Filipino Values System in Business

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FILIPINO VALUES SYSTEM IN BUSINESS

Filipino value system is defined by the way of people live their life as an influence
of one’s culture. In whatever part of the country one may find the same hospitality that
the Filipinos are known as many other values that have originated from our forefathers.
It refers to the set of values systems that a majority of the Filipino have historically held
important in their lives.
Different Filipino Value System
1. Bahala na

 Trust in God or the concept of Bahala na is a principal used when a person does
not know what to accomplish or is to slothful to do anything to all.
2. Utang na loob

 Gratitude or utang na loob is a very fashionable Filipino characteristic. 


 They may request favors or things that may either be difficult to deal with.
 In business, utang na loob may be a good or bad for business depending on a lot
of considerations, but it affects the way business is conducted especially when
the business person is confronted with ethical issue.
3. Ningas Cogon

 Ningas cogon means the fast burning of cogon, which signifies Filipino’s way of
eagerness only at the beginning but then quickly losing enthusiasm soon after to
continue it, or the lack of follow-up.
4. Padrino System

 In the Filipino culture and politics is the values system where one gets support,
endorsement, or political appointment through family affiliation (nepotism) or
friendship (cronyism) as against to ones worth.
 In business, nepotism is the act of hiringhiring family members regardless of their
qualifications. In some cases, a relative of a company executive may be qualified
to perform the job for which she is hired. The fact that she is an executive’s
relatives gives her an advantage over the other applicants.
 Cronyism is the other side of nepotism. It is the act of hiring friends regardless of
qualifications. 
5. Mañana Habit

 The word mañana means tomorrow or specified future time, it is also known as
procrastination in plain English and mamaya na in Filipino.
 This habit has made Filipinos become lazier and lease efficient in doing tasks.

6. Amor Propio/ Self-respect


 A Spanish word which means self- love. It includes sensitivity to personal insult
or offends. 
 A minor remark of offensive gesture, though insulting should not prompt a sense
of amor propractp.
7. Delicadeza

 It is defined as an act of being retired or delicate in tastes or manners or sense of


good manners or how to behave rightly in all situation.
 Perhaps it can be better understood by saying that those who don’t have it
meaning walang delicadeza or makapal ang mukha or thick-faced.
8. Hiya

 Shame or hiya is a very common Filipino value. 


 It is a sense of social propriety and conforming to societal norms of behavior.
 Because of this value, a Filipino would do something wrong in order to save
her/his image.
9. Pakikisama/ Pakikipagkapwa-tao

 Loyalty or pakikisama is another Filipino value. 


 It is treating with respect and dignity as an equal and not someone below the
individual.
10. Family Orientation

 The Filipino family is a central unit around which social activities are organized.
 The family is always of vital importance in the Philippines not surprisingly, most
business organization have the Filipino family as their model. 
 The Filipino put a being close to one’s family members.
11. Hospitality

 It refers to the relationship between guest and the host. 


 Their attitude towards other people is said to be exceptional. The host entertains
and gives relieve to the guest while staying the house of the host. 
 For Filipinos, serving other people the best of what they have is an honor and a
promise of true friendship.
12. Joy and Humor

 This famous trait is the ability of Filipino to find joy and humor in everything.
 Filipinos have a cheerful, optimistic and fun-loving approach to life and its ups
and downs. 
 Joking and laughing at everything perhaps give them relief and make them see
things more positively.
13. Flexibility, Adaptability, Creativity

 They are known to follow a natural clock or organic sense of time-doing things in
the time they feel is correct. 
 This allows the Filipino to adapt and be flexible in doing the tasks at times not
bound to as particular schedule or timeframe. 
 This allows them think on their feet and be creative in facing whatever challenge
or tasks they have even when it is already right in front of them.
14. Faith and Religiosity

 Filipino businessmen placed God as the center of their business. 


 A business man with faith and religious for instance serves bit just his customers,
but all of humanity and the planet. 
 Managers also demonstrate servant-leadership that deepens the lives of
individuals, creates better organization and eventually builds a more just and
caring humanity.
15. Ability to Survive

 The Filipinos as a people who have been constantly under the rule of numerous
powerful countries has over times developed a sense of resourcefulness or the
ability to survive with whatever they have. 
 They have the extraordinary ability to make something of basically nothing.
16. Hardwork and Industry

 Filipinos are very determined and preserving in accomplishing whatever they set
their minds to. 
 Filipinos over the years have proven time again that they are a people with an
industrious attitude.
17. Filipino Time

 Filipino time is a coined phrase for the embarrassing affliction of tardiness among
Filipinos. 
 It has become a phenomenon impression for Filipinos schedule, making it a
characteristic of Filipino to be generally late. 
 Obviously, this trait was also an influence from the Spanish occupiers for people
would rather give more attention to their amor propio (hiya) in some events than
going there as early as possible. 
 This trait is also a root of the manana habit.
RESPONSIBILITIES AND ACCOUNTABILITIES OF ENTREPRENEURS

What is an Entrepreneur?

An entrepreneur is an individual who creates a new business, bearing most of

the risks and enjoying most of the rewards. The entrepreneur is commonly seen as an

innovator, a source of new ideas, goods, services, and business/or procedures.

Entrepreneurs play a key role in any economy, using the skills and initiative

necessary to anticipate needs and bring good new ideas to market. Entrepreneurs who

prove to be successful in taking on the risks of a startup are rewarded with profits, fame,

and continued growth opportunities. Those who fail, suffer losses become less

prevalent in the markets.

Below are the responsibilities and accountabilities of an entrepreneur:

A. Responsibilities and Accountabilities to the Employees

1. Pay Wages and Taxes

Entrepreneurs have the responsibility to pay their employees of their business at

least the minimum hourly wage in their locality and to pay each employee money owed

from working per pay period, including overtime, sick leave, and vacation wages. Pay

checks should always be on time and without delay so the workers can meet individual

financial obligations. The government also requires entrepreneurs to pay PhilHealth,

Social Security, taxes out of employee wages for each employee working their

business.

2. Create and Maintain a Safe Workplace

The government requires businesses to create and maintain a safe working

environment for their employees as per standards. Entrepreneurs must also make

employees aware of areas in their business that have a high risk for injury and train their

employees in safety procedures to minimize the risk of injury. Continual inspection of

their facilities and employee knowledge of safety standards is necessary to make

certain their workplace remains as safe as possible

3. Facilitate Workers’ Compensation Insurance


Despite business owners’ best efforts to maintain a safe working environment,

accidents will happen. When injuries occur through no fault of their employees, it’s their

responsibility to file a claim with their workers’ compensation insurance provider. This

coverage provides for medical care and wage replacement for their injured employee.

Businesses must treat their injured employee with respect and file the claim without

attempting to cause a delay in processing or attempt to defer the worker from filing a

claim at all. This is illegal and can cost the business hefty fines and possible jail time if

the entrepreneur refuses to honour their commitment and requirements as a business

owner.

4. Enforce Anti-Discrimination Law

It is illegal to discriminate against anyone according to their culture. This means

not only race, religion, and country, but also age, gender, sexual preference, disability, a

way of life and beliefs. “EEO” stands for “Equal Employment Opportunity”, which means

that employees cannot be disadvantaged, dismissed, or not given employment for any

of these reasons. It is the employer’s responsibility to ensure that all staff is trained and

aware of their obligations under anti-discrimination laws.

5. Create and Maintain a Favorable Working Environment

As an entrepreneur and employer, you should try to provide a healthy working

environment, which respects each person and their opinion is considered. Listen to all

your collaborators and worry about their welfare. Remember that they are working for

your company to exist and be profitable and that as better feel, the better they will do

their job.

6. Respect Human Rights

The Mitsubishi Electric Group understands that its business operations are

interrelated with a wide range of peoples and societies throughout the world, and

implements and enforces a code of conduct that fosters respect for human rights.

7.Train and Educate Employees

Promoting knowledge is important in changing the business environment.


Acquisition of new knowledge and skills through the professional and personal

development of employees is a prerequisite and a guarantee of business success.

8. Manage Performance

"What gets measured gets done" is an expression you will often hear when

talking about performance management and the simple meaning behind this statement

is the key to our philosophy of rewarding and managing performance. We want all our

employees to have clearly defined goals, which they defined themselves with their

managers, on the basis of business goals, through three main performance areas profit,

process, and people.

10. Give Rewards and Benefits

We reward our employees fairly and attractively, in line with the prevailing

conditions on the local market. We gather data from the labor market on a regular basis,

ensuring that our reward structures remain competitive. Our reward system is well

structured and transparent in its application.

 It allocates appropriate people to appropriate job positions.

 It set requirements and standards, outcomes and measures.

 Provides effective orientation, education, and training.

 It provides ongoing coaching and feedback.

 It designs a foundation for effective systems that reward people

for their contributions.

 It provides promotional/career development opportunities for employees.

B. Responsibilities and Accountabilities to the Government

In any country, the government tries to preserve the community and improve its

conditions. In that respect, the business has to extend its cooperation to the

government. If the business discharges its responsibilities the government can function

more efficiently.

1. Observe Laws, Rules, and Regulations

A number of legislatives are formed from time to time by the government for
proper regulation and control of the business. Businessmen should comply with all legal

requirements, execute government contracts, pay taxes honestly and in time, make

services of executives available for government, suggest measures and send proposals

to enact new laws for the business.

2. Pay Taxes

Businesses must pay taxes and fees to the government in the course of carrying

out their operations. These can include taxes on revenues, tariffs on imported products,

and a number of administrative fees necessary to register the business. Withholding

these payments, particularly taxes, is considered a crime.

3. Follow Environmental Regulations

Many companies, particularly those in the industrial and manufacturing sectors,

face heavy regulations regarding the number and variety of pollutants that they are

allowed to emit. Some companies, feeling a "social responsibility" toward the common

good, may seek to limit their pollution more than the law requires.

4. Avoid Restrictive Trade Practices

Companies are forbidden from engaging in certain kinds of restrictive trade

practices that limit competition. For example, most companies may not develop

monopolies within a particular sector or provide substantial barriers for new companies

to compete with them. Restrictive trade practices of this kind can often reduce the

quality of products available to consumers and drive up prices.

5. Avoid Corruption

The commercial organization should not take any type of favor from government

officials by bribing or influencing them.

C. Responsibilities and Accountabilities to the Creditors

1. Give Correct Information

Shareholders who are the owners of the business should be provided with

correct information about the company to enable them decide about further

investments.
2. Provide Fair Return on Investment

The company should provide a fair return on the investment made by

shareholders. If shareholders do not get the proper dividend, then they will hesitate to

invest additional funds. Shareholders should be kept fully informed about the working of

the company for healthy growth of the business. The Companies Act 1956 also requires

the company to give full disclosure in the published statements.

3. Strengthen Share Prices

The company should strengthen the share prices by its growth, innovation, and

diversification. At the same time, shareholders should also offer wholehearted support

and cooperation to the company to protect their own interests.

D. Responsibilities and Accountabilities to the Suppliers

In strict business structure, the suppliers are primarily responsible for providing or

delivering the raw materials and resources that a company needs in the production.

Suppliers indirectly affect marketing and business aspects such as product quality,

price, and production of goods. Good quality raw materials also mean quality-made final

products and fair market price. Availability of supplies determines production workload

and quantity.

1. Practice Fair Pricing and Licensing

Companies must seek fairness and truthfulness in all dealings with suppliers

especially pricing and licensing.

2. Maintain Stability

Firms must promote long-term stability in their relationship with the suppliers to

pay back the good value, quality, and reliability they gained.

3. Maintain Confidentiality

Dealing with suppliers properly means sharing information with them and making

them part of the planning processes. They must keep their clients and purchasers

abreast of any new information on new technology and latest raw materials.

Confidentiality must be strictly practiced. This means no unnecessary disclosure of

information shared by the company and its activities.


4. Pay on Time

One of the best ways to deal with suppliers is to be responsible for making timely

payments according to the agreed terms and conditions of the trade.

E. Responsibilities and Accountabilities to the Consumers

A business cannot work without the consumer. The survival and growth of a

business depend on consumer satisfaction, service, and support. The commercial

organization should win the confidence of the customers. This is possible by following a

positive attitude towards customers and fulfilling following social responsibilities towards

them.

1. Ensure Quality of Products and Services

Your responsibility is to offer customers the highest quality in your products and

services provide the best care and never lie to get a sale. A good entrepreneur is

honest and gives a good price/ benefit. Never use marketing to deceive or sell false

expectations. Quality goods should be produced and supplied. Distribution system

should make goods easily available "to avoid artificial scarcities and after-sales service

should be prompt. Buying capacity and consumer preferences should be taken into

consideration while deciding the manufacturing policies.

2. Ensure Consumer’s Health and Safety

A key consumer issue is the quality and safety of products. Customers need

clear instructions for safe product use, including assembly and maintenance. To avoid

customer harm and danger, anticipate potential risks of your product and services in the

design stage and throughout the product lifecycle, from R & D to manufacturing,

storage, and distribution, use and disposal, reuse and recycling. Whether or not legal

safety regulations exist, products should be safe for their intended use and if misused in

a way that can be foreseen.

3. Treat Customers well

Treat your customers as kings and do not think of them only when you have a

pressure to meet your targets within the stipulated time frame. Understand that a
customer buys your products or services only when he/she trusts your brand and most

importantly believes in you. Understand the needs and requirements of your clients.

Find out as to why they need a particular product and how your product would benefit

them. You need to build a strong relationship with your customers for them not only to

remain your loyal clients but also bring more people along with them. It is the

responsibility of the organization to give correct suggestions and feedbacks to

customers. Avoid making fake promises and commitments which you yourself know are

difficult to fulfill.

F. Responsibilities and Accountabilities to the General Public

To maintain a positive public image and attract new clients, a company must

understand its corporate responsibilities to the public. Ultimately, any business that

encounters the public has responsibilities.

1. Be Fiscally Responsible

One of the actions that prompted failure of companies such as Enron and

Adelphia occurred when executives gave themselves loans using company funds

according to RR Donnelley. While it can be disappointing to consumers that companies

need legislation to be fiscally responsible, it would be naive to allow company

executives to keep raiding corporate bank accounts for their own needs. When a

company is caught up in a scandal caused by executive greed, it can be fiscally fatal for

that company. That is why a company needs to enact and enforce guidelines of its own

that agree with the law but also apply specifically to the company, to avoid misuse of

company funds. There is a bond of trust between a consumer and a company that is

broken when fiscal fraud occurs. This goes for public or private companies.

2. Consider Public Input

A company should be able to operate under its own rules and ideals, but a

company should also take into account the input of its customers to remain competitive

according to the World Bank Institute's report titled "Public Policy for Corporate Social

Responsibility. “A company should reach out to its customers and benefit from the
insight of what customers are looking for in product improvements.” A company that

creates an advisory board of across-section of its target audience gathers

recommendations on how to keep in touch with the customer base and how to improve

the company's public image. It is the responsibility of the company to remain

accountable to its customers; otherwise, the company will lose its customers and cease

to exist.

3. Take Care of the Community

A company exists because of the customers it serves and the community in

which it is located. The community provides most of the employees for the company,

and the community provides all the public services the company enjoys, such as

electricity and firefighting protection. In some cases, companies are given breaks on

their utilities and taxes in order to entice them to establish a location within the

community. The company has a responsibility to give back to the community that

supports it with tax breaks and a labor force. When there is a community event, the

company should contribute volunteers, money, or something that would support the

event. The company should use local suppliers as much as it can to help support local

businesses.
THE IMPACT OF BELIEF SYSTEM IN BUSINESS

The most important factor in a person's perspective of business ethics is

religion. We live in age of innovation, growth of free markets, and world economy.

Modern businesses are expected to be responsible stewards of community resources

working towards the growth and success of both their companies and their

communities.

We are convinced that markets become free or remain free if their players are

responsible and respect the basic values of honesty, reliability, fairness and self-

discipline being basic of their business ethics.

Taking into considerations so extent religious influence on business ethics, let’s

emphasize on 4 basic world’s religions: Christianity, Judaism, Islam and Buddhism.

CHRISTIAN BUSINESS ETHICS

 In Christianity, the basis of this theology is the Old Testament and the New

Testament.

 The Christian in commerce should not desire “to get another’s goods or labor for

less than it is worth.”

JEWISH BUSINESS ETHICS

 Judaism, which relies on the Torah for its written law, has had a great impact on

marketing and business ideology.

 Jewish culture, values, and ideas have penetrated into many aspects of modern

life including modern market.

 Some points examined in this paper include: honesty on the market, fair pricing

and business relations.

 Honesty on the market. Merchants are prohibited from falsifying weights and

measures, owning a dishonest weight by the Torah.

 Fair pricing. "If you sell something to your neighbor or buy something from your

neighbor's hand, you shall not cheat each other."

 If an individual is unaware of true value of an item and wishes to sell it, one must
not take advantage of the seller’s ignorance and underpay.

 Business relations. Employers are required to pay employees on time.

MUSLIM BUSINESS ETHICS

 For Islam, the basis of these laws is the Qur'an.

 Islamic teachings strongly stress on observance of ethical and moral code in

human behaviour

 Muslim ethics include avoidance of people’s exploitation through lending them

money at interest and prohibitions against false advertising.

 Under Islamic Laws, if a vendor sells an item by making false claims about it,

customer has the right to have the transaction cancelled.

BUDDHIST BUSINESS ETHICS

 The Buddhist business code and professional ethics are closely tied with respect

for environment.

 According to Buddhist teachings, ethical and moral principles are run by

examining a certain action, which has to avoid any harm.

 The main idea of each religions is that faith should give rise to a commitment to

create favorable environment at work.

 So while there are global ethical norms, we also have to show respect to different

values of each community.

Ethical and Moral Issues in Business – The Common Ground

1. Bribery

“Bribery is the practice of offering a professional money or other favors in order to

circumvent ethics in a variety of professions. It is a form of corruption and is generally

illegal, or at least cause for penalties from professional organizations.”

The Jewish Perspective

According to the Jewish perspective, bribery makes sinners: From the Book of

Psalms 26:9- 11 we have,

Gather not my soul with sinners, nor my life with men of blood; 10 In whose hands is
craftiness, and their right hand is full of bribes. 11 But as for me, I will walk in mine

integrity; redeem me, and be gracious unto me.

Bribery also corrupts conscience. From the Book of Exodus 23:8,

8 And thou shalt take no gift; for a gift blindeth them that have sight, and perverteth the

words of the righteous.

The Christian Perspective

The Christian perspective, being based upon the foundation of the Jewish Old

Testament, includes all of the above citations. In addition, the following citations are

added from the Christian New Testament:

Simon the Sorcerer tried to buy the power that he perceived in the laying on of hands by

the Apostles and Simon Peter chastised him in Acts 8:17-22. The essence of the

offense was addressed by Peter in verse 20,

20 But Peter said unto him, Thy money perish with thee, because thou hast thought that

the gift of God may be purchased with money.

The Islamic Perspective

According to the Islamic perspective, bribery is considered to be a form of

corruption and is strongly discouraged. The onus is not only on the bureaucrat for

demanding or accepting the bribe, but also on the corporation or business that offers

the bribe.

“..the person who gives a bribe and the person who takes a bribe, both will burn in hell.”

(Saying of Prophet)

2. Fraud and Cheating

Markets can only function properly and efficiently if there is minimal fraudulent

behavior.

The Jewish Perspective

Leviticus 19:11

11 Ye shall not steal; neither shall ye deal falsely, nor lie one to another.
The Christian Perspective

The New Testament warns against deceit on the part of Christians and cautions

wariness of deceivers. Romans 16: 17-18 warns:

17 Now I beseech you, brethren, mark them which cause divisions and offences

contrary to the doctrine which ye have learned; and avoid them.

18 For they that are such serve not our Lord Jesus Christ, but their own belly; and by

good words and fair speeches deceive the hearts of the simple.

The Islamic Perspective

According to Islamic writings, a great deal of emphasis is placed on honest

dealings. The government or authority is charged with ensuring that traders don’t

defraud their customers in weights etc. The Quran is strict in making the point that

traders and businesses who indulge in fraud are committing a sin in the eye of God.

Chapter 83 (The Dealers in Fraud) contains the following verses:

1. “Woe to those that deal in fraud, 2. Those who, when they have to receive by

measure from men, exact full measure, 3. But when they have to give by measure or

weight to men, give less than due, 4. Do they not think that they will be called to

account? 5. On a mighty day, 6. A day when all mankind will stand before the Lord of

the Worlds?”

3. Discrimination

Discrimination on the basis of race, ethnicity, gender etc is generally considered

abhorrent in the teachings of all faiths.

The Jewish Perspective

Strangers – foreigners living among the Jews

Exodus23:9 9 And a stranger shalt thou not oppress; for ye know the heart of a

stranger, seeing ye were strangers in the land of Egypt.

Leviticus 19:15 15 Ye shall do no unrighteousness in judgment; thou shalt not respect


the person of the poor, nor favour the person of the mighty; but in righteousness shalt

thou judge thy neighbour.

The Christian Perspective

All people are considered important and are to be treated fairly. The foundation

for the Christian perspective is firmly set in the Old Testament in Numbers 12:1-10.

God, Himself, spoke to this principle to Moses, Aaron and Miriam.

The Islamic Perspective

The Islamic scriptures on discrimination are clear. All forms of discrimination are

considered unjust and opposed in private business and public domain.

“No Arab has superiority over any non-Arab and no non-Arab has any superiority over

an Arab; no dark person has superiority over a white person and no white person has a

superiority over a dark person. The criterion for honor in the sight of God is

righteousness and honest living.” Saying of Prophet (Sallam and Hanafy, 1988)

4. Corruption

Like bribery other forms of corruption are considered immoral in religious

scriptures. This extends to nepotism, abuse of power, personal gain or enrichment

using one’s position, and other abuses of power or position.

The Jewish Perspective

Depravity, Genesis 6:5 Moral decay, Genesis 6:11-13 5 And the LORD saw that the

wickedness of man was great in the earth, and that every imagination of the thoughts of

his heart was only evil continually.

The Christian Perspective

Peter, the chief of the Apostles, cautions against corruption and the effects it has upon

the body in 2 Peter 2:12-19.

5. Injustice – That which violates another’s rights

From a reading of the revealed scriptures, it is clear that these have a universal

goal – to create a just society. A strict interpretation of most scriptures is a healthy

antidote to those who have reservations regarding the moral teachings of the major
monotheistic faiths. The teachings are remarkably consistent that injustice in either the

private or the public domain is to be resisted and eliminated.

The Jewish Perspective

Parental instruction, Genesis 18:17-19 17 And the LORD said: 'Shall I hide from

Abraham that which I am doing; 18 seeing that Abraham shall surely become a great

and mighty nation, and all the nations of the earth shall be blessed in him? 19 For I

have known him, to the end that he may command his children and his household after

him, that they may keep the way of the LORD, to do righteousness and justice; to the

end that the LORD may bring upon Abraham that which He hath spoken of him.

The Christian Perspective

The New Testament tells how Jesus spoke out against iniquity and injustice. One

instance when He addressed the Scribes and Pharisees is in Matthew 23:27-29.

The Islamic Perspective

According to the Islamic teachings, injustice and oppression are to be abhorred.

“..God loves not the arrogant, the vainglorious (nor) those who are niggardly, enjoin

niggardliness on others..” (Quran 4:36-7)

6. Rights of Employees, Customers and Stakeholders

The Jewish Perspective

Prompt payment, Leviticus 19:13 13 Thou shalt not oppress thy neighbor, nor rob

him; the wages of a hired servant shall not abide with thee all night until the morning.

Must not oppress, Deuteronomy 24:14 14 Thou shalt not oppress a hired servant

that is poor and needy, whether he be of thy brethren, or of thy strangers that are in thy

land within thy gates. 15 In the same day thou shalt give him his hire, neither shall the

sun go down upon it; for he is poor, and setteth his heart upon it: lest he cry against

thee unto the LORD and it be sin in thee.

The Christian Perspective

There are extensive ethical and moral imperatives pertaining to the rights of

employees, customers and stakeholders. For the Christian business man or woman, the
order of prioritization would be stakeholder, employee, and then customer because the

stakeholder provides the operating capital to initiate operations, the employee provides

the labor for the conversion process, and the customer decides whether or not to

purchase from the company, usually from a completed product.

The stakeholders are to be honored (Proverbs 3:27-28), “27 Withhold not good

from them to whom it is due, when it is in the power of thine hand to do it. 28 Say not

unto thy neighbor, Go, and come again, and to morrow I will give; when thou hast it by

thee.” They are also to be paid on time (Proverbs 12:22), “22 Lying lips are abomination

to the LORD: but they that deal truly are his delight.”

The employee is entitled to be treated fairly (James 2:9), “But if ye have respect

to persons, ye commit sin, and are convinced of the law as transgressors,” and to be

paid in a timely fashion (Philippians 2:3), “Let nothing be done through strife or

vainglory; but in lowliness of mind let each esteem other better than themselves.”

The treatment of the customers is also addressed by Philippians 2:3 as well as in

the Old Testament writing of Proverbs 11:1,3. 1. A false balance is abomination to the

LORD: but a just weight is his delight.

The Islamic Perspective

Islamic teachings emphasize the importance of honoring rights of individuals and

groups. “…man can have nothing but what he strives for…” (Quran: 53:39)

“God does command you to render back your trusts to those to whom they are due…”

(Quran 4:58).

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