The first law of thermodynamics states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed from one state to another. It identifies heat transfer as a form of energy transfer between systems. For a closed system, the change in internal energy equals the heat added minus work done. For open and isolated systems, the change in enthalpy, kinetic energy, and potential energy must be considered as well. Heat engines and refrigerators are common applications that exploit relationships between heat, volume, and pressure to convert between thermal and mechanical energy.
The first law of thermodynamics states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed from one state to another. It identifies heat transfer as a form of energy transfer between systems. For a closed system, the change in internal energy equals the heat added minus work done. For open and isolated systems, the change in enthalpy, kinetic energy, and potential energy must be considered as well. Heat engines and refrigerators are common applications that exploit relationships between heat, volume, and pressure to convert between thermal and mechanical energy.
The first law of thermodynamics states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed from one state to another. It identifies heat transfer as a form of energy transfer between systems. For a closed system, the change in internal energy equals the heat added minus work done. For open and isolated systems, the change in enthalpy, kinetic energy, and potential energy must be considered as well. Heat engines and refrigerators are common applications that exploit relationships between heat, volume, and pressure to convert between thermal and mechanical energy.
The first law of thermodynamics states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed from one state to another. It identifies heat transfer as a form of energy transfer between systems. For a closed system, the change in internal energy equals the heat added minus work done. For open and isolated systems, the change in enthalpy, kinetic energy, and potential energy must be considered as well. Heat engines and refrigerators are common applications that exploit relationships between heat, volume, and pressure to convert between thermal and mechanical energy.
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First law of thermodynamics
It is an expression of the principle of energy conservation, that is,
that energy changes from one state to another and from potential energy to active energy, in other words that energy is neither destroyed nor created, but rather transformed from one image to another. The law identifies heat transfer between systems as a form of energy transfer. The height of the internal energy of a particular thermodynamic system is equal to the amount of added thermal energy of the system, minus the mechanical work is done from the system to the surrounding medium.
Law applications Thermal systems 1- The closed system: is the one in which there is no mass transfer between the sample and the surrounding medium, but a heat transfer can occur between them. 2- The open system: is the one in which a mass transfer and a heat transfer occurs between the sample and the surrounding medium. 3- Isolated system: It is the one in which heat transfer does not occur, in which a heat transfer does not occur between the sample and the mean media Thermodynamics: A sample present in a surrounding environment. An example is a sample: a glass of water, and the surrounding environment: the room. For example, if we put a piece of ice in a cup of water, heat moves from the room’s atmosphere to a cup of water, and the piece of ice melts. The heat transfer between the room and the cup remains until the temperature is equal in them. This system is considered an open system. T1 Surrounding medium
T2
System T1 > T2 then T1 = T2
The first law of thermodynamics of the closed system
dU= dQ + dW dQ The amount of heat that is transferred to the system or from the system dU The change in internal energy dW It is the work done on or from the system The first law of thermodynamics of the open system dQ-dW = dH +dKin+dPot dH change in heaters (heat content) dKin Change in kinetic energy dPot The change in Potential energy
If constant pressure process
P1=P2 W=PdV = p (V2-V1) U=Q + w Q=U-P (V2-V1) =H Q=H V1/V2 = T1/T2 If constant volume process V1=V2 W=PdV = 0 U=Q=H H=Cp (T2-T1), U=Cv (T2-T1) P1/P2=T1/T2
If constant temperature
T2=T1 dT=0 U=0 , H=0 , Q=-W P1/P2=V2/V1 W=-PdV = -RTdV/V=-RT Ln(V2/V1) or –RT Ln(P1/P2) If adiabatic process Q=0, U=W , T2/T1= (V2/V1) ^ (1-t) T2/T1=(P2/P1) ^ (1-1/t) , t=Cp/Cv Heat engines 1-The most common practical application of the First Law is the heat engine. Heat engines convert thermal energy into mechanical energy and vice versa. Heat engines fall into the category of open systems.
2-The basic principle of a heat engine exploits the relationships
among heat, volume and pressure of a working fluid.
3- This fluid is typically a gas, but in some cases it may undergo
phase changes from gas to liquid and back to a gas during a cycle.
4-When gas is heated, it expands; however, when that gas is
confined, it increases in pressure. If the bottom wall of the confinement chamber is the top of a movable piston, this pressure exerts a force on the surface of the piston causing it to move downward.
5-This movement can then be harnessed to do work equal to the
total force applied to the top of the piston times the distance that the piston moves.
There are numerous variations on the basic heat engine. For
instance, steam engines rely on external combustion to heat a boiler tank containing the working fluid, typically water. The water is converted to steam, and the pressure is then used to drive a piston that converts heat energy to mechanical energy. Automobile engines, however, use internal combustion, where liquid fuel is vaporized, mixed with air and ignited inside a cylinder above a movable piston driving it downward.
Refrigerators, air conditioners and heat
pumps 1-Refrigerators and heat pumps are heat engines that convert mechanical energy to heat. Most of these fall into the category of closed systems.
2-When a gas is compressed its temperature increases. This hot gas
can then transfer heat to its surrounding environment. Then, when the compressed gas is allowed to expand, its temperature becomes colder than it was before it was compressed because some of its heat energy was removed during the hot cycle.
3-This cold gas can then absorb heat energy from its environment.
4-This is the working principle behind an air conditioner. Air
conditioners don’t actually produce cold; they remove heat. The working fluid is transferred outdoors by a mechanical pump where it is heated by compression. Next, it transfers that heat to the outdoor environment, usually through an air-cooled heat exchanger. Then, it is brought back indoors, where it is allowed to expand and cool so it can absorb heat from the indoor air through another heat exchanger.
5- A heat pump is simply an air conditioner run in reverse. The heat
from the compressed working fluid is used to warm the building. It is then transferred outside where it expands and becomes cold, thereby allowing it to absorb heat from the outside air, which even in winter is usually warmer than the cold working fluid.
“Foundations to Flight: Mastering Physics from Curiosity to Confidence: Cipher 4”: “Foundations to Flight: Mastering Physics from Curiosity to Confidence, #4
“Foundations to Flight: Mastering Physics from Curiosity to Confidence: Cipher 4”: “Foundations to Flight: Mastering Physics from Curiosity to Confidence, #4
