Summer Training Report ON Antenna Design: Project: Patch Circular Antenna
Summer Training Report ON Antenna Design: Project: Patch Circular Antenna
Summer Training Report ON Antenna Design: Project: Patch Circular Antenna
ON
ANTENNA DESIGN
Project: Patch Circular Antenna
REGIONAL CENTRE
Submitted by :-
SUBMITTED TO:
SUBMITTED BY:
Dr. S. S. Patnaik
EC
th
E Branch 7 Semester
INDEX
1. Profile of the Institute
2. Antenna
3. Types of Antenna
5. Zeland Simulator
7. Performance Graphs
Profile of the Institute
Over the years the institute has developed the capability to offer
wide ranging services to both the technical education system as well
as industry. This is made possible by highly qualified, experienced
and dedicated faculty, technical supporting and other staff backed
by well-developed infrastructure and other facilities. This institute
provides professional education and training in the field of
engineering and technology for advancement of learning, towards
promoting excellence in technical education and training.
• Applied sciences
• Civil engineering
• Electrical engineering
• Mechanical engineering
• Media development
• Microwave lab
• Research lab
Softwares available:
TYPES OF ANTENNA
A classification of antennas can be based on:
• Wired Antennas
• Planar or Microstrip or Patch Antennas
• Aperture Antennas
• Array Antennas
• Lens Antennas
• Reflector Antennas
WIRED ANTENNAS:
A wire antenna is a radio frequency antenna consisting of a wire
whose length does not bear a relation to the wavelength of the radio
waves used, but is typically chosen more for convenience. This type
of antenna sometimes is called the zig-zag antenna, as it may be
strung back and forth between trees just to get enough wire into the
air. For example, an antenna for 3MHz might be 20 m (66 ft) - 40 m
(131 ft) long. Such antennas are usually not as effective as antennas
whose length is adjusted to resonate at the wavelength to be used.
They are widely used as receiving antennas on the long wave,
medium wave, and short wave bands, as well as transmitting
antennas on these bands for small outdoor, temporary or
emergency transmitting stations, as well as in situations where more
permanent antennas cannot be installed.
1 A simple wired antenna
Usually, it is a long (at least one quarter wavelength) wire with one
end connected to the radio and the other in free space, arranged in
any way most convenient for the space available. Folding (to fit in
space available) will reduce effectiveness and make theoretical
analysis extremely difficult. (The added length helps more than the
folding typically hurts.) If used for transmitting, a wire antenna
usually will also require an antenna tuner, as it might have random
impedance that varies nonlinearly with frequency.
The main radiating element has a shape such that the space
between the main radiating element and the contact side of the
ground plane becomes larger as the main radiating element
becomes closer to the parasitic element and the parasitic element
has a shape such that the space between the parasitic element and
the contact side becomes larger as the parasitic element becomes
closer to the main radiating element.
The current flow is along the direction of the feed wire, so the
magnetic vector potential and thus the electric field follow the
current, as shown by the arrow in the figure labeled E. A simple
patch antenna of this type radiates a linearly polarized wave. The
radiation can be regarded as being produced by the ‘’radiating
slots’’ at top and bottom, or equivalently as a result of the current
flowing on the patch and the ground plane
APERTURE ANTENNAS:
As a receiver antenna aperture can be visualized as the area of a
circle constructed broadside to incoming radiation where all
radiation passing within the circle is delivered by the antenna to a
matched load. (Note that transmitting and receiving are reciprocal,
so the aperture is the same for both.) Thus incoming power density
(watts per square metre) x aperture (square metres)= available
power from antenna (watts).Antenna gain is directly proportional to
aperture. An isotropic antenna has an aperture of
where λ is the wavelength. An antenna with a gain of G has an
aperture of
ARRAY ANTENNAS:
An array of antenna elements is a spatially extended collection of N
similar radiators or elements, where N is a countable number bigger
than 1, and the term "similar radiators" means that all the elements
have the same polar radiation patterns, orientated in the same
direction in 3-d space. The elements don't have to be spaced on a
regular grid, neither do they have to have the same terminal
voltages, but it is assumed that they are all fed with the same
frequency and that one can define a fixed amplitude and phase
angle for the drive voltage of each element.
The spherical waves emerge at the exit side of the conducting lens
(lens aperture) as flat-fronted parallel waves. This type of lens is
frequency sensitive. The dielectric type of lens, shown in figure 1-10,
view B, slows down the phase propagation as the wave passes
through it. This lens is convex and consists of dielectric
material. Focusing action results from the difference between the
velocity of propagation inside the dielectric and the velocity of
propagation in the air. The result is an apparent bending, or
refracting, of the waves. The amount of delay is determined by the
dielectric constant of the material. In most cases, artificial
dielectrics, consisting of conducting rods or spheres that are small
compared to the wavelength, are used. In this case, the inner
portions of the transmitted waves are decelerated for a longer
interval of time than the outer portions. In a lens antenna, the exit
side of the lens can be regarded as an aperture across which there
is a field distribution. This field acts as a source of radiation, just as
do fields across the mouth of a reflector or horn. For a returning
echo, the same process takes place in the lens.
2 60 Ghz lens antenna
REFLECTOR ANTENNAS:
An antenna reflector is a device that reflects electromagnetic
waves.
Design criteria
• Cross polarization
• Feed losses
• Antenna feed mismatch
• Non-uniform amplitude/phase distributions
• Big ugly dish
Any gain degrading factors which raise side lobes have a two-fold
effect, in that they contribute to system noise temperature in
addition to reducing gain. Aperture blockage and deviation of
reflector surface (from the designed "ideal") are two important
cases. Aperture blockage is normally due to shadowing by feed,
subreflector and/or support members. Deviations in reflector
surfaces cause non-uniform aperture distributions, resulting in
reduced gains.
PLANAR ANTENNA:
Parameters of analysis of planar antenna are:
1) Substrate:
• FR4.
• Glass epoxy.
They are arranged in the order in the ascending order of cost and
performance.
Characteristics of substrate:
• Thickness(t)
2) Feeding mechanism
• CPW
3) Geometry of the antenna
4) Result analysis
The SWR is usually defined as a voltage ratio called the VSWR, for
voltage standing wave ratio. For example, the VSWR value 1.2:1
denotes maximum standing wave amplitude that is 1.2 times
greater than the minimum standing wave value. It is also possible to
define the SWR in terms of current, resulting in the ISWR, which has
the same numerical value. The power standing wave ratio (PSWR) is
defined as the square of the VSWR.
5) Radiation pattern
6) Efficiency
In this case the source is the radiator or the antenna and the load is
the free space thus the impedances of the antenna and free space
have to be matched so as to result in maximum transfer of power.
The impedance of free space is 377ohms.And the impedance
matching is determined with the help of the smith chart
RESONANT FREQUENCY
The "resonant frequency" and "electrical resonance" is related to the
electrical length of an antenna. The electrical length is usually the
physical length of the wire divided by its velocity factor (the ratio of
the speed of wave propagation in the wire to c0, the speed of light
in a vacuum). Typically an antenna is tuned for a specific frequency,
and is effective for a range of frequencies that are usually cantered
on that resonant frequency. However, other properties of an
antenna change with frequency, in particular the radiation pattern
and impedance, so the antenna's resonant frequency may merely be
close to the centre frequency of these other more important
properties.
BANDWIDTH
The bandwidth of an antenna is the range of frequencies over which
it is effective, usually centered on the resonant frequency. The
bandwidth of an antenna may be increased by several techniques,
including using thicker wires, replacing wires with cages to simulate
a thicker wire, tapering antenna components (like in a feed horn),
and combining multiple antennas into a single assembly and
allowing the natural impedance to select the correct antenna. Small
antennas are usually preferred for convenience, but there is a
fundamental limit relating bandwidth, size and efficiency.
RETURN LOSS
The amount of power which is reflected back to the source from an
incorrectly terminated line is an important property called "Return
Loss", and measurement of return loss can reveal line faults due to
mismatching. Definition - The Return Loss of a line is the ratio of the
power reflected back from the line to the power transmitted into the
line.
Power can be reflected from mismatching at either end, but for lines
of a reasonable length, the matching of the transmitter has more
effect on the return loss than the matching of the receiver. This is
because reflections from the far end are attenuated by the line
before they arrive back at the transmitter. Often, high return loss is
caused by changes in characteristic impedance at cable joints near
to the transmitter.
Use of the Smith chart and the interpretation of the results obtained
using it requires a good understanding of AC circuit theory and
transmission line theory, both of which are pre-requisites for RF
engineers.
As impedances and admittances change with frequency, problems
using the Smith chart can only be solved manually using one
frequency at a time, the result being represented by a point. This is
often adequate for narrow band applications (typically up to about
5% to 10% bandwidth) but for wider bandwidths it is usually
necessary to apply Smith chart techniques at more than one
frequency across the operating frequency band. Provided the
frequencies are sufficiently close, the resulting Smith chart points
may be joined by straight lines to create a locus.
FEATURES
VSWR:
This graph is a VSWR v/s frequency graph and the value at the
resonant frequency is 1.2 which is appropriate.
Gain Graph:
This is graph of gain v/s the space divisions of the antenna at the
resonant frequency which is 5.8 Ghz and the value of the gain is
5.6dB.
Elevation Pattern:
This is the elevation pattern gain and shows the directivity and gain
in the elevation plane from 0-180 degrees.
Efficiency Vs Frequency Graph:
This is the efficiency v/s frequncy graph and the effciency at the resonant
frequency is 54%.
Current Distribution:
This is the current distribution graph and shows the how the current is spread
across the surface of the antenna.
Azimuthal Pattern:
This is the azimuth graph and shows the directivity and the gain in
the azimuth this plane is horizontal and extends from 0-360.