. Health in all Policies: Prospects and Potentials. Finnish Ministry of Social Affaisr and Health. 2006
Determinants of health
Introduced 1970 (WHO)
Argument – too little attention was devoted to populations and their health
Determinants of health refers to those factors that have been found to have
the most significant influence – for better and the worse – on health.
The term is used much more in the context of adressing structural rather
than individual, genetic or biological determinants of health
But public policies also influence or guide individual behaviour and lifestyle
choices
Determinants of health
„the improvement of health through determinants can thus
be made easier and more straightforward than through
more traditional disease or health problem‐based
approaches“
EU 2006
WHO defines
Social Determinants of Health…….
• „the conditions in which people are born, grow,
live, work and age“
• Conditions or circumstances that are shaped by
families and communities ..
• ..and by the distribution of money, power, and
resources at global, national, and local levels and
affected by policy choices at each of these levels
WHO, 2008
Social Determinants of Health…….
Terms….
• Social stratification
– „Status inequalities between individuals within a
social system“
• Structural determinants
– „Fundamental structures of the nation state that
generate social stratification, such as national
wealth, income inequality, educational status,
sexual or gender norms, or ethnic group“
Viner et al, Lancet 2012
Social Determinants of Health…….
Terms….
• Proximal or intermediate determinants
• „Circumstances of daily life, from the quality of family
environment, peer relationships,, through availability
food, housing, and recreation, to access to education
• Proximal determinants are generated by the the social
stratification resulting from strucutural determinants
• But are also generated through cultural, religious, and
community factors“
• „Proximal determinants establish individual
differences in exposure and vulnerability to factors
that compromise health“
Viner et al, Lancet 2012
Social Determinants
• Social Institutions
– Cultural, religious institution
– Economic systems
– Political structures
• Social Relationships
– Position in social hierarchy
• Surroundings – Different treatment of social group
– Neighborhoods – Social networks
– Workplaces
– Towns
– Cities
– Built environments
The Guide to Community Preventive Services, 2009
The Socio‐Economic Status (SES)
Klemperer 2010
Social inequality
Differences in the health status of socio‐economic groups
„reflect differences regarding the circumstances and the
behaviour, which are in the broadest meaning socially
determined“
(Klemperer 2010)
Inequalities
Vertical Horizontal
• Inequalities of a society • Inequalities within a social class
subdivided into social classes • „Inequality of the socially equal“
• „Inequality of the socially • Age
unequal“ • Gender
• Education • Family status
• Professional status • Nationality
• Income
Klemperer 2010
Determinants of social inequality of health
Macro level Meso level
Burden/Protective factors Burden/Protective factors
• General living conditions • Biological, psychological and
social environment
• form of government, power
relations • Educational institutions
• Laws, politics: education, taxes, • Health institutions
social services, health, transport • Working environment
• Social norms • Housing environment
• Nutritional environment (supply.
presentation, advertisement)
• Social networks
Determinants of social inequality of health
Micro level
Burden/Protective factors
• Individual: burden, protective factors
• Health behaviour
• Physical exposures (noise, toxic
substances in the environment,
potable water)
• Psychological und social exposures
• Genetic disposition
Klemperer, 2010
Health inequalities
• „No country is immune“
• „Wherever there are health outcome data
diaggregated by indicators of disadvantage,
there are health inequalities“ (Marmot et al,
Pblic Health 2012)
• „Health systems alone cannot reduce
inequalities in health, but they have a vital
role“ (Viner, et al Lancet 2012)
Conceptual framework of health inequalities in type 2 diabetes
(Espelt A, et al 2011)
Welfare State Labor Force
Access and use of health services Access and use of health services
Biological factors
Obesity Health behaviors
Diet Co‐
Physical activity Morbidity
Life styles
Health behaviors Stress
Diet Diabetes
Mortality
Physical activity Quality of
Treatment
Life styles Life
Factors of birth compliance
Parents SEP Stress Risk factor control
Age and Sex
Country and region
Ethnicity
Socioeconomic Position (SEP)
Policies Social Inequalities
•SEP‐inequalities in every country
•SEP‐inequalities größer bei Mortalität
•Relative inequalities in morbidity higher in
Western Europe
•Relative inequalities in mortality higher in Eastern
Europe
•Inequalities higher in women, morbidity and
mortality
Diabetologia. 2008 Nov;51(11):1971‐9
Three life course models of disease
1 Latency/sensitive periods
Adult social conditions
Early life social conditions (SES,
Relationships) Adult health outcomes
2 Cumulative exposure
Adult social conditions
Early life social conditions (SES,
Relationships) Adult health outcomes
3 Social trajectory model
Adult social conditions
Early life social conditions (SES,
Relationships) Adult health outcomes
Berkman, Ann Rev Public Health 2009
1
SES and childhood
Accumulation of disadvantage
Childhood Adult
socio‐economic 1a/1b 2a socio‐economic
conditions status
• personality/culture
• health behaviours 3
2a
Health in 1a/1b Health in
childhood adulthood
Health capital
1 Contribution of childhood socio‐economic conditions to socio‐economic health inequalities in adult life
1a independent effect of childhood socio‐economic conditions on adult health
1b independent effect of childhood socio‐economic conditions on adult health through health behaviours
and personality/cultural factors
2 Contribution of childhood health to socio‐economic health inequalities in adult life
2a contribution of childhood health to socio‐economic health inequalities in adult life trough selection
on health in childhood
3 Selection on health in adult life
Source: Adapted from van de Mheen H, K Stronks and J Mackenbach. 1998. „A lifecourse perspective on socieeconomic inequalities in health.
Figure 1, p. 194. Sociology of Health Inequalities, edited by M Bartley, D Blane, GD Smith. Oxford UK: Blackwell Publishers.
Adolescence and the social determinants of health
Russell M Viner, Elizabeth M Ozer, Simon Denny, Michael Marmot, Michael
Resnick, Adesegun Fatusi, Candace Currie
“Our analyses show that the strongest determinants of adolescent health
are structural factors
such as national wealth, income inequality, and access to education.
Furthermore, safe and supportive families, safe and supportive schools,
together with
positive and supportive peers, are crucial to helping young people develop
to their full
potential and attain the best health in the transition to adulthood.
Improving adolescent health worldwide requires improving young people’s
daily lives
with families and peers and in schools,
addressing risk and protective factors in the social environment at a
population level,
and focusing on factors that are protective across various health
outcomes.“
Lancet 2012; 379: 1641‐52
Adolescence and the social determinants of health
Russell M Viner, Elizabeth M Ozer, Simon Denny, Michael Marmot, Michael
Resnick, Adesegun Fatusi, Candace Currie
“Adolescence is a second sensitive developmental period in which puberty
and rapid brain maturation lead to new sets of behaviours and capacities
that trigger or enable transitions in family, peer, and educational domains,
and in health behaviours.
These transitions modify childhood trajectories towards health and
wellbeing.
The most effective interventions are probably
structural changes to improve access to education and employment for
young people
and to reduce the risk of transport‐related injury
Other crucial aspects are ensuring participation of young
people in policy and service development, and building capacity in personnel
and data systems in adolescent health.
Lancet 2012; 379: 1641‐52
„relaitve index of inequality:
how many times more likely to be obese are those at the lower
end of the education spectrum relative to those in the upper end“
„Defining ethnicity is not a simple matter“
• The concept recognises that people identify themselves with a
social grouping on cultural grounds including language, lifestyle,
religion, food and origins
• Cultures and societies are dynamic and not fixed
• Groups are not homogeneous, eg. „Asians“, Whites“, …
change over time,…
• Culturally competent health‐care systems (those that
provide culturally and linguistically appropriate services)
have the potential to reduce racial and ethnic health
disparities
Scezepura Proc Nutr Soc 2011
–
Austria
West-East-Disparity
Mean cardiovascular mortality 2003‐2009 – men
(age‐standardized)
Dorner, Stein, Rieder. Int J Health Geogr. 2011
West-East-Disparity
Mean cardiovascular mortality 2003‐2009 – women
(age‐standardized)
Dorner, Stein, Rieder. Int J Health Geogr. 2011
West-East-Disparity
in cardiovascular mortality in Austria
• Diabetes, obesity, hypertension, exercise,
psychosocial factors !
• Plus in women: Migrant women, lack of social
support, low education
• does not explain all the differences in mortality
Dorner, Stein, Rieder. Int J Health Geogr. 2011
Policies
„Medicine is a social science. And politics is
nothing else than medicine on a big scale.“
Commission on
Social Determinants of Health
• „social injustice is killing on a grand scale“
• „A toxic combination…of poor social policies
and programmes, unfair economic
arrangements, and bad politics…is responsible
for the fact that a majority of people in the
world do not enjoy the good health that is
biologically possible“
WHO 2008
What can be done?
WHO 2005
Commission on Social Determinants of Health
….to marshal the evidence on what can be done to
promote health equity, and to foster a global movement
to achieve it.
WHO, Commission on Social Determinants, Final Report, 2008
Three principles for action ‐ „Evidence for action“
1. Improve daily living conditions • Health care systems have better
health outcomes when built on
Equity from the start primary health care (PHC)
Fair Employment and decent
work • Locally appropriate action across the
Social protection across range of social determinants
lifecourse
Universal health care • Disease prevention and health
promotion are in balance with…
• ….Investment in curative
interventions, emphasis on primary
level of care with adequate referral
to higher levels of care
WHO 2008
Three principles for action - „Evidence for action“
2. Tackle the inequitable
distribution of power, money, • E.g. Fair financing
and resources
Socioeconomic development of rich
countries strongly supported by
‐ Health equity in all policies, systems publicly financed infrastructure and
and programmes universal public services
• Market responsibility
‐ Fair financing
Reinforced role (public sector
leadership leadership) of state in
‐ Market responsibility regulation of tobacco, alcohol and
food, water and sanitation
‐ Gender equity (e.g.equal wages, • Gender equity
particiation in economic power,
investment in women´s health e.g.equal wages, particiation in
services) economic power, investment in
women´s health services
WHO 2008
Three principles for action - „Evidence for action“
3. Measure and understand the
problem and assesss the impact
of action
‐ Actors • Actors
• Multilateral Agencies, WHO, UN
‐ Is closing the gap in a generation • National and local government
feasible?
• Private sector
• Reasearch Institutions
• Closing the Gap?
• NO
• when we continue as we are
• Or a long way to go
WHO 2008
Be aware of…..
• Policies on Psychosocial issues: stress, fear, confidence,
being in control ‐
• ‐ Ignoring the underlying more material and structural
sources???
• Tackling health inequalities by trying to empower or
encourage people, not adressing the key underlying
issues???
• Little evidence to indicate that trying to improve people´s
psychosocial experiences without introducing
accompanying interventions to adress the material and
structural determinants
• Concerns about discourse on capabilities – translated into
policies which merely shift the responsibility for poor
health onto individuals and communities who fail to
develop the social networks required to ensure resilience
against health problems
Bambra C, et al, J Epidemiol Community Health, 2011
Research on health inequalities….
• „The majority of contemporary empirical
research on health inequalities is still
descriptive (exploring the aetiological
pathways) rather than prescriptive (evaluation
what can or cannot be done to reduce health
inequalities)“
Bambra C, et al, J Epidemiol Community Health, 2011
…but substantial body of research
available
• Helped to keep the issue on policy as well as on
research agenda
• Development in understanding of health inequalities
– The increasing knowlegde about the role psychosocial
determintants play
– Translating material and societal inequalities into health
inequalities
– Alerting policymaker to ensure that policies tackling
material and economic unequalities do so in a way sensitiv
to social and psychological issues
Bambra C, et al, J Epidemiol Community Health, 2011
„Like excess weight in indiviuals, inequalities in
society are difficult, but not impossible to reduce“
Howden‐Chapman, Social Science & Medicine, 2010
To learn more about it…
• WHO 2011; Second interim report on the European
review of social determinants of health and the health
devide.
• Jakab Z, Marmot M.: Social determinants of health in
Europe. The Lancet (2012);379(9811):103‐105
• Marmot M, Allen J, Bell R, Goldblatt P.: Building of the
global movement for health equity: from Santiago to
Rio and beyond. The Lancet (2012);379(9811):181‐188
To learn more about it…
• Howden‐Chapman, P.: Evicence‐based politics: How
successful have government reviews been as policy
instruments to reduce health inequalities in England?
Social Science & Medicine (2010);71:1240‐1243
• Pickett KE, Dorling D.: Against the organization of
misery? The Marmot Review of health inequalities.
Social Science & Medicine (2010);71(7):1231‐1233
• Wolff, J.: How should governments respond to the
social determinants of health? Preventive Medicine
(2011);53(4‐5):253‐255
To learn more about it…
• Bambra C, Smith KE, Garthwaite K, Joyce KE, Hunter
DJ.: A labour of Sisyphus? Public policy and health
inequalities research from the Black and Acheson
Reports to the Marmot Review. J Epidemiol
Community Health (2011);65:399‐406
• Marmot M, Bell R.: Fair society, healthy lives. Public
Health (2012) article in press
• Viner RM, Ozer EM, Marmot M, Resnick M, Fatusi A,
Currie C.: Adolescence and the social determinants of
health. The Lancet (2012)379:1641‐1652
To learn more about it…
• DETERMINE – best practice models (WHO, ‐
2010)
• MARMOT Review (End of 2009)
• EURO HEALTH NET
• EU‐COMMITTEE on SOCIAL DETERMINANTS
• OECD WORK ON Measurement of health
inequalities
• COUNCIL OF EUROPE WORK on MIGRATION
(AMAC)…………………….