Arun Verma Thesis
Arun Verma Thesis
Arun Verma Thesis
The goal of this thesis is to study how the performance of the antenna
depends on various parameters of microstrip patch antenna. This is a simulation
based study. MATLAB simulation software, one commercial 3-D full-wave
electromagnetic simulation software tool is used for the design and simulation of
the antenna. Then, the antenna parameters are varied to study the effect of
variation of the antenna parameters on the antenna performance.
popular feeding methods used in microstrip antenna with their significance are
also discussed in this chapter.
Chapter 3: The basic parameters on which the selection and performance
of an antenna is characterize, are Bandwidth, Antenna Polarization, radiation,
Pattern, Efficiency, Antenna Gain are described in brief in this chapter.
Chapter 4: In this Chapter two basic and mostly used microstrip patch
Rectangular and Circular patch is discussed this chapter also deals that how the
design parameters are calculated and their effect on the antenna performance.
Chapter 5: This chapter deals with the design and simulation of four
microstrip patch antenna of different shapes. Various methods for increasing the
bandwidth are also applied. Various simulation results and graphs characterizing
the antenna performance are plotted and the effect of various antenna
parameters on the antenna performance is also observed and compared and
shown in the chapter. This proposed antenna structures are simulated in MATLAB
Software, one commercial 3-D full-wave electromagnetic simulation software.
Chapter 6: Contains the conclusion of the thesis and future work.
Chapter-2
Fundamentals of Antennas
Different types of application requires antenna with different parameter. Like
3
R=
2 D2
Where
R= distance from antenna
D= larger dimension of antenna
= wavelength in free space
2.6 Directivity
Directivity of an antenna shows that how much the antenna is able to
radiate in a particular given direction. It is a major requirement when antenna is
working as a receiver. If an antenna radiates equally in all direction then the
directivity of antenna is 1 or when measured with respect to isotropic antenna is
5
Directivity=
maximum radiationintensity
avarage radiation intensity
Directivity of an antenna with given angle shows that the antenna radiations are
more concentrated in that given direction when talking about antenna at
transmitting end. While in case of receiving antenna it will receive the power
efficiently from the particular direction.
2.7 Gain
Antenna Gain is also referred as Power gain or simply Gain. This combines of
antenna efficiency and directivity. For a transmitting antenna it shows how
efficiently antenna is able to radiate the given power into space in a particular
direction. While in case of receiving antenna it shows how well the antenna is to
convert the received electromagnetic waves into electrical power. When it is
calculated with efficiency
Eantenna
Gain.
Power Gain = Eantenna . D
When the directivity with a particular direction is given it is known as Directive
Gain.
Directive Gain ( ,) =Eantenna . D ( ,)
a. Linear polarization
b. Circular polarization
c. Elliptical polarization.
If the electric field vector of the wave at a given point in space follows a
6
linear path then the polarization is linear. Linear polarization is of two types
Vertical and Horizontal. In case of circular and elliptical polarization electric field
vector follows a circular and elliptical path. They can be Left hand polarized, if
the electric field vector tracking the path by making clockwise rotation and Right
hand polarized, if the vector tracking the path by making anti clockwise rotation.
s1
BW= Qt s
(VSWR:1)
BW=
Where
fh
and
fl
fh
fl
fc
Figure2.1 Bandwidth
Some of the major advantages of microstrip antenna as discussed by Randy
Bancroft [3] and Garg [10] are given below:
used.
Low gain and power handling capability
Chapter 3
Theory of Microstrip Patch Antenna
3.1 History
Earlier in the 19th century in microwave circuitry we have started using
coaxial cable and twin parallel wire line as the transmission lines. In the mid-20th
century the invention of printed circuit board technology allow us to make the
printed circuit versions of these transmission lines which were very inexpensive
and simple. The two wire transmission line in printed circuit version is known as
microstrip line, has a metallic ground plane providing the virtual 2nd conductor
and the coaxial line cable is adapted in printed circuit version as Strip line. The
9
attention on the fact that these microstrip structures can be used as radiator for
electromagnetics wave got in 1950s. First in year the 1953 Deschamps
introduces the concept of microstrip radiators[1]. In 1955 a patent on the name
of Gutton and Baissinot was issued in France [2, 3]. After getting the concept of
microstrip radiator about 20 year a practical microstrip antenna was fabricated.
Earlier these microstrip radiators were limited in the laboratories no commercial
antennas are available at that time due to high loss and poor radiation. One of
the reasons was unavailability of good dielectric material with minimum loss
tangent which can use as substrate and can radiate efficiently. At that time strip
line got more attention due to easy to design, analysis and suitable to microwave
planar structure and it also allows transverse electromagnetic wave (TEM) [3]. In
1955 R. M. Barret commented that advantages of strip line and microstrip line
are essentially the advantage of coaxial and twin wire transmission line[5]. May
be these were some reasons microstrip radiators didnt get the instant attention
in that period.
The research on microstrip radiator got attention when some good
dielectric material were found with better thermal and mechanical properties has
a low loss tangent. In 1969 Denlinger found the microstrip radiators with
rectangular and circular shape could be able to radiate efficiently [6].
Researchers had found previously that the half of the input power would escape
in microstrip radiator as a radiation. Denlinger found the mechanism behind the
radiation that if microstrip line is left open ended at the end this discontinuity will
cause the electromagnetic waves to arise from the each open end. It was
realized that the radiations will be more from the discontinuity when these are
separated by half of wavelength distance or a multiple of that long to each other.
It was also realized that the amount of power radiated from the open ends will
increase if the height of the dielectric substrate increases. Denlinger noted that
by increasing the height of substrate microstrip radiators was able to radiate the
70% of power available. He also carried his research on circular microstrip
radiators and found that it was possible to attain up to 75% of radiation from a
circular microstrip radiators. Microstrip radiators were now termed as microstrip
antenna. One of the major benefit of microstrip antenna is that they are very
comfy to planar and non-planar surfaces can be easily mounted on that. This was
the main reason that the microstrip antenna acquired the serious attention to the
researchers in early 1970s when high performance application such as aircraft,
spacecraft, missile, satellite communication put the motivation for researchers to
10
high frequencies owing to the ratio between the thickness and the wavelength,
which increases with frequency. The ground plane thickness is a critical
parameter in aperture coupled patch antennas at millimeter wave frequencies
due to the reduction of the input impedance when the slot thickness becomes
significant with respect to the wavelength. Finally, it appears that it is possible to
design a slot fed patch on a thick ground plane which exhibits good impedance
matching owing to the proper choice of slot length and patch size for a given
ground plane thickness.
Patch Antennas on Externally Perforated High Dielectric Constant Substrates are
presented by Colburn et al.[41]. The idea of external substrate perforation was
introduced in this paper and applied to a patch antenna to help mitigate the
drawbacks of thick high dielectric constant substrates without sacrificing the
patch element miniaturization or bandwidth. The introduction of the external
perforation improved the far-field radiation pattern of a patch antenna on a
relatively thick substrate without any reduction in bandwidth or increase in patch
size. The authors found that the perforation must not be located too close to the
patch due to fringing fields, or the resonant frequency would shift up. It was also
seen that the position where the perforation is started or terminated does have
some affect on the far-field radiation pattern. R.Leclaratne et al. presents a novel
microstrip patch.
R.Leclaratne et al. presents a novel microstrip patch antenna suitable for satellite
communications [42]. It is designed by using two semi-discs with single feeding.
The antenna is circularly polarized and suitable for mobile satellite
communications and if fed as individual semi-rings as a dual band orthogonally
polarized antenna.
but also be influenced by the TX-line and antenna combination. Generally the
input impedance of microstrip antenna is complex and the characteristic
impedance of TX-line is real (usually 50 ohm). This will results in impedance
mismatching and causes a voltage standing wave pattern on transmission line
results in low impedance bandwidth. One way to overcome this problem is use of
impedance matching networks between antenna and transmission line. There
are several impedance matching techniques are available, Circuit theory deals
with the impedance matching techniques.
Structural technique deals with the modification of substrate properties
such as height and dielectric constant. By increasing the height we can increase
the bandwidth. But it will also introduce surface waves which increases loss of
the power and leads to performance and characteristics degradation. Various
types of methods are introduced by the researchers such as stacking, defected
ground plane, parasitic patches and improvement of bandwidth of microstrip
antenna is still an interesting topic for investigation. By choosing a particular
shape one can easily design an antenna with desired resonance frequency
radiation pattern, polarization. It is easy to design a microstrip antenna with
reconfigurable polarization, resonance frequency and radiation patterns just by
adding loads like PIN diode, Varacter diodes.
of phase. The voltage will be maximum positive at the beginning and maximum
negative at the end of patch [9].
3.5 Applications
After a number of limitations due to the several advantages microstrip
antenna found very useful in different applications. Microstrip antenna widely
used in the defense systems like missiles, aircraft, satellites and rockets. Now a
days microstrip antenna is used in commercial sectors due to its
inexpensiveness and easy to manufacture benefit by advanced printed circuit
technology. Due to the development and ongoing research in the area of
microstrip antenna it is expected that in future after some time most of the
conventional antenna will be replaced by microstrip antenna. Some of the major
applications of microstrip antennas are:
Mobile Communication
Satellite Communication
Initially the satellite based GPS system are used for only in military purposes
but now a days GPS found a large application in everyones life and now used
16
In radar Application
Radar application such as Man pack radar, Marine radar and Secondary
surveillance radar requires antenna with appropriate gain and beam width. An
array of microstrip antenna with desired gain and desired beam width can be
used. For some application such as sensing the ocean wave speed and direction
and for determining the ground soil grades Synthetic Aperture radar method is
used. Two arrays of patch antennas separated by a proper distance are used in
this system.
ring and circular disk microstrip antenna are some examples. A half circular
flexible patch monopole microstrip applicator used is shown in figure below.
Figure shows the geometry of the applicator that how it is conform on the curved
surfaces[11].
Microstrip line feed and coaxial probe feeding are two mainly used direct contact
feedings and aperture coupled and proximity coupling are two non contacting
couplings which are described in brief below:
19
20
Chapter 4
Rectangular and Circular Microstrip Antenna
22
4.1.2 Advantages
Microstrip antennas are relatively inexpensive to manufacture and design
because of the simple 2-Dimensional physical geometry. They are easily
employed at UHF and higher frequencies because the size of antenna is directly
tied to the wavelength at the resonant frequency. A single patch antenna
provides a maximum directive gain of around 6-9dBi. It is relative easy to print
an array of patches on a single substrate using lithographic techniques. Patch
arrays can provide much higher gains then a single patch at little additional
cost, matching and phase adjustment can be performed with printed microstrip
feed structures, again in the same operations that forms the radiating patches.
The ability to create high gain array in a low-profile antenna is one reason that
patches array are common on airplanes and in other military applications.
Such an array of patches antennas is an easy way to make a phased array
of antennas with dynamic beam forming ability.[31]
An advantage inherent to patch antennas is the ability to have polarized
diversity. Patch antennas can easily be designed to have vertical, horizontal,
right hand circular(RHCP) or left hand circular(LHCP) polarization, using multi
23
pole feed points, or a single feed point with asymmetric patch structure.[32] this
unique property allow patch antennas to be used in many types of
communications links that may have varied requirements.
4.1.4 Specification
The dielectric loading of a microstrip antenna affects both its radiation
pattern and impedance bandwidth. As the dielectric constant of the substrate
increases, the antenna bandwidth decreases with Q factor of the antenna
therefore decreases the impedance bandwidth. This relationship did not
immediately follow when using the transmission line model of the antenna, but is
apparent when using the cavity model which was introduced in the late 1970s by
LO et al.[33] The radiation from a rectangular microstrip antenna may be
understood as a pair of equivalent slots. These slots acts as an array and have
the highest directivity when the antenna has an air dielectric and decreases as
the antenna is loaded by material with increasing relative dielectric constant.
The half-wave rectangular microstrip antenna has a virtual shorting plane
along its center. This may be replaced with a physical shorting plane along its
center. This may be replaced with a physical shorting plane to create a quarterwavelength microstrip antenna. This is sometimes called a half patch. The
antenna only has a single radiation edge (equivalent slot) which lowers the
directivity / gain of antenna. The impedance bandwidth is slightly lower than a
half-wavelength full patch as the coupling between radiating edges has been
eliminated.[34][35]
24
4.2.1) Method of Analysis:A number of methods are available for analyzing the microstrip antenna.
Two mostly used models are named below. Transmission line model is easiest one
and provides a simple physical implementation of the antenna but is less
accurate, While the Cavity model is difficult but more accurate.
26
eff
value is close to . If the air is used as a substrate then the effective dielectric
constant is equal to dielectric constant
eff =
= . The
eff
is also depends
eff =
+1 1
h
+
1+12
2
2
w
27
1/ 2
W
+0 . 264)
l
h
=0 . 412
h
w
( eff 0 . 258 ) ( +0 . 8)
h
(eff +0 . 3)(
This L value mainly depends on the effective dielectric constant and the width
to height ratio. Due to this length extension length of patch is about 0.48 rather
than 0.5. Therefore to get the actual physical length of the patch equal to /2
we have consider the extension on both the ends and that is,
L=
As we know for dominant mode
therefore the
Leff
Leff
- 2L
is given by
Leff =c /f
c
= 2 f f
Where C is the velocity of light in free space and f is the resonance
28
c +1
W= 2 f 2
1 /2
( )
d. Resonance frequency:
For the dominant mode
L+2 L eff
2
f=
C
e. Input Impedance:It is important for perfect impedance matching to find the point along with
the patch dimension where the input impedance is equal to that of that of the
feed line referred as Feed point or Driving point. The input impedance at feed
point or driving point is known as Driving Point Impedance. The current and
voltage distribution over the patch length is shown in figure. Voltage is maximum
at the corners and current is maximum at the centre. As we know that the
resistance is the ratio of voltage and current. Therefore the resistance will be
maximum at the corners and minimum at the centre. Input impedance of the
rectangular patch antenna along the centre line at any point can be determined
by the transmission line model. The transmission line model for rectangular
patch antenna is shown in figure. Each radiating edge is shown by parallel
equivalent admittance y and are separated by a distance equal to length L=/2.
The edge admittance consist equivalent conductance G and susceptance B.
The feed point is located L1 distance away from edge. Input admittance
the end of a L length long transmission line with characteristic admittance
can be given by equation:
29
at
y0
2
BL
BL
e+ jy tan
y
= y
y
Where is the phase constant. Using the above equation the input impedance at
the driving point can be expressed by:
1
BL
1
BL
2
BL
)
2
B
e+ jy tan
e + jye tan
e+ jy tan
y
Yo
driving point=
y
The total input admittance at the corner of patch is:
y =2 y
Where,
e= Be +G e
y
30
Approximated values of
Ge =0 . 0836
Be
and
Ge
B e =0 . 01668
L W
h reff
At the resonance the imaginary parts of the edge admittance are equal
and out of phase and they will cancel out each other. So the total input
admittance at the edge at resonance become real and is equal to
=2 Ge
y
So at the resonance the total input impedance become pure real.
1
2 Ge
When we consider the mutual conductance into account then the input
resistance will become
1
2(Ge G 12)
R
1
G12=
120 2 0
k W
sin (
cos)
2
2
j ( k Lsin ) sin d
cos
yo
away
from the edge of patch along the centre line can be calculated by the formula:
y
L o
1
R( y= yo) =
cos2
2(G e G12 )
2
R( y=0) cos
y
L 0
A graph below shows that the input impedance of the rectangular patch antenna
31
varies according to square of cosine, which shows that the input resistance is
maximum at the corner of patch and it is zero at the centre of patch.
32
E z= A mn mn ( x , y )
m=0 n=0
mn ,
mn
>
1
k k 2mn
2
c
mn >
A m n= j
jz
( mnx
a )
mn ( x , y )=cos
eff
cos
( ny
b )
eff
Due to the fringing fields the cavity walls are somewhat larger than the actual
length. Therefore by considering the fringing effects from edges the length and
width becomes:
aeff =a+ 2
beff =b+ 2
k 2c =(1 j eff ) k 20
k 2mn =cos
n
+( )
( mn
)
a
b
eff
eff
Z drv =
m=0 n=0
mn=
j mn
2
mn
( j eff ) 2
co k mn
k mn
33
h m n
m w p
mx
mx
cos2 (
) cos 2(
)cos 2 (
)
aeff beff r 0
aeff
b eff
2 aeff
mn=
Where
i= 1if i=1
2if i=2
The effective loss tangent related to dielectric loss, conduction loss, radiation
loss and surface wave loss
eff =
Qd =
1
1 1 1
1
= + + +
QT Qd Q c Q r Qsw
1
tan
1
Q c = 0 k
2
r
(
0h
Rs
Rs =
Q r=
2 w W es
Pr
0
2
W es
Here
W es =
ab v 20
8h
A=
a
0
[ (
2
2
2
V 2oA 4
A A
B
A
A
rad=
( 1B ) 1 +
+ (2 +
)
23040
15 420 5
7 42189
P
( )
34
b
0
( )
B=
Qsw
The
Qsw =Q
Qr
ehrd
r
hrd
1e r
p hrd
e = hrd r hrd
pr pr
hrd
r
Where
1
80 2 2r c
2
k
( 0 h)
p hrd
r =
c 1=1
1
2
+ 4
2
n1 5 n1
n1=
1+ 2 x1
x 201
( 1+ x 1 ) +hk
3
2
n0 k 20 ( x 01 ) /2
p =
8
hed
sw
k h 1
0= 1 tan
k h 1
cos2 k h 1
tan
1=
k h 1+
The cavity model is more accurate as compared to transmission line model but it
35
E z=E0 J n ( k ) cos ( n )
And the magnetic field components can be given by:
H r=
jn
E J n ( kr ) sin ( n )
k 2r
H =
j
E0 jn ( kr ) sin ( n )
k
36
Where,
k = propagation constant
Jn
jn
f mn=
X mn . c
2 eff
Where
X mn
eff
{ }
2h
a
aeff =a . 1+
( ln
+1. 7726)
a
2h
1 /2
X mn . c
[ ({
2h
a
a=
1+
ln
+ 1. 7726
2 f mn h
2
1/ 2
)]
Therefore radius of circular patch can be found using above equation. The first
four Bessel function zeroes are:
Table 4.1 Bessel Function Values
T mn
X mn
1,1
1.84118
2,1
3.05424
0.2
3.83171
3,1
4.20119
entire frequency band of a given system. However, a single type of antenna may
not possess all the desirable features. One type of antenna that possesses most
of the desirable features is a microstrip patch antenna. Microstrip patch antennas
are light in weight, cheap and conformable making them attractive for
applications such as high performance aircraft, spacecraft, satellite and missile
applications.
However, they have low radiation efficiency, low power, high Q, poor polarization
purity, poor scan performance, spurious feed radiation and very narrow
frequency bandwidth.
Microstrip patch antennas are named based on the shape of the radiating
patch. Thus, many configurations are in existence such as square, rectangular,
dipole, circular, elliptical, triangular, disc sector, circular ring, and ring sector
among others. Square, rectangular, dipole and circular microstrip patch antennas
are easy to design and analyze and have desirable radiation characteristics (low
cross-polarization radiation). These make them more common .
Circular microstrip patch antenna is more advantageous compared to rectangular
one. First, it has one degree of freedom to control (radius) as compared to
rectangular one which has two (length and width). Therefore, circular microstrip
patch antenna is more convenient to design and its radiation can easily be
controlled. Secondly, the physical size of the circular patch is 16% less than that
of the rectangular one at the same design frequency.
A microstrip patch antenna consists of a conducting metallic patch
separated from the ground plane by a dielectric substrate. Figure 4.9 below
illustrates the structure of a circular microstrip patch antenna. The thickness of
the metallic patch, t << 0 (where 0 is free space wavelength). The height of
the substrate, h << 0 (usually 0.003 0 h 0.05 0).
38
39
Patch
Microstrip feed
Substrate
Ground Plane
40
Figure 4.13 illustrates the structure of a proximity coupled feed for a circular
microstrip patch antenna. It is a non contacting method and it is also called
electromagnetic coupling scheme. It consists of two substrates with the feed line
in between the substrates while the radiating patch is on top of the upper
substrate. It results in the largest bandwidth (as high as 13%), is a bit easy to
model, and has low spurious radiations. However, it is a bit difficult to
Fabricate[36],
42
Chapter-5
Simulation And Results
After declaring the ultra-wide band (UWB) from frequency band 3.1 to 10.6 GHz
by Federal Communications Commission (FCC) in 2002 for the use of indoor and
hand-held systems, Ultra-wideband (UWB) antennas have gained so much of
interest by the researchers[17]. For an antenna to be considered ultra wideband
(UWB) or not there are two criteria available on the basis of fractional bandwidth.
One definition (by Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency report) requires
an antenna to have fractional bandwidth greater than 0.25. An alternate and
more recent definition by Federal Communications Commission (FCC) places the
limit at 0.2.
f hh
BW=2
f h+h
0. 25 DARPA
0 . 2 FCC
43
44
Parameters
Description
Value
8.5
a
Lf
patch
Overlapping Length
Length of Feed line
4
9.8
45
Wf
3.048
Lstub
Length of Stub
0.7
W stub
Width of Stub
Length of Substrate
29.6
Width of Substrate
12.4
46
47
48
Frequency Of Operation (
f0 )
r )
The dielectric material selected for design is glass epoxy which has a
essential that the antenna is not bulky. Hence, the height of the dielectric
substrate is selected as 1.6 mm.
Different Parameters used, with their values are written in the table below. All the
dimensions are in millimeter.
Description
Value
R
A
8.5
4
X
Y
Lf
Wf
center
Lower radius of ellipse
Large radius of ellipse
Length of feed line
Width of feed line
4
6.5
10
3.055
Length of substrate
35.5
Width of substrate
25.1
B
A
Length of notch
Width of notch
2.0
4
Figure 5.2.3 Return loss vs. frequency curve for different values of a.
The effect of the position of rectangular slit with respect to centre line is
also observed. Plot below shows the return loss curves for different value of the
position d of slit. It is seen that the effect of d on return loss curve is less at the
lower frequency and more at the higher frequencies.
Figure 5.2.3 Radiation Pattern for frequency 3.284, 9.06 and 11.434 respectively.
The realized gain plot are shown below. It can be observe that the antenna
has maximum gain 4dB at 12 GHz and -2.8 dB minimum at 9 GHz.
54
Chapter-6
Conclusion and Future Work
This thesis describes two different microstrip patch antenna designs with
different shapes. These are designed for use in UWB application without any
band notches. The easiest and most common method to achieve a band notch is
making a narrow slot of different shapes into the radiating patch of the antenna,
will affect the current flow in the patch, different type of shapes is used to make
the slots are used to get the band-notched in the desired frequency band. These
proposed antenna structures simulation is carried out using the MATLAB
Simulation Software, one commercial 3-D full-wave electromagnetic simulation
software. The Simulated results are presented, shows the usefulness of the
proposed antenna structure for UWB applications. The simulation results of band
notch antenna indicate that the proposed antenna fulfils the excellent triple band
notch characteristics for various frequency bands and showing the good return
loss and radiation patters in the interested UWB.
From the Equation of the Rectangular manual calculation of all parameter is complex. By the
use of the GUI this can be easy to calculate it. The Effect of the Changes in input parameter
on radiation pattern can be easily analyzed by the use of GUI. As mentioned in results by
changes in the material of the patch physical parameter of the Microstrip Patch is changes,
this will be help designer to determine the antenna performance and make necessary
adjustment before fabrication. In thesis different dielectric constants are used for a single
frequency operation. By keeping the frequency constant calculation of gain, directivity,
HPBW, char. Impedance, is done. A further study can be look into the design of a microstrip
patch antenna array operating at UHF frequency. This will further improved the antenna with
very directive characteristics or very high gains to meet the demands for long distance
communication as well as providing a fixed beam of specified shape (shape beam) or a beam
that scans in response to system stimulus. One of the applications is to use a UHF microstrip
antenna array for Synthetic Aperture radar on board an aerial platform.
Using Mat lab for antenna design simulation is very challenging as it will
take very complex programming to achieve the desire results and it is very time
consuming. However, this can be easily solved by using RF simulation software
55
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