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Equations of Order One: Differential Equations Module 2A

1. A solution to a differential equation satisfies the given equation by eliminating derivatives. General solutions contain arbitrary constants equal to the order of the equation, while particular solutions assign values to constants. 2. First-order differential equations can be separated into explicit or implicit forms. Equations that are variable separable can be transformed to the form A(x)dx + B(y)dy = 0 and solved by integrating each term. 3. Examples demonstrate solving separable first-order differential equations by algebraic manipulation and integration to find the general solution containing an arbitrary constant. Initial conditions are used to determine the particular solution.

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417 views

Equations of Order One: Differential Equations Module 2A

1. A solution to a differential equation satisfies the given equation by eliminating derivatives. General solutions contain arbitrary constants equal to the order of the equation, while particular solutions assign values to constants. 2. First-order differential equations can be separated into explicit or implicit forms. Equations that are variable separable can be transformed to the form A(x)dx + B(y)dy = 0 and solved by integrating each term. 3. Examples demonstrate solving separable first-order differential equations by algebraic manipulation and integration to find the general solution containing an arbitrary constant. Initial conditions are used to determine the particular solution.

Uploaded by

Juvilee Rico
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

MODULE 2a
EQUATIONS OF ORDER ONE

SOLUTIONS OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

A solution to a differential equation is an equation, free of derivatives,


that satisfies the given differential equation.
Example: Show that y=x 2 +cx is a solution of the differential
equation x y ' =x 2 + y
Solution:
y=x 2 +cx y ' =2 x+ c
If this is the solution, then it must satisfy the given differential
equation. Substituting into the given differential equation, we
have
x ( 2 x +c )=x 2+(x 2 +cx )
2 x2 + cx=2 x 2 +cx
Therefore the equation is satisfied.

Kinds of Solutions to Differential Equations

1. General solution – a solution which contains a number of


independent arbitrary constants equal to the order of the
differential equation.
2. Particular solution – a solution which can be obtained from the
general solution by giving specific values to one or more of
the constants.

First Order Equations


dy
Explicit form: dx = F ( x , y )
Implicit form: M ( x , y ) dx+ N ( x , y ) dy=o
I. Equations that are VARIABLE SEPARABLE

A first-order differential equation that is either of the


explicit or implicit form, is variable separable if, by algebraic
manipulation, it can be transformed into the form
A ( x ) dx + B ( y ) dy=0
The solution can then be obtained by integrating each term
of the above equation.

Illustrative Examples:
1. Solve the equation sin x sin ydx +cos x cos ydy=0.
Solution:
Divide both sides of the equation by sin y cos x .
sin x cos y
dx + dy ¿ 0
cos x sin y
Integrating each term of the equation, we get
−lncos x + lnsin y =ln c
ln sin y=ln c+ ln cos x
ln sin y=ln c cos x
sin y=c cos x Ans.
2

2. Solve the equation xy 3 dx+ e x dy =0.


Solution:
2

Divide both sides of the equation by y3 ex ,


x dy
x dx +¿ ¿0
2

e y3
2

x e−x dx + y −3 dy =0
−1 − x y−2 c
2

2 e +¿ −2 −2
=
2

e− x + y −2=c Ans.

3. Solve the equation


( xy + x ) dx=( x 2 y 2 + x 2+ y 2+1 ) dy
Solution:
x ( y +1 ) dx=¿
x ( y +1 ) dx=¿

x ( y +1 ) dx=( x 2 +1 ) ( y 2 +1 ) dy

Divide both sides of the equation by


2
( y +1 ) ( x +1 ). Hence, we get
x y 2+1
2 dx = dy
x +1 y +1
Integrating each term of the above equation,
∫ x x+1 dx=∫( y−1+ y+2 1 ) dy
2

1 y2
ln ( x 2 +1 )= − y +2 ln ( y +1 )+ 2 ln c
2 2
1 y2
ln ( x 2 +1 )= − y +2 ¿
2 2
1 y2
ln ( x 2 +1 )= − y +2 ln c ( y +1 )
2 2
ln ( x 2 +1 )= y 2−2 y + 4 ln c ( y +1 ) Ans.

4. αdβ + βdα +αβ ( 3 dα + dβ ) =0

Solution:
First we distribute the terms.
αdβ + βdα +3 αβ dα + αβdβ=0
β (1+3 α ) dα +α (1+ β ) dβ=0

Dividing both sides by αβ , we get


1+ 3 α 1+ β
dα +¿ dβ=0
α β

∫ 1α +3 dα +∫ 1β + 1 dβ=0
( ) ( )
ln α +3 α + ln β + β +ln c=0

ln cαβ=−3 α −β or cαβ =e−3 α −β Ans.

5. ( 2 a2−r 2 ) dr=r 3 sin θdθ, when θ=0 , r=a .


Solution:
3
Dividing both sides by r , we get
2 a2−r 2
dr =sin θdθ
r3
dr
2 a2∫ r−3 dr−∫ =∫ sin θdθ
r
−2
r
2 a2 −ln r =−cos θ−c
−2
a2
r2
+ lnr =cos θ+ c general solution
When θ=0 , r=a,
a2
+ ln a=cos 0+c
a2
1+ln a=1+c c=ln a
a2
+ lnr =cos θ+ ln a
r2
a2
+ lnr −ln a=cos θ
r2
a2 r
r 2
+ ln =cos θ
a Ans.
2

6. y ' =x e y− x ,
when x=0 , y=0
Solution:
dy
=
2

dx x e y e−x
2

dy =x e y e−x dx

Dividing both sides by e , y

dy
=
2

x e−x dx
ey
2

∫ e− y dy =∫ x e− x dx
−1 − x 1 2

−e− y =¿ e − c
2 2
2

2 e− y =e− x + c general solution


When x=0 , y=0
2 e−0=e−0 +c
2=1+ c c=1
2

2 e− y =e− x +1 Ans.

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