Ïðàâîâà ñèñòåìà Óêðà¿íè é ì³æíàðîäíå ïðàâî, ïîð³âíÿëüíå ïðàâîçíàâñòâî

TODOR K. SHOPOV

Todor K. Shopov, professor of the Sofia University

(Bulgaria)

INTERCOMPREHENSION ANALYSIS: INNOVATIVE WORK

IN THE AREA OF LANGUAGES
Introduction
Intercomprehension Analysis is a new field of study in the area of languages. It is changing the language edu-
cation landscape right before our eyes. The reform is occurring at an opportune time because twenty-first-century
issues, today’s new ways of thinking, call for new orientations in language teaching methodology.
This paper explores innovative work done under three European projects – Exchange to Change (1998–2001),
EU&I (2002–2005), and Intercom (2006–2009). Chronologically, they span over a decade, starting in 1997 and con-
tinuing to present. Together with other European projects, they share best practices in the thematic domain con-
cerned as partners in the thematic network on Intercomprehension, Redinter (www.redinter.eu ). The experience of
the team of scholars, participating in the projects, is worth looking into because it represents the development of
ideas in the study of Intercomprehension. The paper outlines this progress in three stages, starting with the state of
«awareness» (Intercomprehension Awareness), passing through a stage of «analysis» (Intercomprehension
Analysis) and ending with an attempt to «apply» the new knowledge and understanding in language teaching
methodology (Applied Intercomprehension). Borrowing the famous terminology, I would describe them as the «sen-
sorimotor period», «peroperational period» and «operational period». All these stages are of interest because they
serve to identify achievement, to disseminate benefits and to launch the results into the mainstream.
The phrase «research and development» (R&D) needs defining. According to the Organization for Economic
Co-operation and Development, means «creative work undertaken on a systematic basis in order to increase the
stock of knowledge, including knowledge of (hu)man, culture and society, and the use of this stock of knowledge
to devise new applications» (www.oecd.org). In the context of language education, «research and development»
refers to future-oriented, longer-term activities, using similar techniques to scientific research, with broadly prede-
termined outcomes.
Intercomprehension Awareness – the «Sensorimotor» Period
The Exchange to Change Project
Results
The project represents an early phase in the evolution of the concept of Intercomprehension (for information
on the emergence of the idea in the 1990s, please see e.g. www.galanet.eu and www.galapro.net >
www.galapro.eu.sessions ). It focuses on awareness-raising rather than systematic study. A set of self-training mate-
rials has been published – the Exchange to Change instruction folder (Capucho 2001). In it, Intercomprehension is
defined as: «The capacity to understand and be understood by means of different types of communication strategies,
verbal as well as non-verbal» (p. 75). The concept serves as the basis of a set of modules opening «new horizons»
in the user’s strategic and methodological skills. The learner is assured that «The discovery of motivations, the rep-
resentation and the open attitude towards the language and the culture of the «Other» might contribute to a better
understanding of the problems concerning Intercomprehension...» (p. 76).
The module on Intercomprehension includes the following sections: linguistic expectations (representations
and images of the country, the usefulness of the language, the wish to learn the language, the necessity to commu-
nicate), linguistic preparation, strategies of Intercomprehension: to understand and be understood, the sociocultural
dimension (cultural aspects, activities during the stay – Intercomprehension strategies used in situations – at the
place of arrival, buying souvenirs, postcards and necessary items, finding your way, discussions with colleagues, at
the hotel, if you are misunderstood, reading a newspaper), role of the intonation and the rhythm of the language, in
order to be understood, observing social and traditional behaviour, discovering the language: posters and icons,
words and phrases for food, entertainment, school, travel, sightseeing, shopping, linguistic impressions, personal
approach to the language, the need to understand and to be understood during the visit to the country (including
reception, production, interaction, mediation), listening comprehension, reading comprehension, speaking, writing
and social strategies.
Related to the project work, Maya Pencheva and Todor Shopov have published a book with their ideas on the
theoretical bases of Intercomprehension, «Understanding Babel. An Essay in Intercomprehension Analysis» (2003).
The notion of Intercomprehension Analysis is put forward to mark the whole range of epistemological (learning for
knowing), ontological (learning for identity), praxeological (learning for acting) issues of Intercomprehension. The
authors claim that «… the Modular Intercomprehension Model (MIM) is based on the definition of receptive profi-
ciency as an aspect of general communicative proficiency. We are not suggesting that Intercomprehension is just a
matter of language. On the contrary, it exists in various modalities stemming from discrete mental faculties. It is
based on the compositionality principle, which means that the MIM is interdisciplinary and multidimensional.
Hence, six modules constitute it. We shall list them in alphabetical order below:

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 Todor K. Shopov. Intercomprehension Analysis: Innovative Work in the Area of Languages

– Cognitive base,
– CLinguistic base,
– CPhysiological base,
– CPragmatic base,
– CPsycholinguistic base,
– CSociolinguistic base.

Physiological Base Pragmatic Base Cognitive Base

INTERCOMPREHENSION

Psycholinguistic Base Linguistic Base Sociolinguistic Base

Components of the Modular Intercomprehension Model (MIM)

The MIM includes the necessary and sufficient modules for an adequate description of Intercomprehension.
But the finite number of modules does not imply that the model is exhaustive. Quite the opposite, it is hardly pos-
sible to account for all aspects of this complex subject in an exhaustive and comprehensive way. We are sceptical
about the possibility of constructing such a theory. However, the MIM enriches the theoretical study of
Intercomprehension so as to contribute to the foundation of the discipline of Intercomprehension Analysis.»
This is, as expected, an early model. Since then, other models have been developed, e. g. Doyé (2005). The
main implication of the ideas shaping this area of study is that Intercomprehension is a complex ability, made up of
other complex abilities.
Intercomprehension Analysis – the «Preoperational» Period
The EU&I Project: European Awareness and Intercomprehension
EU&I starts with the assumption that receptive language behaviour in a language which has never been stud-
ied is not only the result of «linguistic transfer» and «optimised deduction» (for information on this, please see work
of the EuroCom: www.eurocomresearch.net ), but also the result of the application of receptive strategies which
form the base of communication through inference, analogy and association. Through raising the awareness of the
learner, Intercomprehension may become an element of the communicative proficiency of the citizens of Europe.
Outcomes
The theoretical concepts of the project have been outlined in a monograph, «Building bridges. EU&I» (Martins
2005), written in four languages – English, French, Italian and Portuguese. The authors explore fundamental issues
of Intercomprehension Analysis, such as the nature of intercomprehension and communicative competence in the
light of constructivist psychological and educational theory.
Capucho and Oliveira explore the notion of Intercomprehension. They present their model of «discursive com-
petence» (or global communicative competence). The model includes three dimensions – textual (text formats and
genres, sequence types, cohesion and coherence, prosody), linguistic (phonology, lexicon and semantics, morphol-
ogy and syntax) and situational (socio-cultural uses, interactional uses, pragmatic uses). It shows that language
reception depends on a number of factors, the linguistic element of communicative competence being only one of
them. Therefore, Intercomprehension is possible on the basis of the other universal components. Even within the lin-
guistic element, there is a body of contents scaffolding understanding, for example international vocabulary. So, at
the theoretical level (abstract and general), we can claim that Intercomprehension Analysis includes all components
of communicative competence. This may serve as a principle of language education. We can create a methodology
for using communicative strategies in situations, requiring Intercomprehension. The authors conclude, «Therefore,
the research undergoing in the EU&I context will try and develop further empirical and theoretical work on the
Discursive Competence model, establishing links between Intercomprehension phenomena and the mental model»
(p. 16).
Shopov describes his model of attainment levels of language proficiency. The continuum of language profi-
ciency is defined by two extreme points or states – the native-speaker’s skill (L1) and the Intercomprehension skill
in situations of communication through a language which the interlocutors have not studied (Lx). Between them,
many different levels fall, e. g. the CEF levels ranging from C2 to A1. The continuum includes the level of «partial
competence», defined in CEF. The model of attainment levels can be applied for the creation of a «hypertext syl-
labus» seen as a Knowledge Strategy. It will allow the learner to «discover» the necessary and sufficient informa-
tion and to «invent» his or her knowledge-skill to fulfill personal purposes. That methodology differs from classi-
cal communicative language teaching. It is a new stage in its progress. The author asks, «School language learning
should maintain equilibrium between externally imposed necessity and internal pedagogical orientation. So if we,
language teachers, cannot do much about the former, can we not monitor the latter?» (p. 19).

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The practical applications of the project have been developed in instructional software – the EU&I interactive
DVD (Capucho 2005). It has 7 modules – «Room Booking» (online hotel reservation), «TV» (watching television
programmes), «Stories» (storytelling), «Your Turn» (telephone conversations), «Songs» (popular songs sung in dif-
ferent languages), «Boots or Sandals» (newspaper weather reports in newspapers in the Latin, Greek and Cyrillic
scripts), «Hell or Heaven» (travelling in Europe and dealing with stereotypes). The modules are adapted for 11
«practice» languages (Bulgarian, Dutch, English, French, German, Greek, Italian, Portuguese, Spanish, Swedish,
and Turkish). Five of them are the «working» languages (English, French, German, Italian, and Spanish) of the
instructional software.
The project has adopted the following working definition: «Intercomprehension is the process of developing
the ability to co-construct meaning in the context of the encounter of different languages and to make pragmatic use
of this in a concrete communicative situation.» It has been criticised by the external project evaluator (Peter Doyé
2005). Doyé maintains: «I think that this definition has two decisive disadvantages: Firstly, it is not in accordance
with the work of other projects on Intercomprehension and secondly, it is unnecessarily restrictive. Up to now,
Intercomprehension has nowhere been conceived as a learning process, but in most cases as a communication
process or simply as a form of communication. If we define Intercomprehension as «the process of developing the
ability to…,» we clearly see it as «the learning process to…» (Both these expressions are synonyms in psychologi-
cal terminology). Such a modification of the original idea does not seem appropriate to me and I would advise the
group to address in their definition the mental activity itself rather than its development or acquisition or learning.
This would have the additional advantage to make the concept more congruent with the concepts used in other proj-
ects. Irrespective of the specificity of the EU&I project, we [the researchers] do have predecessors and should try to
communicate or even cooperate with them, which would be impeded, if we used essentially different concepts.
Scientific communication in the social, behavioural and educational disciplines often suffers from misunderstand-
ings resulting from a lack of agreement on the meaning of basic terms. Therefore it would be a great advantage, if
the representatives of the EU&I Project could use a definition that is in accordance with the ones that are widely
used already.»
Doyé concludes, «If all participants adhere to the idea formulated by Maya Pencheva and Todor Shopov that
projects like the present one should try to answer the central question, under which conditions is Intercomprehension
successful?, then it seems to be a logical consequence that each group should attempt to make their specific contri-
bution to answering this question» (unpublished project evaluation report, 2005).
Here are some examples of definitions of Intercomprehension, existing at that moment: «Un tipo de comuni-
cación en la que cada interlocutor habla su lengua y entiende la del otro» (Vega Llorente Pinto, ILTE, 2002); and
also in: Jean-Claude Beacco & Michael Byram, Guide for the Development of Language Education Policies in
Europe, 2004; Louise Dabène, Comprendre les langues voisines, 2002; Umberto Eco, La ricerca della lingua per-
fetta nella cultura europea, 2002; Franz-Josef Meißner, Interkomprehension in romanischen Sprachen, 2003; Karl
Rieder, Intercomprehension – Fremdsprachige Texte entschlüsseln, 2001.
EU&I is included in the study «50 Ways to Motivate Language Learners» (online version at
http://europa.eu.int/) as one of the best practices in Europe. The authors of the Lingo survey have selected it, togeth-
er with other projects, methods and events «not only for their originality, but also because they are capable of being
transferred to other countries or contexts»; in addition, «they reach out to potential learners, engage them in a way
that is both appealing and unthreatening and, in some cases, challenge traditional notions of how and where lan-
guages should be taught.»
Research work of 14 authors from 7 European countries has been published in book form at St. Kliment
Ohridski University of Sofia: «Intrcomprehension Analysis: a Textbook» (Shopov 2005). The contents range from
theoretical studies related to language teaching methodology and language planning, e. g. «Developing strong recep-
tive competence in order to perceive cultural and linguistic diversity. A new approach to intercomprehension and its
didactics» (Christian Ollivier) and «The need for intercomprehension and semiocomprehension to supplement the
traditional role of language» (Dinçay Köksal) to concrete experimental work, e. g. «An intercomprehension exper-
iment in Athens» (Rea Deveroudi and Argyro Moustaki) and «Verbal and non-verbal strategies for oral production»
(Eva Brandauer and Margareta Strasser. In her preface, Filomena Capucho recapitulates, «The notion of
Intercomprehension, as researchers and experts on languages have taken it during the last 15 years, is one of the
most innovative and powerful concepts that have appeared in the context of language methodology since the early
1900s. It may thus seem surprising that it has not been largely applied and developed in the concrete field of lan-
guage learning.» The book is an attempt to incorporate Intercomprehension Analysis in modern mainstream lan-
guage education.
Applied Intercomprehension – the «Operational» Period
The Intercom Project
Applied Intercomprehension or the didactics of Intercomprehension is the design of a teaching method for the
teaching of this type of language competence. The project aims to produce interactive learning materials. It builds
on the work and achievements of the research and development carried out in the first decade of the twentieth cen-
tury. The website is still under construction; nevertheless it contains essential information:
http://www.intercomprehension.eu/modules/intercom/template.php?module=0 . The main premise is that con-
text provides infinite prospects for Intercomprehension. The user can make out the meaning of messages in oral or
written communication on the basis of various clues – linguistic and extra-linguistic.

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 Todor K. Shopov. Intercomprehension Analysis: Innovative Work in the Area of Languages

Objectives and expected outcomes

Intercom is developing a number of modules involving the exchange of information (instructions, strategies,
feedback, etc.) between the user and the computer: Shopping for clothing and accessories; Buying food; Travelling
abroad; Looking for accommodation; Looking for directions in a strange city; Alphabets: the Greek alphabet and
the Cyrillic alphabet. The objective is to use authentic contexts in all teaching/learning tasks. The project has two
working languages (English and French); the languages of the consortium partners (Austria, Bulgaria, Greece and
Portugal) are the target languages of the instructional modules.
Here are some typical interactive activities, for each module, providing guided Intercomprehension experience
and raising the Intercomprehension awareness of the user.
1. Shopping for clothing and accessories
You are abroad for an Exchange semester. Before you go back home you want to buy some clothes for your-
self and for a friend. You decide to buy them online at INTERSHOP in order to avoid extra expenses. You will pre-
pare a list of items you want to purchase: 1men’s belt, black leather, 90 cm; 1 men’s shirt, blue, size – neck (in) 16-
16.5, chest (in) 42/44; 1 red skirt, medium; 1 pair of tights, transparent, size 38/40. Your task is: (a) to choose dif-
ferent garments from a list in an online catalogue; (b) to select the correct colour/size/type of each item; (c) to fill
in an online payment form.
2. Buying food
Your task is: (a) to find out which ingredients you need for a specific recipe; (b) to find out what you have to
get from the shop; (c) to find out how to prepare the dish.
3. Travelling abroad
You can choose among these tasks: (a) to look for information on different travel destinations; (b) to choose
among travelling activities according to the destination chosen; (c) to book your accommodation; (d) to book your
travel tickets.
4. Looking for accommodation
You have decided to stay at a hotel for one week while you are trying to find a suitable apartment. Where can
you find information about accommodation? Click on the images of the places where you would go to.
5. Looking for directions in a strange city
Votre tâche est de trouver votre chemin de A à B grâce à des instructions, documents et informations dif-
férentes. Vous pouvez apprendre comment faire pour tirer des informations d’un texte dans une langue inconnue ou
peu connue. Lire et comprendre des horaires et des affiches à la gare. Comprendre et apprendre, grâce à un plan,
quelques structures utilisées pour des indications de chemin.
6. Alphabets: the Greek alphabet and the Cyrillic alphabet
Athens Metro Map: Using authentic document such as the Athens Metro map… On a metro map, you will
have, most of the times, all stations noted in local alphabet along with their transcriptions in Latin characters. It is
a good opportunity to learn the local alphabet, in this case the Greek one. Try it. It’s easy.
Here is a version of the introduction to the subsection on the Cyrillic alphabet in this module: «The Cyrillic
alphabet substituted the Glagolythic script invented by two eminent scholars, St. Cyril and St. Methodius, in the 9th
century. St. Clement, a disciple of the two great men who lived in Bulgaria, made the Cyrillic alphabet at the great
school of learning in the Old Bulgarian town of Ohrid. For eleven centuries now, the Bulgarians have been spelling
his name, St. Clement of Ohrid, using the Cyrillic letters: ÑÂ. ÊËÈÌÅÍÒ ÎÕÐÈÄÑÊÈ (click to hear).
Chapter One: Authentic Experiences
There are many ways to discover the Cyrillic alphabet. (a) If you are a football fan, click here: (go to section
IV); (b) If you are a «famous people» fan, click here: (go to section I); (c) If you are an etymology fan, click here:
(go to section III); (d) If you prefer maps, click here: (go to section V); (e) If you like the metro, click here: (go to
section II).»

Conclusion
Intercomprehension Analysis is the study of receptive language behaviour in communicative situations engag-
ing an unfamiliar language. It deals with how people use communicative strategies to compensate for deficient lin-
guistic repertoire under such circumstances.
The last decade has been a period of developing the «partial competence» model set up in the Common
European Framework of Reference for Languages. Research, development and implementation at European level
have focused on the phenomenon of Intercomprehension as a facet of partial competence. The three R&D projects,
put forward in this paper, represent three steps towards extending the theory and practice of Intercomprehension
Analysis.

1 Capucho, Filomena (Coord.) 2005, EU&I. Interactive DVD. An Informal Approach to the Comprehension of Languages,
Media-promo, ISBN 978-972-99772-1-3.
2 Capucho, Filomena (General Coordination) 2001, Exchange to Change. In-Service Training Course, Gráfica Univerdidade
Católica Portuguesa, ISBN 972-96437-5-X.
3 Doyé, Peter, 2005, EU&I. Project Evaluation Report, (unpublished). Doyé, Peter, 2005, L’intercomprehension, Strasbourg:
Conceil de l’Europe ([email protected]).
4 Martins, Adriana (Ed.) 2005, Building Bridges: EU & I, Gráfica Univerdidade Católica Portuguesa, ISBN 972-99772-0-8.

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5 Pencheva, Maya And Todor Shopov, 2003, Understanding Babel. An Essay in Intercomprehension Analysis, Sofia: St. Kliment
Ohridski University Press.
6 Shopov, Todor (Ed.) 2005, Intercomprehension Analysis. A textbook, Sofia: St. Kliment Ohridski University Press and Zachary
Stojanov Press, ISBN 954-739-688-9.
7 Note: This paper will be published in the book Promoting Learner Autonomy through intercomprehension: projects and per-
spectives, edited by P. Doye and F-J. Meissner, 2009.

Ðåçþìå

Ó ñòàòò³ ðîçãëÿäàþòüñÿ òðè ñòà䳿 ðîçâèòêó òàêîãî ïîíÿòòÿ ³ ãàëóç³ äîñë³äæåíü, ÿê àíàë³ç ì³æðîçóì³ííÿ. ̳æðîçóì³ííÿ
ðîçãëÿäàºòüñÿ ÿê ôóíäàìåíòàëüíå ïîíÿòòÿ, ÿêå çàáåçïå÷óº íîâ³ íàïðÿìêè ó ãàëóç³ ìîâíî¿ ïîë³òèêè.
Êëþ÷îâ³ ñëîâà: àíàë³ç ì³æðîçóì³ííÿ, íàóêîâî-äîñë³äíèöüê³ ïðîåêòè, âèêëàäàííÿ ìîâ, ìîâíà ïîë³òèêà.

Ðåçþìå

Äàííàÿ ñòàòüÿ ðàññìàòðèâàåò òðè ñòàäèè ðàçâèòèÿ òàêîãî ïîíÿòèÿ â îáëàñòè èññëåäîâàíèé, êàê àíàëèç ìåæïîíèìàíèÿ.
Ìåæïîíèìàíèå ðàññìàòðèâàåòñÿ êàê ôóíäàìåíòàëüíîå ïîíÿòèå, êîòîðîå îáåñïå÷èâàåò íîâûå íàïðàâëåíèÿ â îáëàñòè ÿçûêîâîé
ïîëèòèêè.
Êëþ÷åâûå ñëîâà: àíàëèç ìåæïîíèìàíèÿ, íàó÷íî-èññëåäîâàòåëüñêèå ïðîåêòû, ïðåïîäàâàíèå ÿçûêîâ, ÿçûêîâàÿ ïîëèòèêà.

Summary

The paper explores the three stages of development of the study area known as Intercomprehension Analysis. Intercomprehension
is seen as a fundamental concept, providing new orientations for the construction of modern language policy.
Key words: Intercomprehension Analysis, research and development projects, language teaching, language policy.

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