Metrology PDF

CAVOK is
a) 15km visibility, cloud base 5000ft above specified pressure level

b) 10km visibility, cloud base 5000ft (AAL)
c) 05km visibility, cloud base 5000ft MSL
Explanation: CAVOK means that the following conditions occur simultaneously: visibility 10km or
more; no cloud below 5000ft above aerodrome level; no significant weather phenomena at or in the
vicinity of the aerodrome.
(THE AIR PILOT’S MANUAL 2, AVIATION LAW AND METEOROLOGY – Pg. 278)
The % of (i) oxygen to (ii) nitrogen to (iii) other gases in the atmosphere is
a) (i) 78% , (ii) 21% , (iii) 1%

b) (i) 21% , (ii) 78% , (iii) 1%
c) (i) 77% , (ii) 21% , (iii) 2%
Carburettor icing will most likely occur at
a) Cruising power setting

b) Climb power setting
c) Descent power setting
Explanation: Carburettor icing is more likely to occur at lower power settings when the partially
closed butterfly creates a greater venturi cooling effect,
What kind of icing can occur from large, super-cooled water droplets?
a) Rime ice
b) Clear ice
c) Carburettor ice
The sun heats the atmosphere by
a) photosynthesis
b) heating the air molecules directly
c) by heating the surface of the earth, which in turns heats up the air
Explanation: Through terrestrial re-radiation, heat energy in the earth’s surface is re-radiated into the
atmosphere but, because its wavelength is longer than solar radiation, it is more readily absorbed in the
atmosphere
(THE AIR PILOT’S MANUAL 2, AVIATION LAW AND METEOROLOGY – Pg.185)
What do you understand by the term “CAVOK”
a) when there is a minimum visibility of 10km, and no cloud below 5000ft

(AAL) or below the minimum sector altitude
b) when there is a minimum visibility of 5km, and no cloud below 5000ft (AAL)
or below the minimum sector altitude
c) when there is a minimum visibility of 10km, no cloud below 5000ft (AGL) or
below the minimum sector altitude
Explanation: CAVOK means that the following conditions occur simultaneously: visibility 10km or
more; no cloud below 5000ft above aerodrome level; no significant weather phenomena at or in the
vicinity of the aerodrome.
What kind of icing can occur at humid conditions above zero degrees Celsius?
a) clear ice
b) rime ice
c) carburettor icing
Explanation: Ice can form I the carburettor and induction system in moist air with outside air
temperatures as high as 5ºC (or even higher)
Advection fog occurs when there are
a) winds of 15kts and moist air blowing from sea to land

b) winds less than 5kts and warm air blowing from land to sea
c) light wind with cool moist air blowing from sea to land
Explanation: A warm, moist maritime airflow over a cold land surface can lead to advection fog over
land.
Name the chemical that has the highest percentage in the atmosphere.
a) Carbon dioxide (25%)

b) Oxygen (21%)
c) Nitrogen (78%)
What does the word ‘orographic’ mean?
a) The mechanical lifting of air due to topographic features

b) The lifting of the air due to uneven heating of the earth’s atmosphere
Explanation: Air flowing over mountains rises and cools adiabatically.

Weather most frequently occurs in which part of the atmosphere
a) Stratosphere
b) Troposhere
c) Tropopause
In the troposphere, moisture vapour is present
a) Temperature is above 0C
b) When visible vapour like cloud of fog is present
c) All the time
Explanation: Air always contains some water vapour.

(THE AIR PILOT’S MANUAL 2, AVIATION LAW AND METEOROLOGY – Pg. 180/181)
Solar radiation heats the earth by
a) Heating earth which in turns heating the atmosphere

b) Heating air molecules
c) Heating air molecules by advection
From the TAF report below:
33017kts FEW 030 TEMPO 0609 31024G32KTS BECMG 1315 31006kKTS
When will the strongest crosswind happen on a runway 34?
a) 0600 – 0900
b) 1300 – 1500
Explanation: 0609 = 0600 - 0900
What is the cloud base in the above TAF?
a) 1 okta 30m
b) 1-2 oktas 3000ft
c) 1-2 oktas 3000m
Explanation: FEW = 1-2 oktas

(THE AIR PILOT’S MANUAL 2, AVIATION LAW AND METEOROLOGY – Pg.
Clear ice is formed from
a) Large supercooled water droplets above freezing level

b) Small supercooled water droplets below freezing level
c) Saturated water vapour
As a parcel of saturated air condenses due to adiabatic cooling as it rises, the latent
heat of condensation
a) Has no effect on the rate of cooling

b) Decreases the rate of cooling
c) Increases the rate of cooling
Explanation: The rate of saturated air cools as it rises is known as the saturated adiabatic lapse rate
(SALR) and may be assumed to have a value of approximately half the dry adiabatic lapse rate
(DALR)
The standing waves of a mountain range can occur
a) at all altitudes in the tropopause

b) only in mountains above 500ft and winds above 30kts
c) in unstable air
Lapse rate is the temperature change with height. It normally changes at a rate of
a) 2ºC per 1000ft

b) 4ºC per 1000ft
c) 6ºC per 1000ft
Explanation: Standard
ISA conditions in MSL:
a) pressure 1013.2mb, falling at a rate 30mb/1000ft, temperature -1.5ºC/1000ft

b) density 1225g/cubic metre, pressure 1013.25mb, temperature +15ºC, falling
1.98ºC/1000ft
c) pressure 1000mb, temperature +15ºC, lapse rate of 3ºC/1000ft
Under what conditions does radiation fog occur?
a) Winds of 15kts, with moist air blowing from the sea to the land
b) Winds of less than 5kts, with warm air blowing from the land to the sea
c) Light winds, clear skies, high dew point
The troposphere is bounded by a layer known as
a) stratosphere
b) tropopause 60000ft above AMSL
c) mesosphere
The troposphere is bounded y a layer known as the
a) stratosphere, ??feet above the poles and ?? feet above the equator
b) tropopause, 20000 feet above the poles and 60000 feet above the equator
c) mesosphere, ?? feet above the poles and ?? feet above the equator
Following the ISA conditions, at what height would the atmospheric temperature be -
15ºC?
a) FL 150
b) FL 70
c) FL 110
Explanation: lapse rate 2ºC per 1000ft, ISA +15ºC to -15ºC = 15000ft (FL 15000)
Water vapour in the air causes
a) a decrease in density
b) no change in density
c) an increase in density
Explanation: Water molecule is a relatively light molecule and its presence in large numbers in an air
mass lowers its density.
Which of the following is true ?
a) Density decreases with height

b) No change in density with increase in height
c) Density decreases with height, provided temperature is below standard
Which of the following is true?
a) Higher dew point gives a higher cloudbase

b) Lower dew point gives a higher cloudbase
c) Lower dew point gives a lower cloud base
Explanation: With a lower dew point, the ambient temperature will have to lower too thus the
cloudbase will be higher.
a) Density decreases with height

b) No change in density with increase in height
c) Density decreases with height, provided temperature is below standard
QNH set at Area A. A plane travels to area B with same QNH but B has a higher
ambient temperature. Pressure level at B is:
a) Higher at B than at A
b) Of equal height to A as QNH is the same.
c) High at A than at B[[
In a low-pressure area, wind travels:
a) In an anti-clockwise direction in the Northern Hemisphere & a

clockwise direction in the Southern Hemisphere.
b) Both clockwise in the northern and southern
c) In a clockwise direction in the Northern Hemisphere & an anti-
clockwise direction in the Southern Hemisphere
Assume 1hPa = 30ft

A plane takes off from aerodrome A with QNH 1004, elevation is 684 ft. It flies to
aerodrome B, elevation 240ft, without changing QNH setting. Lands with altitude of
300 ft. what is the QFE of B?
a) 1002
b) 996
c) 994
Explanation:
Aircraft takes off with ONH 1004 at A
This will indicate on the altimeter the airfield elevation
OFE suppose to read 0 when the aircraft is on the ground of the aerodrome
When the plane lands at B. the QNH reads 300ft even though it is suppose to read 240
This does not matter as the question wants QFE.
Hence all we have to do is make the altimeter read 0
To do this we have to take away 300ft
Since 1mb is 30ft, we have to take away 10mbs.
Hence this give us 994 QFE at B
A cyclone cause
a) Wide-spread ascent and convergence

b) Wide-spread ascent and divergence
c) Wide-spread subsidence and divergence
Severe low-level wind shear can be caused by
a) Area of high pressure (anticyclone)

b) The severe updrafts and downdrafts during the mature stages of a CB,.
Winds at 2000ft which are unaffected by surface friction will _______ at night in the
Southern Hemisphere.
a) Veer
b) Back
c) Create an anti-cyclonic weather system due to high pressure
An ELR of 2oC/1000ft, DALR of 3oC/1000ft and SALR of 1.5oC/1000ft is termed as
a) Stable
b) Conditionally unstable
c) Unstable
Advection fog, radiation fog, and industrial haze all pose a hazard to a flight due to
decreased visibility for the pilot, in a temperature inversion, which of the above three
is likely to be trapped at the surface of the inversion?
a) advection fog and industrial haze

b) advection fog and radiation fog
c) all of the above three
Wind blows clockwise around a low pressure area and anti-clockwise around a high
pressure area in the
a) northern hemisphere
b) southern hemisphere
c) both hemispheres
Lightning is experienced
a) from cloud base to ground

b) from the anvil to mid level
c) at 5000ft within freezing level
In an area where temperature at 3000ft is 10C and at 10000ft temp. is at 1C , what
condition is this?
a) Stable
b) Unstable
c) Conditionally unstable
Windshear might severely affect an a/c on finals, when would they occur
a) unstable air near CB clouds

b) stable air
c) unstable and stable air
At mid-latitudes the wind at 200ft is max in the afternoon. The surface wind is
minimum due to the friction with the ground. At night, the wind _____ in the southern
hemisphere
a) Backs and decreases

b) Veers and increases
c) Veers and decreases
When is low-level wind shear unlikely to form
a) Near a low level Cb cloud

b) When there is low level temperature inversion
c) When the temperature is rising, but the conditions are still stable
In windshear conditions, a sudden reduction in headwind results in
a) Undemanded reduction in the rate of descent

b) Reduced IAS
c) Increased IAS
Areas A and B have the same MSL pressure, but B has a higher ambient temperature.
Pressure level at B is
a) Higher at B than at A
b) Of equal height to A as QNH is the same
c) Higher at A than at B
Warm front causes _____ clouds and cold front causes _____ clouds.
a) Culiform, stratiform
b) Cumulonimbus, lenticular
c) Layer, culiform
(THE AIR PILOT’S MANUAL 2, AVIATION LAW AND METEOROLOGY – Pg. 237, 238, 239)
When a cold front overtakes a warm front
a) An occlusion is formed combining the characteristics of both weather systems

b) The warm front destroys the cold front and runs a victory lap
c) They separate after the cold front goes ahead of the warm front
Which of the following can be considered “low level” clouds
a) Cumulonimbus, Stratocumulus, Stratus

b) Altostratus, Nimbostratus, Cumulus
c) Altocumulus, cirrostratus, stratus
Low-level clouds are
a) Cirrus, cirrostratus
b) Altostratus, altocumulus
c) Nimbostratus, stratus
Nimbostratus clouds have _____ cloudbase and brings _____ rain.
a) Low, continuous
b) High, no
c) Middle, intermittent
Conditions as given – Hail – lightning – severe turbulence, which is the correct cloud
type?
a) cumulonimbus
b) nimbostratus
c) stratostratus
Explanation: Lightning, thunder and hail are characteristic of this type of cloud.
Given the following characteristics, what cloud type is it?

Severe turbulence, thunderstorm, heavy rain or hail
a) nimbostratus
b) cumulus
c) cumulonimbus
Explanation: Lightning, thunder and hail are characteristic of this type of cloud
Nimbostratus cloud is
a) High level cloud and heavy rain

b) Low level cloud and continuous rain
c) Middle level cloud and showers
Unstable air over the mountain ranges give rise to
a) Layered clouds
b) Layered clouds associated with the fOhn effect
c) Cumuliform clouds which may give rise to turbulence
Low level clouds are
a) Stratus, cumulus, cumulonimbus

b) Altostratus, stratus, stratonimbus
c) Altostratus
How are lenticular clouds formed?
a) By the uneven heating of the air above the ground

b) When two air masses mix unevenly
c) When air is lifted up as it flows towards a highland
When a cold front overtakes a warm front, it might form a cold or warm front,
judging from the temperature difference, how can one know if it’s a cold or warm
occlusion?
a) the temperature difference between the cold front and the temperature at the
cold front ahead of the warm front.
The term “absolute humidity” is used to describe
a) A parcel of air that is saturated

b) The dew point temperature of the air
The term “relative humidity “ is used with reference to
a) The total amount of water vapour in the air

b) The humidity at which water vapour in the air reaches it’s dew point
temperature
c) The amount of water vapour in the air relative to maximum amount it can hold
Explanation: A parcel of air supporting as much water vapour as it can.

How does advection fog form?
a) When cold, dry air flows over a warm sea

b) When moist air flows horizontally and is cooled below it’s dew point
temperature
c) When there is uneven heating of the surface, lifting air above it’s dew point
temperature
10004kts 6000 FEW018 24/25 Q1010. What is the likelihood of radiation fog
forming?
a) Radiation fog unlikely to form

b) As the temperature and dew point is about the same, almost clear sky and light
wind, radiation fog is likely to form
Explanation: wind 100º 04kts FEW = few clouds 24/25 = temperature 24ºC, dewpoint 25ºC
Dew point is
a) amount of water in atmosphere to the amount of water ISA condition can

contain
b) amount of water to the maximum amount of water it can hold in the same
ambient temperature
c) the temperature of a parcel of air that can be cooled to before saturation occurs
a) Higher dewpoint gives a higher cloudbase

b) Lower dewpoint gives a higher cloudbase
c) Lower dewpoint gives a lower cloudbase
Compared to dry air, the dew point of humid air is
a) higher
b) lower
c) similar
A _____ dew point will give a _____ cloud base.
a) low, high
b) high, low
c) low, low
When a parcel of air with absolute humidity is cooled as it rises,
a) dew point remains constant but relative humidity increases

b) dew point decreases but humidity remains constant
c) dew point increases but humidity decreases
The weather phenomenon that is associated with a sudden increase of low level wind
in an area or along a line is known as
a) Gust
b) Squalls
c) Fronts
When two different air masses meet, the boundary between them is called a
a) Front
b) Thunderstorm
c) Low pressure system
Explanation: Air masses have different characteristics and there is usually a distinct division between
adjacent air masses known as front.
What do you understand by a high-pressure system?
a) widespread ascent and surface convergence

b) widespread descent and surface divergence
c) widespread descent and surface convergence
Explanation: The three-domensional flow of air associated with an anti-cyclone is: an outflow of air
from the high-pressure area in the lower layers (divergence); the slow subsidence of air over a wide
area from above; and an inflow of air in the upper layers.
Standing waves occur near mountain ranges. The portion where the worst turbulence
can be expected is?
a) Above the peak where there are lenticular clouds

b) Below the rotor cloud at the leeward side of the mountain
c) Before crossing the mountain peak
In the northern hemisphere, when experiencing port (left) drift, you are flying towards
a) a region of low-pressure
b) a region of high-pressure
Explanation: In northern hemisphere, the wind circulates clockwise around the centre of high. Flying
towards a high an aircraft will experience left (port) drift.
A low-pressure area will cause
a) surface convergence and rising air

b) surface divergence and subsidence
c) surface convergence and subsidence
Unstable air over mountain ranges give rise to
a) Layered clouds
b) Layered clouds associated with the fohn effect
c) Cumuliform clouds which may give rise to turbulence
Explanation: Unstable air will give cumuliform clouds.

When 2 air mass of differing characteristics come in contact, it is termed as
a) Front of either ‘warm or cold’

b) Confluence
Explanation: Fronts are divisions between adjacent air masses

Widespread subsidence
a) anticyclones
b) depression
A ridge is
a) A region of high pressure

b) A region of low pressure
c) A region between high and low pressure
In the Northern Hemisphere, 2000ft above ground level the wind is unaffected by
surface friction. However near the ground, the wind is slowed down by the surface
friction causing it to back. What happens to surface wind at night in the Southern
Hemisphere?
a) veer and increase

b) back and decrease
c) veer and decrease
Explanation: In northern hemisphere, the Coriolis force deflects the wind to the right; in the southern
hemisphere, the situation is reversed and it deflects the wind to the left
The force that causes parcels of air to move is the
a) Pressure gradient force

b) Gestrophic force
c) Coriolis force
A slack pressure gradient causes wind to blow from
a) sea to land in the morning

b) sea to land with the strongest force during mid-day
c) land to sea in the morning

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CAVOK is

a) 15km visibility, cloud base 5000ft above specified pressure level

a) (i) 78% , (ii) 21% , (iii) 1%

Carburettor icing will most likely occur at

a) Cruising power setting

What do you understand by the term “CAVOK”

a) when there is a minimum visibility of 10km, and no cloud below 5000ft

Advection fog occurs when there are

a) winds of 15kts and moist air blowing from sea to land

a) Carbon dioxide (25%)

What does the word ‘orographic’ mean?

a) The mechanical lifting of air due to topographic features

Explanation: Air flowing over mountains rises and cools adiabatically.

Weather most frequently occurs in which part of the atmosphere

In the troposphere, moisture vapour is present

Explanation: Air always contains some water vapour.

Solar radiation heats the earth by

a) Heating earth which in turns heating the atmosphere

When will the strongest crosswind happen on a runway 34?

What is the cloud base in the above TAF?

Explanation: FEW = 1-2 oktas

Clear ice is formed from

a) Large supercooled water droplets above freezing level

a) Has no effect on the rate of cooling

a) at all altitudes in the tropopause

a) 2ºC per 1000ft

ISA conditions in MSL:

a) pressure 1013.2mb, falling at a rate 30mb/1000ft, temperature -1.5ºC/1000ft

Under what conditions does radiation fog occur?

The troposphere is bounded by a layer known as

Water vapour in the air causes

Which of the following is true ?

a) Density decreases with height

Which of the following is true?

a) Higher dew point gives a higher cloudbase

a) Density decreases with height

In a low-pressure area, wind travels:

a) In an anti-clockwise direction in the Northern Hemisphere & a

Assume 1hPa = 30ft

a) Wide-spread ascent and convergence

Severe low-level wind shear can be caused by

a) Area of high pressure (anticyclone)

An ELR of 2oC/1000ft, DALR of 3oC/1000ft and SALR of 1.5oC/1000ft is termed as

a) advection fog and industrial haze

a) from cloud base to ground

a) unstable air near CB clouds

a) Backs and decreases

a) Near a low level Cb cloud

In windshear conditions, a sudden reduction in headwind results in

a) Undemanded reduction in the rate of descent

When a cold front overtakes a warm front

a) An occlusion is formed combining the characteristics of both weather systems

Which of the following can be considered “low level” clouds

a) Cumulonimbus, Stratocumulus, Stratus

Nimbostratus clouds have _____ cloudbase and brings _____ rain.

Given the following characteristics, what cloud type is it?

a) High level cloud and heavy rain

Low level clouds are

a) Stratus, cumulus, cumulonimbus

Nimbostratus clouds have _ cloudbase and brings _ rain.

A _ dew point will give a _ cloud base.